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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures_used_in_artificial_waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structures used in artificial waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structures_used_in_artificial_waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_surviving_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_surviving_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The surviving canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_surviving_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canal_falls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal_falls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Canal falls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal_falls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ancient canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Power canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Modern uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_on_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_on_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cities on water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_on_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Boats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lists of canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_proposed_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_proposed_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Lists of proposed canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_proposed_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Canal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">124 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8D" title="ПсыӀэрышэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ПсыӀэрышэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal" title="Kanaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kanaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(Wasserbau)" title="Kanal (Wasserbau) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kanal (Wasserbau)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dre%C4%8B%C4%A1w%C3%A6ter" title="Dreċġwæter – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dreċġwæter" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A)" title="قناة (معبر مائي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناة (معبر مائي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_navegaci%C3%B3n" title="Canal de navegación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canal de navegación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(inxenier%C3%ADa)" title="Canal (inxeniería) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Canal (inxeniería)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yrape" title="Yrape – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yrape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کانال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کانال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="খাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjir" title="Anjir – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Anjir" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAn-h%C3%B4" title="Ūn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ūn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Һыу каналы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу каналы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Канал (гідраграфія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канал (гідраграфія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Канал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नहर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नहर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Канал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(gra%C4%91evina)" title="Kanal (građevina) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kanal (građevina)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanol_(dour)" title="Kanol (dour) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kanol (dour)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һубаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һубаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_hidr%C3%A0ulic" title="Canal hidràulic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canal hidràulic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Vodní kanál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní kanál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camlas" title="Camlas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camlas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal" title="Kanaal – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kanaal" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(Wasserbau)" title="Kanal (Wasserbau) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanal (Wasserbau)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1" title="Διώρυγα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διώρυγα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(ingenier%C3%ADa)" title="Canal (ingeniería) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal (ingeniería)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalo_(akvovojo)" title="Kanalo (akvovojo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanalo (akvovojo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubide" title="Ubide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ubide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="آبراهه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبراهه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Canal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(voie_d%27eau)" title="Canal (voie d'eau) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canal (voie d'eau)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal_(wetterwei)" title="Kanaal (wetterwei) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kanaal (wetterwei)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A1il" title="Canáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Canáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canle_(enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa)" title="Canle (enxeñaría) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canle (enxeñaría)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="運河 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="運河" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%ED%95%98" title="운하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D6%84" title="Ջրանցք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրանցք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(gra%C4%91evina)" title="Kanal (građevina) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanal (građevina)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalo" title="Kanalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kanalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Canal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skur%C3%B0ur" title="Skurður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skurður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_artificiale" title="Canale artificiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canale artificiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תעלת מים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעלת מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾಲುವೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಲುವೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="არხი (ჰიდროგრაფია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არხი (ჰიდროგრაფია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Канал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Канал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowrgleudh" title="Dowrgleudh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dowrgleudh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfereji" title="Mfereji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfereji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannal_(vwa_dilo)" title="Kannal (vwa dilo) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kannal (vwa dilo)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Канал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Канал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa" title="Fossa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fossa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%C4%81ls" title="Kanāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kanāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(Waasserbau)" title="Kanal (Waasserbau) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kanal (Waasserbau)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanalas" title="Kanalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kanalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenaal_(waterwaeg)" title="Kenaal (waterwaeg) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kenaal (waterwaeg)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csatorna_(v%C3%ADz%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9s)" title="Csatorna (vízépítés) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csatorna (vízépítés)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Канал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Канал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="കനാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കനാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="कालवा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालवा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="სვირი (ჰიდროგრაფია) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სვირი (ჰიდროგრაფია)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87" title="قناه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قناه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کانال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کانال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terusan" title="Terusan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Terusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng-%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Ông-ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ông-ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တူးမြောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူးမြောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal_(waterweg)" title="Kanaal (waterweg) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanaal (waterweg)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoal_(woaterweg)" title="Knoal (woaterweg) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Knoal (woaterweg)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नहर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="नहर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="運河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="運河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Хин татол – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хин татол" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal" title="Kanaal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kanaal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(farvann)" title="Kanal (farvann) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kanal (farvann)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(via_navegabla)" title="Canal (via navegabla) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Canal (via navegabla)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_(suv_yo%CA%BBli)" title="Kanal (suv yoʻli) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kanal (suv yoʻli)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨਹਿਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kianal" title="Kianal – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kianal" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanaal_(Waterbo)" title="Kanaal (Waterbo) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kanaal (Waterbo)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_wodny" title="Kanał wodny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanał wodny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(hidr%C3%A1ulica)" title="Canal (hidráulica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal (hidráulica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_(geografie)" title="Canal (geografie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canal (geografie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Канал (гидрография) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канал (гидрография)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Уу ханаала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уу ханаала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱱᱟᱦᱩᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱦᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanoal_(Woaterbau)" title="Kanoal (Woaterbau) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kanoal (Woaterbau)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanali" title="Kanali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canali_(cursu_d%27acqua)" title="Canali (cursu d'acqua) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Canali (cursu d'acqua)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%85" title="ඇළ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇළ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal" title="Canal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Canal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ڪئنال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪئنال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%BD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Vodný kanál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodný kanál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekop" title="Prekop – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prekop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نۆکەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نۆکەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8)" title="Канал (вештачки) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канал (вештачки)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanava" title="Kanava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kanava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="கால்வாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கால்வாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5" title="కాలువ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలువ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="คลอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B0" title="Оброҳа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оброҳа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Канал (гідротехніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канал (гідротехніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نہر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قانال – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قانال" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cana%C5%82e_artifisa%C5%82e" title="Canałe artifisałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Canałe artifisałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_%C4%91%C3%A0o" title="Kênh đào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kênh đào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal" title="Kanal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="运河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C" title="קאנאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאנאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="運河 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="運河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erqci" title="Erqci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Erqci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanals" title="Kanals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kanals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="运河" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12284#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="View the content page [c]" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artificial channel for water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Canal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Canal (disambiguation)">Canal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alter_Strom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alter_Strom.jpg/220px-Alter_Strom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alter_Strom.jpg/330px-Alter_Strom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alter_Strom.jpg/440px-Alter_Strom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The Alter Strom, in the sea resort of <a href="/wiki/Warnem%C3%BCnde" title="Warnemünde">Warnemünde</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg/220px-IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg/330px-IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg/440px-IMG_RoyalCanalnrKinnegad5706w.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canal" title="Royal Canal">Royal Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG/220px-Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG/330px-Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG/440px-Basingstoke_Canal_-_Lock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Small boat canals such as the <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke_Canal" title="Basingstoke Canal">Basingstoke Canal</a> fuelled the industrial revolution in much of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponte_sul_Naviglio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ponte_sul_Naviglio.jpg/220px-Ponte_sul_Naviglio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Ponte_sul_Naviglio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Grande" title="Naviglio Grande">Naviglio Grande</a>, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Cassinetta_di_Lugagnano" title="Cassinetta di Lugagnano">Cassinetta di Lugagnano</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broek_in_Waterland,_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg/220px-Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg/330px-Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg/440px-Broek_in_Waterland%2C_woonhuis_aan_het_Ee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Canal in <a href="/wiki/Broek_in_Waterland" title="Broek in Waterland">Broek in Waterland</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenecja,_kana%C5%82_wodny_(Aw58TF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg/220px-Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg/330px-Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg/440px-Wenecja%2C_kana%C5%82_wodny_%28Aw58TF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Canal in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Canals</b> or <b>artificial waterways</b> are <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> or <a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">engineered</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> built for <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> management (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>) or for conveyancing <a href="/wiki/Water_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Water transport">water transport</a> <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">vehicles</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">water taxi</a>). They carry free, calm surface flow under <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, and can be thought of as artificial <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>. </p><p>In most cases, a canal has a series of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> that create <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as <i>slack water levels</i>, often just called <i>levels</i>. A canal can be called a <b>navigation canal</b> when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's <a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">discharges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a>, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a>. </p><p>A canal can cut across a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> atop a <a href="/wiki/Ridge" title="Ridge">ridge</a>, generally requiring an external water source above the highest <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. The best-known example of such a canal is the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. </p><p>Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a> were such <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> canals. </p><p>The term was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a></i>, an optical illusion. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_artificial_waterways">Types of artificial waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of artificial waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg/220px-Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg/330px-Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg/440px-Saimaa_canal_at_Lappeenranta_Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saimaa_Canal" title="Saimaa Canal">Saimaa Canal</a>, a transportation canal between <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>navigation</i> is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream bed</a> of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height. </p><p>A true <i>canal</i> is a channel that cuts across a <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a>, making a navigable channel connecting two different <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basins</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal,_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg/220px-Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg/330px-Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg/440px-Canal%2C_Westbury_Court_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1416966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westbury_Court_Garden" title="Westbury Court Garden">Westbury Court Garden</a>: the garden "<a href="/wiki/Canal_(garden_history)" title="Canal (garden history)">Canal</a>"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures_used_in_artificial_waterways">Structures used in artificial waterways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structures used in artificial waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both navigations and canals use <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">engineered</a> structures to improve navigation: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> to raise river water levels to usable depths;</li> <li>looping descents to create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend.</li></ul> <p>Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a> to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in the channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_canals">Types of canals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two broad types of canal: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">Waterways</a>: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Those connecting existing <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, other canals or seas and <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.</li> <li>Those connected in a city network: such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Canal Grande</a></i> and others of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>; the <i><a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">grachten</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> or <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, and the waterways of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">Aqueducts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of <a href="/wiki/Potable" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable">potable</a> water, <a href="/wiki/Municipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal">municipal</a> uses, hydro <a href="/wiki/Power_canal" title="Power canal">power canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg/220px-Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg/330px-Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg/440px-Chutes_Loading_the_Canal_Boats_on_the_Lehigh_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Loading <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Canal" title="Lehigh Canal">Lehigh Canal</a> to feed the early United States industries in the pioneer-era</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg/220px-River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg/330px-River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg/440px-River_Levee_Cross_Section_Figure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption> 1. Design High Water Level (HWL) 2. Low water channel 3. Flood channel 4. Riverside slope 5. Riverside banquette 6. Levee crown 7. Landside slope 8. Landside banquette 9. Berm 10. Low water revetment 11. Riverside land 12. Levee 13. Protected lowland 14. River zone</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG/220px-MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG/330px-MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG/440px-MurtfaltalrDanubeChannel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Danube-Black_Sea_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube-Black Sea Canal">Danube-Black Sea Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg/220px-AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg/330px-AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg/440px-AmsterdamRijnkanaal.air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam-Rhine_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam-Rhine Canal">Amsterdam-Rhine Canal</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rijswijk" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Canal" title="Lehigh Canal">Lehigh Canal</a> carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of the numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising the standard of living for any industrialized society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_surviving_canals">The surviving canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The surviving canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canals</a> today primarily service <a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_handling" title="Bulk material handling">bulk cargo</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">ship transportation</a> industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or pleasure boating. Their replacement was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using <i>much faster</i>, less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a>. </p><p>By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditches</a> in the dirt which could not operate in the winter. </p><p>The longest extant canal today, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a> in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. It stretches from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path: </p> <dl><dt>Human made streams</dt></dl> <ul><li>A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dykes or levees</a> by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished shape of the canal as seen in cross section is known as the <i>canal prism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise and lower vessels. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Briare" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal de Briare">Canal de Briare</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.</li> <li>A canal can be constructed by dredging a channel in the bottom of an existing lake. When the channel is complete, the lake is drained and the channel becomes a new canal, serving both drainage of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polder</a> and providing transport there. Examples include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lage_Vaart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lage Vaart (page does not exist)">Lage Vaart</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lage_Vaart" class="extiw" title="nl:Lage Vaart">nl</a>]</span>. One can also build two parallel dikes in an existing lake, forming the new canal in between, and then drain the remaining parts of the lake. The eastern and central parts of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Canal" title="North Sea Canal">North Sea Canal</a> were constructed in this way. In both cases pumping stations are required to keep the land surrounding the canal dry, either pumping water from the canal into surrounding waters, or pumping it from the land into the canal.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Canalization and navigations</dt></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Canalization"></span><span class="anchor" id="Navigation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Navigations"></span> </p> <ul><li>A stream can be <i><a href="/wiki/Canalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canalized">canalized</a></i> to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to carry traffic more safely by controlling the flow of the stream by dredging, damming and modifying its path. This frequently includes the incorporation of locks and spillways, that make the river a navigation. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Canal" title="Lehigh Canal">Lehigh Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley" title="Lehigh Valley">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">coal Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basse_Sa%C3%B4ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Basse Saône">Basse Saône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Mines_de_Fer_de_la_Moselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle">Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle</a>, and canal <a href="/wiki/Aisne_(river)#Canalized_portion" title="Aisne (river)">Aisne</a>. <a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian zone restoration">Riparian zone restoration</a> may be required.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bypass_canal"></span><span class="anchor" id="lateral_canal"></span> </p> <dl><dt>Lateral canals</dt></dl> <ul><li>When a stream is too difficult to modify with <i>canalization</i>, a second stream can be created next to or at least near the existing stream. This is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_canal" title="Lateral canal">lateral canal</a></i>, and may meander in a large horseshoe bend or series of curves some distance from the source waters stream bed lengthening the effective length in order to lower the ratio of rise over run (slope or pitch). The existing stream usually acts as the water source and the landscape around its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal_lat%C3%A9ral_%C3%A0_la_Loire" title="Canal latéral à la Loire">Canal latéral à la Loire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garonne_Lateral_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Garonne Lateral Canal">Garonne Lateral Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Canal" title="Juliana Canal">Juliana Canal</a>.</li></ul> <p>Smaller transportation canals can carry <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboats</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">ship canals</a> allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a>), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_Canal" title="Caledonian Canal">Caledonian Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">stratum</a> the canal passes through, it may be necessary to <a href="/wiki/Canal_lining" title="Canal lining">line</a> the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puddling (engineering)">puddling</a>. </p><p>Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound lock</a>, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used. </p><p>Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later in Europe in the 15th century, either <a href="/wiki/Flash_lock" title="Flash lock">flash locks</a> consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available. </p><p>Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include <a href="/wiki/Boat_lift" title="Boat lift">boat lifts</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Falkirk_Wheel" title="Falkirk Wheel">Falkirk Wheel</a>, which use a <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caisson (water transport)">caisson</a> of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and <a href="/wiki/Canal_inclined_plane" title="Canal inclined plane">inclined planes</a> where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway. </p><p>To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a <a href="/wiki/Navigable_aqueduct" title="Navigable aqueduct">navigable aqueduct</a> – a famous example in Wales is the <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> (now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom">World Heritage Site</a>) across the valley of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (Wales)">River Dee</a>. </p><p>Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the <a href="/wiki/Harecastle_Tunnel" title="Harecastle Tunnel">Harecastle Tunnel</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Trent_and_Mersey_Canal" title="Trent and Mersey Canal">Trent and Mersey Canal</a>. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals. </p><p>Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as <a href="/wiki/Contour_canal" title="Contour canal">contour canals</a> would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level. </p><p>Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable, <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs">reservoirs</a> – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Back_pumping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Back pumping (page does not exist)">back pumping</a> were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal. </p><p>Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a <a href="/wiki/Canal_basin" title="Canal basin">canal basin</a> may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">wharfs</a> and cranes to assist with movement of goods. </p><p>When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stop_planks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stop planks (page does not exist)">stop planks</a> are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal_falls">Canal falls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canal falls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>canal fall</i>, or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_scour" title="Hydrodynamic scour">scouring</a> the bed and sides of the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 643">: 643 </span></sup> </p><p>A canal fall is constructed by <a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">cut and fill</a>. It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 643–4">: 643–4 </span></sup> </p><p>There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a> fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 644">: 644 </span></sup> </p><p>Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffused</a> in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma_2016-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 646">: 646 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 179.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 177.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flight of 16 consecutive locks at Caen Hill on the Kennet and Avon Canal, Wiltshire"><img alt="A series of approximately 20 black lock gates with white ends to the paddle arms and wooden railings, each slightly higher than the one below. On the right is a path and on both side's grass and vegetation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg/266px-Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg/399px-Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg/532px-Caen.hill.locks.in.devizes.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flight of 16 consecutive locks at <a href="/wiki/Caen_Hill_Locks" title="Caen Hill Locks">Caen Hill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal" title="Kennet and Avon Canal">Kennet and Avon Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Llangollen Canal traverses the longest and highest aqueduct in Denbighshire, Wales, United Kingdom"><img alt="The Llangollen Canal traverses the longest and highest aqueduct in Denbighshire, Wales, United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg/274px-Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg/411px-Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg/548px-Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2078" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Canal" title="Llangollen Canal">The Llangollen Canal</a> traverses <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">the longest and highest aqueduct</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, Wales, United Kingdom </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Corinth Canal seen from the air"><img alt="The Corinth Canal seen from the air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg/300px-Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg/450px-Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Canal_of_korinth_greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a> seen from the air</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_(page_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States"><img alt="Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg/304px-Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg/456px-Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg/608px-Miami_and_Erie_Canal_Lock_photographs_-_DPLA_-_a4f6bf1bdcffd61c72c1a077104f91ed_%28page_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_de_la_Peyrade,_S%C3%A8te,_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/220px-Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/330px-Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg/440px-Canal_de_la_Peyrade%2C_S%C3%A8te%2C_H%C3%A9rault_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3977" data-file-height="5957" /></a><figcaption>Canal in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8te" title="Sète">Sète</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>The transport capacity of <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [250 pounds (113 kg)] maximum load over a journey measured in days and weeks,<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest.<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_canals">Ancient canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_canals" title="List of Roman canals">List of Roman canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></div> <p>The oldest known canals were <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> canals, built in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4000 BC</span>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient India</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a> built at <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a> in 3000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, canals date back at least to the time of <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I Meryre</a> (reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">cataract</a> on the Nile near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg/220px-Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg/330px-Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg/440px-Xu_Yang_-_Junks_on_the_canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3377" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a> at <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a>, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caoyun_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caoyun System (page does not exist)">Caoyun System</a> of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal of China">Grand Canal of China</a>, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one.<sup id="cite_ref-Langmead_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langmead-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang Guang</a> between Zhuodu (<a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>) and Yuhang (<a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide. </p><p>In the 5th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> king <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> of Persia ordered the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_Canal" title="Xerxes Canal">Xerxes Canal</a> through the base of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>, northern Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-VII,_22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VII,_22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was constructed as part of his preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="Second Persian invasion of Greece">Second Persian invasion of Greece</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>. It is one of the few monuments left by the Persian Empire in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSA98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSA98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Greek_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek engineering">Greek engineers</a> were also among the first to use <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">canal locks</a>, by which they regulated the water flow in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Suez_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Suez Canal">Ancient Suez Canal</a> as early as the 3rd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Froriep_1986,_46_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Froriep_1986,_46-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p> There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would [i.e. 'could'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse.<br />— technology historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Ronald W. Clark</a> referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the <a href="/wiki/Canal_age" title="Canal age">Canal age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> was a society in the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">North American Southwest</a> in what is now part of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, United States, and <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by 1300 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-AZMNH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZMNH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals.<sup id="cite_ref-AZMNH_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZMNH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix metropolitan area</a> was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Project" title="Salt River Project">Salt River Project</a> and now helps to supply the city's water. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yodha_Ela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yodha_Ela.jpg/220px-Yodha_Ela.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yodha_Ela.jpg/330px-Yodha_Ela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yodha_Ela.jpg/440px-Yodha_Ela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Yodha Ela, <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a> constructed the 87 km (54 mi) <a href="/wiki/Yodha_Ela" title="Yodha Ela">Yodha Ela</a> in 459 A.D. as a part of their <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">extensive irrigation network</a> which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage the canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from <a href="/wiki/Kala_Wewa" title="Kala Wewa">Kala Wewa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Wewa_(Anuradhapura)" title="Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura)">Thissa Wawa</a>. The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also achieved a rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thal_Canal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thal_Canal.JPG/220px-Thal_Canal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thal_Canal.JPG/330px-Thal_Canal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Thal_Canal.JPG/440px-Thal_Canal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Thal Canal, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by <a href="/wiki/Animal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal power">animal drawn</a> conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton,<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules,<sup id="cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning overland <a href="/wiki/Bulk_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulk transport">bulk transport</a> was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>, could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in the pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Fossa_Carolina" title="Fossa Carolina">Fossa Carolina</a> built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p><p>In Britain, the <i><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Canal_(medieval)" title="Glastonbury Canal (medieval)">Glastonbury Canal</a> </i> is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link the <a href="/wiki/River_Brue" title="River Brue">River Brue</a> at Northover<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a>, a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Gathercole_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gathercole-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the <a href="/wiki/Naviglio_Grande" title="Naviglio Grande">Naviglio Grande</a> built between 1127 and 1257 to connect <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> with the river <a href="/wiki/Ticino_(river)" title="Ticino (river)">Ticino</a>. The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">lombard</a> "<a href="/wiki/Navigli" title="Navigli">navigli</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the oldest functioning canal in Europe.<br />Later, canals were built in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> to drain the <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a> and assist transportation of goods and people. </p><p>Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or <a href="/wiki/Flash_lock" title="Flash lock">flash locks</a>. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermill</a> owners and to correct this, the <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound</a> or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in <a href="/wiki/Vreeswijk" title="Vreeswijk">Vreeswijk</a>, Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important development was the <a href="/wiki/Mitre_gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre gate">mitre gate</a>, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of <a href="/wiki/Guillotine_lock" title="Guillotine lock">guillotine locks</a>. </p><p>To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first <a href="/wiki/Summit_level_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit level canal">summit level canals</a> were developed with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal of China</a> in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the <a href="/wiki/Stecknitz_Canal" title="Stecknitz Canal">Stecknitz Canal</a> in Germany in 1398. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a> of West Africa, several canals were constructed under <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Ali">Sunni Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I" title="Askia Muhammad I">Askia Muhammad I</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Mali" title="Kabara, Mali">Kabara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Walata" class="mw-redirect" title="Walata">Walata</a> to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi Kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg/220px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg/330px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg/440px-SL_Negombo_asv2020-01_img02_Dutch_canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7874" data-file-height="4429" /></a><figcaption>Dutch canal in <a href="/wiki/Negombo" title="Negombo">Negombo</a>, Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1500–1800 the first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the <a href="/wiki/Briare_Canal" title="Briare Canal">Briare Canal</a> connecting the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> (1642), followed by the more ambitious <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a> (1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts. </p><p>Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a> being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> canal built appears to have been the <a href="/wiki/Exeter_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Exeter Canal">Exeter Canal</a>, which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566.<sup id="cite_ref-exMems_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exMems-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ExGovPDF_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExGovPDF-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a <a href="/wiki/Mill_race" title="Mill race">mill race</a> built for industrial purposes, is <a href="/wiki/Mother_Brook" title="Mother Brook">Mother Brook</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a> neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_Boston" title="Hyde Park, Boston">Hyde Park</a> connecting the higher waters of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Neponset_River" title="Neponset River">Neponset River</a> and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills. </p><p>In Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway" title="Volga–Baltic Waterway">Volga–Baltic Waterway</a>, a nationwide canal system connecting the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> rivers, was opened in 1718. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">History of the British canal system</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_turnpikes_and_canals_in_the_United_States" title="History of turnpikes and canals in the United States">History of turnpikes and canals in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell,_Massachusetts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png/220px-1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png/330px-1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png/440px-1975_map_of_canal_system_in_Lowell%2C_Massachusetts.png 2x" data-file-width="3371" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Lowell's power canal system</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. It came into being because the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> (which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. </p><p>By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the <a href="/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Navigation" title="Aire and Calder Navigation">Aire and Calder Navigation</a> were becoming quite sophisticated, with <a href="/wiki/Pound_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound lock">pound locks</a> and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed to go, not where a river happened to be. </p><p>The claim for the first pure canal in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-canals-3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first true canal in what is now the United Kingdom was the <a href="/wiki/Newry_Canal" title="Newry Canal">Newry Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> constructed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steers" title="Thomas Steers">Thomas Steers</a> in 1741. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sankey_Canal" title="Sankey Canal">Sankey Brook Navigation</a>, which connected <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a> with the <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">River Mersey</a>, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley.<sup id="cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-canals-3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolt-inland-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals.<sup id="cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-canals-3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolt-inland-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickering%27s_Bridge,_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg/220px-Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg/330px-Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg/440px-Pickering%27s_Bridge%2C_Bridgewater_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in England</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-eighteenth century the <a href="/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater" title="Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater">3rd Duke of Bridgewater</a>, who owned a number of <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mines</a> in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrializing city of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. He commissioned the engineer <a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a> to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burton-canals-3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rolt-inland-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a>. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal.<sup id="cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N/A_1978_990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a <a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">towpath</a> alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel-powered boats, often towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard. </p><p>The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling<sup id="cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N/A_1978_990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the Bridgewater canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a year of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years. </p><p>This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham#Transport_and_the_growth_of_the_town" title="History of Birmingham">Birmingham</a> or further away, by water, minimizing breakages. Within just a few years of the Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Canal" title="Oxford Canal">Oxford Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trent_%26_Mersey_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent & Mersey Canal">Trent & Mersey Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CanalAge_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanalAge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erie_Canal,_Lockport_New_York,_c.1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg/220px-Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg/330px-Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg/440px-Erie_Canal%2C_Lockport_New_York%2C_c.1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7423" data-file-height="5008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a>, Lockport, New York, c. 1855</figcaption></figure> <p>The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialization of <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">The Midlands</a> and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals. </p><p>For each canal, an Act of Parliament was necessary to authorize construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods. </p><p>In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, where people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of "<a href="/wiki/Canal_Mania" title="Canal Mania">canal mania</a>", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N/A_1978_990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was <a href="/wiki/Gas_Street_Basin" title="Gas Street Basin">Worcester Bar</a> in Birmingham, a point where the <a href="/wiki/Worcester_and_Birmingham_Canal" title="Worcester and Birmingham Canal">Worcester and Birmingham Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BCN_Main_Line" title="BCN Main Line">Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line</a> were only seven feet apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.<sup id="cite_ref-WestMidlands_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WestMidlands-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG/330px-NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG/495px-NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG/660px-NYmohawk-ErieCanalRexford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Aqueduct over the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rexford,_New_York" title="Rexford, New York">Rexford, New York</a>, one of 32 <a href="/wiki/Navigable_aqueduct" title="Navigable aqueduct">navigable aqueducts</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> broke out; these were the <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley_Canal" title="South Hadley Canal">South Hadley Canal</a> (opened 1795) in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santee_Canal" title="Santee Canal">Santee Canal</a> (opened 1800) in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Canal" title="Middlesex Canal">Middlesex Canal</a> (opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the <a href="/wiki/Dismal_Swamp_Canal" title="Dismal Swamp Canal">Dismal Swamp Canal</a> (opened 1805) in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> (opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and financed by <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)" title="History of New York City (1784–1854)">New York City</a> and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a> started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Canal" title="Blackstone Canal">Blackstone Canal</a> (finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a> was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Slater" title="Samuel Slater">Samuel Slater</a> built his first textile mill. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg/220px-Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg/330px-Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg/440px-Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_sluice_Slovakia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluice</a> in the canal of <a href="/wiki/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_Dam" title="Gabčíkovo Dam">Gabčíkovo Dam</a> (Slovakia) – the canal is conveying water to a hydroelectric power station.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_canals">Power canals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Power_canal" title="Power canal">Power canal</a></div> <p>A <b>power canal</b> refers to a canal used for <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydraulic power</a> generation, rather than for transport. Nowadays power canals are built almost exclusively as parts of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power station">hydroelectric power stations</a>. Parts of the United States, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>, had enough fast-flowing rivers that <a href="/wiki/Water_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Water power">water power</a> was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has 6 miles (9.7 km) of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities with extensive power canal systems include <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Canal" title="Augusta Canal">Augusta, Georgia</a>. The most notable power canal was built in 1862 for the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls_Hydraulic_Power_and_Manufacturing_Company" title="Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company">Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canals_USA_1825.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/220px-Canals_USA_1825.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/330px-Canals_USA_1825.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Canals_USA_1825.png/440px-Canals_USA_1825.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>American canals <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1825</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Competition, from railways from the 1830s and roads in the 20th century, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transport, and many of the British canals fell into decay. Only the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aire_and_Calder_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Aire and Calder Canal">Aire and Calder Canal</a> bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (161 km) to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although some canals were later drained and used as railroad <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (railroad)">rights-of-way</a>. </p><p>In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long with 36 locks, opened up a connection from the populated Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances much cheaper. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a> connected the Great Lakes to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> system until replaced by a channelized river waterway. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg/220px-Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg/330px-Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg/440px-Amsterdam_-_Herengracht_-_0206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>A family rides a boat in one of the <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">canals of Amsterdam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first <a href="/wiki/Welland_Canal" title="Welland Canal">Welland Canal</a>, which opened in 1829 between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> and Lake Erie, bypassing <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lachine_Canal" title="Lachine Canal">Lachine Canal</a> (1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, were built for commerce. The <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>, completed in 1832, connects <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/220px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/330px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png/440px-1870_Nicaragua_Canal_Map_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>A proposal for the <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a>, from around 1870.</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, a steady linking of all the river systems – <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne" title="Saône">Saône</a> and Seine – and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Freycinet_gauge" title="Freycinet gauge">Freycinet gauge</a>, which specified the minimum size of locks. Canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> (1869) – which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals – and the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_Canal" title="Kiel Canal">Kiel Canal</a> (1897), though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914. </p><p>In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the <a href="/wiki/Biwako_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Biwako canal">Biwako canal</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tone_canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tone canal (page does not exist)">Tone canal</a>. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major question was how to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal through narrow <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. (The <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Railway" title="Panama Canal Railway">Panama Railroad</a> opened in 1855.) The original proposal was for a <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua canal">sea-level canal through what is today Nicaragua</a>, taking advantage of the relatively large <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nicaragua Canal">This canal has never been built in part because of political instability</a>, which scared off potential investors. It remains an active project (the geography has not changed), and in the 2010s Chinese involvement was developing. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_(3607563265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg/220px-Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg/330px-Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg/440px-Jungle_and_abandoned_equipment_%283607563265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Abandoned DeLesseps equipment, Panama jungle</figcaption></figure> <p>The second choice for a Central American canal was a <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">De Lesseps</a> company, which ran the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, first attempted to build a Panama Canal in the 1880s. The difficulty of the terrain and weather (rain) encountered caused the company to go bankrupt. High worker mortality from disease also discouraged further investment in the project. DeLesseps' abandoned <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavating equipment</a> sits, isolated decaying machines, today tourist attractions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg/220px-Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg/330px-Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg/440px-Canals_and_Navigable_Rivers_of_the_United_States_and_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7812" data-file-height="7904" /></a><figcaption>Map of canals and navigable rivers of the east coast of North America, as of 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Twenty years later, an expansionist United States, that just acquired colonies after defeating Spain in the 1898 <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, and whose Navy became more important, decided to reactivate the project. The United States and Colombia did not reach agreement on the terms of a canal treaty (see <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Herr%C3%A1n_Treaty" title="Hay–Herrán Treaty">Hay–Herrán Treaty</a>). Panama, which did not have (and still does not have) a land connection with the rest of Colombia, was already thinking of independence. In 1903 the United States, with support from Panamanians who expected the canal to provide substantial wages, revenues, and markets for local goods and services, <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">took Panama province away from Colombia</a>, and set up a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>). Its currency, the <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_balboa" title="Panamanian balboa">Balboa</a> – a name that suggests the country began as a way to get from one hemisphere to the other – was a replica of the <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">US dollar</a>. The US dollar was and remains <a href="/wiki/Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">legal tender</a> (used as currency). A U.S. military zone, the <a href="/wiki/Canal_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Zone">Canal Zone</a>, 10 miles (16 km) wide, with U.S. military stationed there (<a href="/wiki/Military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="Military bases">bases</a>, 2 TV stations, channels 8 and 10, <a href="/wiki/Post_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Post exchange">Pxs</a>, a <a href="/wiki/High_school_(North_America)" title="High school (North America)">U.S.-style high school</a>), split Panama in half. The Canal – a major engineering project – was built. The U.S. did not feel that conditions were stable enough to withdraw until 1979. The withdrawal from Panama contributed to President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s defeat in 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_uses">Modern uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana,_Barataria_Basin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg/220px-Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg/330px-Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg/440px-Viewing_man-made_canals_in_the_marsh_in_Louisiana%2C_Barataria_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Canals can disrupt water circulation in marsh systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_expansion_project" title="Panama Canal expansion project">Panama Canal expansion project</a>. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new set of locks allow transit of larger, <a href="/wiki/Post-Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Panamax">Post-Panamax</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Panamax" class="mw-redirect" title="New Panamax">New Panamax</a> ships.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT062016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT062016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the <a href="/wiki/Croydon_Canal" title="Croydon Canal">Croydon Canal</a>. </p><p>A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as <a href="/wiki/Hotel_barge" title="Hotel barge">hotel barges</a>, has spurred rehabilitation of stretches of historic canals. In some cases, abandoned canals such as the <a href="/wiki/Kennet_and_Avon_Canal" title="Kennet and Avon Canal">Kennet and Avon Canal</a> have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seine%E2%80%93Nord_Europe_Canal" title="Seine–Nord Europe Canal">Seine–Nord Europe Canal</a> is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p><p>Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easements</a> for the installation of <a href="/wiki/Fibre_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre optic">fibre optic</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment. </p><p>Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley" title="Imperial Valley">Imperial Valley</a> in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_on_water">Cities on water</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cities on water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG/220px-Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG/330px-Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG/440px-Herengracht_tussen_Beulingstraat_en_Koningsplein_pic1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="3235" /></a><figcaption>A canal (<a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">Gracht</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg/220px-Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg/330px-Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg/440px-Griboyedov_Canal_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Griboyedov_Canal" title="Griboyedov Canal">Griboyedov Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Goldcoast_Queensland_Australia_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the man-made canals of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/220px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/330px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg/440px-Utrecht_Canals_-_July_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4756" data-file-height="2447" /></a><figcaption>Wharfs along the <a href="/wiki/Oudegracht" title="Oudegracht">Oudegracht</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Canals are so deeply identified with <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> that many canal cities have been nicknamed <i>"the Venice of…"</i>. The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300. Many Amsterdam canals were built as part of fortifications. They became <i><a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">grachten</a></i> when the city was enlarged and houses were built alongside the water. Its nickname as the "Venice of the North" is shared with <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> of Germany, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> of Belgium. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo during his travels there in the 13th century, with its modern canalside <a href="/wiki/Pingjiang_Road" title="Pingjiang Road">Pingjiang Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shantang_Street" title="Shantang Street">Shantang Street</a> becoming major tourist attractions. Other nearby cities including <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuxi" title="Wuxi">Wuxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huzhou" title="Huzhou">Huzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantong" title="Nantong">Nantong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Changzhou" title="Changzhou">Changzhou</a> are located along the lower mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tai" title="Lake Tai">Lake Tai</a>, yet another source of small rivers and creeks, which have been canalized and developed for centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny,_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg/220px-Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg/330px-Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg/440px-Quai_Mar%C3%A9chal_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny%2C_S%C3%A8te_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5955" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Canal of La Peyrade in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8te" title="Sète">Sète</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Other cities with extensive canal networks include: <a href="/wiki/Alkmaar" title="Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amersfoort" title="Amersfoort">Amersfoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolsward" title="Bolsward">Bolsward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brielle" title="Brielle">Brielle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Den_Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Den Bosch">Den Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dokkum" title="Dokkum">Dokkum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enkhuizen" title="Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franeker" title="Franeker">Franeker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Netherlands" title="Harlingen, Netherlands">Harlingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneek" title="Sneek">Sneek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> in the Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Brugge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Gent</a> in Flanders, Belgium; <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in England; <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in Russia; <a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> in Poland; <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a> in Portugal; <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in Germany; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Coral,_Florida" title="Cape Coral, Florida">Cape Coral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States, <a href="/wiki/Wenzhou" title="Wenzhou">Wenzhou</a> in China, <a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C6%A1" title="Cần Thơ">Cần Thơ</a> in Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> in Thailand, and <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> in Pakistan. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a> was a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> near the centre of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canal_estate" title="Canal estate">Canal estates</a> (sometimes known as bayous in the United States) are a form of <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivision</a> popular in cities like <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City, Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a>; the Gold Coast has over 890 km of residential canals. <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">Wetlands</a> are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> part of the wetland down to a <a href="/wiki/Navigability" title="Navigability">navigable</a> channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boats">Boats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Boats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg/220px-Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg/330px-Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg/440px-Panama_Canal_Miraflores_Locks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1009" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> ships in the <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_(Panama)" title="Miraflores (Panama)">Miraflores Locks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British <a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">narrowboat</a>, which is up to 72 feet (21.95 m) long and 7 feet (2.13 m) wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where <a href="/wiki/Panamax" title="Panamax">Panamax</a> ships were limited to a length of 289.56 m (950 ft) and a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft) until 26 June 2016 when the opening of larger locks allowed for the passage of larger New Panamax ships. For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for <a href="/wiki/Suezmax" title="Suezmax">Suezmax</a> ships is generally draft, which is limited to 16 m (52.5 ft). At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the <a href="/wiki/Bude_Canal" title="Bude Canal">Bude Canal</a> were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_canals">Lists of canals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lists of canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_waterways" title="Lists of waterways">Lists of waterways</a></div> <ul><li><b>Africa</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salam_Canal" title="El Salam Canal">El Salam Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahimiya_Canal" title="Ibrahimiya Canal">Ibrahimiya Canal</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoudiyah_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoudiyah Canal">Mahmoudiyah Canal</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> (Egypt)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Asia</b> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">List of canals in India</a></li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Pakistan" title="List of canals in Pakistan">List of canals in Pakistan</a></li> <li>see <a href="/wiki/History_of_canals_in_China" title="History of canals in China">History of canals in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_Canal" title="King Abdullah Canal">King Abdullah Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat_al-Jaish" title="Qanat al-Jaish">Qanat al-Jaish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Europe</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Black_Sea_Canal" title="Danube–Black Sea Canal">Danube–Black Sea Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Crimean_Canal" title="North Crimean Canal">North Crimean Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_France" title="List of canals in France">Canals of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Amsterdam" title="Canals of Amsterdam">Canals of Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Germany" title="List of canals in Germany">Canals of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals of Ireland">Canals of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Russia" title="List of canals in Russia">Canals of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canals of the United Kingdom">Canals of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of canals in the United Kingdom">List of canals in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ba%C4%8Dka_Canal" title="Great Bačka Canal">Great Bačka Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><b>North America</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canals_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals of Canada">Canals of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_the_United_States" title="List of canals in the United States">Canals of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_proposed_canals">Lists of proposed canals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lists of proposed canals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_canals" title="List of proposed canals">List of proposed canals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ship_canal" title="Ship canal">Ship canal</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Canal" title="Eurasia Canal">Eurasia Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Canal" title="Istanbul Canal">Istanbul Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwa_Canal" title="Salwa Canal">Salwa Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Canal" title="Thai Canal">Thai Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_Canal" title="Sulawesi Canal">Sulawesi Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Seas_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Seas Canal">Two Seas Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_river_reversal" title="Northern river reversal">Northern river reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkan_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkan Canal (page does not exist)">Balkan Canal</a> or Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranrud" title="Iranrud">Iranrud</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/18px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/28px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Beaver</a>, a non-human animal also known for canal building</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_lift" title="Boat lift">Canal elevator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calle_canal" title="Calle canal">Calle canal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_%26_River_Trust" title="Canal & River Trust">Canal & River Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_tunnel" title="Canal tunnel">Canal tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_boat" title="Horse-drawn boat">Horse-drawn boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation district">Irrigation district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of canals">Lists of canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_navigation_authorities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom">List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways" title="List of waterways">List of waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterway_societies_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom">List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring" title="Mooring">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_authority" title="Navigation authority">Navigation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Proposed_canals" title="Category:Proposed canals">Proposed canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona#Roman_canals" title="Vindobona">Roman canals</a> – (<i><a href="/wiki/Torksey" title="Torksey">Torksey</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bridge">Water bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Waterways#Waterscape" title="British Waterways">Waterscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_transportation" title="Water transportation">Water transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterway_restoration" title="Waterway restoration">Waterway restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterways_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waterways in the United Kingdom">Waterways in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weigh_lock" title="Weigh lock">Weigh lock</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Kristi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usbr.gov/library/glossary/#C">"Glossary"</a>. <i>www.usbr.gov</i>. US Bureau of Reclamation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usbr.gov&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Kristi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usbr.gov%2Flibrary%2Fglossary%2F%23C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadfield1986">Hadfield 1986</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma_2016-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_2016_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2016" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, S. K. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WkRxDwAAQBAJ"><i>Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures</i></a>. New Delhi: S Chand and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-525-3377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-525-3377-0"><bdi>978-93-525-3377-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irrigation+Engineering+and+Hydraulic+Structures&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=S+Chand+and+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-525-3377-0&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=S.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWkRxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorksOfMan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorksOfMan_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Works of Man"</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_W._Clark" title="Ronald W. Clark">Ronald W. Clark</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-80483-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-80483-5">0-670-80483-5</a> (1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York, <br />quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would [sic, meaning 'could' or 'can only'] carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same horse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodda2004">Rodda 2004</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadfield1986">Hadfield 1986</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham1971">Needham 1971</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langmead-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Langmead_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Langmead2001" class="citation book cs1">Donald Langmead (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang"><i>Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofar0000lang/page/37">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-112-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-112-0"><bdi>978-1-57607-112-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Architectural+and+Engineering+Feats&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-112-0&rft.au=Donald+Langmead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofar0000lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VII,_22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VII,_22_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+7.22">VII, 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSA98-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSA98_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30073214">30073214</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine", <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Froriep_1986,_46-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Froriep_1986,_46_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen", <i>Antike Welt</i>, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal", <i>Skyllis</i>, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZMNH-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AZMNH_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AZMNH_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130091322/http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx">"The Hohokam"</a>. Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azmnh.org/arch/hohokam.aspx">the original</a> on November 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hohokam&rft.pub=Arizona+Museum+of+Natural+History%2C+City+of+Mesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azmnh.org%2Farch%2Fhohokam.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.gov/webcms/groups/internet/@inter/@rec/@arts/@mus/@pueblo/documents/web_content/gentrtment.pdf#page=17"><b>p. 9</b> <i>Cultural Context</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324215827/http://phoenix.gov/webcms/groups/internet/@inter/@rec/@arts/@mus/@pueblo/documents/web_content/gentrtment.pdf#page=17">Archived</a> March 24, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://srilanka.travel/yoda-ela">"Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoda+Ela+%E2%80%93+An+Ancient+Engineering+Marvel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrilanka.travel%2Fyoda-ela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere1999" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Donald (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDwvQF_OgvMC&q=yodha+ela&pg=PA77"><i>Outlines of Ceylon History</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120613638" title="Special:BookSources/9788120613638"><bdi>9788120613638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Ceylon+History&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788120613638&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDwvQF_OgvMC%26q%3Dyodha%2Bela%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">specifically from (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Canal&params=51.1384_N_2.7358_W_region:GB-SOM_type:landmark&title=Start+point+at+River+Brue"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°08′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°44′09″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.1384°N 2.7358°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.1384; -2.7358</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Start point at River Brue</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>), Start point at River Brue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details text and data with cites from <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Canal_(medieval)" title="Glastonbury Canal (medieval)">Glastonbury Canal (medieval)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gathercole-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gathercole_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGathercole2003" class="citation book cs1">Gathercole, Clare (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715230717/http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_GlastonburyText.pdf"><i>An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.somerset.gov.uk/archives/hes/downloads/EUS_GlastonburyText.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+archaeological+assessment+of+Glastonbury&rft.place=Taunton&rft.series=English+Heritage+Extensive+Urban+Survey&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Somerset+County+Council&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gathercole&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.somerset.gov.uk%2Farchives%2Fhes%2Fdownloads%2FEUS_GlastonburyText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvert1963">Calvert 1963</a>, p. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810162849/http://www.icomos.org/studies/canals.pdf"><i>The International Canal Monuments List</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icomos.org/studies/canals.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Canal+Monuments+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icomos.org%2Fstudies%2Fcanals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf">https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf</a> pages 193-194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exMems-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exMems_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Cornforth2012" class="citation web cs1">David Cornforth (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exetermemories.co.uk/em/quay.php">"Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history"</a>. www.exetermemories.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exeter+Canal+and+Quayside+%E2%80%93+a+short+history&rft.pub=www.exetermemories.co.uk&rft.date=2012-02&rft.au=David+Cornforth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exetermemories.co.uk%2Fem%2Fquay.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ExGovPDF-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExGovPDF_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exeter.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=7972&p=0">Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919105030/http://www.exeter.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=7972&p=0">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessdate=13 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-canals-3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burton-canals-3_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1995" class="citation cs2">Burton, Anthony (1995) [1989], "3: <i>Building the Canals</i>", <i>The Great Days of the Canals</i>, Twickenham: Tiger Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85501-695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85501-695-8"><bdi>978-1-85501-695-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+Building+the+Canals&rft.btitle=The+Great+Days+of+the+Canals&rft.place=Twickenham&rft.pub=Tiger+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85501-695-8&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rolt-inland-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rolt-inland_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolt, <i>Inland Waterways</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N/A_1978_990-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N/A_1978_990_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge</i>. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Digest+Library+of+Modern+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=990&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanalAge-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanalAge_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfield1981" class="citation book cs1">Hadfield, Charles (1981). <i>The Canal Age</i> (Second ed.). David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8079-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8079-6"><bdi>978-0-7153-8079-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canal+Age&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-8079-6&rft.aulast=Hadfield&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WestMidlands-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WestMidlands_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfield1966" class="citation book cs1">Hadfield, Charles (1966). <i>The Canals of the West Midlands</i>. David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-4660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-4660-0"><bdi>978-0-7153-4660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canals+of+the+West+Midlands&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-4660-0&rft.aulast=Hadfield&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/lowe/loweweb/Lowell%20History/prologue.htm"><i>Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lowell+National+Historical+Park+%E2%80%93+Lowell+History+Prologue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Flowe%2Floweweb%2FLowell%2520History%2Fprologue.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards-May2008">Edwards-May 2008</a>, p. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHadfield1986">Hadfield 1986</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT062016-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT062016_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2016/06/26/world/americas/ap-lt-panama-canal-expansion.html?ref=world&_r=0">"Panama Canal Opens $5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Associated Press. 26 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Panama+Canal+Opens+%245B+Locks%2C+Bullish+Despite+Shipping+Woes&rft.date=2016-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Faponline%2F2016%2F06%2F26%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fap-lt-panama-canal-expansion.html%3Fref%3Dworld%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1963" class="citation cs2">Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe", <i>The Geographical Journal</i>, <b>129</b> (4), George Allen and Unwin: 515, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963GeogJ.129..515A">1963GeogJ.129..515A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1794678">10.2307/1794678</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1794678">1794678</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Inland+Waterways+of+Europe&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=515&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1794678%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1794678&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963GeogJ.129..515A&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards-May2008" class="citation cs2">Edwards-May, David (2008), <i>European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition</i>, Euromapping</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Waterways+-+map+and+concise+directory%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=Euromapping&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Edwards-May&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfield1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hadfield_(historian)" title="Charles Hadfield (historian)">Hadfield, Charles</a> (1986), <i>World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present</i>, David and Charles, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7153-8555-5"><bdi>978-0-7153-8555-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Canals%3A+Inland+Navigation+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7153-8555-5&rft.aulast=Hadfield&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1971" class="citation cs2">Needham, J. (1971), <i>Science and Civilisation in China</i>, C.U.P. Cambridge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pub=C.U.P.+Cambridge&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodda2004" class="citation cs2">Rodda, J.C. (2004), <i>The Basis of Civilization - Water Science?</i>, International Association of Hydrological Sciences</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+Civilization+-+Water+Science%3F&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Hydrological+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rodda&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canals">Canals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Canal" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Canal">Canal</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Canal" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Canal">Canal</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterscape.com/">British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.towpathtreks.co.uk/">Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycanals.com/">Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724103315/http://www.nycanals.com/">Archived</a> 24 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194715/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/wetland/canal/canals.htm">"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canals.org/">National Canal Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canalmuseum.org.uk/">London Canal Museum (UK)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-city-photos.org/Amsterdam/photos/Canals_and_Bridges/">Canals in Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canaldumidi.com">Canal du Midi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canaldumidi.com/Canal-des-Deux-Mers.php">Canal des Deux Mers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717234045/http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/water/bubbler/index.htm">Canal flow measurement using a sensor</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Canal"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Canal">"Canal" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canal&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure" title="Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment" title="Revetment">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian-zone_restoration" title="Riparian-zone restoration">Riparian-zone restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_restoration" title="Stream restoration">Stream restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_skipping" title="Stone skipping">Stone skipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_slalom" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewater slalom">Whitewater slalom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic civilization">Hydraulic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley_civilization" title="River valley civilization">River valley civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_cruise" title="River cruise">River cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Sacred waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_river" title="Wild river">Wild river</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_length" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers by length">Rivers by length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_by_discharge" title="List of rivers by discharge">Rivers by discharge rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drainage_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="List of drainage basins">Drainage basins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whitewater_rivers" title="List of whitewater rivers">Whitewater rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_floods" title="List of flash floods">Flash floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies" title="List of river name etymologies">River name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_rivers" title="List of countries without rivers">Countries without rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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