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id="toc-Naming_history_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_history_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Naming history and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_history_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Indigenous_habitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Indigenous_habitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early Indigenous habitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Indigenous_habitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_settlement_and_Fort_Frontenac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_settlement_and_Fort_Frontenac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>French settlement and Fort Frontenac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_settlement_and_Fort_Frontenac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loyalist_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loyalist_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Loyalist settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loyalist_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812,_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812,_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>War of 1812, and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812,_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_Canada's_first_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_Canada's_first_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>As Canada's first capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_Canada's_first_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Heritage sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Municipal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Provincial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ferry_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ferry service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Via_Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Via_Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Via Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Via_Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercity_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Intercity buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Public transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxi_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxi_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Taxi services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxi_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Queen's_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen's_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Queen's University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen's_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Royal Military College of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Military_College_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Lawrence_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Lawrence_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>St. Lawrence College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Lawrence_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correctional_institutions_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correctional_institutions_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Correctional institutions and facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correctional_institutions_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sailing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawn_bowling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_bowling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Lawn bowling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawn_bowling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Curling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Rugby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.8</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volleyball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volleyball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.9</span> <span>Volleyball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volleyball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingston, Ontario</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88)" title="كينغستون (أونتاريو) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كينغستون (أونتاريو)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinqston_(Ontario)" title="Kinqston (Ontario) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kinqston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کینقزتون، اونتاریو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کینقزتون، اونتاریو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0)" title="Кінгстан (Антарыа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кінгстан (Антарыа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%91)" title="Кінгстан (Антарыё) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кінгстан (Антарыё)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Кингстън (Канада) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кингстън (Канада)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Кингстон (Онтарио) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кингстон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(lungsod_sa_Kanada,_Ontario)" title="Kingston (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kingston (lungsod sa Kanada, Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_(%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF)" title="Κίνγκστον (Οντάριο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνγκστον (Οντάριο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کینگستون، انتاریو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کینگستون، انتاریو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%B9%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_(%EC%98%A8%ED%83%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%A3%BC)" title="킹스턴 (온타리오주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킹스턴 (온타리오주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_(%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8)" title="Քինգստոն (Օնտարիո) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քինգստոն (Օնտարիո)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Кингстон (Онтарио) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кингстон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95)" title="קינגסטון (אונטריו) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קינגסטון (אונטריו)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Кингстон (Канада) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кингстон (Канада)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstonas_(Kanada)" title="Kingstonas (Kanada) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kingstonas (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston" title="Kingston – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kingston" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="مدينه كينجستون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه كينجستون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E5%B7%9E)" title="キングストン (オンタリオ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キングストン (オンタリオ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Кингстон (Онтарио) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кингстон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86(%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7)" title="کنگسٹن(کینیڈا) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کنگسٹن(کینیڈا)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Kingston (Ontário) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kingston (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Кингстон (Онтарио) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кингстон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ont%C3%A1rio)" title="Kingston (Ontário) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kingston (Ontário)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE)" title="Кингстон (Онтарио) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кингстон (Онтарио)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)" title="Kingston (Ontario) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kingston (Ontario)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Kanada)" title="Kingston (Kanada) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kingston (Kanada)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Киңстон (Канада) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Киңстон (Канада)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE)" title="Кінгстон (Онтаріо) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кінгстон (Онтаріо)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88" title="کنگسٹن، اونٹاریو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنگسٹن، اونٹاریو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_(Kanad%C3%A4n)" title="Kingston (Kanadän) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kingston (Kanadän)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93_(%E5%AE%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%95%A5)" title="京士頓 (安大略) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="京士頓 (安大略)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kingston, Ontario" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingston,_Ontario&params=44_14_05_N_76_30_39_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(132485)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°14′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°30′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.23472°N 76.51083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.23472; -76.51083</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kingston, Canada" redirects here. For other places, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_called_Kingston#Canada" title="List of places called Kingston">List of places called Kingston § Canada</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Ontario, Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kingston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Kingston</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_(28).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston City Hall"><img alt="Kingston City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG/250px-Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG/375px-Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG/500px-Kingston_Ontario_Canada_-_Laslovarga_%2828%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2586" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_City_Hall_(Ontario)" title="Kingston City Hall (Ontario)">Kingston City Hall</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kingston,_Ontario.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kingston"><img alt="Flag of Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg/100px-Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg/150px-Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg/200px-Flag_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="224" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston,_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kingston"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Kingston,_Ontario_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Kingston"><img alt="Official logo of Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/City_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario_logo.png/100px-City_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario_logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/City_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario_logo.png/150px-City_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/City_of_Kingston%2C_Ontario_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="163" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">"Limestone City"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><i>Antiquitate Civilitate Humanitate</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)<br /><small>("A Civil And Creative Community with a Proud Past")</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston is located in Southern Ontario"><img alt="Kingston is located in Southern Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/220px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/330px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png/440px-Canada_Southern_Ontario_location_map_2.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="717" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.306%;left:76.534%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston"><img alt="Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kingston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within southern Ontario</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southern Ontario</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_location_map_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston is located in Canada"><img alt="Kingston is located in Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/220px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/330px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Canada_location_map_2.svg/440px-Canada_location_map_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.739%;left:70.687%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kingston"><img alt="Kingston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Kingston</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Canada</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Canada</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kingston,_Ontario&params=44_14_05_N_76_30_39_W_region:CA-ON_type:city(132485)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°14′05″N</span> <span class="longitude">76°30′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.23472°N 76.51083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.23472; -76.51083</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1673 (as Fort Cataraqui; later renamed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frontenac" title="Fort Frontenac">Fort Frontenac</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1838 (as town); 1846 (as city)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amalgamated</th><td class="infobox-data">1998 (with Kingston and Pittsburgh Townships)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Paterson" title="Bryan Paterson">Bryan Paterson</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Governing Body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_City_Council" title="Kingston City Council">Kingston City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • MP (Federal)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gerretsen" title="Mark Gerretsen">Mark Gerretsen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">LPC</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Scott_Reid_(politician)" title="Scott Reid (politician)">Scott Reid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">CPC</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • MPP (Provincial)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hsu" title="Ted Hsu">Ted Hsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">OLP</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Jordan (Canadian politician)">John Jordan</a>(<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PCPO</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">451.19 km<sup>2</sup> (174.21 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,906.82 km<sup>2</sup> (736.23 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">93 m (305 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ontario" title="List of cities in Ontario">City</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">single-tier</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">132,485</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">274.4/km<sup>2</sup> (711/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">172,546</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">83.1/km<sup>2</sup> (215/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">source:<sup id="cite_ref-2016StatCanON_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016StatCanON-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_05:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 05:00">UTC– 05:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%80%93_04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC– 04:00">UTC– 04:00</a> (EDT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code span</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">K7K through K7P</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_613,_343,_and_753" title="Area codes 613, 343, and 753">Area codes 613, 343, and 753</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (Kingston <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a> 9.4 billion (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita (Kingston <abbr title="Census metropolitan area">CMA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA$</a>54,022 (2016)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofkingston.ca/">www.cityofkingston.ca</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kingston</b> is a city in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, on the northeastern end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>. It is at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> and at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_River" title="Cataraqui River">Cataraqui River</a>, the south end of the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Canal" title="Rideau Canal">Rideau Canal</a>. Kingston is near the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a>, a tourist region to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario" title="Prince Edward County, Ontario">Prince Edward County</a> tourist region to the west. Kingston is nicknamed the "Limestone City" because it has many heritage buildings constructed using local <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p><p>Growing European exploration in the 17th century and the desire for the Europeans to establish a presence close to local Native occupants to control trade led to the founding of a <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading post</a> and military fort at a site known as "Cataraqui" (generally pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ka-tə-<span style="font-size:90%">ROK</span>-way</i></a>) in 1673. The outpost, called Fort Cataraqui, and later <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frontenac" title="Fort Frontenac">Fort Frontenac</a>, became a focus for settlement. After the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">Conquest of New France</a> (1759–1763), the site of Kingston was relinquished to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cataraqui was renamed Kingston after the British took possession of the fort, and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> began settling the region in the 1780s. </p><p>Kingston was named the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/United_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="United Province of Canada">United Province of Canada</a> on February 10, 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While its time as a capital city was short and ended in 1844, the community has remained an important military installation. The city is a regional centre of education and health care, being home to a major university, a large vocational college, and three major hospitals. </p><p>Kingston was the county seat of <a href="/wiki/Frontenac_County" title="Frontenac County">Frontenac County</a> until 1998. Kingston is now a separate municipality from the County of Frontenac. Kingston is the largest municipality in southeastern Ontario and Ontario's <a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">10th largest metropolitan area</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a> lived in Kingston. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_history_and_etymology">Naming history and etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Naming history and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cataraqui, Kingston's original name, is a derivation of an <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada#Indigenous_languages" title="Languages of Canada">Indigenous</a> name for the Kingston area. The word may mean "Great Meeting Place", "the place where one hides", "impregnable", "muddy river", "place of retreat", "clay bank rising out of the water", "where the rivers and lake meet", "rocks standing in water", or "place where the limestone (or clay) is".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cataraqui was referred to as "the King's Town" or "King's Town" by 1787, in honour of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. The name was abbreviated to "Kingston" in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-armstrong67_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-armstrong67-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cataraqui today is an area around the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Princess_Street_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Princess Street (Kingston, Ontario)">Princess Street</a> and Sydenham Road, where the village of Cataraqui (formerly known as Waterloo) was located. Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Indigenous_habitation">Early Indigenous habitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Indigenous habitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a> evidence suggests people lived in the Kingston region as early as the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic Period</a> (about 9,000–3,000 years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of <a href="#Late_Woodland_period_(500–1000_CE)">Late Woodland Period</a> (about 500–1000 AD) early <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian language">Iroquois</a> occupation also exists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first more permanent encampments by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous people</a> in the Kingston area began about 900 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-belleisland_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belleisland-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot people</a> (Hurons), who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-belleisland_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belleisland-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Five Nations Iroquois</a> (Haudenosaunee) had settled along the north shore of Lake Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the area around the south end of the Cataraqui River was often visited by Iroquois and other groups, Iroquois settlement at this location only began after the French established their outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1700, the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_settlement_of_the_north_shore_of_Lake_Ontario" title="Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario">north shore Iroquois</a> had moved south, and the area once occupied by the Iroquois (which includes Kingston) became occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas" title="Mississaugas">Mississaugas</a>, a subtribe of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>, who had moved south from the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Lake Simcoe</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_settlement_and_Fort_Frontenac">French settlement and Fort Frontenac</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French settlement and Fort Frontenac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European commercial and military influence and activities centred on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a> developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France. French explorer <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> visited the Kingston area in 1615.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg/220px-Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg/330px-Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg/440px-Fort_Frontenac_1759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>"View of Frontenac or Cataracoui in 1759". Watercolour map depicting Fort Frontenac.</figcaption></figure> <p>To establish a presence on Lake Ontario for the purpose of controlling the fur trade with local indigenous people, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac" title="Louis de Buade de Frontenac">Louis de Buade de Frontenac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a> established Fort Cataraqui, later to be called Fort Frontenac, at a location known as Cataraqui in 1673.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort served as a trading post and military base, and gradually attracted indigenous and European settlement. In 1674, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> was appointed commandant of the fort. From this base, de La Salle explored west and south as far as the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was rebuilt several times and experienced periods of abandonment. The Iroquois siege of 1688 led to many deaths, after which the French destroyed the fort, but would rebuild it. The British destroyed the fort during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Frontenac" title="Battle of Fort Frontenac">Battle of Fort Frontenac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>) in 1758 and its ruins remained abandoned until the British took possession and partially reconstructed it in 1783. The fort was renamed Tête-de-Pont Barracks in 1787. It was turned over to the Canadian military in 1870–71 and is still being used by the military. It was renamed Fort Frontenac in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partially reconstructed parts of the original fort can be seen today at the western end of the <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Causeway" title="La Salle Causeway">La Salle Causeway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loyalist_settlement">Loyalist settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loyalist settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1783, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haldimand" title="Frederick Haldimand">Frederick Haldimand</a>, governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Province of Quebec</a> directed Major <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holland_(surveyor)" title="Samuel Holland (surveyor)">Samuel Holland</a>, Surveyor-General of Quebec, to lay out a settlement for displaced <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> colonists, or <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a>, who were fleeing north because of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and "minutely examine the situation and site of the Post formerly occupied by the French, and the land and country adjacent". Haldimand had originally considered the site as a possible location to settle loyal <a href="/wiki/Mohawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawks">Mohawks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne18_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne18-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a navy base since nearby <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Island" title="Carleton Island">Carleton Island</a> on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war. Holland's report about the old French post mentioned "every part surpassed the favorable idea I had formed of it", that it had "advantageous Situations" and that "the harbour is in every respect Good and most conveniently situated to command Lake Ontario".<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne18_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne18-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ross (American Revolution)">John Ross</a>, commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Regiment_of_New_York" title="King's Royal Regiment of New York">King's Royal Regiment of New York</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Oswego" title="Fort Oswego">Oswego</a> partly rebuilt Fort Frontenac in 1783. As commander, he played a significant role in establishing the Cataraqui settlement. </p><p>To facilitate settlement, the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a> entered into an agreement with the Mississaugas in October 1783 to purchase land east of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Quinte" title="Bay of Quinte">Bay of Quinte</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Crawford_Purchase" title="Crawford Purchase">Crawford Purchase</a>, this agreement enabled settlement for much of the eastern section of the north shore of Lake Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the completion of the Mississauga agreement, settlement could proceed, although the planning of the layout of the townsite had not waited for the completion of the negotiations. The area was surveyed, and the survey report mentioned the area was deemed to have productive lands, abundant resources, a good harbour and an existing townsite. These requirements were considered ideal to settle the Loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three kinds of refugee Loyalists would settle at Cataraqui: 'associated' or 'incorporated' Loyalists who were organized into companies under militia officers, provincial colonial regiments and their dependents, and unincorporated Loyalists who came to Canada independently.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Loyalist refugees had at first settled on Carleton Island, and operated businesses there. When the Island was ceded to the United States after the Revolutionary War, these Loyalists, along with their businesses, relocated to Cataraqui. </p><p>Notable Loyalists who settled in the Cataraqui area include <a href="/wiki/Molly_Brant" title="Molly Brant">Molly Brant</a> (the sister of Six Nations leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a>); businessman and political figure <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cartwright_(born_1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Cartwright (born 1759)">Richard Cartwright</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_(priest)" title="John Stuart (priest)">John Stuart</a>, a clergyman, missionary and educator who arrived in 1785; and militia captain <a href="/wiki/Johan_Jost_Herkimer" title="Johan Jost Herkimer">Johan Jost Herkimer</a>. A group of Loyalists from New York State, led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grass" title="Michael Grass">Michael Grass</a> who arrived in 1784 after sailing from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and up the St. Lawrence River, established a camp south of Fort Frontenac at Mississauga Point.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first name given to the settlement by the Loyalists was King's Town, which would eventually develop into the current appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first high school (grammar school) in what later became the province of Ontario was established in Kingston in 1792 by Loyalist priest John Stuart, which evolved into <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Collegiate_and_Vocational_Institute" title="Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute">Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812,_and_development"><span id="War_of_1812.2C_and_development"></span>War of 1812, and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War of 1812, and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Kingston (with a population of 2,250)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major military centre. It was the base for the Lake Ontario division of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval fleet</a>, which engaged in a vigorous <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">arms race</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> fleet based at <a href="/wiki/Sackets_Harbor,_New_York" title="Sackets Harbor, New York">Sackets Harbor</a>, New York for control of Lake Ontario. The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Marine" title="Provincial Marine">Provincial Marine</a> quickly placed ships into service and troops were brought in. A Royal Naval detachment built warships in order to control Lake Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortifications and other defensive structures were built. The first <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Henry National Historic Site">Fort Henry</a> was built during this time to protect the dockyards in Navy Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fort was replaced by a more extensive fort on Point Henry in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present limestone citadel, constructed between 1832 and 1836, was intended to defend the recently completed Rideau Canal (opened in 1832) at the Lake Ontario end as well as the harbour and the naval dockyard.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, the advanced battery overlooking the lake to the south was completed when the <a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">casemated</a> commissariat stores and magazines were built. Fort Henry was garrisoned by British until 1871. It was restored starting in 1936 and is a popular tourist attraction, now part of a World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_(7614861976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg/220px-DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg/330px-DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg/440px-DSC00382_-_Practice_Drills_%287614861976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry_Guard" title="Fort Henry Guard">Fort Henry Guard</a> practice drill, Fort Henry</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston's location at the Rideau Canal entrance to Lake Ontario made it the primary military and economic centre of Upper Canada after canal construction was completed in 1832. It was incorporated as a town in 1838; the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of mayors of Kingston, Ontario">mayor of Kingston</a> was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kirkpatrick_(Canadian_politician)" title="Thomas Kirkpatrick (Canadian politician)">Thomas Kirkpatrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingston had the largest population of any centre in Upper Canada until the 1840s. Kingston was incorporated as a city in 1846. </p><p>Kingston became an important port as businesses relating to <a href="/wiki/Transshipment" title="Transshipment">transshipment</a>, or forwarding, grew. Since Kingston was at the junction of the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, commodities shipped along the lake from the west such as wheat, flour, meat, and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> were unloaded and stored at Kingston to await transfer to vessels that could navigate the risky St. Lawrence. With the completion of the Rideau Canal, cargoes could be transported in a safer fashion since the St. Lawrence River route could be bypassed. The canal was a popular route for transporting lumber.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regiopolis College (for training priests) was incorporated in March 1837, and in 1866 the college was given full degree-granting powers, although these were rarely used and the college closed in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building became the Hotel Dieu Hospital in 1892. The college reopened at another location in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a>, originally Queen's College,<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first liberal arts universities, first held classes in March 1842; established by the Presbyterian Church, it later became a national institution.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> (RMC) was founded in 1876. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Penitentiary" title="Kingston Penitentiary">Kingston Penitentiary</a>, Canada's first large federal penitentiary, was established in 1835 and operated until 2013. Several more prisons would be established in later years in the greater Kingston area, including the federal <a href="/wiki/Prison_for_Women_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Prison for Women (Kingston, Ontario)">Prison for Women</a> (1930, closed in the 1990s), Millhaven Penitentiary, Collins Bay, Frontenac, and Joyceville Institutions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada_Rebellion" title="Upper Canada Rebellion">Upper Canada Rebellion</a>, 1837–38, much of the local militia was posted in Kingston, under Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Bonnycastle" title="Richard Henry Bonnycastle">Richard Henry Bonnycastle</a> who completed construction of the new Fort Henry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_Canada's_first_capital"><span id="As_Canada.27s_first_capital"></span>As Canada's first capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: As Canada's first capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Governor General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Lord Sydenham</a> chose Kingston as the first capital of the united <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Canadas</a>, and it served in that role from 1841 to 1844. The first meeting of the Parliament of the Province of Canada on June 13, 1841, was held on the site of what is now <a href="/wiki/Kingston_General_Hospital" title="Kingston General Hospital">Kingston General Hospital</a>. The city was considered too small and lacking in amenities, however, and its location near the border made it vulnerable to American attack. Consequently, the capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1844,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it alternated between <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> from 1849 until <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, then a small lumber village known as Bytown, was selected as the permanent capital by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Subsequently, Kingston's growth slowed considerably and its national importance declined. </p><p>In 1846, with a population of 6,123, Kingston was incorporated as a city, with <a href="/wiki/John_Counter" title="John Counter">John Counter</a> as the first mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, there were stone buildings, both residential and commercial. The <a href="/wiki/Kingston_City_Hall_(Ontario)" title="Kingston City Hall (Ontario)">market house</a> was particularly noteworthy as "the finest and most substantial building in Canada" which contained many offices, government offices, space for church services, the post office, the City Hall (completed in 1844)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more. Five weekly newspapers were being published. Fort Henry and the marine barracks took up a great deal of space. Kingston Penitentiary had about 400 inmates. (The prison opened in 1835, with a structure intended to reform the inmates, not merely to hold or punish them.)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industry included a steam grist mill, three foundries, two shipbuilders, ship repairers and five wagon makers; tradesmen of many types also worked here. All freight was shipped by boat or barges and ten steamboats per day were running to and from the town. Five schools for ladies and two for boys were operating, and the town had four bank agency offices. There were ten churches or chapels and the recently opened <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Dieu_Hospital_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Hotel Dieu Hospital (Kingston, Ontario)">Hotel Dieu hospital</a> was operated by sisters with the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Hospitallers_of_St._Joseph" title="Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph">Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph</a> as a charity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Hotel Dieu and Kingston General Hospital (KGH) cared for victims of the typhus epidemic of 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KGH site held the remains of 1,400 Irish immigrants who had died in Kingston in <a href="/wiki/Pest_house" title="Pest house">fever sheds</a> along the waterfront, during the <a href="/wiki/Typhus_epidemic_of_1847" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhus epidemic of 1847">typhus epidemic of 1847</a>, while fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>. They were buried in a common grave. The remains were re-interred at the city's St. Mary's Cemetery in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-ontarioplaque2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontarioplaque2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, KGH was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a>, because it is "the oldest public hospital in Canada still in operation with most of its buildings intact and thus effectively illustrates the evolution of health care in Canada in the 19th and 20th centuries".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, the Kingston Gas Light Company began operation. (Gas lamps would be used until 1947.) By that time, the town was connected to the outside world by telegraph cables.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a> arrived in Kingston in 1856, providing service to Toronto in the west, and to Montreal in the east. Its Kingston station was 3.2 kilometres (2 mi) north of downtown. Kingston became an important rail centre, for both passengers and cargo, due to difficulty travelling by ship through the rapids-and-shoal-filled river. </p><p>By 1869, the population had increased to 15,000, and there were four banks. There were two ship building yards.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kingston was the home of Canada's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>. He won his first election to Kingston City Council in 1843, and would later represent the city for nearly 50 years at the national level, both before and after <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a> in 1867. One of his residences in Kingston, <a href="/wiki/Bellevue_House" title="Bellevue House">Bellevue House</a>, is now a popular <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> open to the public, and depicting the house as it would have been in the 1840s when he lived there. </p><p>In the early hours of April 18, 1840, a dock fire, fanned by high winds, spread to a warehouse containing between 70 and 100 kegs of gunpowder. The resulting explosion spread the fire throughout the city's downtown area, destroying a large number of buildings, including the old city hall. To prevent similar incidents from occurring in future, the city began building with limestone or brick. This rebuilding phase was referred to as "the Limestone Revolution" and earned the city the nickname "The Limestone City".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Locomotive_Company" title="Canadian Locomotive Company">Canadian Locomotive Company</a> was in the early 20th century the largest locomotive works in the British Empire and the Davis <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tannery</a> was at one time the largest tannery in the British Empire. The tannery operated for a century and was closed in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other manufacturing companies included the Marine Railway Company, which built steamboats; the Victoria Iron Works, which produced iron in bars from scrap; several breweries; a distillery; and two soap and candle manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (By the start of the 21st century, most heavy industry would leave the city and their former sites would be gradually rehabilitated and redeveloped.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Square_and_City_Hall,_Kingston,_Ont_(NYPL_b12647398-63085).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Market_Square_and_City_Hall%2C_Kingston%2C_Ont_%28NYPL_b12647398-63085%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>Market Square, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A telephone system began operation in Kingston in 1881; at that time the population was 14,091. Electricity was not available in Kingston until 1888. </p><p>Kingston grew moderately through the 20th century through a series of annexations of lands in adjacent Kingston Township, including a 1952 annexation of some 5,500 acres (22 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which encompassed areas west to the <a href="/wiki/Little_Cataraqui_Creek" title="Little Cataraqui Creek">Little Cataraqui Creek</a> (including the village of Portsmouth), where a number of large residential subdivisions were built in the late 1950s and early '60s. </p><p>Kingston's economy gradually evolved from an industrial to an institutional base after World War II. Queen's University grew from about 2,000 students in the 1940s to its present size of over 28,000 students, more than 90 per cent of whom are from outside the Kingston area. The Kingston campus of <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_College,_Ontario" title="St. Lawrence College, Ontario">St. Lawrence College</a> was established in 1969, and the college has 6,700 full-time students. The Royal Military College of Canada was founded in 1876, and has about 1,000 students. Kingston is a regional health care centre, anchored by Kingston General Hospital and the medical school at Queen's. The city's economy is also dominated by post-secondary education, military institutions, and prison installations. </p><p>Municipal governance had been a topic of discussion since the mid-1970s due to financial imbalance between the city and the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Township_(Canada)" title="Township (Canada)">townships</a>, which now had large residential areas and a population approaching that of the city proper. On January 1, 1998, the city was amalgamated with Kingston Township and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Kingston" title="Pittsburgh, Kingston">Pittsburgh Township</a> to form the new City of Kingston. The city's boundaries now encompass large rural areas north of <a href="/wiki/Highway_401" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway 401">Highway 401</a> and east of the Cataraqui River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Causeway" title="La Salle Causeway">La Salle Causeway</a> bridge that spans the <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_River" title="Cataraqui River">Cataraqui River</a> between downtown and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Henry" class="mw-disambig" title="Fort Henry">Fort Henry</a> was demolished by the Government of Canada after an engineering error during refit work in 2024 led to its collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-dt1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dt2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dt2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_history">Military history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg/220px-Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg/330px-Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg/440px-Three_Martellos_in_Kingston_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Line of defence: three Martello towers (<a href="/wiki/Shoal_Tower" title="Shoal Tower">Shoal Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Fort Frederick (Kingston, Ontario)">Fort Frederick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Tower" title="Cathcart Tower">Cathcart Tower</a>). A fourth tower, <a href="/wiki/Murney_Tower" title="Murney Tower">Murney Tower</a>, is southwest of this location.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston, being strategically located at the head of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River near the border with the United States, has been a site of military importance since Fort Frontenac was built in 1673. The French and, later, the British established military garrisons. The War of 1812 led to the bolstering of military troops, the servicing of ships, and the building of new fortifications to defend the town and the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Royal_Naval_Dockyard" title="Kingston Royal Naval Dockyard">Naval Dockyard</a>. Forts were constructed on Point Henry and at <a href="/wiki/Point_Frederick_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Point Frederick (Kingston, Ontario)">Point Frederick</a>. A picket wall, or <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockade</a>, incorporating five <a href="/wiki/Blockhouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockhouses">blockhouses</a> was built to the west of the town, and <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1812 American naval forces attacked the British sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1809)" title="HMS Royal George (1809)">Royal George</a> in Kingston harbour but the ship took refuge in the harbour and the American forces withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several defensive fortifications were constructed in the late 1840s because of tensions with the United States. These include Fort Henry, four Martello towers (<a href="/wiki/Cathcart_Tower" title="Cathcart Tower">Cathcart Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoal_Tower" title="Shoal Tower">Shoal Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murney_Tower" title="Murney Tower">Murney Tower</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederick_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Fort Frederick (Kingston, Ontario)">Fort Frederick</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_City_Hall_(Ontario)#Market_Battery" title="Kingston City Hall (Ontario)">Market Battery</a>. Military ships were built at the Naval Dockyard at <a href="/wiki/Point_Frederick_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Point Frederick (Kingston, Ontario)">Point Frederick</a> from 1788 to 1853. The peninsula near the entrance of the later Royal Military College of Canada was the headquarters of the Royal Navy in between 1813 and 1853. (Fort Frederick, built in 1812–13, was also on this peninsula.)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg/220px-Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg/330px-Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg/440px-Kingston_City_Hall_%26_Market_Battery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Kingston City Hall and the Market Battery, 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>After the British army withdrew from most locations in Canada in 1870–71, two batteries of garrison artillery were formed by the Dominion Government; the "A" Battery was in Kingston at Fort Henry and Tête du Pont Barracks (Fort Frontenac). (The other battery was in Quebec City)<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The batteries were also schools of gunnery. Designated as the <i>Regiment of Canadian Artillery</i>, the regular component evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Canadian Horse Artillery">Royal Canadian Horse Artillery</a>. Most of its battery remained housed at Tête du Pont Barracks until 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the withdrawal of British forces from Canada in 1870–71, the federal government recognized the need for an officer training college in Canada. In 1874, during the administration of the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, enabling legislation was passed. Located on Point Frederick, the site of the former Royal Naval Dockyard, </p><p>Before a formal college was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. Staffed by British Regulars, students underwent a military course in 1865 at the School of Military Instruction in Kingston. The school enabled officers of militia or candidates for commission or promotion in the militia to learn military duties, drill and discipline, to command a company at Battalion Drill, to Drill a Company at Company Drill, the internal economy of a Company and the duties of a Company's Officer.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school was retained at Confederation, in 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg/220px-Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg/330px-Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg/440px-Fort_Henry_Kingston_Ontario_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Fort Henry, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The withdrawal of imperial troops required a Canadian location for the training of military officers. Because of Kingston's military tradition and the fact several military buildings already existed at the old naval dockyard, Point Frederick was chosen as the location for Canada's first military college, the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC). The facility, called simply The Military College until 1878, opened on Point Frederick with 18 students in 1876<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under Lt.-Col. Edward O. Hewett, R.E. providing cadets with academic and military training. In 1959, it became the first military college in the Commonwealth with the right to confer University degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Located east of Kingston's downtown, the army's Camp Barriefield, now McNaughton Barracks, was constructed at the beginning of the World War I and expanded during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Camp Barriefield was named in honour of Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barrie" title="Robert Barrie">Robert Barrie</a> (May 5, 1774 – June 7, 1841), a British naval officer noted for his service in the War of 1812. It was later named McNaughton Barracks after <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew George Latta McNaughton</a>, a former minister of national defence. Nearby Vimy Barracks was established in 1937 for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Canadian Corps of Signals">Royal Canadian Corps of Signals</a> (later the Royal Canadian School of Signals). Vimy and McNaughton Barracks house the Canadian Forces School of Communications and Electronics (CFSCE), the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>' military communications training centre and several other units. McNaughton Barracks and Vimy Barracks make up most of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Base_Kingston" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces Base Kingston">Canadian Forces Base Kingston</a> (CFB Kingston). Major military facilities supported by CFB Kingston include Fort Frontenac, on the site of the original fort, and the Royal Military College of Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFB_Kingston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CFB_Kingston.JPG/220px-CFB_Kingston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CFB_Kingston.JPG/330px-CFB_Kingston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/CFB_Kingston.JPG/440px-CFB_Kingston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Main gate, CFB Kingston</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Wales%27_Own_Regiment" title="Princess of Wales' Own Regiment">Princess of Wales' Own Regiment</a> has been a fixture in the City of Kingston since 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PWOR operates as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_Reserve" title="Primary Reserve">Primary Reserve</a> Regiment, its members drawn from the Kingston and area community. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the 21st Battalion was formed and saw action in France in 1915 resulting in 18 battle honours including their role in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge" title="Battle of Vimy Ridge">Battle of Vimy Ridge</a>. The Royal Canadian Horse Artillery also fought in Europe with the 2nd Canadian Division, taking part in 13 major battles. Fort Henry became an internment camp for enemy aliens from August 1914 to November 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders (SD&G), mobilized in June 1940. During fighting, troops that had formed in Kingston received recognition from the government for their achievements. Fort Henry was again an internment camp (Camp 31) from September 1939 to December 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A military aerodrome, <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Kingston" title="RCAF Station Kingston">RCAF Station Kingston</a>, was constructed to the west of Kingston to support <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">flying training</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heritage_sites">Heritage sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Heritage sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston is known for its historic properties, as reflected in the city's motto of "where history and innovation thrive". Including <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, National Historic Sites, Provincially Significant sites, municipally designated heritage properties, and listed or non-designated heritage properties, the city has 1211 properties listed in the heritage register it maintains pursuant to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Heritage_Act" title="Ontario Heritage Act">Ontario Heritage Act</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the Rideau Canal, along with the fortifications at Kingston, was designated a World Heritage Site,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of only 15 such sites in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 21 <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Kingston, Ontario">National Historic Sites of Canada</a> in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:Right;clear:Right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,407</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,091</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,263</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,961</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_census" title="1911 Canadian census">1911</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">18,874</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">21,753</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,439</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,126</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,459</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">48,618</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+45.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,526</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,004</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">59,047</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,032</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−5.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">52,616</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−6.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,050</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,597</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/1996_Canadian_census" title="1996 Canadian census">1996</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,947</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2001_Canadian_census" title="2001 Canadian census">2001</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,195</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+104.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"><a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_census" title="2006 Canadian census">2006</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">117,207</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_census" title="2011 Canadian census">2011</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">123,363</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">123,798</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">132,485</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.0%</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_neighbourhoods_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of neighbourhoods in Kingston, Ontario">List of neighbourhoods in Kingston, Ontario</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, Kingston had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005132485000000000♠"></span>132,485</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004578360000000000♠"></span>57,836</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004630950000000000♠"></span>63,095</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000701707620478521♠" style="display:none"></span>7% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005123798000000000♠"></span>123,798</span>. With a land area of 451.58 km<sup>2</sup> (174.36 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7002293381017759865♠"></span>293.4/km<sup>2</sup> (759.9/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan area</a> (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Kingston CMA had a population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005172546000000000♠"></span>172,546</span> living in <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004735060000000000♠"></span>73,506</span> of its <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004809550000000000♠"></span>80,955</span> total private dwellings, a change of <span data-sort-value="7000705506437102528♠" style="display:none"></span>7.1% from its 2016 population of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005161175000000000♠"></span>161,175</span>. With a land area of 1,919.17 km<sup>2</sup> (741.00 sq mi), it had a population density of <span style="display:none" data-sort-value="7001899065741961368♠"></span>89.9/km<sup>2</sup> (232.9/sq mi) in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusCMA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusCMA-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, 82.4% of Kingston residents were white/European, 13.4% were <a href="/wiki/Visible_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible minorities">visible minorities</a> and 4.2% were Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (3.4%), Chinese (2.4%), Black (2.0%), Arab (1.2%), and Latin American (1.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic and Cultural origins (2021) </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> </td> <td>33,410 </td> <td>25.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> </td> <td>32,920 </td> <td>25.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> </td> <td>28,430 </td> <td>20.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Canadian</a> </td> <td>20,990 </td> <td>16.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> n.o.s </td> <td>14,315 </td> <td>11.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German</a> </td> <td>12,210 </td> <td>9.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">Caucasian</a> (White) n.o.s+ <p><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a> n.o.s </p> </td> <td>6,675 </td> <td>5.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Isles n.o.s </td> <td>6,535 </td> <td>5.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Canadians" title="Dutch Canadians">Dutch</a> </td> <td>6,395 </td> <td>5.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian people">Italian</a> </td> <td>4,630 </td> <td>3.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> (North American Indian) n.o.s.+ <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">North American Indigenous</a>, n.o.s. </p> </td> <td>3,825 </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_Canadians" title="Polish Canadians">Polish</a> </td> <td>3,550 </td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Canadians" title="Chinese Canadians">Chinese</a> </td> <td>3,155 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Canadians" title="Welsh Canadians">Welsh</a> </td> <td>3,025 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Note: a person may report more than one ethnic origin. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable collapsible sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a> groups in the City of Kingston (2001–2021) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnic</a><br />group </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2016<sup id="cite_ref-2016census_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016census-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2006<sup id="cite_ref-2006census_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006census-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-2001census_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2001census-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></a> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Canadians" title="European Canadians">European</a><sup id="cite_ref-euro_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euro-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>106,315 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001823413236262246♠" style="display:none"></span>82.34% </td> <td>104,340 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001867944931996839♠" style="display:none"></span>86.79% </td> <td>106,660 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001896830068107290♠" style="display:none"></span>89.68% </td> <td>103,540 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001907847435335379♠" style="display:none"></span>90.78% </td> <td>103,030 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7001927487959670522♠" style="display:none"></span>92.75% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> </td> <td>5,470 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000423653332300662♠" style="display:none"></span>4.24% </td> <td>4,220 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000351037724077694♠" style="display:none"></span>3.51% </td> <td>3,485 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000293029513159001♠" style="display:none"></span>2.93% </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000206926786497150♠" style="display:none"></span>2.07% </td> <td>1,765 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000158887338524553♠" style="display:none"></span>1.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Canadians" title="South Asian Canadians">South Asian</a> </td> <td>4,430 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000343104983929055♠" style="display:none"></span>3.43% </td> <td>2,395 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000199226386058312♠" style="display:none"></span>1.99% </td> <td>1,995 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000167745732783990♠" style="display:none"></span>1.68% </td> <td>1,720 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000150811047786058♠" style="display:none"></span>1.51% </td> <td>1,430 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000128730251609128♠" style="display:none"></span>1.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Canadians" title="East Asian Canadians">East Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-EastAsian_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsian-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,990 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000309026836541068♠" style="display:none"></span>3.09% </td> <td>3,250 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000270348958116707♠" style="display:none"></span>2.7% </td> <td>2,505 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000210628100563356♠" style="display:none"></span>2.11% </td> <td>2,920 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000256028057869355♠" style="display:none"></span>2.56% </td> <td>2,035 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000183193050366836♠" style="display:none"></span>1.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Canadian">African</a> </td> <td>2,600 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000201370870929016♠" style="display:none"></span>2.01% </td> <td>1,750 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000145572515908996♠" style="display:none"></span>1.46% </td> <td>1,105 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999929117968552930♠" style="display:none"></span>0.93% </td> <td>1,030 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999903112669881630♠" style="display:none"></span>0.9% </td> <td>685 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999616644911554215♠" style="display:none"></span>0.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Canadians" title="Middle Eastern Canadians">Middle Eastern</a><sup id="cite_ref-MiddleEastern_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddleEastern-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2,300 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000178135770437207♠" style="display:none"></span>1.78% </td> <td>1,480 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000123112756311608♠" style="display:none"></span>1.23% </td> <td>1,065 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999895484738922055♠" style="display:none"></span>0.9% </td> <td>645 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999565541429197720♠" style="display:none"></span>0.57% </td> <td>530 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999477112121348516♠" style="display:none"></span>0.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a><sup id="cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoutheastAsian-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1,860 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000144057623049219♠" style="display:none"></span>1.44% </td> <td>1,300 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7000108139583246683♠" style="display:none"></span>1.08% </td> <td>1,035 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999870259816698898♠" style="display:none"></span>0.87% </td> <td>755 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999661990355107409♠" style="display:none"></span>0.66% </td> <td>755 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999679659720034208♠" style="display:none"></span>0.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Canadians" title="Latin American Canadians">Latin American</a> </td> <td>1,270 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999983619254153274♠" style="display:none"></span>0.98% </td> <td>885 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999736181009025496♠" style="display:none"></span>0.74% </td> <td>805 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999676868746321365♠" style="display:none"></span>0.68% </td> <td>710 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999622533976326172♠" style="display:none"></span>0.62% </td> <td>595 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999535625872079938♠" style="display:none"></span>0.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-Other_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Other-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>875 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999677690431011114♠" style="display:none"></span>0.68% </td> <td>590 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999490787339350330♠" style="display:none"></span>0.49% </td> <td>280 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999235432607416127♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td> <td>360 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999315651030249890♠" style="display:none"></span>0.32% </td> <td>265 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="6999238556060674258♠" style="display:none"></span>0.24% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total responses </th> <th>129,115 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001974563158093369♠" style="display:none"></span>97.46% </th> <th>120,215 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001971057690754293♠" style="display:none"></span>97.11% </th> <th>118,930 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001964065400484748♠" style="display:none"></span>96.41% </th> <th>114,050 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001973064748692484♠" style="display:none"></span>97.31% </th> <th>111,085 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7001972765882919567♠" style="display:none"></span>97.28% </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th>132,485 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>123,798 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>123,363 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>117,207 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th> <th>114,195 </th> <th><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠" style="display:none"></span>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church,_Kingston,_Canada_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada_1910.jpg/220px-Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada_1910.jpg/330px-Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church%2C_Kingston%2C_Canada_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Street_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydenham Street Methodist Church">Sydenham Street Methodist Church</a> in 1910. It was built in 1852 and later expanded.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2021, 65,490 Kingston residents, or about half of the population, were members of Christian groups; the largest were Roman Catholics, who numbered 30,385 (23.5%), the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a> (8,575 or 6.6%), and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican Church of Canada</a> (8,600 or 6.7%). </p><p>The Presbyterian Church was particularly influential in the 19th century development of Kingston post-secondary education. The church was a founder and financial supporter of Queen's University until 1912 when it was agreed the university should become a secular institution.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John A. Macdonald was also a member of <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Presbyterian_Church_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (Kingston, Ontario)">St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church</a> in Kingston. </p><p>The religious history of the city can still be seen in the monumental stone churches throughout the downtown core, some of which now serve as community<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and co-working spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer churches in the city like Reunion Kingston,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tend to seek rental options rather than building new physical spaces. </p><p>Groups other than Christians and the non-religious include Muslims (3,375 or 2.6%), Hindus (1,670 or 1.3%), and Jews (875 or 0.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-2011_NHS_Religion_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_NHS_Religion-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>55,355 people, or 42.9% of the population, identified as non-religious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal">Municipal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Municipal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For its municipal government, the city is divided into 12 wards; each elects one councillor. All voters in the city cast ballots for the mayor, currently <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Paterson" title="Bryan Paterson">Bryan Paterson</a>, an economics professor at the Royal Military College of Canada. Paterson was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_municipal_elections" title="2022 Ontario municipal elections">2022 Ontario municipal elections</a> for the 2022–2026 term.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The councillors elected for the same term were: </p> <ul><li>Gary Oosterhof – Countryside District (acclaimed)</li> <li>Paul Chaves – Loyalist-Cataraqui District</li> <li>Lisa Osanic – Collins-Bayridge District</li> <li>Wendy Stephen – Lakeside District</li> <li>Don Amos – Portsmouth District</li> <li>Jamshed (Jimmy) Hassan – Trillium District</li> <li>Brandon Tozzo – Kingscourt-Rideau District</li> <li>Jeff McLaren – Meadowbrook-Strathcona District</li> <li>Vincent Cinanni – Williamsville District</li> <li>Conny Glenn – Sydenham District</li> <li>Gregory Ridge – King's Town District</li> <li>Ryan Boehme – Pittsburgh District</li></ul> <p>On November 20, 2018, Kingston City Council received <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/documents/10180/30671807/City-Council_Meeting-24-2018_Report-18-384_2018-Municipal-Election-Results-of-Referendum-Question-and-Potential-Next-Steps.pdf/67581acd-85a5-4a07-b936-a741a5fce123">Report 18-384</a> which presented the results of the 2018 ranked choice ballots referendum question and outlined potential next steps. The Municipal Elections Act requires that at least 50 percent of the total number of eligible electors in the municipality must vote on the referendum question in order for the results to be "binding". Based on the official 2018 election results the number of eligible electors was 83,608. The total number of electors that voted on the referendum question was 32,803 or 39.2 percent of eligible electors.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 50 percent of eligible electors did not vote on the referendum question, the results are not "binding" on Council. Of the electors that voted on the referendum question, 62.9 percent were in favour of using ranked choice voting to elect the mayor and district councillors. Although the result of the referendum question is not "binding", Council has directed staff to initiate the process to implement ranked choice voting for the 2022 municipal election.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A by-law to establish ranked choice elections has not been passed to elect City of Kingston Mayor and District Councillors. The required ranked choice Voting Bylaw would have to be passed by May 1, 2021. The Ontario provincial government introduced in October 2020 Bill 218, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-42/session-1/bill-218">Supporting Ontario's Recovery and Municipal Elections Act, 2020</a>,</i> which revoked the regulation that would allow municipalities to conduct elections using ranked ballots. The Bill received Royal Assent on November 20, 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial">Provincial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Provincial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Kingston federal election results<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #EA6D6A"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><i>41%</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>28,490</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">24% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>17,137</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">29% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>20,416</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>1,729</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><i>45%</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>32,033</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#6495ED">20% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#6495ED;"><i>14,488</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">23% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>16,414</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">9% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>6,223</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:400; font-size:90%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Kingston provincial election results<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Year </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Ontario" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario">PC</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_New_Democratic_Party" title="Ontario New Democratic Party">New Democratic</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Ontario" title="Green Party of Ontario">Green</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #EA6D6A"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2022_Ontario_general_election" title="2022 Ontario general election">2022</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">26% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>13,002</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460">31% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>15,675</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A"><i>36%</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>18,499</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">3% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>1,769</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 0.25em; background-color: #F4A460"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/2018_Ontario_general_election" title="2018 Ontario general election">2018</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#9999FF">27% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#9999FF;"><i>15,687</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#F4A460"><i>39%</i> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F4A460;"><i>22,867</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#EA6D6A">27% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#EA6D6A;"><i>15,605</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#99C955">6% </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#99C955;"><i>3,801</i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In provincial elections, the city consists of one riding, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Kingston and the Islands (provincial electoral district)">Kingston and the Islands</a> formed after the 1999 redistribution, incorporating half of the former Frontenac-Addington and most of the former Kingston and the Islands riding.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th style="width: 170px">Member of Provincial Parliament </th> <th style="width: 80px">From </th> <th style="width: 80px">To </th> <th style="width: 120px">Riding </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Liberal_Party" title="Ontario Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hsu" title="Ted Hsu">Ted Hsu</a> </td> <td>June 2, 2022 </td> <td>present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Kingston and the Islands (provincial electoral district)">Kingston and the Islands</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston is part of two federal ridings. Most of the city is in <a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)">Kingston and the Islands</a>, created in 1966 from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston (federal electoral district)">Kingston</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Hastings%E2%80%94Frontenac%E2%80%94Lennox_and_Addington" title="Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington">Hastings—Frontenac—Lennox and Addington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward%E2%80%94Lennox_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Prince Edward—Lennox (federal electoral district)">Prince Edward—Lennox</a>. A small portion north of Highway 401 is in <a href="/wiki/Lanark%E2%80%94Frontenac%E2%80%94Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston (federal electoral district)">Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston</a>, which was created by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federal_electoral_redistribution,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012">2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution</a> and was legally defined in the 2013 representation order. It came into effect upon the call of the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Canadian_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Canadian federal election">42nd Canadian federal election</a> on October 19, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th style="width: 170px">Members of Parliament </th> <th style="width: 80px">From </th> <th style="width: 80px">To </th> <th style="width: 120px">Riding </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gerretsen" title="Mark Gerretsen">Mark Gerretsen</a> </td> <td>October 19, 2015 </td> <td>present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_the_Islands_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Kingston and the Islands (federal electoral district)">Kingston and the Islands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#6495ED; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scott_Reid_(politician)" title="Scott Reid (politician)">Scott Reid</a> </td> <td>October 21, 2019 </td> <td>present </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanark%E2%80%94Frontenac%E2%80%94Kingston_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston (federal electoral district)">Lanark—Frontenac—Kingston</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston's economy relies heavily on public sector institutions and establishments. The most important sectors are related to <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">health care</a>, higher education (Queen's University, the Royal Military College of Canada, and St. Lawrence College), government (including the military and correctional services), <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">tourism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> play a smaller role than in the past. The private sector accounts for half of Kingston's employment.<sup id="cite_ref-employment_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-employment-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Kingston's major industrial employers of the 20th century, the Canadian Locomotive Company, closed in 1969, and the former <a href="/wiki/Alcan" title="Alcan">Alcan</a> and <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> operations employ far fewer people than in the past. But due to the city's central location between Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal and Syracuse, NY a trucking and logistics warehousing industry has developed. </p><p>According to the Kingston Economic Development Corporation, the major employers in Kingston as of October 2023 were:<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Queen's University 9,352</li> <li>Canadian Forces Base Kingston 8,500</li> <li>Kingston Health Sciences Centre 5,953</li> <li>Limestone District School Board 3,400</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctional_Service_of_Canada" title="Correctional Service of Canada">Correctional Service of Canada</a> 2,500</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Continuing_Care_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Continuing Care Centre">Providence Care</a> 1,700</li> <li>City of Kingston 1,550</li> <li>St. Lawrence College 875</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invista" title="Invista">Invista Canada</a> 700</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Life" title="Empire Life">Empire Life Insurance</a> 674</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Ontario)" title="Ministry of Health (Ontario)">Ministry of Health (Ontario)</a> 530</li> <li>J. E. Agnew Food Services Ltd. (operates several <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hortons" title="Tim Hortons">Tim Hortons</a> stores) 450</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calian" title="Calian">Calian Technologies Ltd.</a> 363</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelis" title="Novelis">Novelis</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Alcan" title="Alcan">Alcan</a>) 285</li> <li>Tim Horton's Inc. Distribution Centre 280</li> <li>Commissionaires Canada 255</li> <li>Cancoil Thermal Corporation 200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurant" title="Assurant">Assurant</a> 180</li> <li>Canada Royal Milk 165</li> <li>Haakon Industries 160</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> 150</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frulact" title="Frulact">Frulact</a> 95</li> <li>Kingston Process Metallurgy 90</li> <li>Coca-Cola Bottling Ltd. 85</li> <li>MetalCraft Marine Incorporated 70</li> <li>Pepsico Beverages Canada 45</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, the tourism industry in Kingston represents a vital part of the city's economy. In 2004, over 3,500 jobs were contributed to Kingston's economy due to the tourism industry. The tourism industry has been at a healthy growth rate and has become one of the most performing sectors of Kingston. Unique opportunities are presented for this industry in this time of shifting travel trends and the baby boomer generation. The success of Kingston's tourism industry is heavily dependent on information about travellers; however, data availability still remains a challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstoncanada_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstoncanada-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kingston has launched several tourism campaigns including Downtown Kingston! and Yellow Door. The city launched a campaign to attract more traffic to downtown Kingston. The campaigns mission statement promises, "to promote downtown Kingston as the vibrant and healthy commercial, retail, residential, and entertainment centre of our region, attracting more people to live, shop, work and gather".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downtown area of Kingston is known as the central business district, and is the gathering place for various events including the Kingston Buskers Rendezvous, FebFest, the 1000 Islands Poker Run and The Limestone City Blues Festival. </p><p>Alternatively, Yellow Door promotes tourism to the entire city. The goal of the campaign is to increase the consumer's exposure to Kingston tourism, while remaining financially reasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonherald.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonherald.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A yellow door was used as a metaphor for Kingston – and the good times people have – and used street workers to gather potential tourists from nearby Toronto and Ottawa. "Yellow Door" promotes interest by offering potential tourists a trip to Kingston. In 2013, Yellow Door received the Tourism Advertising Award of Excellence for the marketing and promotion of an Ontario tourism product.<sup id="cite_ref-kingstonherald.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingstonherald.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attractions">Attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/TripAdvisor" class="mw-redirect" title="TripAdvisor">TripAdvisor</a> users rate the following among the best attractions in and near the city: Canada's Penitentiary Museum, Fort Henry (Fort Henry National Historic Site), Wolfe Island (via ferry), Bellevue House National Historic Site, City Hall and the downtown waterfront nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ontario Travel's recommendations include cruising the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Theatre_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="The Grand Theatre (Kingston, Ontario)">The Grand Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slush_Puppie_Place" title="Slush Puppie Place">Slush Puppie Place</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Kingston, Ontario </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston,_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kingston%2C_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Rising above barry wavy of three Argent Azure and Argent a rock proper thereon a beaver statant Or;</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Gules a Martello tower Argent upon barry wavy of five Argent and Azure in chief three Eastern crowns Or;</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter a griffin sinister a lion Or each gorged with a collar of maple leaves Gules;</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>'Antiquitate Civilitate Humanitate'<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston,_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/220px-Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/330px-Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg/440px-Kingston%2C_Coat_of_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401" title="Ontario Highway 401">Highway 401</a> is the principal access route into Kingston and runs across the northern section of the urbanized portion of the city. The first sections of the highway in the Kingston area were opened in 1958, although it was not fully completed for another ten years. In addition to the 401, the <a href="/wiki/Waaban_Crossing" title="Waaban Crossing">Waaban Crossing</a> and the La Salle Causeway are bridge crossings of the <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_River" title="Cataraqui River">Cataraqui River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_15" title="Ontario Highway 15">Highway 15</a> is an alternative route between Kingston and the <a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa region</a>. From the south, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_81" title="Interstate 81">Interstate 81</a> connects with Highway 401 at the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_Border_Crossing" title="Thousand Islands Border Crossing">Thousand Islands Border Crossing</a> east of Kingston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferry_service">Ferry service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ferry service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regular ferry service operates between downtown Kingston and <a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Island_(Ontario)" title="Wolfe Island (Ontario)">Wolfe Island</a>. Seasonal ferry service from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Vincent,_New_York" title="Cape Vincent, New York">Cape Vincent</a>, New York, via Wolfe Island, into downtown Kingston is an alternate route to and from the United States. There are also tourist ferries departing downtown Kingston regularly, although with greater frequency in the summer months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Via_Rail">Via Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Via Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corridor_(Via_Rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corridor (Via Rail)">Corridor</a> service connects <a href="/wiki/Kingston_railway_station_(Ontario)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston railway station (Ontario)">Kingston</a> along the main line between <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, Ontario and Quebec City. Its current station was built in 1974, relocated from the original station site 2 km further east. Kingston is a regular stop on train services operating between Toronto and Ottawa and between Toronto and Montreal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 30, 2020, Air Canada announced its intention to cease operations at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Norman_Rogers_Airport" title="Kingston Norman Rogers Airport">Kingston Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air Canada said the timing of the suspensions and shutdowns will be governed by requirements for regulatory notice. </p><p>In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Pascan_Aviation" title="Pascan Aviation">Pascan Aviation</a> started regular passenger service between Kingston and <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport" title="Montréal–Trudeau International Airport">Montréal–Trudeau International Airport</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Pascan_Aviation" title="Pascan Aviation">Pascan Aviation</a> has announced that they will be "pausing" their service from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Norman_Rogers_Airport" title="Kingston Norman Rogers Airport">Kingston Airport</a> starting in January 2023 for an undetermined amount of time, which means that Kingston will be without any passenger air service for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_buses">Intercity buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intercity buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Megabus_(North_America)" title="Megabus (North America)">Megabus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coach_Canada" title="Coach Canada">Coach Canada</a>) provides frequent service from their <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Bus_Terminal" title="Kingston Bus Terminal">Kingston Bus Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> to a range of destinations in Ontario and Quebec. Passengers can book direct buses to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_Bus_Terminal" title="Union Station Bus Terminal">Union Station Bus Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto Pearson Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yorkdale_Bus_Terminal" title="Yorkdale Bus Terminal">Yorkdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brockville" title="Brockville">Brockville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkland,_Quebec" title="Kirkland, Quebec">Kirkland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rider_Express&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rider Express (page does not exist)">Rider Express</a> began to serve Kingston along its Toronto-Ottawa Route<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing Kingston with direct bus service to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers depart and arrive at the Rider Express's Kingston Bus Stop located at 1185 Division St. at <a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> Gas Station by the <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/FlixBus" title="FlixBus">FlixBus</a> began to serve Kingston along its Windsor-Ottawa Route. This provides passengers bus services from Kingston to <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarborough, Toronto">Scarborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitby,_Ontario" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham-Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers depart and arrive at Flixbus's Kingston Bus Stop located at 275 Wellington Street in downtown Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Red Arrow bus company included Kingston on a route between Toronto and Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shuttle Kingston was reported in 2013 to connect to <a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Public transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Transit" title="Kingston Transit">Kingston Transit</a> is the organization that handles the local public transportation system within Kingston. The organization runs over 20 bus routes throughout Kingston with additional routes being added on a seasonal basis to support the needs of the student population in Kingston. The organization charges a standard fare of $3.25 for riders over the age of 15 and provides free service to those under the age of 15. </p><p>Kingston Access Services provides accessible municipal bus service to residents who cannot use Kingston Transit due to disability.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Kingston Access Services celebrated its 50th anniversary as Ontario's oldest accessible transit service having been established originally as the "Kingston Bus for the Handicapped" in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxi_services">Taxi services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Taxi services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two taxi services operate in the city: Amey's Taxi and Modern City Taxi Cab Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> also provides service to customers in the city and is licensed and regulated by Kingston Area Taxi Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uber cars that operate in Kingston are UberX, Uber Comfort, and Uber Green.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2022, Kingston ranked 4th on Ubers "Nightlife Index" due to its high volume of rides between 10pm and 2am within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston hosts several festivals during the year, including the Kingston WritersFest, Limestone City Blues Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Canadian_Film_Festival" title="Kingston Canadian Film Festival">Kingston Canadian Film Festival</a>, Artfest, the Kingston Buskers Rendezvous, Kingston Jazz Festival, the <a href="/wiki/Reelout_Queer_Film_Festival" title="Reelout Queer Film Festival">Reelout Queer Film Festival</a>, Feb Fest, the Wolfe Island Music Festival, the Skeleton Park Arts Festival, Kingston Pride, Día de los Muertos Kingston Festival,<sup id="cite_ref-diadelosmuertos_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diadelosmuertos-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/The_Kick_%26_Push_Festival" title="The Kick & Push Festival">The Kick & Push Festival</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg/220px-Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg/330px-Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg/440px-Architecture_of_Princess_Street_in_downtown_Kingston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Architecture of Princess Street in March 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston is home to many artists who work in visual arts, media arts, literature, and a growing number who work in other time-based disciplines such as performance art. The contemporary arts scene in particular has two long standing professional non-profit venues in the downtown area, the <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Etherington_Art_Centre" title="Agnes Etherington Art Centre">Agnes Etherington Art Centre</a> (founded 1957), and Modern Fuel Artist-Run Centre (founded 1977). Local artists often participate in the exhibition programming of each organization, while each also presents the work of artists from across Canada and around the world – in keeping with their educational mandates. Alternative venues for the presentation of exhibition programs in Kingston include the Union Gallery (Queen's University's student art gallery), Verb Gallery, Open Studio 22, the Kingston Arts Council gallery, The Artel: Arts Accommodations and Venue, and the Tett Centre for Creativity and Learning. </p><p>The Kingston WritersFest<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occurs annually. Circle of Wellness<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosts Día de los Muertos Kingston Festival<sup id="cite_ref-diadelosmuertos_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diadelosmuertos-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occurs annually on the first Sunday of November. For over four decades the Ukrainian Canadian Club of Kingston has hosted the "Lviv, Ukraine" pavilion as part of the Folklore tradition, holding this popular cultural and folk festival annually on the second full weekend in June (at Regiopolis-Notre Dame High School). Literary events also happen throughout the year at the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Frontenac_Public_Library" title="Kingston Frontenac Public Library">Kingston Frontenac Public Library</a> and local bookstores. Writers who are or have been residents of Kingston include <a href="/wiki/Steven_Heighton" title="Steven Heighton">Steven Heighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronwen_Wallace" title="Bronwen Wallace">Bronwen Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Humphreys" title="Helen Humphreys">Helen Humphreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diane_Schoemperlen" title="Diane Schoemperlen">Diane Schoemperlen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crummey" title="Michael Crummey">Michael Crummey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sinnett" title="Mark Sinnett">Mark Sinnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Alice_Downie" title="Mary Alice Downie">Mary Alice Downie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grady_(author)" title="Wayne Grady (author)">Wayne Grady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merilyn_Simonds" title="Merilyn Simonds">Merilyn Simonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alec_Ross" title="Alec Ross">Alec Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Swift" title="Jamie Swift">Jamie Swift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Smart" title="Carolyn Smart">Carolyn Smart</a>. </p><p>Music and theatre venues include the Isabel Bader Centre for the Performing Arts, The Grand Theatre, and The Wellington Street Theatre, which host performances from international, national, and local groups like Domino Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Kingston" title="Theatre Kingston">Theatre Kingston</a>, The Vagabond Repertory Theatre Company, Hope Theatre Projects, Bottle Tree Productions, and other small groups dot the downtown area. <a href="/wiki/The_Kick_%26_Push_Festival" title="The Kick & Push Festival">The Kick & Push Festival</a> was founded in 2015 to increase summer theatre programming downtown.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Symphony" title="Kingston Symphony">Kingston Symphony</a> performs at The Grand Theatre, as do several amateur and semi-professional theatre groups. <a href="/wiki/Slush_Puppie_Place" title="Slush Puppie Place">Slush Puppie Place</a> (renamed from K-Rock Centre and Leon's Centre) a 5,800-seat entertainment venue and ice rink, opened in February 2008. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slush_Puppie_Place,_Exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg/220px-Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg/330px-Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg/440px-Slush_Puppie_Place%2C_Exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3952" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption>Slush Puppie Place</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has spawned several musicians and musical groups, most of whom are known mainly within Canada, but a few of whom have achieved international success. These include <a href="/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip" title="The Tragically Hip">The Tragically Hip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)" title="Steppenwolf (band)">Steppenwolf</a> frontman <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(musician)" title="John Kay (musician)">John Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Abrams" title="The Abrams">The Abrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Glorious_Sons" title="The Glorious Sons">The Glorious Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mahones" title="The Mahones">The Mahones</a>, jazz singer Andy Poole, <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Soundclash" title="Bedouin Soundclash">Bedouin Soundclash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Harmer" title="Sarah Harmer">Sarah Harmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arrogant_Worms" title="The Arrogant Worms">The Arrogant Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headstones_(band)" title="Headstones (band)">The Headstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Inbreds" title="The Inbreds">The Inbreds</a>, The Meringues, <a href="/wiki/PS_I_Love_You_(band)" title="PS I Love You (band)">PS I Love You</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/Moist_(Canadian_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moist (Canadian band)">Moist</a>, including singer <a href="/wiki/David_Usher" title="David Usher">David Usher</a>. </p><p>Kingston is also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Adams" title="Bryan Adams">Bryan Adams</a>. The first winner of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Idol" title="Canadian Idol">Canadian Idol</a></i> was Kingston native <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Malcolm" title="Ryan Malcolm">Ryan Malcolm</a>. </p><p>Poet <a href="/wiki/Michael_Andre" title="Michael Andre">Michael Andre</a> was raised in Kingston. <a href="/wiki/Zal_Yanovsky" title="Zal Yanovsky">Zal Yanovsky</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Lovin%27_Spoonful" title="The Lovin' Spoonful">The Lovin' Spoonful</a> lived in Kingston until his death in 2002. </p><p>Comedian and actor <a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a> has a residence just north of Kingston and is a frequent face in town. He was briefly a minor partner in a restaurant called Aykroyd's Ghetto House Café on upper Princess Street during the 1990s which prominently featured a <a href="/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers" title="The Blues Brothers">Blues Brothers'</a> car projecting out from the second story wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenstheologicalhall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Queenstheologicalhall.jpg/220px-Queenstheologicalhall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Queenstheologicalhall.jpg/330px-Queenstheologicalhall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Queenstheologicalhall.jpg/440px-Queenstheologicalhall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Theological Hall at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Kingston is the site of two universities, Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada, and a <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community college</a>, St. Lawrence College. According to Statistics Canada, Kingston has the most PhD holders per capita of any city in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen's_University"><span id="Queen.27s_University"></span>Queen's University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Queen's University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University at Kingston</a></div> <p>Queen's University is one of Ontario's oldest universities and offers a variety of degree programs. The university was founded in 1841 under a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> from Queen Victoria. It has an enrolment of over 31,000 students. Queen's Main Campus is rather self-contained, but is within close walking distance of downtown Kingston, making it a pedestrian-friendly university for students and faculty alike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Military_College_of_Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Royal Military College of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a></div> <p>The Royal Military College of Canada, established in 1876, is Canada's only military university (<i>Collège Militaire Royal</i> in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu" title="Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu">Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, is a military <a href="/wiki/College_education_in_Quebec" title="College education in Quebec">college</a>), providing academic and leadership training to <a href="/wiki/Officer_cadet" title="Officer cadet">officer cadets</a>, other members of Canada's armed forces and civilians. There are 1,100 undergraduate students and 500 full- and part-time graduate students.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Lawrence_College">St. Lawrence College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: St. Lawrence College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_College,_Ontario" title="St. Lawrence College, Ontario">St. Lawrence College, Ontario</a></div> <p>St. Lawrence College offers baccalaureate degree programs at its Kingston campus in behavioural psychology, industrial trades, microelectronics, nursing, and business administration (the latter via a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_University" title="Laurentian University">Laurentian University</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), in addition to certificate, diploma, and advanced diploma programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Limestone_District_School_Board" title="Limestone District School Board">Limestone District School Board</a> serves students in the City of Kingston and the counties of Frontenac and <a href="/wiki/Lennox_and_Addington_County" title="Lennox and Addington County">Lennox and Addington</a>. Along with the Limestone School of Community Education, which provides adult education and training programs, approximately 21,000 students attend 70 elementary and secondary schools along with supporting education centres. The <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_and_Lakeshore_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board">Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board</a> serves students of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> faith. Approximately 12,800 students attend 36 elementary schools and five secondary schools in this district. The Catholic high schools in the immediate Kingston area include Regiopolis Notre-Dame and Holy Cross Catholic High School. The francophone community is served by two school boards, the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_publiques_de_l%27Est_de_l%27Ontario" title="Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario">Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_des_%C3%A9coles_catholiques_du_Centre-Est" title="Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est">Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est</a>, each providing one secondary school in the area. </p><p>Secondary schools in Kingston: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayridge_Secondary_School" title="Bayridge Secondary School">Bayridge Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_catholique_Marie-Rivier" class="mw-redirect" title="École secondaire catholique Marie-Rivier">École secondaire catholique Marie-Rivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_secondaire_publique_Mille-%C3%8Eles" title="École secondaire publique Mille-Îles">École secondaire publique Mille-Îles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_Secondary_School" title="Frontenac Secondary School">Frontenac Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School">Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Secondary_School" title="Kingston Secondary School">Kingston Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Secondary_School" title="La Salle Secondary School">La Salle Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leahurst_College_High_School" title="Leahurst College High School">Leahurst College High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Collegiate_and_Vocational_Institute" title="Loyalist Collegiate and Vocational Institute">Loyalist Collegiate and Vocational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regiopolis-Notre_Dame_Catholic_Secondary_School" title="Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School">Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correctional_institutions_and_facilities">Correctional institutions and facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Correctional institutions and facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston has the largest concentration of federal correctional facilities in Canada. The facilities are operated by the Correctional Service of Canada. Of the nine institutions in the Kingston area, seven are within the city's municipal boundaries. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Penitentiary" title="Kingston Penitentiary">Kingston Penitentiary</a> (maximum security) (Officially closed September 30, 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG/220px-Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG/330px-Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG/440px-Kingston_Ontario_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Collins Bay Institution</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Regional Treatment Centre (multi-level security), co-located within Kingston Penitentiary</li> <li>Joyceville Institution (medium security)</li> <li>Pittsburgh Institution (minimum security), co-located with Joyceville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Bay_Institution" title="Collins Bay Institution">Collins Bay Institution</a> (medium security)</li> <li>Frontenac Institution (minimum security), co-located with Collins Bay</li></ul> <p>Until 2000, Canada's only federal correctional facility for women, the Prison for Women (nicknamed "P4W") was also in Kingston. As a result of the report of the <i>Commission of Inquiry into Certain Events at the Prison for Women in Kingston</i>, the facility was closed in 2000. Queen's University purchased the property with the intention of renovating it to house the Queen's Archives, but the interior of the building was awarded a heritage designation; therefore, Queen's lost the ability to renovate the interior and is considering its options.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In September 2013, after almost 180 years of housing prisoners, Kingston Penitentiary closed. The maximum security prison was named a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in February 1990 due to its history and reputation. In its early years, the prison had a vital role in constructing the city. The prison brought prosperity to Kingston, and along with eight other prisons being built in the area, helped create an impressive local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston is within the <a href="/wiki/Mixedwood_Plains_Ecozone_(Canada)" title="Mixedwood Plains Ecozone (Canada)">Mixedwood Plains Ecozone</a>, and is dominated in the Kingston area by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> tree species and abundant water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is underlain mostly by <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> limestone of the Black River Group.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being within <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">hardiness zone</a> 5, Kingston has a moderate <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Dfb</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has cooler summers and colder winters than most of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a>. Although proximity to Lake Ontario has a moderating effect on the climate, it also tempers the heat and can on occasion increase precipitation, especially during heavy snowfall events. Mild to strong breezes blowing off Lake Ontario make Kingston one of the most consistently windy cities in Canada, especially near the water. As a result of the moderation the all-time high is a relatively modest 35.6 °C (96 °F) recorded on July 9, 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-July_1936_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-July_1936-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the humidity, the <a href="/wiki/Humidex" title="Humidex">humidex</a> values on such hot days is normally very high. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Kingston was −35.6 °C (−32 °F) on February 17, 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-February_1896_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-February_1896-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The central part of the city is between the Cataraqui River to the east and the Little Cataraqui Creek to the west, with outlying areas extending in both directions. The eastern part of the city is accessible by the <a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Causeway" title="La Salle Causeway">La Salle Causeway</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_2" title="Ontario Highway 2">Highway 2</a>. </p><p>Major features of Kingston's waterfront include Flora MacDonald Confederation Basin, <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Olympic_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Olympic Harbour">Portsmouth Olympic Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collins_Bay,_Ontario" title="Collins Bay, Ontario">Collins Bay</a>, Wolfe Island, <a href="/wiki/Garden_Island_(Ontario)" title="Garden Island (Ontario)">Garden Island</a>, the Cataraqui River (including the <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario_Inner_Harbour" title="Kingston, Ontario Inner Harbour">Inner Harbour</a> and, within that, <a href="/wiki/Anglin_Bay" title="Anglin Bay">Anglin Bay</a>). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kingston, 1991–2020 normals (Average Temperature) 1981–2010 normals,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extremes 1872–present<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(77.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5<br />(45.5) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7<br />(19) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.5<br />(11.3) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9<br />(33.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #2C2CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.5<br />(−30.1) </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.6<br />(−32.1) </td> <td style="background: #5050FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−27.8<br />(−18.0) </td> <td style="background: #8989FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.2<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(33.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5<br />(18.5) </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.6<br />(−14.1) </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34.4<br />(−29.9) </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−35.6<br />(−32.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.2<br />(2.57) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1<br />(2.56) </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.2<br />(2.72) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.1<br />(3.43) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9<br />(3.03) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.7<br />(3.69) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7<br />(3.53) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.4<br />(3.64) </td> <td style="background: #64FF64; color:#000000;" class="notheme">100.3<br />(3.95) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.1<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">959.6<br />(37.78) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(1.15) </td> <td style="background: #CFFFCF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(1.14) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(1.63) </td> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.5<br />(3.05) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.9<br />(3.03) </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0<br />(2.83) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0<br />(2.52) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.7<br />(3.69) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.7<br />(3.53) </td> <td style="background: #77FF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.0<br />(3.58) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.4<br />(3.64) </td> <td style="background: #B1FFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.2<br />(2.06) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">808.7<br />(31.84) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br />(15.6) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #008300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(10.0) </td> <td style="background: #82FF82; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(3.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDFFED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.9<br />(14.1) </td> <td style="background: #38FF38; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">157.1<br />(61.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.1 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.7 </td> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.8 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">159.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.9 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">123.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.2 cm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.40 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(at 15:00 LST)</span> </th> <td style="background: #0000F1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.4 </td> <td style="background: #0B0BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.7 </td> <td style="background: #1010FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.4 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.7 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000EB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #AAAAA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B854; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.1 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.2 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161.8 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">218.0 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">243.7 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.3 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.4 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.7 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.5 </td> <td style="background: #858585; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.1 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,958.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.5 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.1 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0 </td> <td style="background: #F4F419; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.7 </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.9 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4 </td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-climate_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_Pumping_Station_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston_Pumping_Station-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_Ont_Hydro_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston_Ont_Hydro-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_Queens_U_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston_Queens_U-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kingston_Climate_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kingston_Climate-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Y.M.C.A._Building,_Kingston,_Ontario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg/220px-Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg/330px-Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg/440px-Y.M.C.A._Building%2C_Kingston%2C_Ontario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of the Y.M.C.A. Building in Kingston c. 1908</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingston_and_District_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame">Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Fightwear" title="Hayabusa Fightwear">Hayabusa Fightwear</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston lays claim to being the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, though this is contested. Support for this is found in a journal entry of a British Army officer in Kingston in 1843. He wrote <i>"Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great fun at hockey on the ice."</i><sup id="cite_ref-queens_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-queens-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingston is also home to the oldest continuing hockey rivalry in the world by virtue of a game played in 1886 on the frozen Kingston harbour between Queen's University and the Royal Military College of Canada. To mark this event, the city hosts an annual game between the two institutions, played on a cleared patch of frozen lake with both teams wearing period-correct uniforms and using rules from that era. The two schools also contest the annual Carr-Harris Cup, named for <a href="/wiki/Lorne_Carr-Harris" title="Lorne Carr-Harris">Lorne Carr-Harris</a>, under modern competitive conditions to commemorate and continue their rivalry. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Cup" title="Memorial Cup">Memorial Cup</a>, which serves as the annual championship event for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hockey_League" title="Canadian Hockey League">Canadian Hockey League</a>, began in 1919 on the initiative of Kingstonian <a href="/wiki/James_T._Sutherland" title="James T. Sutherland">James T. Sutherland</a>. The first championship was held in Kingston. Sutherland, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hockey Hall of Fame">Hockey Hall of Fame</a>, also helped establish the annual exhibition game between the Royal Military College of Canada and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (West Point) in 1923. </p><p>Kingston is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Hockey League">Ontario Hockey League</a> (OHL) by the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Frontenacs" title="Kingston Frontenacs">Kingston Frontenacs</a>. Kingston had a team in the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Junior_Hockey_League" title="Ontario Junior Hockey League">Ontario Junior Hockey League</a> (OJHL), the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Voyageurs" title="Kingston Voyageurs">Kingston Voyageurs</a> but ceased after the 2018–19 season. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hockey_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="International Hockey Hall of Fame">International Hockey Hall of Fame</a>, was established in September 1943 with a building constructed in 1965. The original building was near the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Memorial_Centre" title="Kingston Memorial Centre">Kingston Memorial Centre</a> (which was opened in 1950), but has since been relocated to Kingston's west end at the Invista Centre. The International Hockey Hall of Fame, founded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Hockey_Association" title="Canadian Amateur Hockey Association">Canadian Amateur Hockey Association</a>, is the oldest sports hall of fame in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum's collection is home to various items that pay homage to Kingston's role in the history of hockey in Canada. These include: the original square hockey puck from the first Queens University vs. the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) game in 1886, hockey's oldest sweater worn by a Queen's student in 1894, and Canada's first Olympic gold medal from 1924, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slush Puppie Place, in the downtown core, opened in February 2008, and serves as home ice for the Frontenacs. The Voyageurs played at the Invista Centre in the city's west end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailing">Sailing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sailing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_Robotic_Sailboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada_Robotic_Sailboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="394" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robotic</a> sailboat</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is known for its fresh-water sailing, and hosted the <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics" title="Sailing at the 1976 Summer Olympics">sailing events</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a>. CORK – <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Olympic-training_Regatta,_Kingston" title="Canadian Olympic-training Regatta, Kingston">Canadian Olympic-training Regatta, Kingston</a> – now hosted by CORK/Sail Kingston Inc. is still held every August. Since 1972, Kingston has hosted more than 40<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World and Olympic sailing championships. Kingston is listed by a panel of experts among the best yacht racing venues in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though Kingston is in Canada. </p><p>Kingston sits amid excellent cruising and boating territory, with easy access to Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and the Thousand Islands including the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Islands_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lawrence Islands National Park">St. Lawrence Islands National Park</a>. </p><p>Kingston is also home to the youth sail training ship called the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_II" title="St. Lawrence II">St. Lawrence II</a>. </p><p>During the summers, the RMC campus in Kingston plays host to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Sea_Cadets" title="Royal Canadian Sea Cadets">Royal Canadian Sea Cadets</a> camp called HMCS <i>Ontario</i>, which provides sail training along with much other training to youth from across Canada. The <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Yacht_Club" title="Kingston Yacht Club">Kingston Yacht Club</a> in downtown Kingston has a learn to sail program for both children and adults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving">Diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kingston is known for fresh-water <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_of_Canada#Ontario" title="List of shipwrecks of Canada">Kingston's shipwrecks</a> are well preserved by its cool fresh water, and the recent <a href="/wiki/Zebra_mussel" title="Zebra mussel">zebra mussel</a> invasion has caused a dramatic improvement in water clarity that has enhanced the quality of diving in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawn_bowling">Lawn bowling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Lawn bowling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingston Lawn Bowling Club has been at its location on Napier Street since 1932, although the sport's beginnings in Kingston have been traced back to 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the club offers a variety of recreational opportunities, a number of its members have gone on to compete successfully at the provincial level and beyond. Most notable of these was Dick Edney, who was inducted into the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingston area has eight golf courses, two of which are entirely public.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingston Golf Club, established in 1884, was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Golf_Canada" title="Golf Canada">Royal Canadian Golf Association</a> in 1895; however, this club ceased operating in the mid-1920s. The first winner of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Amateur_Championship" title="Canadian Amateur Championship">Canadian Amateur Championship</a> that same year was Kingstonian Thomas Harley, a Scottish immigrant carpenter. Richard H. (Dick) Green, who immigrated to the area from England in the late 1920s, was the longtime club professional for nearly 40 years at <a href="/wiki/Cataraqui_Golf_and_Country_Club" title="Cataraqui Golf and Country Club">Cataraqui Golf and Country Club</a> (founded in 1917 and redesigned by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Thompson" title="Stanley Thompson">Stanley Thompson</a> in 1930). Green also helped design several courses in eastern Ontario, including Smiths Falls (1949), Glen Lawrence (1955), Rideau Lakes (1961), Amherstview (1971), Garrison (1971), Evergreen (1972), Belle Park Fairways (1975), Rivendell (1979), and Colonnade (1984). <a href="/wiki/Matt_McQuillan" title="Matt McQuillan">Matt McQuillan</a>, a professional player on the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a> for the 2011 and 2012 seasons, was born and raised in Kingston, and developed his game at the <a href="/wiki/Garrison_Golf_and_Curling_Club" title="Garrison Golf and Curling Club">Garrison Golf and Curling Club</a>. McQuillan won the 2005 Telus <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> Open on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Professional_Golf_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Professional Golf Tour">Canadian Professional Golf Tour</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curling">Curling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Curling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three curling clubs are in the Kingston area: the Cataraqui Golf & Country Club, Garrison Golf & Curling Club, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Kingston_Curling_Club" title="Royal Kingston Curling Club">Royal Kingston Curling Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Kingston Curling Club (RKCC) was founded in 1820, and was granted Royal patronage in 1993. In 2006, the RKCC moved to a new facility at 130 Days Road, to make way for the construction of a new complex at Queen's University, the Queen's Centre. </p><p>Kingston has a history of hosting major curling competitions. In 2020, Kingston hosted the Tim Hortons Brier, the national men's curling championship. Kingston previously hosted the Brier in 1957. In 2013, Kingston hosted the Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the national women's curling championship.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby">Rugby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Rugby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingston Panthers Rugby Football Club (KPRFC) was founded in 1959, and from that moment onward has established a reputation as a strong community player. KPRFC is a non-profit organization answering directly to the Eastern Ontario Rugby Union (EORU), the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Union">Ontario Rugby Union</a> (ORU), and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Canada" title="Rugby Canada">Rugby Canada</a> (RC). The Kingston Panthers R.F.C, recently celebrated their fortieth anniversary with an EORU championship in the Division 1 championship game at <a href="/wiki/Twin_Elm_Rugby_Park" title="Twin Elm Rugby Park">Twin Elm Rugby Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known incarnation of an organized football team in Kingston is the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Granites" title="Kingston Granites">Kingston Granites</a> which played in the predecessor league to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a>, (ORFU). The team played for four seasons between 1898 and 1901 winning 1 ORFU title in 1899 defeating the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Rough_Riders" title="Ottawa Rough Riders">Ottawa Rough Riders</a> 8–0. Kingston also hosted the <a href="/wiki/10th_Grey_Cup" title="10th Grey Cup">10th Grey Cup</a> on December 2, 1922. The Limestone Grenadiers now represent Kingston and the surrounding area in the OVFL. The Club franchise catchment area draws players from Frontenac, Hastings, Lanark, Leeds, Lennox and Prince Edward counties. League play runs from late May through August. The Junior and Varsity teams' main schedule pits the Grenadiers against eastern Ontario opponents and cross-over games with western Ontario teams leading to a provincial title championship game. Many notable football people, CFL, NFL players, coaches and personalities have been associated with Kingston including: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volleyball">Volleyball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Volleyball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingston Volleyball Club (KVC) was founded in 2015. It is a non-profit organization, a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ontario_Volleyball_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ontario Volleyball Association (page does not exist)">Ontario Volleyball Association</a> (OVA), <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball Canada">Volleyball Canada</a> (VC). The club relies on <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> in order to operate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Police">Kingston Police</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of people from Kingston, Ontario">List of people from Kingston, Ontario</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="Media in Kingston, Ontario">Media in Kingston, Ontario</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Island_(Kingston,_Ontario)" title="Belle Island (Kingston, Ontario)">Belle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Point,_Ontario" title="Cartwright Point, Ontario">Cartwright Point, Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Harbour,_Kingston" title="Inner Harbour, Kingston">Inner Harbour, Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydenham_Ward" title="Sydenham Ward">Sydenham Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_Mills" title="Kingston Mills">Kingston Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Kingston" title="Portsmouth, Kingston">Portsmouth, Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Heights,_Kingston" title="Rideau Heights, Kingston">Rideau Heights, Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Kingston" title="HMCS Kingston">HMCS <i>Kingston</i> (MM 700)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-euro-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-euro_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsian-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsian_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MiddleEastern-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiddleEastern_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoutheastAsian-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoutheastAsian_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Other-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Other_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, <abbr title="not included elsewhere">n.i.e.</abbr>" and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Normals are based on climate data recorded at <a href="/wiki/Kingston/Norman_Rogers_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport">Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport</a> from 1981 to 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extreme high and low temperatures in the table below were recorded at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> from July 1872 to March 1957, at Kingston (Ontario Hydro) from April 1957 to June 1967, at <a href="/wiki/Kingston/Norman_Rogers_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport">Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport</a> from July 1967 to September 1996, at Kingston Pumping Station from October 1996 to November 2007 and at <a href="/wiki/Kingston/Norman_Rogers_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport">Kingston/Norman Rogers Airport</a> from July 2008 to present.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FBUUF">"Kingston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kingston&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DFBUUF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-valley-election-results-mayoral-races-1.2074419">"Ottawa Valley election results: Mayoral Races"</a>. CTV Ottawa. October 28, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104063929/http://ottawa.ctvnews.ca/ottawa-valley-election-results-mayoral-races-1.2074419">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ottawa+Valley+election+results%3A+Mayoral+Races&rft.pub=CTV+Ottawa&rft.date=2014-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fottawa.ctvnews.ca%2Fottawa-valley-election-results-mayoral-races-1.2074419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2016StatCanON-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2016StatCanON_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=35">"Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census"</a>. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082317/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=35">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Dwelling+Count+Highlight+Tables%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt-fst%2Fpd-pl%2FTable.cfm%3FLang%3DEng%26T%3D302%26SR%3D1%26S%3D86%26O%3DA%26RPP%3D9999%26PR%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">"Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. January 27, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122184338/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+36-10-0468-01+Gross+domestic+product+%28GDP%29+at+basic+prices%2C+by+census+metropolitan+area+%28CMA%29+%28x+1%2C000%2C000%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610046801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1959" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Richard A., ed. (1959). <i>Kingston before the War of 1812: A Collection of Documents (Ontario Series)</i>. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442618503">10.3138/9781442618503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1850-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-1850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingston+before+the+War+of+1812%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents+%28Ontario+Series%29&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=The+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442618503&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1850-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/Cataraqui-CanadianHistory.htm">Quebec History – Cataraqui</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052924/http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/Cataraqui-CanadianHistory.htm">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved April 12, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carf.info/about.html">"Cataraqui Archaeological Research Foundation – About"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cataraqui+Archaeological+Research+Foundation+%E2%80%93+About&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carf.info%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buildingstories.co/report.php?ListType=tour_data&ID=25&lang=fr">Histoires de Bâtiment – Naval Historic Sites – Kingston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413185554/http://www.buildingstories.co/report.php?ListType=tour_data&ID=25&lang=fr">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved April 12, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canada.yodelout.com/kingston-ontario-settlement-and-early-days/">All About Canada, Kingston, Ontario-Settlement and Early Days</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141204/http://canada.yodelout.com/kingston-ontario-settlement-and-early-days/">Archived</a> April 13, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved April 12, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Ron (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk3yUgj1yYC&pg=PA99"><i>Hidden Ontario: Secrets from Ontario's Past</i></a>. Toronto: Dundurn. pp. 98–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1554889556" title="Special:BookSources/978-1554889556"><bdi>978-1554889556</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328004321/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk3yUgj1yYC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Ontario%3A+Secrets+from+Ontario%27s+Past&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=98-100&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1554889556&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXk3yUgj1yYC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2021" class="citation web cs1">Young, Susan (November 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewhig.com/opinion/columnists/celebrating-lemoine-point-farm">"Celebrating Lemoine Point Farm"</a>. The Kingston Whig-Standard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Lemoine+Point+Farm&rft.pub=The+Kingston+Whig-Standard&rft.date=2021-11-20&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewhig.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fcelebrating-lemoine-point-farm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/explore/culture-history/history/indigenous-people">"Indigenous People – City of Kingston"</a>. <i>cityofkingston.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofkingston.ca&rft.atitle=Indigenous+People+%E2%80%93+City+of+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fexplore%2Fculture-history%2Fhistory%2Findigenous-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-armstrong67-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-armstrong67_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong 1973, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085741/http://kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/chronology.html">"Chronology of the History of Kingston"</a>. Kingston Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/chronology.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+History+of+Kingston&rft.pub=Kingston+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca%2Fchronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pecounty.on.ca/pdf/MicrosoftWord-ArchaeologyintheCounty.pdf"><i>Archaeology in the County – Traces of the First People in Prehistoric Prince Edward County</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309045303/http://pecounty.on.ca/pdf/MicrosoftWord-ArchaeologyintheCounty.pdf">Archived</a> March 9, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 4, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/archaic.htm"><i>The Archaic Period</i>. Ontario Archaeological Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116051400/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/archaic.htm">Archived</a> November 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 4, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/latew.htm"><i>Late Woodland Period</i>. Ontario Archaeological Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914014127/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/summary/latew.htm">Archived</a> September 14, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 4, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belleisland-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belleisland_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belleisland_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carf.info/kingston-past/kingston-archaeology/belle-island">Kingston Archaeology – Belle Island</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227214305/http://www.carf.info/kingston-past/kingston-archaeology/belle-island">Archived</a> February 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved February 27, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 1986, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams 1986, pp. 5, 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, pp. 13, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca_23-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426085741/http://kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/chronology.html">"Kingston Historical Society Chronology of the History of Kingston"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/chronology.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Historical+Society+Chronology+of+the+History+of+Kingston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca%2Fchronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/training-establishments/ff-history-cacsc-eng.pdf">A History of Fort Frontenac</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140806141428/http://forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/training-establishments/ff-history-cacsc-eng.pdf">Archived</a> August 6, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved December 8, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne18-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne18_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne18_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, pp. 19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac44.html">"The Crawford Purchase"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001019/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac44.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario%27s+Historical+Plaques&rft.atitle=The+Crawford+Purchase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioplaques.com%2FPlaques%2FPlaque_Frontenac44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1959" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Richard A., ed. (1959). <i>Kingston before the War of 1812: A Collection of Documents (Ontario Series)</i>. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442618503">10.3138/9781442618503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1850-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1850-3"><bdi>978-1-4426-1850-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingston+before+the+War+of+1812%3A+A+Collection+of+Documents+%28Ontario+Series%29&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=The+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442618503&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1850-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac17.html">"Loyalist Landing at Cataracoui 1784"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001031/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac17.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario%27s+Historical+Plaques&rft.atitle=Loyalist+Landing+at+Cataracoui+1784&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioplaques.com%2FPlaques%2FPlaque_Frontenac17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2011" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, Terry (May 30, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk3yUgj1yYC&q=Kingston,+ontario&pg=PA99"><i>Hidden Ontario: Secrets from Ontario's Past</i></a>. Dundurn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459700291" title="Special:BookSources/9781459700291"><bdi>9781459700291</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328004321/https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk3yUgj1yYC&pg=PA99&dq=Kingston,+ontario&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBna2wxr7TAhVL7YMKHfRMD744HhDoAQg3MAQ#v=onepage&q=Kingston,+ontario&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Ontario%3A+Secrets+from+Ontario%27s+Past&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft.isbn=9781459700291&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXk3yUgj1yYC%26q%3DKingston%2C%2Bontario%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac63.html">"Fort Henry Historical Plaque"</a>. <i>ontarioplaques.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426063516/http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac63.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontarioplaques.com&rft.atitle=Fort+Henry+Historical+Plaque&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fontarioplaques.com%2FPlaques%2FPlaque_Frontenac63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika 1987, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque-Guide/Plaque-information.aspx?searchtext=113">Ontario Heritage Plaque – Fort Henry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030737/http://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/Resources-and-Learning/Online-Plaque-Guide/Plaque-information.aspx?searchtext=113">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved September 2, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, pp. 150–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac11.html">"Regiopolis College"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219044033/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac11.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario%27s+Historical+Plaques&rft.atitle=Regiopolis+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioplaques.com%2FPlaques%2FPlaque_Frontenac11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac34.html">"Queen's University"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000849/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac34.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ontario%27s+Historical+Plaques&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontarioplaques.com%2FPlaques%2FPlaque_Frontenac34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac48.html">"Legislature of the Province of Canada 1841–1844"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001155/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Frontenac48.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archaeological and Historic Sites Board of Ontario. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques_DEF/Plaque_Frontenac22.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc.gc.ca/rech-srch/clic-click.aspx?/cgi-bin/MsmGo.exe?grab_id=0&page_id=3401&query=kingston%20hospital&hiword=HOSPITA%20HOSPITALBASED%20HOSPITALI%20HOSPITALITY%20HOSPITALIZED%20HOSPITALS%20KINGSTONBASED%20KINGSTONS%20hospital%20kingston">the original</a> on July 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Robertson & Cook. 1869. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665094125" title="Special:BookSources/9780665094125"><bdi>9780665094125</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306134022/http://www.archive.org/stream/provinceontario00mcevgoog#page/n290/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Province+of+Ontario+Gazetteer+and+Directory&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Robertson+%26+Cook&rft.date=1869&rft.isbn=9780665094125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fprovinceontario00mcevgoog%23page%2Fn290%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072604/http://www.thewhig.com/2010/02/11/fire-and-gunpowder-explosions-demolished-kingstons-waterfront">"Fire and gunpowder explosions demolished Kingston's waterfront"</a>. <i>Kingston Whig-Standard</i>. 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Retrieved September 22, 2015<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika 1987, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dt1-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dt1_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/temporary-bridge-lasalle-causeway-coming-inseptember-1.7269288">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/temporary-bridge-lasalle-causeway-coming-inseptember-1.7269288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Ftemporary-bridge-lasalle-causeway-coming-inseptember-1.7269288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dt2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dt2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/lasalle-causeway-failure-analysis-removal-of-lacing-deviation-from-work-procedure-1.7324766">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/lasalle-causeway-failure-analysis-removal-of-lacing-deviation-from-work-procedure-1.7324766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fottawa%2Flasalle-causeway-failure-analysis-removal-of-lacing-deviation-from-work-procedure-1.7324766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 2011, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mika 1987, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Lennox14.html">"The Escape of the Royal George"</a>. <i>Ontario's Historical Plaques</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044411/http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Lennox14.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=2001+Community+Profiles&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2FProfil01%2FCP01%2FDetails%2FPage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3510010%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D35%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DKingston%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718135143/http://www.queensu.ca/calendars/artsci/History_of_the_University.html">"History of the University"</a>. <i>website</i>. Queen's University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensu.ca/calendars/artsci/History_of_the_University.html">the original</a> on July 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=website&rft.atitle=History+of+the+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensu.ca%2Fcalendars%2Fartsci%2FHistory_of_the_University.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespirekingston.org/">"The Spire"</a>. September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Spire&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespirekingston.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanctuarycoworking.ca/">"Sanctuary Co-Working Space"</a>. September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanctuary+Co-Working+Space&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanctuarycoworking.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reunionkingston.com/">"Reunion Kingstion"</a>. September 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reunion+Kingstion&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reunionkingston.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011_NHS_Religion-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011_NHS_Religion_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3510010&Data=Count&SearchText=kingston&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">"National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011"</a>. Statistics Canada. May 10, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073606/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3510010&Data=Count&SearchText=kingston&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Household+Survey+%28NHS%29+Profile%2C+2011&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2013-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fnhs-enm%2F2011%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DCSD%26Code1%3D3510010%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dkingston%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26A1%3DReligion%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26amp%3BTABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/city-council/mayor-and-council">"Mayor & Councillors – City of Kingston"</a>. <i>cityofkingston.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410083341/https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/city-council/mayor-and-council">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cityofkingston.ca&rft.atitle=Mayor+%26+Councillors+%E2%80%93+City+of+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fcity-hall%2Fcity-council%2Fmayor-and-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/elections/results">"Election Results"</a>. City of Kingston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913230758/https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/elections/results">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Results&rft.pub=City+of+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fcity-hall%2Felections%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/documents/10180/30671807/City-Council_Meeting-24-2018_Report-18-384_2018-Municipal-Election-Results-of-Referendum-Question-and-Potential-Next-Steps.pdf/67581acd-85a5-4a07-b936-a741a5fce123">"2018 Municipal Election Results of Referendum Question and Potential Next Steps"</a>. <i>City of Kingston Municipal Government</i>. November 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Kingston+Municipal+Government&rft.atitle=2018+Municipal+Election+Results+of+Referendum+Question+and+Potential+Next+Steps&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fdocuments%2F10180%2F30671807%2FCity-Council_Meeting-24-2018_Report-18-384_2018-Municipal-Election-Results-of-Referendum-Question-and-Potential-Next-Steps.pdf%2F67581acd-85a5-4a07-b936-a741a5fce123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007002226/https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/elections/ranked-ballots">"Ranked Choice"</a>. <i>City of Kingston</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/elections/ranked-ballots">the original</a> on October 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Kingston&rft.atitle=Ranked+Choice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofkingston.ca%2Fcity-hall%2Felections%2Franked-ballots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?section=res&dir=rep/off/44gedata&document=bypro&lang=e">"Official Voting Results Raw Data (poll by poll results in Kingston)"</a>. Elections Canada. April 7, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Election Ontario<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Voting+Results+by+polling+station+%28poll+by+poll+results+in+Kingston%29&rft.pub=Election+Ontario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.on.ca%2Fen%2Fresource-centre%2Felections-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/elections/ontariovotes2014/ridings/view/riding-036">"CBC.ca Ontario Votes 2014"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302023803/http://www.cbc.ca/elections/ontariovotes2014/ridings/view/riding-036">Archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBC.ca+Ontario+Votes+2014&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Felections%2Fontariovotes2014%2Fridings%2Fview%2Friding-036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=info&document=index&dir=overview&lang=e"><i>Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418222609/http://redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca/content.asp?section=info&document=index&dir=overview&lang=e">archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timeline+for+the+Redistribution+of+Federal+Electoral+Districts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redecoupage-federal-redistribution.ca%2Fcontent.asp%3Fsection%3Dinfo%26document%3Dindex%26dir%3Doverview%26lang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-employment-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-employment_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.kingstoncanada.com/en/statistics/majoremployers.asp">Kingston Major Employers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150304010936/http://business.kingstoncanada.com/en/statistics/majoremployers.asp">Archived</a> March 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: March 15, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investkingston.ca/majoremployers/">"Major Employers"</a>. Kingston Economic Development Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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KingstonCanada.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kingstoncanada.com/en/makeaconnection/resources/Reports-TourismIndustry_AlexFritsche.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=May+21%2C+2008&rft.atitle=Kingston%27s+Tourism+Industry&rft.aulast=Fritsche&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingstoncanada.com%2Fen%2Fmakeaconnection%2Fresources%2FReports-TourismIndustry_AlexFritsche.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downtown Kingston! Business Improvement Area, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownkingston.ca/dbia/about-us.htm">"About Us"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141102143115/http://downtownkingston.ca/dbia/about-us.htm">Archived</a> November 2, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Downtown Kingston!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingstonherald.com-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonherald.com_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingstonherald.com_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dick Mathison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kingstonherald.com/release/yellow-door-award-2010312493">"Yellow Door Campaign Receives Tourism Advertising Award"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129074543/http://kingstonherald.com/release/yellow-door-award-2010312493">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Kingston Herald</i>, November 26, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Attractions-g154992-Activities-Kingston_Ontario.html">"The Top 10 Things to Do in Kingston 2017 – TripAdvisor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428234140/https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Attractions-g154992-Activities-Kingston_Ontario.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Top+10+Things+to+Do+in+Kingston+2017+%E2%80%93+TripAdvisor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.ca%2FAttractions-g154992-Activities-Kingston_Ontario.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ontariotravel.net/en/explore/south-eastern-ontario/Kingston">"Things To Do in Kingston"</a>. <i>ontariotravel.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212182441/https://www.ontariotravel.net/en/explore/south-eastern-ontario/kingston">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ontariotravel.net&rft.atitle=Things+To+Do+in+Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ontariotravel.net%2Fen%2Fexplore%2Fsouth-eastern-ontario%2FKingston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/871">"Corporation of the City of Kingston"</a>. 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Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829034803/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1872-02-01%7C1957-03-31&mlyRange=1872-01-01%7C1957-12-01&StationID=4301&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=11&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kingston&timeframe=2&Year=1896&Month=2">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Climate+Data&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_data%2Fdaily_data_e.html%3FhlyRange%3D%257C%26dlyRange%3D1872-02-01%257C1957-03-31%26mlyRange%3D1872-01-01%257C1957-12-01%26StationID%3D4301%26Prov%3DON%26urlExtension%3D_e.html%26searchType%3DstnName%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26selRowPerPage%3D25%26Line%3D11%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26txtStationName%3Dkingston%26timeframe%3D2%26Year%3D1896%26Month%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=ON&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=449000000&dispBack=0">"Kingston"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1991–2020</i>. Environment Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.atitle=Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1991_2020_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnProv%26lstProvince%3DON%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D449000000%26dispBack%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-climate_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717213354/ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/">"Kingston A"</a>. <i>Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010</i>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.tor.ec.gc.ca/Pub/Normals/English/">the original</a> on July 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Climate+Normals+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.atitle=Kingston+A&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.tor.ec.gc.ca%2FPub%2FNormals%2FEnglish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston_Pumping_Station-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_Pumping_Station_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1991_2020_e.html?searchType=stnName_1991&txtStationName_1991=kingston&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=449000000&dispBack=1">"Kingston Pumping Station"</a>. Government of Canada. September 15, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617093313/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProx&txtRadius=25&selCity=&selPark=&optProxType=custom&txtCentralLatDeg=44&txtCentralLatMin=13&txtCentralLatSec=30&txtCentralLongDeg=76&txtCentralLongMin=29&txtCentralLongSec=42&stnID=4300&dispBack=0">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Pumping+Station&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2024-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fclimate_normals%2Fresults_1991_2020_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnName_1991%26txtStationName_1991%3Dkingston%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26txtCentralLatMin%3D0%26txtCentralLatSec%3D0%26txtCentralLongMin%3D0%26txtCentralLongSec%3D0%26stnID%3D449000000%26dispBack%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston_Ont_Hydro-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_Ont_Hydro_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?ssearchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+ont+hydro&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">"Kingston Ont Hydro"</a>. Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829030223/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+ont+hydro&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Ont+Hydro&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fhistorical_data%2Fsearch_historic_data_stations_e.html%3FssearchType%3DstnName%26timeframe%3D1%26txtStationName%3Dkingston%2Bont%2Bhydro%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26Year%3D2016%26Month%3D8%26Day%3D27%26selRowPerPage%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston_Queens_U-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_Queens_U_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+queens+u&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">"Kingston Queens U"</a>. Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829034046/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+queens+u&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Queens+U&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fhistorical_data%2Fsearch_historic_data_stations_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnName%26timeframe%3D1%26txtStationName%3Dkingston%2Bqueens%2Bu%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26Year%3D2016%26Month%3D8%26Day%3D27%26selRowPerPage%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kingston_Climate-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kingston_Climate_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+climate&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">"Kingston Climate"</a>. Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829040056/http://climate.weather.gc.ca/historical_data/search_historic_data_stations_e.html?searchType=stnName&timeframe=1&txtStationName=kingston+climate&searchMethod=contains&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&Year=2016&Month=8&Day=27&selRowPerPage=25">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Climate&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimate.weather.gc.ca%2Fhistorical_data%2Fsearch_historic_data_stations_e.html%3FsearchType%3DstnName%26timeframe%3D1%26txtStationName%3Dkingston%2Bclimate%26searchMethod%3Dcontains%26optLimit%3DyearRange%26StartYear%3D1840%26EndYear%3D2016%26Year%3D2016%26Month%3D8%26Day%3D27%26selRowPerPage%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-queens-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-queens_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queensjournal.ca/article.php?point=vol133/issue11/features/lead1">"Hockey night in Kingston"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hockey+night+in+Kingston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.queensjournal.ca%2Farticle.php%3Fpoint%3Dvol133%2Fissue11%2Ffeatures%2Flead1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originalhockeyhalloffame.com/about/">"About the Hall"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053203/http://www.originalhockeyhalloffame.com/about/">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Original Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.originalhockeyhalloffame.com/exhibits/top-10-artifacts.html">"The Top 10 Artifacts in the Museum"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053201/http://www.originalhockeyhalloffame.com/exhibits/top-10-artifacts.html">Archived</a> November 29, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Original Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215235934/http://k7waterfront.org/Topic/ListOfMajorRegattasInKingston">"List of Major Regattas in Kingston – Kingston, Ontario waterfront"</a>. K7waterfront.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://k7waterfront.org/Topic/ListOfMajorRegattasInKingston">the original</a> on December 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Major+Regattas+in+Kingston+%E2%80%93+Kingston%2C+Ontario+waterfront&rft.pub=K7waterfront.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fk7waterfront.org%2FTopic%2FListOfMajorRegattasInKingston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/04/racingsites-us/">"Scuttlebutt News Center: Best Racing Venues in the US"</a>. Sailingscuttlebutt.com. June 16, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220013413/http://sailingscuttlebutt.com/news/04/racingsites%2Dus/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scuttlebutt+News+Center%3A+Best+Racing+Venues+in+the+US&rft.pub=Sailingscuttlebutt.com&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sailingscuttlebutt.com%2Fnews%2F04%2Fracingsites-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kingstonlawnbowlingclub.weebly.com/about-us.html">Kingston Lawn Bowling Club – About Us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514141551/http://kingstonlawnbowlingclub.weebly.com/about-us.html">Archived</a> May 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved November 22, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kdshf.ca/inductees/richard-edney/">Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125074116/https://kdshf.ca/inductees/richard-edney/">Archived</a> November 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved November 24, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontgolf.ca/city.php?city=kingston">OnGolf.ca – Kingston Golf Courses – Ontario Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104223737/http://www.ontgolf.ca/city.php?city=kingston">Archived</a> January 4, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 2, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curlingrink.ca/city.php?city=kingston">CurlingRink.ca – Kingston Curling Clubs and Rinks – Kingston, Ontario</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706174549/http://www.curlingrink.ca/city.php?city=kingston">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved March 2, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewhig.com/news/local-news/its-official-brier-coming-to-kingston-in-2020">"The Kingston Whig-Standard – November 1, 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106092823/https://www.thewhig.com/news/local-news/its-official-brier-coming-to-kingston-in-2020">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kingston+Whig-Standard+%E2%80%93+November+1%2C+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewhig.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fits-official-brier-coming-to-kingston-in-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingston%2C+Ontario" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Adams, Nick.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/publications/pdf/oa46-1-adams.pdf"><i>Iroquois Settlement at Fort Frontenac in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183133/http://www.ontarioarchaeology.on.ca/publications/pdf/oa46-1-adams.pdf">Archived</a> September 13, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ontario Archaeology, No. 46: 4–20. 1986.</li> <li>Armstrong, Alvin. <i>Buckskin to Broadloom – Kingston Grows Up</i>. Kingston Whig-Standard, 1973. No ISBN.</li> <li>Mika, Nick and Helma et al. <i>Kingston, Historic City</i>. Belleville: Mika Publishing Co., 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921341-06-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-921341-06-7">0-921341-06-7</a>.</li> <li>Mika, Nick and Helma. <i>Kingston Heritage, Buildings, Monuments, Plaques</i> Belleville: Mika Publishing Co., 1983, 160 pages.</li> <li>Osborne, Brian S. and Donald Swainson. <i>Kingston, Building on the Past for the Future</i>. Quarry Heritage Books, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55082-351-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55082-351-5">1-55082-351-5</a></li> <li>Roy, James. <i>Kingston: The King's Town</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1952.</li> <li>Turner, Larry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uelac.org/Kingston/LTurner_Kgn_founding.pdf">"The Founding of Kingston, Ontario"</a>. <i>The Loyalist Gazette</i>, Volume XXII, No. 1. Retrieved 2015-01-14</li> <li>Preston, Richard. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://champlainsociety.utpjournals.press/doi/book/10.3138/9781442618503">Kingston Before the War of 1812: A Collection of Documents</a></i>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Society" title="Champlain Society">Champlain Society</a> Publications, 1959.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kingston,_Ontario" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)#Q202973" class="extiw" title="voy:Kingston (Ontario)">Kingston, Ontario</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofkingston.ca">Official website</a></span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Frontenac,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="South Frontenac, Ontario">South Frontenac</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Frontenac,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="South Frontenac, Ontario">South Frontenac</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalist,_Ontario" title="Loyalist, Ontario">Loyalist</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Kingston</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_the_Thousand_Islands" title="Leeds and the Thousand Islands">Leeds and the Thousand Islands</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a></i><br /><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_Islands" title="Frontenac Islands">Frontenac Islands</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Template talk:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Census_metropolitan_areas_in_Canada_by_size" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Census metropolitan areas in Canada by size"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Census_metropolitan_areas_(CMAs)_in_Canada_by_size" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Census_geographic_units_of_Canada" title="Census geographic units of Canada">Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) in Canada by size</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Region_(Canada)" title="National Capital Region (Canada)">Ottawa-Gatineau</a>, ON/QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calgary_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary metropolitan region">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_metropolitan_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmonton metropolitan region">Edmonton</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_m%C3%A9tropolitaine_de_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Communauté métropolitaine de Québec">Quebec City</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Capital Region">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">St. Catharines-Niagara</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshawa" title="Oshawa">Oshawa</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Victoria" title="Greater Victoria">Victoria</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon Metropolitan Area">Saskatoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina</a>, SK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbrooke" title="Sherbrooke">Sherbrooke</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_District_of_Central_Okanagan" title="Regional District of Central Okanagan">Kelowna</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Metropolitan Area">St. John's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, BC</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingston</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguenay,_Quebec" title="Saguenay, Quebec">Saguenay</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Saint_John" title="Greater Saint John">Saint John</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, AB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaimo" title="Nanaimo">Nanaimo</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamloops" title="Kamloops">Kamloops</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilliwack" title="Chilliwack">Chilliwack</a>, BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a>–<a href="/wiki/Quinte_West" title="Quinte West">Quinte West</a>, ON</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Fredericton" title="Greater Fredericton">Fredericton</a>, NB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummondville" title="Drummondville">Drummondville</a>, QC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>, AB</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_Ontario" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Template:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Ontario" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Ontario"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_Ontario" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_County" title="Bruce County">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufferin_County" title="Dufferin County">Dufferin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_County" title="Elgin County">Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Ontario" title="Essex County, Ontario">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontenac_County" title="Frontenac County">Frontenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_County" title="Grey County">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliburton_County" title="Haliburton County">Haliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_County" title="Hastings County">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_County,_Ontario" title="Huron County, Ontario">Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambton_County" title="Lambton County">Lambton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanark_County" title="Lanark County">Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Leeds_and_Grenville" title="United Counties of Leeds and Grenville">Leeds and Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennox_and_Addington_County" title="Lennox and Addington County">Lennox and Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Ontario" title="Middlesex County, Ontario">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Ontario" title="Northumberland County, Ontario">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth_County,_Ontario" title="Perth County, Ontario">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_County" title="Peterborough County">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Prescott_and_Russell" title="United Counties of Prescott and Russell">Prescott and Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renfrew_County" title="Renfrew County">Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcoe_County" title="Simcoe County">Simcoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Counties_of_Stormont,_Dundas_and_Glengarry" title="United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry">Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_County,_Ontario" title="Wellington County, Ontario">Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algoma_District" title="Algoma District">Algoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_District" title="Cochrane District">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenora_District" title="Kenora District">Kenora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoulin_District" title="Manitoulin District">Manitoulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipissing_District" title="Nipissing District">Nipissing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parry_Sound_District" title="Parry Sound District">Parry Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_District" title="Rainy River District">Rainy River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_District" title="Sudbury District">Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_District" title="Thunder Bay District">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiskaming_District" title="Timiskaming District">Timiskaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Census_divisions_of_Ontario#Regional_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Census divisions of Ontario">Regional municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Durham" title="Regional Municipality of Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Halton" title="Regional Municipality of Halton">Halton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Municipality_of_Muskoka" title="District Municipality of Muskoka">Muskoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Niagara" title="Regional Municipality of Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario" title="Oxford County, Ontario">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Peel" title="Regional Municipality of Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Waterloo" title="Regional Municipality of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_York" title="Regional Municipality of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario#Single-tier_municipalities" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Single-tier municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Brant" title="County of Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham-Kent" title="Chatham-Kent">Chatham-Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Greater Sudbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldimand_County" title="Haldimand County">Haldimand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawartha_Lakes" title="Kawartha Lakes">Kawartha Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario" title="Norfolk County, Ontario">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Ontario" title="Prince Edward County, Ontario">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ontario_separated_municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ontario separated municipalities">Separated municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrie" title="Barrie">Barrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Ontario" title="Belleville, Ontario">Belleville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockville" title="Brockville">Brockville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gananoque" title="Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orillia" title="Orillia">Orillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembroke,_Ontario" title="Pembroke, Ontario">Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Ontario" title="Prescott, Ontario">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinte_West" title="Quinte West">Quinte West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_Falls" title="Smiths Falls">Smiths Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys,_Ontario" title="St. Marys, Ontario">St. Marys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Thomas,_Ontario" title="St. Thomas, Ontario">St. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario" title="Southern Ontario">Southern Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Ontario" title="Central Ontario">Central Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ontario" title="Eastern Ontario">Eastern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horseshoe" title="Golden Horseshoe">Golden Horseshoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Ontario" title="Southwestern Ontario">Southwestern Ontario</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ontario" title="Northern Ontario">Northern Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario" title="Northeastern Ontario">Northeastern Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Ontario" title="Northwestern Ontario">Northwestern Ontario</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Ontario" title="List of communities in Ontario">Ontario communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Ontario" title="List of municipalities in Ontario">Ontario municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontario_electoral_districts" title="Category:Ontario electoral districts">Ontario electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_counties_of_Ontario" title="Former counties of Ontario">Former counties of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ontario" title="Geography of Ontario">Geography of Ontario</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/48px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/64px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ontario" title="Portal:Ontario">Ontario portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ontario" title="Category:Ontario">Category:Ontario</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ontario" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Ontario">WikiProject: Ontario</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206273/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdM7XDBrqgygVwFK4QrMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114197-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79100813">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152823365">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152823365">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kingston (Ontario)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0033816&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550335705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/856cef35-bde5-403d-88ed-ef179c158d5f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/165932805">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046217">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&oldid=1251396527">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingston,_Ontario&oldid=1251396527</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingston,_Ontario" 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