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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectator_areas_and_seating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectator_areas_and_seating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Spectator areas and seating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spectator_areas_and_seating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spectator areas and seating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spectator_areas_and_seating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safety_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Safety and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Political and economic issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_economic_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political and economic issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Corporate_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Corporate naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_venues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_venues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Music venues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_venues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stadium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6%C3%B0ian" title="Stæðian – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stæðian" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8" title="ملعب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملعب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%AB%DC%A5%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܫܥܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܫܥܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadiu" title="Estadiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estadiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="স্টেডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টেডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satadiun" title="Satadiun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Satadiun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Стадыён – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стадыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD" title="Стадыён – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стадыён" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadi" title="Estadi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estadi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadiwm" title="Stadiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stadiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staadion" title="Staadion – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Staadion" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%87%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Στάδιο (αθλητικός χώρος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στάδιο (αθλητικός χώρος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio" title="Estadio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estadio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadiono" title="Stadiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stadiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_(eraikina)" title="Estadio (eraikina) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estadio (eraikina)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="ورزشگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزشگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade" title="Stade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staid" title="Staid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staid" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio" title="Estadio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estadio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%94%94%EC%9B%80" title="스타디움 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스타디움" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF" title="Մարզադաշտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարզադաշտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="क्रीडांगन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्रीडांगन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio" title="Stadio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stadio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkundla" title="Inkundla – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkundla" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadio" title="Stadio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stadio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אצטדיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצטדיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕ್ರೀಡಾಂಗಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೀಡಾಂಗಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სტადიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტადიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztadion" title="Sztadion – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Sztadion" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwanja_wa_michezo" title="Uwanja wa michezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwanja wa michezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stadium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadions" title="Stadions – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stadions" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadionas" title="Stadionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stadionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्टेडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टेडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სტადიონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სტადიონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="استودیوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استودیوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stadium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Цэнгэлдэх хүрээлэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэнгэлдэх хүрээлэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အားကစားကွင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားကစားကွင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="スタジアム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタジアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadi_(bastiment)" title="Estadi (bastiment) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estadi (bastiment)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਖੇਡ ਦਾ ਮੈਦਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੇਡ ਦਾ ਮੈਦਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سٹیڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="لوبغالی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوبغالی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_sportowy" title="Stadion sportowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stadion sportowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio" title="Estádio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estádio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadiumi" title="Stadiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stadiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stadium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tadi%C3%B3n_(modern%C3%BD)" title="Štadión (moderný) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štadión (moderný)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="یاریگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاریگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стадион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stadion" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(m%C3%A5tt_och_arena)" title="Stadion (mått och arena) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stadion (mått och arena)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விளையாட்டரங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விளையாட்டரங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2" title="สนามกีฬา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนามกีฬา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Майдон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Майдон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadyum" title="Stadyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stadyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Стадіон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стадіон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اسٹیڈیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹیڈیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2n_v%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Sân vận động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sân vận động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%9C%BA" title="运动场 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="运动场" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%A0%B4" title="運動場 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="運動場" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadyum" title="Stadyum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Stadyum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the building type. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stadium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stadium (disambiguation)">Stadium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etihad_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/220px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/330px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Etihad_Stadium.jpg/440px-Etihad_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/City_of_Manchester_Stadium" title="City of Manchester Stadium">Etihad Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/220px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/330px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg/440px-2017_AFL_Grand_Final_panorama_during_national_anthem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7386" data-file-height="3918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emirates_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emirates_Stadium.jpg/220px-Emirates_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emirates_Stadium.jpg/330px-Emirates_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emirates_Stadium.jpg/440px-Emirates_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>stadium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>stadiums</b> or <b>stadia</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Athens" title="Pausanias of Athens">Pausanias</a> noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>, where the word "stadium" originated.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Young_p._20_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Young_p._20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>. Other popular stadium sports include <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, the various codes of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_lacrosse" title="Field lacrosse">field lacrosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>. Many large sports venues are also used for concerts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG/220px-OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG/330px-OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG/440px-OlympicRaceTrackOlympia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>"Stadium" is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> form of the Greek word "<a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadion</a>" (<i>στάδιον</i>), a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Young_p._20_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Young_p._20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The equivalent Roman measure, the <i>stadium</i>, had a similar length – about 185 m (607 ft) – but instead of being defined in feet was defined using the Roman standard <a href="/wiki/Pace_(unit)" title="Pace (unit)">passus</a> to be a distance of 125 <i>passūs</i> (double-paces). </p><p>The English use of <i>stadium</i> comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. </p><p>Most dictionaries provide for both <i>stadiums</i> and <i>stadia</i> as valid English plurals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22,_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg/220px-The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg/330px-The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg/440px-The_Panathenaic_Stadium_on_April_22%2C_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a> in Greece, where the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a> were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. </p><p>Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a>, in Rome. </p><p>The excavated and refurbished ancient <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Stadium" title="Panathenaic Stadium">Panathenaic Stadium</a> hosted <a href="/wiki/Zappas_Olympics" title="Zappas Olympics">attempted revivals of the Olympic Games</a> in 1870<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1875 before hosting <a href="/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics" title="1896 Summer Olympics">the first modern Olympics in 1896</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games" title="1906 Intercalated Games">1906 Intercalated Games</a>, and some events of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor <a href="/wiki/Evangelos_Zappas" title="Evangelos Zappas">Evangelos Zappas</a>, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg/220px-Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg/330px-Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg/440px-Aphrodisias_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias#Stadium" title="Aphrodisias">Stadium at Aphrodisias</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only the Greeks built structures called "stadium"; Romans built structures called "<a href="/wiki/Circus_(building)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus (building)">circus</a>". Greek stadia were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for horse races. Both had similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators. The Greeks also developed the theatre, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of modern stadiums. The Romans copied the theatre, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowds and more elaborate settings. The Romans also developed the double-sized round theatre called <a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">amphitheatre</a>, seating crowds in the tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and beast shows. The Greek stadium and theatre and the Roman circus and amphitheatre are all ancestral to the modern stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Name </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Earliest date </th> <th>Track length </th> <th>Track width </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stadium_at_Olympia" title="Stadium at Olympia">Stadium at Olympia</a> </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>776 BC </td> <td>212.54 m (697.3 ft) </td> <td>28.5 m (94 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delphi#Stadium" title="Delphi">Stadium at Delphi</a> </td> <td>Greece </td> <td>500 BC </td> <td>177 m (581 ft) </td> <td>25.5 m (84 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Domitian" title="Stadium of Domitian">Stadium of Domitian</a> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td>80 AD </td> <td>200 m (660 ft)-250 m (820 ft) (estimated) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Philippopolis" title="Stadium of Philippopolis">Stadium of Philippopolis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td>2nd century AD (117–138 AD) </td> <td>250 m (820 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>32 m (105 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisias#Stadium" title="Aphrodisias">Stadium at Aphrodisias</a> </td> <td>Turkey </td> <td>1st century B.C. </td> <td>225 m (738 ft) (approx.) </td> <td>30 m (98 ft) (approx.) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modernity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg/220px-Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg/330px-Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg/440px-Bird_Eye_Pictures_of_Chelsea%27s_Stamford_Bridge_stadium_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg/220px-White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg/330px-White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg/440px-White_City_Stadium_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station,_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg/220px-Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg/330px-Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg/440px-Baker_Bowl_and_Huntingdon_Street_station%2C_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baker_Bowl" title="Baker Bowl">Baker Bowl</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg/220px-Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg/330px-Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg/440px-Harvard_Stadium_-_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg/220px-Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg/330px-Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg/440px-Forbes_Field_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6497" data-file-height="4892" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Field" title="Forbes Field">Forbes Field</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maracana_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maracana_2022.jpg/220px-Maracana_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maracana_2022.jpg/330px-Maracana_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Maracana_2022.jpg/440px-Maracana_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6432" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium" title="Maracanã Stadium">Maracanã Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena,_Ajax_stadion,_Amsterdam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG/220px-Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG/330px-Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG/440px-Arena%2C_Ajax_stadion%2C_Amsterdam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johan_Cruijff_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Cruijff Arena">Johan Cruijff Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. With tremendous growth in the popularity of organised sport in the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> in the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> in the United States, the first such structures were built.<sup id="cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such early stadium was the <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">Lansdowne Road Stadium</a>, the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunlop" title="Henry Dunlop">Henry Dunlop</a>, who organised the first All Ireland <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a> Championships. Banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. "I laid down a cinder running path of a quarter-mile, laid down the present Lansdowne Tennis Club ground with my own theodolite, started a Lansdowne archery club, a Lansdowne cricket club, and last, but not least, the <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Football_Club" title="Lansdowne Football Club">Lansdowne Rugby Football Club</a> – colours red, black and yellow." Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, allowing Dunlop to use his engineering expertise to create a pitch envied around Ireland. </p><p>Other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge stadium</a> (opened in 1877 for the <a href="/wiki/London_Athletic_Club" title="London Athletic Club">London Athletic Club</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Anfield" title="Anfield">Anfield stadium</a> (1884 as a venue for <a href="/wiki/Everton_F.C." title="Everton F.C.">Everton F.C.</a>). </p><p>In the U.S., many professional baseball teams built <a href="/wiki/Baseball_park#Wooden_ballparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball park">large stadiums mainly out of wood</a>, with the first such venue being the <a href="/wiki/South_End_Grounds" title="South End Grounds">South End Grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, opened in 1871 for the team then known as the Boston Beaneaters (now the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves" title="Atlanta Braves">Atlanta Braves</a>). Many of these parks caught fire, and those that did not proved inadequate for a growing game. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some after a few years, and none survive today. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Goodison_Park" title="Goodison Park">Goodison Park</a> was the first purpose-built association football stadium in the world. <a href="/wiki/Walton,_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Walton, Merseyside">Walton</a>-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators. A third covered stand accommodating 3,000 spectators was also requested.<sup id="cite_ref-School_of_Science_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_of_Science-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everton officials were impressed with the builder's workmanship and agreed two further contracts: exterior hoardings were constructed at a cost of £150 and 12 <a href="/wiki/Turnstile" title="Turnstile">turnstiles</a> were installed at a cost of £7 each.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stadium was officially opened on 24 August 1892 by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the Football Association. No football was played; instead the 12,000 crowd watched a short <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">track and field</a> event followed by music and a fireworks display.<sup id="cite_ref-School_of_Science_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-School_of_Science-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its completion the stadium was the first joint purpose-built football stadium in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architect <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Leitch" title="Archibald Leitch">Archibald Leitch</a> brought his experience with the construction of industrial buildings to bear on the design of functional stadiums up and down the country. His work encompassed the first 40 years of the 20th century. One of his most notable designs was <a href="/wiki/Old_Trafford" title="Old Trafford">Old Trafford</a> in Manchester. The ground was originally designed with a capacity of 100,000 spectators and featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first stadium to feature continuous seating along the contours of the stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These early venues, originally designed to host football matches, were adopted for use by the Olympic Games, the first one being held in 1896 in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece. The <a href="/wiki/White_City_Stadium" title="White City Stadium">White City Stadium</a>, built for the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a> in London is often cited as the first modern seater stadium, at least in the UK. Designed by the engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Webster" title="John Webster">J.J. Webster</a> and completed in 10 months by <a href="/wiki/George_Wimpey" title="George Wimpey">George Wimpey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-British Exhibition (1908)">Franco-British Exhibition</a>, this stadium with a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of 68,000 was opened by <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> on 27 April 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon completion, the stadium had a running track 24 ft wide (7.3 m) and three laps to the mile (536 m); outside there was a 35-foot-wide (11 m), 660-yard (600 m) cycle track. The infield included a swimming and diving pool. The <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_Stadium" title="Arsenal Stadium">London Highbury Stadium</a>, built in 1913, was the first stadium in the UK to feature a two-tiered seating arrangement when it was redesigned in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these decades, parallel stadium developments were taking place in the U.S. The <a href="/wiki/Baker_Bowl" title="Baker Bowl">Baker Bowl</a>, a baseball park in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> that opened in its original form in 1887 but was completely rebuilt in 1895, broke new ground in stadium construction in two major ways. The stadium's second incarnation featured the world's first cantilevered second deck (tier) in a sports venue, and was the first baseball park to use steel and brick for the majority of its construction. Another influential venue was <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Stadium" title="Harvard Stadium">Harvard Stadium</a>, built in 1903 by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_football" title="Harvard Crimson football">American football team</a> and track and field program. It was the world's first stadium to use concrete-and-steel construction. In 1909, concrete-and-steel construction came to baseball with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Shibe_Park" title="Shibe Park">Shibe Park</a> in Philadelphia and, a few months later, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Field" title="Forbes Field">Forbes Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. The latter was the world's first three-tiered sporting venue. The opening of these parks marked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Baseball_park#Jewel_box_ballparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball park">"jewel box" era</a> of park construction. The largest stadium crowd ever was 199,854 people watching <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_v_Brazil_(1950_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="Uruguay v Brazil (1950 FIFA World Cup)">the final match</a> of the <a href="/wiki/1950_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="1950 World Cup">1950 World Cup</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium" title="Maracanã Stadium">Maracanã</a> on 16 July 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg/220px-Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg/330px-Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c9/Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg/440px-Moses_Mabhida_Stadion_durban_aerial_view_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3517" data-file-height="1975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mabhida_Stadium" title="Moses Mabhida Stadium">Moses Mabhida Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg/220px-Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg/330px-Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg/440px-Sapporo_Dome_moving_pitchjpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sapporo_Dome" title="Sapporo Dome">Sapporo Dome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superdome_from_Garage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/220px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/330px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Superdome_from_Garage.jpg/440px-Superdome_from_Garage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allianz_Arena,_M%C3%BAnich,_Alemania,_2013-02-11,_DD_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG/220px-Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG/330px-Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG/440px-Allianz_Arena%2C_M%C3%BAnich%2C_Alemania%2C_2013-02-11%2C_DD_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4481" data-file-height="2739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_national_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/220px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/330px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Beijing_national_stadium.jpg/440px-Beijing_national_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beijing_National_Stadium" title="Beijing National Stadium">Beijing National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Mames_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/San_Mames_stadium.jpg/220px-San_Mames_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/San_Mames_stadium.jpg/330px-San_Mames_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/San_Mames_stadium.jpg/440px-San_Mames_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5329" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(2013)" title="San Mamés Stadium (2013)">San Mamés Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Arthur_ashe_stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe_Stadium" title="Arthur Ashe Stadium">Arthur Ashe Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG/220px-Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG/330px-Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG/440px-Narodowy-otwarcie19.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_National_Stadium" title="Kazimierz Górski National Stadium">Kazimierz Górski National Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG/220px-Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG/330px-Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG/440px-Wembley_Stadium_during_London_2012_Olympic_Games.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg/220px-Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg/330px-Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg/440px-Dodger_Stadium_field_from_upper_deck_2015-10-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dodger_Stadium" title="Dodger Stadium">Dodger Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Domed</a> stadiums are distinguished from conventional stadiums by their enclosing roofs. Many of these are not actually domes in the pure architectural sense, some being better described as <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaults</a>, some having <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a>-supported roofs and others having more exotic designs such as a <a href="/wiki/Tensegrity" title="Tensegrity">tensegrity structure</a>. But, in the context of sports stadiums, the term "dome" has become standard for all covered stadiums,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly because the first such enclosed stadium, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astrodome" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Astrodome">Houston Astrodome</a>, was built with an actual dome-shaped roof. Some stadiums have partial roofs, and a few have even been designed to have moveable fields as part of the infrastructure. The <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Superdome" title="Caesars Superdome">Caesars Superdome</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> is a true dome structure made of a <a href="/wiki/Lamellar_structure" title="Lamellar structure">lamellar multi-ringed frame</a> and has a diameter of 680 feet (210 m). It is the largest fixed domed structure in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-SBBBC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBBBC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though enclosed, dome stadiums are called <i>stadiums</i> because they are large enough for, and designed for, what are generally considered to be outdoor sports such as athletics, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>. Those designed for what are usually indoor sports like basketball, ice hockey and volleyball are generally called <i><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">arenas</a></i>. Exceptions include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Indoor_Stadium" title="Cameron Indoor Stadium">Cameron Indoor Stadium</a>, home to <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>'s Blue Devils <a href="/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_men%27s_basketball" title="Duke Blue Devils men's basketball">men's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Blue_Devils_women%27s_basketball" title="Duke Blue Devils women's basketball">women's</a> basketball programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(New_Jersey)" title="Red Bull Arena (New Jersey)">Red Bull Arena</a>, an open-air venue that is home to <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls" title="New York Red Bulls">New York Red Bulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/NJ/NY_Gotham_FC" title="NJ/NY Gotham FC">NJ/NY Gotham FC</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League" title="National Women's Soccer League">National Women's Soccer League</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_La_D%C3%A9fense_Arena" title="Paris La Défense Arena">Paris La Défense Arena</a>, a domed stadium that is home to the rugby union club <a href="/wiki/Racing_92" title="Racing 92">Racing 92</a>. It has a movable seating block that allows a configuration appropriate for indoor court sports.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Stadium" title="Chicago Stadium">Chicago Stadium</a> (demolished), former home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_issues">Design issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium#Criticisms" title="Multi-purpose stadium">Multi-purpose stadium § Criticisms</a></div> <p>Different sports require different playing surfaces of various size and shape. Some stadiums are designed primarily for a single sport while others can accommodate different events, particularly ones with <a href="/wiki/Movable_seating" title="Movable seating">retractable seating</a>. Stadiums built specifically for association football are common in Europe; <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> stadiums, such as <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a>, are common in Ireland, while stadiums built specifically for <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> or <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> are common in the United States. The most common <a href="/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium" title="Multi-purpose stadium">multiple use design</a> combines a football pitch with a <a href="/wiki/Running_track" title="Running track">running track</a>, although certain compromises must be made. The major drawback is that the stands are necessarily set back a good distance from the pitch, especially at the ends of the pitch. In the case of some smaller stadiums, there are not stands at the ends. When there are stands all the way around, the stadium takes on an oval shape. When one end is open, the stadium has a horseshoe shape. All three configurations (open, oval and horseshoe) are common, especially in the case of American college football stadiums. Rectangular stadiums are more common in Europe, especially for football where many stadiums have four often distinct and very different stands on the four sides of the stadium. These are often all of different sizes and designs and have been erected at different periods in the stadium's history. The vastly differing character of European football stadiums has led to the growing hobby of ground hopping where spectators make a journey to visit the stadium for itself rather than for the event held there. In recent years the trend of building completely new oval stadiums in Europe has led to traditionalists criticising the designs as bland and lacking in the character of the old stadiums they replace. </p><p>In North America, where baseball and American football are the two most popular outdoor spectator sports, a number of football/baseball multi-use stadiums were built, especially during the 1960s, and some of them were successful. </p><p>Since the requirements for baseball and football are significantly different, the trend has been toward the construction of single-purpose stadiums, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Kansas City in 1972–1973</a> and accelerating in the 1990s. In several cases, an American football stadium has been constructed adjacent to a <a href="/wiki/Ballpark" title="Ballpark">baseball park</a>, to allow for the sharing of mutual parking lots and other amenities. With the rise of MLS, the construction of <a href="/wiki/Soccer-specific_stadium" title="Soccer-specific stadium">soccer-specific stadiums</a> has also increased since the late 1990s to better fit the needs of that sport. In many cases, earlier baseball stadiums were constructed to fit into a particular land area or city block. This resulted in asymmetrical dimensions for many baseball fields. <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>, for example, was built on a triangular city block in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, New York City. This resulted in a large left field dimension but a small right field dimension. </p><p>Before more modern football stadiums were built in the United States, many baseball parks, including <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polo_Grounds" title="Polo Grounds">Polo Grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comiskey_Park" title="Comiskey Park">Comiskey Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Detroit)" title="Tiger Stadium (Detroit)">Tiger Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Stadium" title="Griffith Stadium">Griffith Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_County_Stadium" title="Milwaukee County Stadium">Milwaukee County Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shibe_Park" title="Shibe Park">Shibe Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Field" title="Forbes Field">Forbes Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium_(1923)" title="Yankee Stadium (1923)">Yankee Stadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sportsman%27s_Park" title="Sportsman's Park">Sportsman's Park</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> or the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a>. (To a certain extent, this continues in lower football leagues as well, with the venue now known as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Field_Omaha" title="Charles Schwab Field Omaha">Charles Schwab Field Omaha</a> being used as the home stadium of the United Football League's <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Nighthawks" title="Omaha Nighthawks">Omaha Nighthawks</a>.) Along with today's single use stadiums is the trend for retro-style ballparks closer to downtown areas. <a href="/wiki/Oriole_Park_at_Camden_Yards" title="Oriole Park at Camden Yards">Oriole Park at Camden Yards</a> was the first such ballpark for <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> to be built, using early-20th-century styling with 21st-century amenities. </p><p>There is a solar-powered stadium in Taiwan that produces as much energy as it needs to function.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stadium designers often study acoustics to increase noise caused by fans' voices, aiming to create a lively atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lighting">Lighting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lighting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bramall_Lane_End.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/220px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/330px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bramall_Lane_End.jpg/440px-Bramall_Lane_End.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bramall_Lane" title="Bramall Lane">Bramall Lane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Floodlights" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodlights">floodlights</a>, most games played on large areas had to rely on natural lighting. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bramall_Lane" title="Bramall Lane">Bramall Lane</a> was reportedly the first floodlit stadium. Floodlighting in association football dates as far back as 1878, when there were floodlit experimental matches at Bramall Lane, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> during the dark winter afternoons. With no <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">national grid</a>, lights were powered by <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamoes</a>, and were unreliable. </p><p>Since the development of electrical grids, lighting has been an important element in stadium design, allowing games to be played after sundown, and in covered, or partly covered stadiums that allow less natural light, but provide more shelter for the public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectator_areas_and_seating">Spectator areas and seating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spectator areas and seating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/220px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/330px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg/440px-Hillsborough_Stadium_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stadium_seating" title="Stadium seating">Stadium seating</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/All-seater_stadium" title="All-seater stadium">"all-seater" stadium</a> has seats for all spectators. Other stadiums are designed so that all or some spectators stand to view the event. The term "all-seater" is not common in the U.S., as very few American stadiums have sizeable standing-only sections. Poor stadium design has contributed to disasters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster" title="Heysel Stadium disaster">Heysel Stadium disaster</a>. Since these, all <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship_qualifying" title="UEFA European Championship qualifying">UEFA European Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_qualification" title="FIFA World Cup qualification">FIFA World Cup qualifying matches</a> require all spectators to be seated. </p><p>Seating areas may be known as <i>terraces</i>, <i>tiers</i>, or <i>decks</i>. Originally set out for standing room only, they are now usually equipped with seating. Another term used in the US is <i><a href="/wiki/Bleacher" title="Bleacher">bleachers</a></i>, which is mostly used for seating areas with bench seats as opposed to individual seats, and which often are uncovered; the name refers to the bleaching effect direct, unshaded sunlight has on the benches and patrons in those sections. </p><p>Many stadiums make luxury suites or boxes available to patrons at high prices. These suites can accommodate ten to thirty people, depending on the venue. Luxury suites at events such as the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_security">Safety and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Safety and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibrox_Inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibrox_Inside.jpg/220px-Ibrox_Inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibrox_Inside.jpg/330px-Ibrox_Inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ibrox_Inside.jpg/440px-Ibrox_Inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrox_Stadium" title="Ibrox Stadium">Ibrox Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg/220px-Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg/330px-Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg/440px-Moscow-Exterior_of_Luzhniki_Stadium_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Stadium_disasters" title="Category:Stadium disasters">Category:Stadium disasters</a></div> <p>Due to the number of people congregating in stadiums and the frequency of events, many notable accidents have occurred in the past, some causing injury and death. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster" title="Hillsborough disaster">Hillsborough disaster</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Human_crush" class="mw-redirect" title="Human crush">human crush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium" title="Hillsborough Stadium">Hillsborough Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England on 15 April 1989. The resulting 97 deaths and 765 injuries makes this the worst disaster in British sporting history. </p><p>Much effort has been spent to avoid the recurrence of such events, both in design and legislation. Especially where there is a perceived risk of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> or violence attention remains high to prevent human death and keep stadiums as places where families can enjoy a public event together. </p><p>In Europe and South America, during the twentieth century, it was common for violent bands of supporters to fight inside or close to association football stadiums. In the United Kingdom they are known as <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">hooligans</a>. </p><p>Structural features that increase safety include separate entry and exit accesses for each spectator area, especially separating accesses for home and visitor supporters, dividing walls, glass parapets, vibration attenuation and sprinkler systems. </p><p>Security features that have been adopted include armed surveillance, <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">Identity document</a> checks, <a href="/wiki/Video_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="Video surveillance">video surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal_detectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal detectors">metal detectors</a> and security searches to enforce rules that forbid spectators to carry dangerous or potentially dangerous items. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_economic_issues">Political and economic issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political and economic issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stadium_subsidy" title="Stadium subsidy">Stadium subsidy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg/220px-Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg/330px-Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg/440px-Empire_Field_near_empty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empire_Field" title="Empire Field">Empire Field</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern stadiums, especially the largest among them, are <a href="/wiki/Megaprojects" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaprojects">megaprojects</a> that can only be afforded by the largest corporations, wealthiest individuals, or government. Sports fans have a deep emotional attachment to their teams. In North America, with its closed-league "<a href="/wiki/North_American_professional_sports_league_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North American professional sports league organization">franchise</a>" system, there are fewer teams than cities which would like them. This creates tremendous <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> for the owners of teams, whereby owners can threaten to relocate teams to other cities unless governments subsidize the construction of new facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-harvard_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvard-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe and Latin America, where there are multiple association football clubs in any given city, and several leagues in each country, no such monopoly power exists, and stadiums are built primarily with private money. Outside professional sports, governments are also involved through the intense competition for the right to host major sporting events, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> (of association football), during which cities often pledge to build new stadiums in order to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) or <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_naming">Corporate naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Corporate naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg/220px-FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg/330px-FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg/440px-FNB_Stadium_2014-11-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4878" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FNB_Stadium" title="FNB Stadium">FNB Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg/220px-ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg/330px-ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg/440px-ATT_Sunset_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4769" data-file-height="2063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Park" title="Oracle Park">Oracle Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg/220px-Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg/330px-Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg/440px-Aviva_Stadium_from_North_Stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/220px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/330px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/440px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westfalenstadion" title="Westfalenstadion">Signal Iduna Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg/220px-YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg/330px-YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg/440px-YankeeStadium-9-21-22-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Stadium" title="Yankee Stadium">Yankee Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg/220px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg/330px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg/440px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Slovakia_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium" title="Ellis Park Stadium">Emirates Airline Park</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naming_rights" title="Naming rights">Naming rights</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_sponsored_sports_venues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of sponsored sports venues (page does not exist)">List of sponsored sports venues</a></div> <p>In recent decades, to help take the burden of the massive expense of building and maintaining a stadium, many American and European sports teams have sold the rights to the name of the facility. This trend, which began in the 1970s, but accelerated greatly in the 1990s, has led to sponsors' names being affixed to both established stadiums and new ones. In some cases, the corporate name replaces (with varying degrees of success) the name by which the venue has been known for many years. But many of the more recently built stadiums, like the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Arena" title="Volkswagen Arena">Volkswagen Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany, have never been known by a non-corporate name. The sponsorship phenomenon has since spread worldwide. There remain a few municipally owned stadiums, which are often known by a name that is significant to their area (for example, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fenway_Park" title="Fenway Park">Fenway Park</a>). In recent years, some government-owned stadiums have also been subject to naming-rights agreements, with some or all of the revenue often going to the team(s) that play there. </p><p>One consequence of corporate naming has been an increase in stadium name changes, when the namesake corporation changes its name, or if it is the naming agreement simply expires. Phoenix's <a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a>, for example, was previously known as Bank One Ballpark, but was renamed to reflect the takeover of the latter corporation. San Francisco's historic <a href="/wiki/Candlestick_Park" title="Candlestick Park">Candlestick Park</a> was renamed as <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com Park</a> for several years, but the name was dropped when the sponsorship agreement expired, and it was another two years before the new name of <a href="/wiki/Monster_Cable_Products" class="mw-redirect" title="Monster Cable Products">Monster Cable Products</a>' Monster Park was applied. Local opposition to the corporate naming of that particular stadium led San Francisco's city council to permanently restore the Candlestick Park name once the Monster contract expired. More recently, in Ireland, there has been huge opposition to the renaming of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s historic <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">Lansdowne Road</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a>. Lansdowne was redeveloped as the Aviva, opening in May 2010. </p><p>On the other hand, Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(Inglewood,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (Inglewood, California)">Great Western Forum</a>, one of the earliest examples of corporate renaming, retained its name for many years, even after the namesake bank no longer existed, the corporate name being dropped only after the building later changed ownership. This practice has typically been less common in countries outside the United States. A notable exception is the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball" title="Nippon Professional Baseball">Nippon Professional Baseball</a> league of Japan, in which many of the teams are themselves named after their parent corporations. Also, many newer European football stadiums, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bolton_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Bolton Stadium">University of Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadiums</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Westfalenstadion" title="Westfalenstadion">Signal Iduna Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a> in Germany have been corporately named. </p><p>This new trend in corporate naming (or renaming) is distinguishable from names of some older venues, such as <a href="/wiki/Crosley_Field" title="Crosley Field">Crosley Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Field" title="Wrigley Field">Wrigley Field</a>, and the first and <a href="/wiki/Busch_Memorial_Stadium" title="Busch Memorial Stadium">second Busch Stadiums</a>, in that the parks were named by and for the club's owner, which also happened to be the name of the company owned by those clubowners. (The current <a href="/wiki/Busch_Stadium" title="Busch Stadium">Busch Stadium</a> received its name via a modern naming rights agreement.) </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a> in Germany, some stadiums were temporarily renamed because <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> prohibits sponsorship of stadiums. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Allianz_Arena" title="Allianz Arena">Allianz Arena</a> in Munich was called the <i>FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich</i> during the tournament. Likewise, the same stadium will be known as the "München Arena" during the European Competitions. Similar rules affect the <a href="/wiki/Imtech_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtech Arena">Imtech Arena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veltins-Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Veltins-Arena">Veltins-Arena</a>. This rule applies even if the stadium sponsor is an official FIFA sponsor—the Johannesburg stadium then commercially known as "Coca-Cola Park", bearing the name of <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">one of FIFA's major sponsors</a>, was known by its historic name of <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Park_Stadium" title="Ellis Park Stadium">Ellis Park Stadium</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>. Corporate names are also temporarily replaced during the Olympics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern stadiums bring several negative environmental issues with their construction. They require thousands of tons of materials to build, they greatly increase traffic in the area around the stadium, as well as maintaining the stadium.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased traffic around modern stadiums has led to create exposure zones says the Health Effect Institute, exposing 30–40% of people living around the stadium to potential health issues.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many stadiums are attempting to counteract these issues by implementing solar panels, and high efficiency lighting, to reduce their own carbon footprint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_venues">Music venues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Stadium rock</a></div> <p>Although concerts, such as classical music, had been presented in them for decades, beginning in the 1960s stadiums began to be used as live venues for popular music, giving rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/Stadium_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadium rock">stadium rock</a>", particularly for forms of <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>. The origins of stadium rock are sometimes dated to when <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles%27_1965_US_tour#Shea_Stadium_concert" title="The Beatles' 1965 US tour">played</a> <a href="/wiki/Shea_Stadium" title="Shea Stadium">Shea Stadium</a> in New York in 1965. Also important was the use of large stadiums for American tours by bands in the later 1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Funk_Railroad" title="Grand Funk Railroad">Grand Funk Railroad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>. The tendency developed in the mid-1970s as the increased power of amplification and sound systems allowed the use of larger and larger venues.<sup id="cite_ref-Waksman2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waksman2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smoke, fireworks and sophisticated lighting shows became staples of arena rock performances.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key acts from this era included <a href="/wiki/Journey_(band)" title="Journey (band)">Journey</a>, <a href="/wiki/REO_Speedwagon" title="REO Speedwagon">REO Speedwagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston_(band)" title="Boston (band)">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreigner_(band)" title="Foreigner (band)">Foreigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styx_(band)" title="Styx (band)">Styx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-allmusicArenaRock_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusicArenaRock-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">Kiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s arena rock became dominated by <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">glam metal</a> bands, following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Aerosmith" title="Aerosmith">Aerosmith</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe" title="Mötley Crüe">Mötley Crüe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Riot" title="Quiet Riot">Quiet Riot</a>, <a href="/wiki/W.A.S.P._(band)" title="W.A.S.P. (band)">W.A.S.P.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratt" title="Ratt">Ratt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllmusicHairMetal_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllmusicHairMetal-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, rock, pop and folk stars, including the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>, have undertaken large-scale stadium based <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concert tours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural structure">Architectural structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonbuilding_structure_types" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nonbuilding structure types">List of nonbuilding structure types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumbotron" title="Jumbotron">Jumbotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_center" title="Performing arts center">Performing arts center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_venue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport venue">Sport venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_complex" title="Sports complex">Sports complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas" title="List of indoor arenas">List of indoor arenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures" title="List of sports attendance figures">List of sports attendance figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stadiums" title="Lists of stadiums">Lists of stadiums</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Stadia</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> plural form, but both are used in English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/stadium">Dictionary.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nussli_Group" title="Nussli Group">Nussli Group</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905020454/http://www.nussli.com/en/projects/stadium-construction.html?_r=1&hp">"Stadium Construction Projects"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBale1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bale, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/101269029302800204">"The Spatial Development of the Modern Stadium"</a>. <i>International Review for the Sociology of Sport</i>. <b>28</b> (2–3). SAGE Journals: 121–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F101269029302800204">10.1177/101269029302800204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+for+the+Sociology+of+Sport&rft.atitle=The+Spatial+Development+of+the+Modern+Stadium&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=121-133&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F101269029302800204&rft.aulast=Bale&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1177%2F101269029302800204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_C._Young_p._20-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Young_p._20_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Young_p._20_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, David C. (2008). <i>A Brief History of the Olympic Games</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470777756" title="Special:BookSources/9780470777756"><bdi>9780470777756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470777756&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dsta%2Fdion">Στάδιον</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Modern Olympic Games, A Struggle for Revival</i> by David C. Young, Chapters 4 & 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1976" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Alan (1976). <i>Circus Factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circus+Factions%3A+Blues+and+Greens+at+Rome+and+Byzantium&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeare1950" class="citation book cs1">Beare, W. (1950). <i>The Roman Stage: A Short History of Latin Drama in the Time of the Republic</i>. Methuen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Stage%3A+A+Short+History+of+Latin+Drama+in+the+Time+of+the+Republic&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Beare&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ancient-stadium-plovdiv.eu/?p=12&l=2">[1]</a> Ancient Stadium of Philippopolis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldstadiums-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldstadiums_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_menu/architecture/historic_stadiums.shtml">"World Stadiums – Architecture :: Stadium history"</a>. <i>www.worldstadiums.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldstadiums.com&rft.atitle=World+Stadiums+%E2%80%93+Architecture+%3A%3A+Stadium+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstadiums.com%2Fstadium_menu%2Farchitecture%2Fhistoric_stadiums.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-School_of_Science-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-School_of_Science_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-School_of_Science_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2003" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, James (2003). <i>School of Science</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-3431-9"><bdi>978-1-4050-3431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=School+of+Science&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-3431-9&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertoncollection.org.uk/exhibitions/the+anfield+split+%252d+the+move+to+goodison?p=5#foot">"The Move to Goodison"</a>. Everton Collection<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Move+to+Goodison&rft.pub=Everton+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertoncollection.org.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fthe%2Banfield%2Bsplit%2B%25252d%2Bthe%2Bmove%2Bto%2Bgoodison%3Fp%3D5%23foot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toffeeweb.com/club/goodison/gp-history.asp">"History of Goodison Park"</a>. ToffeeWeb<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Goodison+Park&rft.pub=ToffeeWeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toffeeweb.com%2Fclub%2Fgoodison%2Fgp-history.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInglis1996" class="citation book cs1">Inglis, Simon (1996) [1985]. <i>Football Grounds of Britain</i> (3rd ed.). London: CollinsWillow. pp. 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-218426-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-218426-5"><bdi>0-00-218426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Football+Grounds+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=234-235&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CollinsWillow&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-00-218426-5&rft.aulast=Inglis&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1980" class="citation book cs1">White, Valerie (1980). <i>Wimpey: The first hundred years</i>. George Wimpey. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wimpey%3A+The+first+hundred+years&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=George+Wimpey&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarnowski1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zarnowski" title="Frank Zarnowski">Zarnowski, C. Frank</a> (Summer 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf">"A Look at Olympic Costs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Citius, Altius, Fortius</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 16–32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Citius%2C+Altius%2C+Fortius&rft.atitle=A+Look+at+Olympic+Costs&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-32&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Zarnowski&rft.aufirst=C.+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la84foundation.org%2FSportsLibrary%2FJOH%2FJOHv1n1%2FJOHv1n1f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/142"><i>Guinness World Records Book</i></a>. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/142">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908843159" title="Special:BookSources/9781908843159"><bdi>9781908843159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+Book&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781908843159&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dome">Dome</a>", Merriam-Webster</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBBBC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SBBBC_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2013" class="citation news cs1">Parry, Haydn (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/american-football/21292257">"Super Bowl XLVII: New Orleans' pride restored after Katrina"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Super+Bowl+XLVII%3A+New+Orleans%27+pride+restored+after+Katrina&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Haydn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2F0%2Famerican-football%2F21292257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInhabitat2009" class="citation news cs1">Inhabitat (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/may/20/taiwan-solar-stadium">"Taiwan's solar stadium 100% powered by the sun"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+solar+stadium+100%25+powered+by+the+sun&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.au=Inhabitat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2009%2Fmay%2F20%2Ftaiwan-solar-stadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennard2013" class="citation news cs1">Vennard, Martin (13 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22110898">"How do you give stadiums atmosphere?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+do+you+give+stadiums+atmosphere%3F&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft.aulast=Vennard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-22110898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvard-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvard_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, Craig. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2001/09/the-dow-of-professional.html">The Dow of Professional Sports</a>" <i>Harvard Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/uhenergy/2017/12/11/big-sports-events-have-big-environmental-footprints-could-social-licenses-to-operate-help/#439494ec50cf.">"Big Sports Events Have Big Environmental Footprints. Could Social Licenses to Operate Help?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Big+Sports+Events+Have+Big+Environmental+Footprints.+Could+Social+Licenses+to+Operate+Help%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fuhenergy%2F2017%2F12%2F11%2Fbig-sports-events-have-big-environmental-footprints-could-social-licenses-to-operate-help%2F%23439494ec50cf.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.2018" class="citation journal cs1">J., Grant Jr., Thomas (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/elj/vol25/iss1/6">"Green Monsters: Examining the Environmental Impact of Sports Stadiums"</a>. <i>Villanova Environmental Law Journal</i>. <b>25</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Villanova+Environmental+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Green+Monsters%3A+Examining+the+Environmental+Impact+of+Sports+Stadiums&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=J.&rft.aufirst=Grant+Jr.%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.villanova.edu%2Felj%2Fvol25%2Fiss1%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waksman2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waksman2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Waksman, <i>This Ain't the Summer of Love: Conflict and Crossover in Heavy Metal and Punk</i> (University of California Press, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25310-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25310-8">0-520-25310-8</a>, pp. 21–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Shuker, <i>Popular Music: the Key Concepts</i> (London: Routledge, 2nd edn., 2002), 0415284252, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusicArenaRock-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusicArenaRock_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808114844/http://www.allmusic.com/style/arena-rock-ma0000012329">"Arena rock"</a>. <i>AllMusic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/arena-rock-d2694">the original</a> on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Arena+rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fexplore%2Fstyle%2Farena-rock-d2694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Shepherd, ed., <i>Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1</i> (Continuum, 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-6321-5">0-8264-6321-5</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Buckley, <i>The Rough Guide to Rock</i> (London: Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-105-4">1-84353-105-4</a>, p. 835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. L. Joyner, <i>American Popular Music</i> (McGraw-Hill, 3rd edn., 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-352657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-352657-6">0-07-352657-6</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AllmusicHairMetal-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AllmusicHairMetal_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d2693">"Hair metal"</a>, AllMusic. Retrieved 6 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMennStaff1992" class="citation book cs1">Menn, D.; Staff, H.L.C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYZziQhnt4YC&pg=PA75"><i>Secrets from the Masters</i></a>. Hal Leonard. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-463-1"><bdi>978-1-61774-463-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+from+the+Masters&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-61774-463-1&rft.aulast=Menn&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Staff%2C+H.L.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYZziQhnt4YC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiTGAQR-W3YC&pg=PA258"><i>Grateful Dead Gear: The Band's Instruments, Sound Systems, and Recording Sessions from 1965 to 1995</i></a>. Music Series. Backbeat Books. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87930-893-3"><bdi>978-0-87930-893-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grateful+Dead+Gear%3A+The+Band%27s+Instruments%2C+Sound+Systems%2C+and+Recording+Sessions+from+1965+to+1995&rft.series=Music+Series&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Backbeat+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-893-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiTGAQR-W3YC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzundu2012" class="citation web cs1">Izundu, Chi (9 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/19533772">"Lady Gaga's Born This Way Ball Tour starts in the UK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+Gaga%27s+Born+This+Way+Ball+Tour+starts+in+the+UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-09-09&rft.aulast=Izundu&rft.aufirst=Chi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsbeat%2F19533772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gillettestadium.com/taylor-swift">"Taylor Swift"</a>. Gillette Stadium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taylor+Swift&rft.pub=Gillette+Stadium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgillettestadium.com%2Ftaylor-swift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnRod_SheardBen_Vickery2007" class="citation book cs1">John, Geraint; Rod Sheard; Ben Vickery (2007). <i>Stadia: A Design and Development Guide</i> (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6844-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6844-6"><bdi>978-0-7506-6844-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadia%3A+A+Design+and+Development+Guide&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FArchitectural+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-6844-6&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rft.au=Rod+Sheard&rft.au=Ben+Vickery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisle2017" class="citation book cs1">Lisle, Benjamin D. (2017). <i>Modern Coliseum: Stadiums and American Culture</i>. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Coliseum%3A+Stadiums+and+American+Culture&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=U+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lisle&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerby1930" class="citation book cs1">Serby, Myron W. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkswAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Stadium; A Treatise on the Design of Stadiums and Their Equipment</i></a>. New York, Cleveland: American Institute of Steel, inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23706869">23706869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stadium%3B+A+Treatise+on+the+Design+of+Stadiums+and+Their+Equipment&rft.place=New+York%2C+Cleveland&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Steel%2C+inc&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23706869&rft.aulast=Serby&rft.aufirst=Myron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkswAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stadiums" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stadiums">Stadiums</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stadium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Stadium">Stadium</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadiumguide.com">"Stadium Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadium+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadiumguide.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stadiumjourney.com">"Stadium Journey"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadium+Journey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadiumjourney.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStadium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure" title="Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483110#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483110#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483110#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Stadion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182723-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stadiums"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127212">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119773166">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="stades"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119773166">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01072913">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sportovní stadiony"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125955&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000151609&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531607405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10645160">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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