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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lagoon-type or bar-built</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lagoon-type_or_bar-built-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fjord-type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fjord-type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fjord-type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fjord-type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tectonically_produced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonically_produced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tectonically produced</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonically_produced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_based_on_water_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_based_on_water_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification based on water circulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_based_on_water_circulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification based on water circulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_based_on_water_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salt_wedge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_wedge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Salt wedge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_wedge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partially_mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partially_mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Partially mixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partially_mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Well-mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Well-mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Well-mixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Well-mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Inverse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intermittent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intermittent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Intermittent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intermittent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiochemical_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiochemical_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiochemical variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiochemical_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_of_eutrophication_on_estuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_of_eutrophication_on_estuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Implications of eutrophication on estuaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications_of_eutrophication_on_estuaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications of eutrophication on estuaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications_of_eutrophication_on_estuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_biogeochemical_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_eutrophication_on_biogeochemical_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Effects of eutrophication on biogeochemical cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_biogeochemical_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Effects of eutrophication on estuarine plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Effects of eutrophication on estuarine animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_human_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_eutrophication_on_human_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Effects of eutrophication on human activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_eutrophication_on_human_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications_for_marine_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications_for_marine_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Implications for marine life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implications_for_marine_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Human impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estuary</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ӏестуарий – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ӏестуарий" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarium" title="Estuarium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Estuarium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABgm%C5%ABnung" title="Tīgmūnung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tīgmūnung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="مصب خليجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصب خليجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuariu" title="Estuariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estuariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapaha" title="Parapaha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Parapaha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estuari" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhara" title="Muhara – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Muhara" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Эстуарый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстуарый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Эстуарый – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстуарый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="नदी मुहाना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नदी मुहाना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Естуар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естуар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarij" title="Estuarij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Estuarij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estuari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuwaryo" title="Estuwaryo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estuwaryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estu%C3%A1r" title="Estuár – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estuár" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aber" title="Aber – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aber" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86stuarium" title="Æstuarium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æstuarium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84stuar" title="Ästuar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ästuar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehtersuue" title="Lehtersuue – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lehtersuue" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Εκβολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκβολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaro" title="Estuaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estuaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF" title="پای‌رود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پای‌رود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaire" title="Estuaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Estuaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijm%C3%BBning" title="Tijmûning – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tijmûning" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbhear" title="Inbhear – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Inbhear" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inver" title="Inver – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Inver" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2-khi%C3%A9u-v%C3%A2n" title="Hò-khiéu-vân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hò-khiéu-vân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EA%B7%80" title="어귀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어귀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Էստուար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էստուար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96" title="ज्वारनदीमुख – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वारनदीमुख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarij" title="Estuarij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estuarij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_(bentuk_lahan)" title="Kuala (bentuk lahan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuala (bentuk lahan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r%C3%B3s" title="Árós – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Árós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%9A_%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8" title="שפך נהר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפך נהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungapan" title="Sungapan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sungapan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96" title="ನದೀಮುಖ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನದೀಮುಖ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ესტუარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესტუარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эстуарий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстуарий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esty%C3%A8" title="Estyè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aestuarium" title="Aestuarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aestuarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABva" title="Grīva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grīva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarija" title="Estuarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estuarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Естуар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естуар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinanin-dranomasina" title="Vinanin-dranomasina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vinanin-dranomasina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%82" title="അഴിമുഖം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഴിമുഖം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ესტუარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ესტუარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muara" title="Muara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarium" title="Estuarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Estuarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B1%9F" title="三角江 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三角江" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Эстуари – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эстуари" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuar" title="Estuar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estuar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuar" title="Estuar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estuar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engoul%C3%AAme" title="Engoulême – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Engoulême" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuari" title="Estuari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estuari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuariy" title="Estuariy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Estuariy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarium" title="Estuarium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estuarium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estu%C3%A1rio" title="Estuário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estuário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuar" title="Estuar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estuar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эстуарий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстуарий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эстуарий – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстуарий" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Estuary" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estu%C3%A1r" title="Estuár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Estuár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarij" title="Estuarij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estuarij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Естуар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естуар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarij" title="Estuarij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estuarij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaari" title="Estuaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Estuaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuarium" title="Estuarium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estuarium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="கயவாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கயவாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Эстуарий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эстуарий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5" title="ชะวากทะเล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชะวากทะเล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hali%C3%A7_(co%C4%9Frafya)" title="Haliç (coğrafya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haliç (coğrafya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Естуарій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естуарій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuario" title="Estuario – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Estuario" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%ADa_s%C3%B4ng" title="Cửa sông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cửa sông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoloe" title="Egoloe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Egoloe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estero" title="Estero – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E6%B9%BE" title="河口湾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="河口湾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="לעפצונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעפצונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E6%B5%B7%E5%8F%A3" title="入海口 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="入海口" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Estuary_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Estuary (disambiguation)">Estuary (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/220px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/330px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG/440px-Rio_de_la_Plata_BA_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> estuary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg/220px-Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg/330px-Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg/440px-Mattole_River_Estuary_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mattole_River" title="Mattole River">Mattole River</a> estuary</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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habitats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_ecosystem" title="Ocean surface ecosystem">Ocean surface</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">Epipelagic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Open ocean</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Sea floor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template talk:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>estuary</b> is a partially enclosed <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coastal</a> body of <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-james_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estuaries form a transition zone between <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> environments and maritime environments and are an example of an <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotone</a>. Estuaries are subject both to marine influences such as <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>, and the influx of <a href="/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">saline water</a>, and to fluvial influences such as flows of freshwater and sediment. The mixing of <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> provides high levels of nutrients both in the water column and in <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>, making estuaries among the most productive natural habitats in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-McLusky_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLusky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most existing estuaries formed during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> epoch with the flooding of river-eroded or glacially scoured valleys when the sea level began to rise about 10,000–12,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolanski_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolanski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estuaries are typically classified according to their <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a> features or to water-circulation patterns. They can have many different names, such as <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">sounds</a>, although some of these water bodies do not strictly meet the above definition of an estuary and could be fully saline. </p><p>Many estuaries suffer <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">degeneration</a> from a variety of factors including <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and the filling of wetlands. <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a> may lead to excessive nutrients from sewage and animal wastes; pollutants including <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a> from sewage inputs; and diking or damming for <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a> or water diversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolanski_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolanski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg/220px-New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg/330px-New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg/440px-New_York_STS058-081-038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5303" data-file-height="5303" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Harbor_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary">New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg/220px-Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg/330px-Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg/440px-Exe_estuary_from_balloon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">River Exe</a> estuary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estuary_mouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estuary_mouth.jpg/220px-Estuary_mouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estuary_mouth.jpg/330px-Estuary_mouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Estuary_mouth.jpg/440px-Estuary_mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption>Estuary mouth located in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thekkumbhagam_Estuary,_Paravur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg/220px-Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg/330px-Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg/440px-Thekkumbhagam_Estuary%2C_Paravur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A crowded estuary mouth in <a href="/wiki/Paravur,_Kollam" title="Paravur, Kollam">Paravur</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg/220px-Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg/330px-Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg/440px-Yachats_River_estuary_mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Estuary mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yachats_River" title="Yachats River">Yachats River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yachats,_Oregon" title="Yachats, Oregon">Yachats, Oregon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/220px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/330px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png/440px-Mouths_of_amazon_geocover_1990.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> estuary</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word <i>aestuarium</i> meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in itself is derived from the term <i>aestus</i>, meaning tide. There have been many definitions proposed to describe an estuary. The most widely accepted definition is: "a semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within which seawater is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage".<sup id="cite_ref-james_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-james-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as coastal lagoons and <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish</a> seas. </p><p>A more comprehensive definition of an estuary is "a semi-enclosed body of water connected to the sea as far as the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal limit">tidal limit</a> or the salt intrusion limit and receiving freshwater runoff; however the <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_inflow" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater inflow">freshwater inflow</a> may not be perennial, the connection to the sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal influence may be negligible".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolanski_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolanski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broad definition also includes <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_creek" title="Tidal creek">tidal creeks</a>. An estuary is a dynamic <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> having a connection to the open sea through which the <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> enters with the rhythm of the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>. The effects of tides on estuaries can show <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_tides" title="Nonlinear tides">nonlinear</a> effects on the movement of water which can have important impacts on the ecosystem and waterflow. The seawater entering the estuary is diluted by the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> flowing from rivers and streams. The pattern of dilution varies between different estuaries and depends on the volume of freshwater, the tidal range, and the extent of evaporation of the water in the estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-McLusky_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLusky-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_based_on_geomorphology">Classification based on geomorphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification based on geomorphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drowned_river_valleys">Drowned river valleys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drowned river valleys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></div> <p>Drowned river valleys are also known as coastal plain estuaries. In places where the sea level is rising relative to the land, sea water progressively penetrates into river valleys and the topography of the estuary remains similar to that of a river valley. This is the most common type of estuary in temperate climates. Well-studied estuaries include the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Estuary" title="Severn Estuary">Severn Estuary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ems_Dollart_Region" title="Ems Dollart Region">Ems Dollard</a> along the Dutch-German border. </p><p>The width-to-depth ratio of these estuaries is typically large, appearing wedge-shaped (in cross-section) in the inner part and broadening and deepening seaward. Water depths rarely exceed 30 m (100 ft). <a href="/wiki/Ria#Locations" title="Ria">Examples of this type of estuary</a> in the U.S. are the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic states">Mid-Atlantic</a> coast, and <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lagoon-type_or_bar-built">Lagoon-type or bar-built</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lagoon-type or bar-built"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></div> <p>Bar-built estuaries are found in a place where the deposition of sediment has kept pace with rising sea levels so that the estuaries are shallow and separated from the sea by sand spits or barrier islands. They are relatively common in tropical and subtropical locations. </p><p>These estuaries are semi-isolated from ocean waters by barrier beaches (<a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier islands</a> and barrier <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spits</a>). Formation of barrier beaches partially encloses the estuary, with only narrow inlets allowing contact with the ocean waters. Bar-built estuaries typically develop on gently sloping plains located along tectonically stable edges of continents and marginal sea coasts. They are extensive along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S. in areas with active coastal deposition of sediments and where tidal ranges are less than 4 m (13 ft). The barrier beaches that enclose bar-built estuaries have been developed in several ways: </p> <ul><li>building up of offshore bars by wave action, in which sand from the seafloor is deposited in elongated bars parallel to the shoreline,</li> <li>reworking of sediment discharge from rivers by a wave, current, and wind action into beaches, overwash flats, and dunes,</li> <li>engulfment of mainland beach ridges (ridges developed from the erosion of coastal plain sediments around 5000 years ago) due to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and resulting in the breaching of the ridges and flooding of the coastal lowlands, forming shallow lagoons,</li> <li>elongation of barrier spits from the erosion of headlands due to the action of <a href="/wiki/Longshore_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshore current">longshore currents</a>, with the spits growing in the direction of the littoral drift. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fjord-type">Fjord-type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fjord-type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fjords were formed where Pleistocene glaciers deepened and widened existing river valleys so that they become U-shaped in cross-sections. At their mouths there are typically rocks, bars or <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sill" title="Aquatic sill">sills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">glacial deposits</a>, which have the effects of modifying the estuarine circulation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a>-type estuaries are formed in deeply eroded valleys formed by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. These U-shaped estuaries typically have steep sides, rock bottoms, and underwater sills contoured by glacial movement. The estuary is shallowest at its mouth, where terminal glacial <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a> or rock bars form sills that restrict water flow. In the upper reaches of the estuary, the depth can exceed 300 m (1,000 ft). The width-to-depth ratio is generally small. In estuaries with very shallow sills, tidal oscillations only affect the water down to the depth of the sill, and the waters deeper than that may remain stagnant for a very long time, so there is only an occasional exchange of the deep water of the estuary with the ocean. If the sill depth is deep, water circulation is less restricted, and there is a slow but steady exchange of water between the estuary and the ocean. Fjord-type estuaries can be found along the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, eastern Canada, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Fjords_and_channels_of_Chile" title="Fjords and channels of Chile">Chile</a>, and Norway. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonically_produced">Tectonically produced</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tectonically produced"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These estuaries are formed by subsidence or land cut off from the ocean by land movement associated with <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundation">Inundation</a> from eustatic sea-level rise during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a> has also contributed to the formation of these estuaries. There are only a small number of <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonically</a> produced estuaries; one example is the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, which was formed by the crustal movements of the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> system causing the inundation of the lower reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennish_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_based_on_water_circulation">Classification based on water circulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification based on water circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estuarine_water_circulation" title="Estuarine water circulation">Estuarine water circulation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_wedge">Salt wedge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salt wedge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Salt wedge" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Salt_wedging_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt wedging (geology)">Salt wedging (geology)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">Saltwater intrusion</a></div> <p>In this type of estuary, river output greatly exceeds marine input and tidal effects have minor importance. Freshwater floats on top of the seawater in a layer that gradually thins as it moves seaward. The denser seawater moves landward along the bottom of the estuary, forming a wedge-shaped layer that is thinner as it approaches land. As a velocity difference develops between the two layers, shear forces generate internal waves at the interface, mixing the seawater upward with the freshwater. An examples of a salt wedge estuary is <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kennish_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Mandovi_River" title="Mandovi River">Mandovi estuary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> during the monsoon period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partially_mixed">Partially mixed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Partially mixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As tidal forcing increases, river output becomes less than the marine input. Here, current induced turbulence causes mixing of the whole water column such that salinity varies more longitudinally rather than vertically, leading to a moderately stratified condition. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennish_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Well-mixed">Well-mixed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Well-mixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidal mixing forces exceed river output, resulting in a well-mixed water column and the disappearance of the vertical salinity <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a>. The freshwater-seawater boundary is eliminated due to the intense <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulent mixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddy effects</a>. The lower reaches of <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Raritan_River" title="Raritan River">Raritan River</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> are examples of vertically homogeneous estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennish_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennish-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverse">Inverse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Inverse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inverse estuaries occur in dry climates where evaporation greatly exceeds the inflow of freshwater. A salinity maximum zone is formed, and both riverine and oceanic water flow close to the surface towards this zone.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This water is pushed downward and spreads along the bottom in both the seaward and landward direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolanski_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolanski-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of an inverse estuary are <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gulf" title="Spencer Gulf">Spencer Gulf</a>, South Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-Gostin_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gostin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saloum_River" title="Saloum River">Saloum River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casamance_River" title="Casamance River">Casamance River</a>, Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intermittent">Intermittent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Intermittent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estuary type varies dramatically depending on freshwater input, and is capable of changing from a wholly marine <a href="/wiki/Embayment" class="mw-redirect" title="Embayment">embayment</a> to any of the other estuary types.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Day_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Day-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiochemical_variation">Physiochemical variation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Physiochemical variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important variable characteristics of estuary water are the concentration of dissolved oxygen, <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> load. There is extreme spatial variability in salinity, with a range of near-zero at the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal limit">tidal limit</a> of tributary rivers to 3.4% at the estuary mouth. At any one point, the salinity will vary considerably over time and seasons, making it a harsh environment for organisms. Sediment often settles in intertidal <a href="/wiki/Mudflats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudflats">mudflats</a> which are extremely difficult to colonize. No points of attachment exist for <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, so vegetation based habitat is not established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sediment can also clog feeding and respiratory structures of species, and special adaptations exist within mudflat species to cope with this problem. Lastly, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> variation can cause problems for life forms. Nutrient-rich sediment from human-made sources can promote primary production life cycles, perhaps leading to eventual decay removing the dissolved oxygen from the water; thus <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">anoxic</a> zones can develop.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_of_eutrophication_on_estuaries">Implications of eutrophication on estuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Implications of eutrophication on estuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication#Coastal_waters" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication § Coastal waters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_eutrophication_on_biogeochemical_cycles">Effects of eutrophication on biogeochemical cycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Effects of eutrophication on biogeochemical cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/220px-Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/330px-Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg/440px-Table_of_the_Processes_in_the_Nitrogen_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="177" /></a><figcaption>Processes that nitrogen undergo in estuarine systems</figcaption></figure> <p>Nitrogen is often the lead cause of <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in estuaries in temperate zones.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a eutrophication event, biogeochemical feedback decreases the amount of available <a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">silica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These feedbacks also increase the supply of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen</a> and phosphorus, creating conditions where harmful algal blooms can persist. Given the now off-balance <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>, estuaries can be driven to <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus</a> limitation instead of nitrogen limitation. Estuaries can be severely impacted by an unbalanced phosphorus cycle, as phosphorus interacts with nitrogen and silica availability. </p><p>With an abundance of nutrients in the ecosystem, plants and algae overgrow and eventually decompose, which produce a significant amount of carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While releasing CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> into the water and atmosphere, these organisms are also intaking all or nearly all of the available oxygen creating a <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">hypoxic</a> environment and unbalanced <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">oxygen cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excess carbon in the form of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> can lead to low pH levels and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, which is more harmful for vulnerable coastal regions like estuaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_plants">Effects of eutrophication on estuarine plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Effects of eutrophication on estuarine plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg/220px-Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg/330px-Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg/440px-Wood_storks_wading_in_a_marsh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>A salt marsh with wood storks wading</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a> has been seen to negatively impact many plant communities in estuarine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marshes</a> are a type of ecosystem in some estuaries that have been negatively impacted by eutrophication.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spartina" title="Spartina">Cordgrass</a> vegetation dominates the salt marsh landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excess nutrients allow the plants to grow at greater rates in above ground biomass, however less energy is allocated to the roots since nutrients is abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This leads to a lower <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a> in the vegetation below ground which destabilizes the banks of the marsh causing increased rates of <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar phenomenon occurs in <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove swamps</a>, which are another potential ecosystem in estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase in nitrogen causes an increase in shoot growth and a decrease in root growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaker root systems cause a mangrove tree to be less resilient in seasons of drought, which can lead to the death of the mangrove.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift in above ground and below ground biomass caused by eutrophication could hindered plant success in these ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_eutrophication_on_estuarine_animals">Effects of eutrophication on estuarine animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Effects of eutrophication on estuarine animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitefish,_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_(N8)_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg/220px-Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg/330px-Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg/440px-Whitefish%2C_from_the_Fish_from_American_Waters_series_%28N8%29_for_Allen_%26_Ginter_Cigarettes_Brands_MET_DP830737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>Example of a whitefish</figcaption></figure> <p>Across all biomes, <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> often results in plant death but the impacts do not end there. Plant death alters the entire food web structure which can result in the death of animals within the afflicted <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a>. Estuaries are hotspots for <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, containing a majority of commercial fish catch, making the impacts of eutrophication that much greater within estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some specific estuarine animals feel the effects of eutrophication more strongly than others. One example is the whitefish species from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">European Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eutrophication reduced the oxygen levels in their habitats so greatly that whitefish eggs could not survive, causing local extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some animals, such as carnivorous fish, tend to do well in nutrient-enriched environments and can benefit from eutrophication.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen in populations of bass or pikes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_eutrophication_on_human_activities">Effects of eutrophication on human activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects of eutrophication on human activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg/220px-Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg/330px-Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg/440px-Fishing_boat_at_Wrangell_Harbor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Commercial fishing boat</figcaption></figure> <p>Eutrophication can affect many marine habitats which can lead to economic consequences. The commercial fishing industry relies upon estuaries for approximately 68 percent of their catch by value because of the great biodiversity of this ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During an <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal bloom</a>, fishermen have noticed a significant increase in the quantity of fish.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sudden increase in primary productivity causes spikes in fish populations which leads to more oxygen being utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the continued deoxygenation of the water that then causes a decline in fish populations. These effects can begin in estuaries and have a wide effect on the surrounding water bodies.  In turn, this can decrease fishing industry sales in one area and across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production in 2016 from recreational and commercial fishing contributes billions of dollars to the United States' gross domestic product (GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decrease in production within this industry can affect any of the 1.7 million people the fishing industry employs yearly across the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_for_marine_life">Implications for marine life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Implications for marine life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estuaries are incredibly dynamic systems, where temperature, salinity, turbidity, depth and flow all change daily in response to the tides. This dynamism makes estuaries highly productive habitats, but also make it difficult for many species to survive year-round. As a result, estuaries large and small experience strong seasonal variation in their fish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter, the fish community is dominated by hardy marine residents, and in summer a variety of marine and anadromous fishes move into and out of estuaries, capitalizing on their high productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estuaries provide a critical habitat to a variety of species that rely on estuaries for life-cycle completion. Pacific Herring (<i>Clupea pallasii</i>) are known to lay their eggs in estuaries and bays, surfperch give birth in estuaries, juvenile flatfish and rockfish migrate to estuaries to rear, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">anadromous</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmonids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a> use estuaries as migration corridors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a> bird populations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit" title="Black-tailed godwit">black-tailed godwit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rely on estuaries. </p><p>Two of the main challenges of estuarine life are the variability in <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>. Many species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> have various methods to control or conform to the shifts in salt concentrations and are termed <a href="/wiki/Osmoconformer" title="Osmoconformer">osmoconformers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmoregulator">osmoregulators</a>. Many animals also <a href="/wiki/Burrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Burrowing">burrow</a> to avoid <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a> and to live in a more stable sedimental environment. However, large numbers of bacteria are found within the sediment which has a very high oxygen demand. This reduces the levels of oxygen within the sediment often resulting in partially <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic</a> conditions, which can be further exacerbated by limited water flow. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a> are key primary producers in estuaries. They move with the water bodies and can be flushed in and out with the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>. Their productivity is largely dependent upon the <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> of the water. The main phytoplankton present are <a href="/wiki/Diatoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatoms">diatoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellates" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellates">dinoflagellates</a> which are abundant in the sediment. </p><p>A primary source of food for many organisms on estuaries, including <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> from the settlement of the sedimentation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impact">Human impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service#Estuarine_and_coastal_ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem service">Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem#Threats" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystem § Threats</a></div> <p>Of the thirty-two largest cities in the world in the early 1990s, twenty-two were located on estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-RossDA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossDA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As ecosystems, estuaries are under threat from human activities such as <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>. They are also threatened by sewage, coastal settlement, land clearance and much more. Estuaries are affected by events far upstream, and concentrate materials such as pollutants and sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land run-off and industrial, agricultural, and domestic waste enter rivers and are discharged into estuaries. Contaminants can be introduced which do not disintegrate rapidly in the marine environment, such as <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>. </p><p>Such toxins can accumulate in the tissues of many species of aquatic life in a process called <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a>. They also accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> environments, such as estuaries and <a href="/wiki/Bay_muds" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay muds">bay muds</a>: a geological record of human activities of the last century. The elemental composition of <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> reflect areas of the estuary impacted by human activities, and over time may shift the basic composition of the ecosystem, and the reversible or irreversible changes in the abiotic and biotic parts of the systems from the bottom up.<sup id="cite_ref-Río_de_la_Plata_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Río_de_la_Plata-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, Chinese and Russian industrial pollution, such as phenols and heavy metals, has devastated fish stocks in the <a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> and damaged its estuary soil.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estuaries tend to be naturally <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a> because <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a> discharges nutrients into estuaries. With human activities, land run-off also now includes the many chemicals used as fertilizers in agriculture as well as waste from livestock and humans. Excess oxygen-depleting chemicals in the water can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can result in reductions in water quality, fish, and other animal populations. Overfishing also occurs. <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> once had a flourishing <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> population that has been almost wiped out by overfishing. Oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless. Historically the oysters filtered the estuary's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days. Today that process takes almost a year,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters. </p><p>Some major rivers that run through deserts historically had vast, expansive estuaries that have been reduced to a fraction of their former size, because of dams and diversions. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> in Mexico, historically covered with marshlands and forests, but now essentially a salt flat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estu%C3%A1rio_do_Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Estuário do Espírito Santo">Estuário do Espírito Santo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia_River" title="Gambia River">Gambia River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon_Estuary" title="Gabon Estuary">Gabon Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_St_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake St Lucia">Lake St Lucia</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungwe_River" title="Pungwe River">Pungwe River</a> Estuary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyar_River" title="Adyar River">Adyar River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawei_River" title="Dawei River">Dawei River</a> Estuary<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Ob" title="Gulf of Ob">Gulf of Ob</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_Bay" title="Hangzhou Bay">Hangzhou Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n_River_(Vietnam)" title="Hàn River (Vietnam)">Hàn River</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraburi_River" title="Kraburi River">Kraburi River</a> Estuary<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghna_River" title="Meghna River">Meghna River</a> Estuary<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naf_River" title="Naf River">Naf River</a> Estuary<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Narmada river estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Princesa_Subterranean_River_National_Park" title="Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park">Puerto Princesa Underground River</a></li> <li>Waeru River Estuary of <a href="/wiki/Chanthaburi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanthaburi Province">Chanthaburi Province</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Gulf" title="Yenisei Gulf">Yenisei Gulf</a> Estuary</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper-Bug_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper-Bug Estuary">Dnieper-Bug Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exe_Estuary" title="Exe Estuary">Exe Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gironde_estuary" title="Gironde estuary">Gironde estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> Estuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Estuary" title="Severn Estuary">Severn Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Estuary" title="Shannon Estuary">Shannon Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Water" title="Southampton Water">Southampton Water</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagus_Estuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagus Estuary (page does not exist)">Tagus Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">The Wash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterelbe" title="Unterelbe">Unterelbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Scheldt" title="Western Scheldt">Western Scheldt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albemarle_Sound" title="Albemarle Sound">Albemarle Sound</a> including <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads" title="Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Estuary" title="Columbia River Estuary">Columbia River Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coos_Bay" title="Coos Bay">Coos Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakes_Estero" title="Drakes Estero">Drake's Estero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuary of Saint Lawrence">Estuary of Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galveston_Bay" title="Galveston Bay">Galveston Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bay_(New_Hampshire)" title="Great Bay (New Hampshire)">Great Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_River_Lagoon" title="Indian River Lagoon">Indian River Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_de_T%C3%A9rminos" title="Laguna de Términos">Laguna de Términos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Madre" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna Madre">Laguna Madre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Borgne" title="Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Merritt" title="Lake Merritt">Lake Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Bay" title="Miramichi Bay">Miramichi Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Delta" title="Mississippi River Delta">Mississippi River Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain" title="Lake Pontchartrain">Lake Pontchartrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Bay" title="Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Back_Bay" title="Newport Back Bay">Newport Back Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York-New_Jersey_Harbor_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary">New York-New Jersey Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamlico_Sound" title="Pamlico Sound">Pamlico Sound</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Banks" title="Outer Banks">Outer Banks</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Bay" title="Sarasota Bay">Sarasota Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avon_Heathcote_Estuary" title="Avon Heathcote Estuary">Avon Heathcote Estuary</a> (Christchurch, New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_Lakes" title="Gippsland Lakes">Gippsland Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> (Sydney Harbour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gulf" title="Spencer Gulf">Spencer Gulf</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gostin_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gostin-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape-Canan%C3%A9ia-Paranagu%C3%A1_estuary_lagoon_complex" title="Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex">Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoa_dos_Patos" title="Lagoa dos Patos">Lagoa dos Patos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagoon_Mirim" title="Lagoon Mirim">Lagoon Mirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mearim_River" title="Mearim River">Mearim River</a> <ul><li>São Marcos Bay</li> <li>São José Bay</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/32px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/48px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg/64px-Horseshoe_Bend_TC_27-09-2012_15-34-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rivers" title="Portal:Rivers">Rivers portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/37px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/48px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/64px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a> – Type of beaches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_and_Estuarine_Research_Federation" title="Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation">Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation</a> – U.S. nonprofit organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuarine_acidification" title="Estuarine acidification">Estuarine acidification</a> – Reducing pH values in coastal marine ecosystems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuarine_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine fish">Estuarine fish</a> – Fish that inhabit the sea between the shoreline and the edge of the continental shelf<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a> – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a> – River estuary lagoon in Black Sea region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_England" title="List of estuaries of England">List of estuaries of England</a> – A list of estuaries in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estuaries_of_South_Africa" title="List of estuaries of South Africa">List of estuaries of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways" title="List of waterways">List of waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine Research Reserve</a> – Network of 30 protected areas in the US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a> – Coastal sea region</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_growth_in_estuaries" title="Shell growth in estuaries">Shell growth in estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a> – A water wave traveling upstream a river or narrow bay because of an incoming tide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_prism" title="Tidal prism">Tidal prism</a> – Volume of water in an estuary or inlet between mean high tide and mean low tide</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> – Type of land area that is flooded or saturated with water</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-james-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-james_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-james_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1967" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, D. W. (1967). "What is an estuary: physical viewpoint". In Lauf, G. H. (ed.). <i>Estuaries</i>. A.A.A.S. Publ. Vol. 83. Washington, DC. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1969.3%2F24383">1969.3/24383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+an+estuary%3A+physical+viewpoint&rft.btitle=Estuaries&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=A.A.A.S.+Publ.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1969.3%2F24383&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLusky-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLusky_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLusky_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLuskyElliott2004" class="citation book cs1">McLusky, D. S.; Elliott, M. (2004). <i>The Estuarine Ecosystem: Ecology, Threats and Management</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852508-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852508-0"><bdi>978-0-19-852508-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Estuarine+Ecosystem%3A+Ecology%2C+Threats+and+Management&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852508-0&rft.aulast=McLusky&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolanski-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolanski_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolanski_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolanski_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolanski_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolanski2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolanski, E. (2007). <i>Estuarine Ecohydrology</i>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53066-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53066-0"><bdi>978-0-444-53066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estuarine+Ecohydrology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53066-0&rft.aulast=Wolanski&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaLowryMacaya-SolisByatt2017" class="citation journal cs1">Silva, Sergio; Lowry, Maran; Macaya-Solis, Consuelo; Byatt, Barry; Lucas, Martyn C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2017.02.027">"Can navigation locks be used to help migratory fishes with poor swimming performance pass tidal barrages? A test with lampreys"</a>. <i>Ecological Engineering</i>. <b>102</b>: <span class="nowrap">291–</span>302. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EcEng.102..291S">2017EcEng.102..291S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2017.02.027">10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.027</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Engineering&rft.atitle=Can+navigation+locks+be+used+to+help+migratory+fishes+with+poor+swimming+performance+pass+tidal+barrages%3F+A+test+with+lampreys&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecoleng.2017.02.027&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EcEng.102..291S&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft.au=Lowry%2C+Maran&rft.au=Macaya-Solis%2C+Consuelo&rft.au=Byatt%2C+Barry&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Martyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.ecoleng.2017.02.027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunnekePalik1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kunneke, J. T.; Palik, T. F. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/others/85_15.pdf">"Tampa Bay environmental atlas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep</i>. <b>85</b> (15): 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Fish+Wildl.+Serv.+Biol.+Rep.&rft.atitle=Tampa+Bay+environmental+atlas&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kunneke&rft.aufirst=J.+T.&rft.au=Palik%2C+T.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwrc.usgs.gov%2Fwdb%2Fpub%2Fothers%2F85_15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennish-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennish_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennish_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennish_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennish_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennish1986" class="citation book cs1">Kennish, M. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetland.onep.go.th/2559-1-Waeru.html">the original</a> on 2019-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wetland.onep.go.th&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetland.onep.go.th%2F2559-1-Waeru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etaisweb.weebly.com/the-amazon-river-estuary.html">"The Amazon River Estuary"</a>. <i>etai's web</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etai%27s+web&rft.atitle=The+Amazon+River+Estuary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetaisweb.weebly.com%2Fthe-amazon-river-estuary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuary&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Estuaries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Estuaries">Estuaries</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estuary" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:estuary">estuary</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101023203928/http://ecopath.org/LifeInTheChesapeakeBay/">Animated documentary on Chesapeake Bay</a> <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517130442/http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/habitats/estuaries1.htm">"Habitats: Estuaries – Characteristics"</a>. www.onr.navy.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onr.navy.mil/Focus/ocean/habitats/estuaries1.htm">the original</a> on 2009-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Habitats%3A+Estuaries+%E2%80%93+Characteristics&rft.pub=www.onr.navy.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onr.navy.mil%2FFocus%2Focean%2Fhabitats%2Festuaries1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstuary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.estuary-guide.net">The Estuary Guide (Based on experience and R&D within the UK)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Slapton_Sands_and_northern_part_of_Ley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1434412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish pond</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li> <li>Specific examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems_(components)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems">components</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/16px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/24px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/32px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/16px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/24px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coastal_geography264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="River_morphology249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:River_morphology" title="Template:River morphology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:River_morphology" title="Template talk:River morphology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_morphology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:River morphology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="River_morphology249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large-scale features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">Alluvial plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(geomorphology)" title="Drainage system (geomorphology)">Drainage system (geomorphology)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahler_number" title="Strahler number">Strahler number (stream order)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="River valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_sinuosity" class="mw-redirect" title="River sinuosity">River sinuosity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion (river)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar (river morphology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_cutoff" title="Meander cutoff">Meander cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_channel_migration" title="River channel migration">River channel migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-off_slope" title="Slip-off slope">Slip-off slope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_river" title="Bedrock river">Bedrock river</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">Bedforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">Antidune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Current ripple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">Base level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(geology)" title="Degradation (geology)">Degradation (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_and_tectonics" title="Erosion and tectonics">Erosion and tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_rejuvenation" title="River rejuvenation">River rejuvenation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion#Water" title="Erosion">Water erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_that_have_reversed_direction" title="List of rivers that have reversed direction">List of rivers that have reversed direction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:River_morphology" title="Category:River morphology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wetlands399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, 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