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<span>Course</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Course-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Course subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Course-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stockport_to_Warrington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stockport_to_Warrington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stockport to Warrington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stockport_to_Warrington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runcorn_Gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runcorn_Gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Runcorn Gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runcorn_Gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Estuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-River_crossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#River_crossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>River crossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-River_crossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sediment_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sediment_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sediment pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sediment_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_designations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_designations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Environmental designations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_designations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recreation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mersey_River_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mersey_River_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mersey River Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mersey_River_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mersey_barrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mersey_barrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mersey barrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mersey_barrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religious significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tributaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">River Mersey</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyrivier" title="Merseyrivier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Merseyrivier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="نهر ميرزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر ميرزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мерсі (рака) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мерсі (рака)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Мърси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мърси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riu_Mersey" title="Riu Mersey – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Riu Mersey" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D1%8E%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Мерси (юханшыв) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мерси (юханшыв)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="River Mersey" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Merswy" title="Afon Merswy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Merswy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="River Mersey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Mersey" title="Río Mersey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Río Mersey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="رود مرزی (انگلستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رود مرزی (انگلستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhainn_an_Mersey" title="Abhainn an Mersey – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhainn an Mersey" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Mersey" title="Río Mersey – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Mersey" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EC%A7%80%EA%B0%95" title="머지강 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머지강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Mersey" title="Sungai Mersey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Mersey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99" title="מרזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey_(ruf)" title="Mersey (ruf) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mersey (ruf)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93rzi" title="Mērzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mērzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Мерси – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Мерси" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersis" title="Mersis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mersis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="മേഴ്സി നദി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേഴ്സി നദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E5%B7%9D" title="マージー川 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マージー川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="River Mersey" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Mersey" title="Rio Mersey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Mersey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Мерси (река) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мерси (река)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="River Mersey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="River Mersey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Мерзи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мерзи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersey" title="Mersey – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mersey" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="மெர்சி ஆறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெர்சி ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="แม่น้ำเมอร์ซีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำเมอร์ซีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-attached-kml" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><b>Route map</b>: </span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major river emptying into Liverpool Bay</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mersey" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mersey_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mersey (disambiguation)">Mersey (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">River Mersey</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG/250px-Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG/375px-Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG/500px-Liverpool_skyline_from_the_Mersey_Ferry_-_2012-05-27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2430" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The River Mersey at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, looking towards the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Liver_Building" title="Royal Liver Building">Royal Liver Building</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mersey.png/280px-Mersey.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mersey.png/420px-Mersey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mersey.png/560px-Mersey.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="376" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The River Mersey is highlighted in blue<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://u.osmfr.org/m/392118/">interactive map</a><br />Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Mersey&params=53.45_N_3.033_W_type:river_region:GB-ENG"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°27′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°01′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.45°N 3.033°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.45; -3.033</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Location</th></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> (Historic)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Physical characteristics</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Source</th><td class="infobox-data">(source of the River Tame)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data">west of Buckstones Moss, <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Mersey&params=53.6187_N_2.0035_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°37′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°00′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.6187°N 2.0035°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.6187; -2.0035</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,552 ft (473 m)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2nd source</th><td class="infobox-data">(confluence of Tame and Goyt)</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • location</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=River_Mersey&params=53.4143_N_2.1565_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°24′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°09′23″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.4143°N 2.1565°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.4143; -2.1565</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="font-weight:normal"> • elevation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">130 ft (40 m)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal"> • location</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">69 mi (111 km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Basin size</th><td class="infobox-data">1,810 sq mi (4,680 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;">Basin features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #8DE3D2; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Wetland</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Mersey Estuary</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">20 December 1995</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">785<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_10173e2e146e42bbf0d293d5f06b5422f442e354"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Mersey&revid=1259379704&groups=_10173e2e146e42bbf0d293d5f06b5422f442e354" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=River_Mersey&revid=1259379704&groups=_10173e2e146e42bbf0d293d5f06b5422f442e354 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>River Mersey</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a major river in <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West England</a>. Its name derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> and means "boundary river", possibly referring to its having been a border between the ancient kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrowsmith_1997_21_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrowsmith_1997_21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For centuries it has formed part of the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills,_A_D_1998_240_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills,_A_D_1998_240-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mersey starts at the <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">River Tame</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">River Goyt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>. It flows westwards through south <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, then into the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> near <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a> Locks, becoming a part of the canal and maintaining its water levels. After 4 miles (6.4 km) it exits the canal, flowing towards <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a> where it widens. It then narrows as it passes between <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a>. The river widens into a large <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, which is 3 miles (4.8 km) across at its widest point near <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>. The course of the river then turns northwards as the estuary narrows between <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> to the west, and empties into <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a>. In total the river flows 69 miles (111 km).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Railway" title="Mersey Railway">Mersey Railway</a>, a rail tunnel between Birkenhead and Liverpool opened in 1886. Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool: the <a href="/wiki/Queensway_Tunnel" title="Queensway Tunnel">Queensway Tunnel</a> opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Tunnel" title="Kingsway Tunnel">Kingsway Tunnel</a>, opened in 1971, to <a href="/wiki/Wallasey" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a>. A road bridge, completed in 1961 and later named the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a>, crosses between Runcorn and Widnes, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a> which opened in 1868. A second road bridge, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a>, opened in October 2017, carrying a six-lane road connecting Runcorn's Central Expressway with <a href="/wiki/A533_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A533 road">Speke Road</a> and Queensway in Widnes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Ferry" title="Mersey Ferry">Mersey Ferry</a> operates between <a href="/wiki/Pier_Head" title="Pier Head">Pier Head</a> in Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Merseyside" title="Woodside, Merseyside">Woodside</a> in Birkenhead and <a href="/wiki/Seacombe" title="Seacombe">Seacombe</a>, and has become a tourist attraction offering cruises that provide an overview of the river and surrounding areas. </p><p>Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation, and in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Basin_Campaign" title="Mersey Basin Campaign">Mersey Basin Campaign</a> was established to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration. In 2009 it was announced that the river is "cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution" and is "now considered one of the cleanest in the UK". The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as <a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Ees" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Ees">Chorlton Ees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sale_Water_Park" title="Sale Water Park">Sale Water Park</a>. </p><p>The river gave its name to <a href="/wiki/Merseybeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseybeat">Merseybeat</a>, developed by bands from Liverpool, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>. In 1965 it was the subject of the top-ten hit single "<a href="/wiki/Ferry_Cross_the_Mersey" title="Ferry Cross the Mersey">Ferry Cross the Mersey</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers" title="Gerry and the Pacemakers">Gerry and the Pacemakers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Mersey" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">mǣres</i></span>, 'of a boundary' and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēa</i></span>, 'a river'.<sup id="cite_ref-Mills,_A_D_1998_240_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mills,_A_D_1998_240-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mersey was possibly the 'border river' between <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrowsmith_1997_21_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrowsmith_1997_21-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Welsh name is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Merswy" class="extiw" title="cy:Afon Merswy">Afon Merswy</a></i></span>. Prior to Anglo-Saxon conquest of the region, the river was almost certainly known by a Celtic name - recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> as "Seteia" (as the Southern border of the Brittonic "<a href="/wiki/Setantii" title="Setantii">Setantii</a>" tribe). "Seteia" and "Setantii" both lack clear Celtic roots, leading some to suggest that this was likely a corruption of the actual name<sup id="cite_ref-A_Breeze_Meteia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Breeze_Meteia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Some, including David Parsons, have suggested the original forms "Segeia" and "Segantii" - based on the root "sego" meaning "strong"<sup id="cite_ref-DN_Parsons_Ptolemy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN_Parsons_Ptolemy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breeze" title="Andrew Breeze">Andrew Breeze</a> instead suggests the original forms "Meteia" and "Metantii" - from "met" meaning "cut" or "harvest" - with the likely meaning being that the Metantii were "reapers (of men), cutters-down (of enemies)", with the river Meteia meaning "reaping one" or "she that cuts down" (Breeze notes the possibility of a local deity associated with the river, but highlights that this is only a supposition based on known deities like <a href="/wiki/Sulis" title="Sulis">Sulis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerfen" title="Aerfen">Aerfen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-A_Breeze_Meteia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Breeze_Meteia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Course">Course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mersey is formed from three <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a>: the <a href="/wiki/River_Etherow" title="River Etherow">River Etherow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">River Goyt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">River Tame</a>. The modern accepted start of the Mersey is at the confluence of the Tame and Goyt, in central <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>. However, older definitions, and many older maps, place its start a few miles up the Goyt at <a href="/wiki/Compstall" title="Compstall">Compstall</a>; for example the <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> states "It is formed by the junction of the Goyt and the Etherow a short distance below <a href="/wiki/Marple,_Greater_Manchester" title="Marple, Greater Manchester">Marple</a> in Cheshire on the first-named stream." The 1784 <a href="/wiki/John_Stockdale" title="John Stockdale">John Stockdale</a> map shows the River Mersey extending to <a href="/wiki/Mottram-in-Longdendale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mottram-in-Longdendale">Mottram</a>, and forming the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west of Stockport it flows at the base of a cliff below the road called Brinksway before reaching flat country. An early <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> map indicates the spring at Red Hole on the border of Cheshire and Yorkshire at the head of one of the Etherow's longest headwaters, as being the <i>Source of the River Mersey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stockport_to_Warrington">Stockport to Warrington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stockport to Warrington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/220px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/330px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg/440px-Confluence_of_River_Mersey_and_Manchester_Ship_Canal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6180" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>The River Mersey empties into the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flixton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Flixton, Greater Manchester">Flixton</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a> Locks.</figcaption></figure> <p>From Central Stockport the river flows through or past <a href="/wiki/Heaton_Mersey" title="Heaton Mersey">Heaton Mersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northenden" title="Northenden">Northenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashton_on_Mersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton on Mersey">Ashton on Mersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urmston" title="Urmston">Urmston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flixton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Flixton, Greater Manchester">Flixton</a>, where it flows into the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a> Locks. At this point the Ship Canal is the canalised section of the <a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a>. The old course of the Mersey has been obliterated by the canal past <a href="/wiki/Hollins_Green" title="Hollins Green">Hollins Green</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rixton-with-Glazebrook" title="Rixton-with-Glazebrook">Rixton</a> although the old river bed can be seen outside Irlam and at <a href="/wiki/Warburton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Warburton, Greater Manchester">Warburton</a>. At Rixton the <a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">River Bollin</a> enters the canal from the south and the Mersey leaves the canal to the north, meandering through <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Cheshire" title="Woolston, Cheshire">Woolston</a>, where the ship canal company's dredgings have formed the <a href="/wiki/Woolston_Eyes" title="Woolston Eyes">Woolston Eyes</a> nature reserve, and on to <a href="/wiki/Warrington" title="Warrington">Warrington</a>. </p><p>During the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, the original course of the river through Wilderspool (which is north of Stockton Heath and Lower Walton) was diverted westward into a canalised section. Wilderspool Causeway remains the only remnant of the original eastern bank of the Mersey at this point in Warrington. Part of the original river channel became <a href="/wiki/Warrington_Dock" title="Warrington Dock">Warrington Dock</a> (Walton Lock) in the ship canal. In the 1960s, the former river channel was filled. The area is now Wilderspool Causeway Park. At the western end of the canalised section in Warrington is the old entrance to the former <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_to_Latchford_Canal" title="Runcorn to Latchford Canal">Runcorn to Latchford Canal</a>. This waterway was abandoned with the construction of the ship canal. It was constructed because the Mersey is tidal from Howley Weir in Warrington. The canal let river traffic reach Warrington during low tides. </p><p>During high spring tides, water levels often top the Howley Weir. Before construction of the ship canal, work to improve navigation on the Mersey included Woolston New Cut, bypassing a meander, and Howley Lock for craft to avoid the weir; the new cut and lock are still evident. The island formed between the weir and the lock is known locally as "Monkey Island". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Runcorn_Gap">Runcorn Gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Runcorn Gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/220px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/330px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg/440px-Runcorn_bridges_aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the Runcorn Gap</figcaption></figure> <p>West of Warrington the river widens, and then narrows as it passes through the Runcorn Gap between the towns of <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Halton_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halton (borough)">Halton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a> passes through the gap to the south of the river. The gap is bridged by the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a>. Another crossing, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a> road bridge opened in October 2017, and is situated about 1 mile upstream from the Runcorn Gap where the river is considerably wider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estuary">Estuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Estuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg/220px-River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg/330px-River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg/440px-River_Mersey_in_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4799" data-file-height="3199" /></a><figcaption>An aerial image of the estuary in 1962</figcaption></figure><p>From the Runcorn Gap, the river widens into a large <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a>, which is 3 miles (4.8 km) wide at its widest point near <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Port" title="Ellesmere Port">Ellesmere Port</a>. The course of the river then heads north, with <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> to the east and the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> to the west. The Manchester Ship Canal enters the river at <a href="/wiki/Eastham,_Merseyside" title="Eastham, Merseyside">Eastham Locks</a>. The eastern part of the estuary is much affected by silting, and part of it is marked on modern maps as dry land rather than tidal. The <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> are of importance to wildlife, and are listed as a <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> on both sides of the estuary is known as <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>. The estuary narrows between Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a>, where it is constricted to a width of 0.7 miles (1.1 km), between <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Dock,_Liverpool" title="Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool">Albert Dock</a> in Liverpool and the <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Merseyside" title="Woodside, Merseyside">Woodside</a> ferry terminal in Birkenhead. On the Liverpool side, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Docks" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Docks">Liverpool Docks</a> stretch for over 7.5 miles (12.1 km), the largest enclosed interconnected dock system in the world. American author <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> described Liverpool Docks as being comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> in the vast scale of their construction. The docks were built out into the river bed. The Mersey Docks and Harbour Board used <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> from a quarry it owned in Scotland for construction of the quays. Birkenhead grew quickly in the 19th century following the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>, the earliest being the wooden <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> <i>Elizabeth</i> in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Docks were developed along with a <a href="/wiki/Cammell_Laird" title="Cammell Laird">shipbuilding industry</a>, flour milling and soap manufacture on the river's Cheshire bank.<sup id="cite_ref-NOC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seaforth_Dock" title="Seaforth Dock">Seaforth Dock</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">freeport</a> on the Liverpool side of the estuary where it meets Liverpool Bay, opened in 1971. The dock deals with around 500,000 containers, over 1.2 million tonnes of oil, over 2.5 million tonnes of grain and animal feed, 452,000 tonnes of wood per year. About 25% of all container traffic between the UK and USA passes through the port making it one of the most successful in the world and known as the "Atlantic Gateway".<sup id="cite_ref-merseyreporter.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merseyreporter.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liverpool was the first UK port with <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> assisted operations.<sup id="cite_ref-merseyreporter.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merseyreporter.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersey_Bore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mersey_Bore.JPG/220px-Mersey_Bore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mersey_Bore.JPG/330px-Mersey_Bore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mersey_Bore.JPG/440px-Mersey_Bore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The tidal bore, seen from near the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Widnes" title="Widnes">Widnes</a></figcaption></figure><p>The river empties into <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, after a total course of 69 miles (111 km). From 4 metres (13.1 ft) <a href="/wiki/Neap_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Neap tide">neap tide</a> to 10 metres (32.8 ft) <a href="/wiki/Spring_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tide">spring tide</a>, the River Mersey has the second highest tidal range in Britain – second only to the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">River Severn</a>. The narrows in the river estuary between Dingle Point on the Liverpool banks to New Brighton on the Wirral, forces water to flow faster creating a deep channel along the section of river. </p><p>For 200 years an admiral was appointed as a conservator to ensure the river remained navigable. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Kendrick" title="Mary Kendrick">Mary Kendrick</a> was the first woman to the post and she had spent years studying a <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey barrage</a> in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Taylor's Bank</b> is a large sandbank extending out to sea on the north side of the channel entrance to the river on which many ships have come to grief over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="River_crossings">River crossings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: River crossings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg/220px-Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg/330px-Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg/440px-Driving_north_on_Mersey_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a> bridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically the lowest bridging point on the Mersey was at Warrington where there has been a bridge since <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">ferry</a> across the estuary was introduced in medieval times by monks from <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Priory" title="Birkenhead Priory">Birkenhead Priory</a>. They transported travellers or accommodated them at the priory in bad weather. </p><p>Countless people died on the River Mersey until the advent of safe passage via bridges and tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-Title_2016._pp._204-237_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Title_2016._pp._204-237-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these deaths were of people who earned their living on the river, either as mariners or dock workers. The majority of mariners to die worked on the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_flat" title="Mersey flat">Mersey flat</a> boats and drowned due to the weather conditions or poor craft maintenance, although many ordinary civilians perished too.<sup id="cite_ref-Title_2016._pp._204-237_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Title_2016._pp._204-237-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another ferry existed at Runcorn Gap and by today's safety standards was highly dangerous. Passengers had to traverse wooden planks over the mud flats to reach the ferry boats which themselves were often poorly maintained and leaking. Even the steps down to the river bank were described as "beautifully slippery". In the dark the ferry was particularly worrying as there were few or no lights and the journey was only undertaken on a "needs must" basis. Complaints about the appalling conditions were reported in the local and national press consistently for over 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Title_2016._pp._204-237_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Title_2016._pp._204-237-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century steam operated ferries were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-NOC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Ferry" title="Mersey Ferry">Mersey Ferry</a>, managed and operated by <a href="/wiki/Merseytravel" title="Merseytravel">Merseytravel</a>, operates between <a href="/wiki/Pier_Head" title="Pier Head">Pier Head</a> in Liverpool and <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_Merseyside" title="Woodside, Merseyside">Woodside</a> in Birkenhead and <a href="/wiki/Seacombe" title="Seacombe">Seacombe</a>. It has become a tourist attraction offering cruises that provide an overview of the river and surrounding areas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Railway" title="Mersey Railway">Mersey Railway</a> completed its tunnel through the estuary's underlying <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> using manual labour in 1885. Intended as a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic railway">pneumatic railway</a>, the company opted for steam trains from its opening until it was electrified in 1903. The centre of the running tunnel is between 30 feet (9.1 m) and 70 feet (21.3 m) below the river bed. The railway is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Merseyrail" title="Merseyrail">Merseyrail</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two road tunnels pass under the estuary from Liverpool. By road, the <a href="/wiki/Queensway_Tunnel" title="Queensway Tunnel">Queensway Tunnel</a> opened in 1934 connecting the city to Birkenhead, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Tunnel" title="Kingsway Tunnel">Kingsway Tunnel</a>, opened in 1971, connects with <a href="/wiki/Wallasey" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a>. </p><p>Further upstream, the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn_Railway_Bridge" title="Runcorn Railway Bridge">Runcorn Railway Bridge</a> over the river at Runcorn Gap was built in the 1860s for the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a> on the mainline between London and Liverpool. It had a <a href="/wiki/Cantilever" title="Cantilever">cantilevered</a> footway providing an alternative crossing to a ferry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1905 the now demolished <a href="/wiki/Widnes-Runcorn_Transporter_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge">Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge</a> opened and took cars and passengers via a cable car. The <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_Bridge" title="Silver Jubilee Bridge">Silver Jubilee Bridge</a>, completed in 1961, is immediately adjacent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East of Warrington, the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a> crosses the river and the Manchester Ship Canal on the <a href="/wiki/Thelwall_Viaduct" title="Thelwall Viaduct">Thelwall Viaduct</a>. When the viaduct opened in 1963, it was the longest motorway bridge in England.<sup id="cite_ref-CIHT_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIHT-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second viaduct alongside opened in 1995; northbound traffic uses the old viaduct and southbound the new. </p><p>A new 6-lane bridge, the "<a href="/wiki/Mersey_Gateway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Gateway">Mersey Gateway</a>", between Runcorn and Widnes began its construction phase in May 2014 and opened just after midnight on 14 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Silver Jubilee Bridge was closed to undergo maintenance for approximately 6–12 months, but will remain open to pedestrians and cyclists.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new bridge uses tolls and the existing Silver Jubilee Bridge will also be tolled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water quality in the Mersey was severely affected by industrialisation, and in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Basin_Campaign" title="Mersey Basin Campaign">Mersey Basin Campaign</a> was established to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration. In 2002, oxygen levels that could support fish along the entire length were recorded for the first time since industry began on the Mersey.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 it was announced that the river is "cleaner than at any time since the industrial revolution" and is "now considered one of the cleanest [rivers] in the UK".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sediment_pollution">Sediment pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sediment pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persistent organic and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (Hg) pollution contained within sediments of the Mersey estuary have been evaluated by <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_polychlorinated_biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_sediments_from_the_Mersey_Estuary,_U.K._27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_polychlorinated_biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_sediments_from_the_Mersey_Estuary,_U.K.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK._28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mersey river sediments from outer to inner estuary (Alfred Dock to Widnes) contain a variety of common organic pollutants, including <a href="/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyaromatic hydrocarbons">polyaromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAH) with concentrations which fall in the middle of the range of similarly industrial-urban river-estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_polychlorinated_biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_sediments_from_the_Mersey_Estuary,_U.K._27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbons_(PAHs)_and_polychlorinated_biphenyls_(PCBs)_in_sediments_from_the_Mersey_Estuary,_U.K.-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution of individual PAH compounds suggests that the Mersey has contaminants mainly derived from combustion sources such as vehicle exhaust as well as coal burning. The distribution of the toxic heavy metal Mercury (Hg) has been assessed by measuring 203 sediments taken from shallow cores (0.4 – 1.6 m) extracted from both the main river and adjacent salt marshes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK._28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average amount of Hg in the Mersey was found to be 2 mg/kg with the highest amounts of 5 mg/kg occurring below the surface at concentrations harmful to sediment dwelling biota. The vertical rise and fall in Hg pollution observed at four Mersey salt marshes indicated a decline in metal pollution since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK._28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury_contamination_in_surface_sediments_and_sediment_cores_of_the_Mersey_Estuary,_UK.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Salmon</a> have returned to the river<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been seen jumping at <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Cheshire" title="Woolston, Cheshire">Woolston</a> and Howley Weirs between September and November. Salmon <a href="/wiki/Parr_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parr (fish)">parr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">smolt</a> have been caught in the Mersey's tributaries, the River Goyt and the <a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">River Bollin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gray_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray seal">Atlantic grey seals</a> from Liverpool Bay occasionally venture into the estuary<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harbour_porpoise" title="Harbour porpoise">harbour porpoise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Otter</a> tracks have been observed near Fiddlers Ferry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other fish in the estuary include <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlangius" title="Merlangius">whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_dab" title="Common dab">dab</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">plaice</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_flounder" title="European flounder">flounder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LHU_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHU-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">Spiny dogfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/School_shark" title="School shark">tope</a> feed on <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a> in the estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-LHU_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LHU-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For ducks, the estuary is important to <a href="/wiki/Common_shelduck" title="Common shelduck">common shelducks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_teal" title="Eurasian teal">Eurasian teal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waders include <a href="/wiki/Common_redshank" title="Common redshank">redshank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_godwit" title="Black-tailed godwit">black-tailed godwit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunlin" title="Dunlin">dunlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">pintail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruddy_turnstone" title="Ruddy turnstone">turnstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_designations">Environmental designations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental designations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The section of the estuary between Runcorn Railway Bridge and <a href="/wiki/Bromborough" title="Bromborough">Bromborough</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hale_Duck_Decoy" title="Hale Duck Decoy">Hale Duck Decoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Manisty" title="Mount Manisty">Mount Manisty</a>, is designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest, the SSSI citation describing it as an "internationally important site for wildfowl".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are further SSSIs at New Ferry<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Mersey Narrows.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mersey Estuary,<sup id="cite_ref-ramsar_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Mersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar sites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation">Navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg/220px-Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg/330px-Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg/440px-Mersey_Ferry_-_River_Mersey_-_Liverpool_-_2005-06-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Ferry across the Mersey, June 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg/220px-RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg/330px-RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg/440px-RiverMerseyEggBuoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>Egg Buoy near <a href="/wiki/Egremont,_Merseyside" title="Egremont, Merseyside">Egremont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallasey" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Gill_(sea_captain)" title="William Gill (sea captain)">Capt. William Gill</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet_Company" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet Company">Isle of Man Steam Packet Company</a>, charted a safe, navigable channel (the Victoria Channel) through the treacherous uncharted waters of the estuary in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the construction of the Manchester Ship Canal, large commercial vessels do not usually navigate the estuary beyond <a href="/wiki/Garston,_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Garston, Merseyside">Garston</a> on the north bank, or the locks into the ship canal at <a href="/wiki/Eastham,_Merseyside" title="Eastham, Merseyside">Eastham</a>. Deep-water channels are maintained to both. Until the early 20th century, commercial traffic bound for further upstream carried cargo in large flat-bottomed sailing barges known as <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Flat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mersey Flat">Mersey Flats</a> to Howley Wharf in Warrington and (via the <a href="/wiki/Sankey_Canal" title="Sankey Canal">Sankey Canal</a>) to <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a>. Motor barges delivered to riverside factories at Warrington until at least the 1970s, but nowadays only <a href="/wiki/Pleasure_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleasure craft">pleasure craft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yachts" class="mw-redirect" title="Yachts">yachts</a> use the upper estuary and the tidal river where a number of sailing clubs are based. On most high tides, seagoing yachts with masts raised can navigate as far upstream as <a href="/wiki/Penketh" title="Penketh">Fiddlers Ferry</a> – about 3.1 mi (5.0 km) downstream of Warrington – where there is a small marina accessed via a river lock. Although river craft can continue upstream to Howley Weir, there are no landing or mooring facilities. Before construction of the ship canal, a lock bypassing Howley Weir allowed navigation further upstream via a straight "cut" avoiding a meander around Woolston. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mersey Valley Countryside Warden Service manages local nature reserves such as <a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Ees" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorlton Ees">Chorlton Ees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sale_Water_Park" title="Sale Water Park">Sale Water Park</a> recreational sites and provides an educational service along the Mersey from Manchester to the Manchester Ship Canal. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to canoe on parts of the river between Stockport and Carrington.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liverpool Sailing Club located at Garston Coastal Park on the north bank of the estuary has a 1000 feet slipway giving access to river for water sports.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wooded suburban stretch of the river from above Howley Weir to Woolston is also used for recreational and competitive rowing, operated from the Warrington Rowing Club.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Angling has become popular on some stretches of the river as fish such as <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbel_(fish)" title="Barbel (fish)">barbel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymallus" title="Thymallus">grayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_roach" title="Common roach">roach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chub" title="Chub">chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">pike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dace" title="Dace">dace</a> have been caught. Warrington Anglers Association have fishing rights on a large stretch of the River through most of Warrington. Prince Albert Angling Society also have a small stretch near Rixton.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The river has also faced problems regarding the poaching of fish despite a strict 'catch and release' policy imposed on anglers for ecological reasons which applies to most UK waterways.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mersey_River_Festival">Mersey River Festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mersey River Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mersey River Festival, rebranded in 2018 as ‘River Festival Liverpool’, was an annual event held on the river Mersey during a weekend in May or June between 1981 and 2019 to celebrate Liverpool's maritime tradition. Originally organised by the <a href="/wiki/Merseyside_Development_Corporation" title="Merseyside Development Corporation">Merseyside Development Corporation</a>, the festival was later overseen by <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool City Council</a> and Culture Liverpool. The last event was planned to take place between the 8 and 10 May 2020, but was cancelled due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdown_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom">COVID</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the event has not returned. </p><p>During the 1990s the festival was the largest event if its kind in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s the event attracted tens of thousands of people and included music stages and other waterside attractions alongside regattas, visiting vessels, and tall ships on the river.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable musical artists who have performed at the event include <a href="/wiki/Katie_Melua" title="Katie Melua">Katie Melua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shola_Ama" title="Shola Ama">Shola Ama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Watson" title="Russell Watson">Russell Watson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Captain David Hawker was the Mersey River Festival's official artist from the late 1990s until the last event in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The painter attended annually to capture on paper the boats, attractions, visitors, and events as they unfolded.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mersey_barrage">Mersey barrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mersey barrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proposals continue for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal energy">tidal scheme</a> to generate electricity and create another crossing of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very high spring tides can generate a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hale,_Halton" title="Hale, Halton">Hale</a> as far upstream as Warrington. On 7 December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Region" title="Liverpool City Region">Liverpool City Region</a> mayor announced cooperation between the City Region and <a href="/wiki/K-water" title="K-water">K-water</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, who built and operates the <a href="/wiki/Sihwa_Lake_Tidal_Power_Station" title="Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station">Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station</a>, in order to construct a similar operation on the River Mersey.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The river gave its name to <a href="/wiki/Merseybeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Merseybeat">Merseybeat</a>, developed by bands from Liverpool, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>. In 1965 it was the subject of the top-ten hit single "<a href="/wiki/Ferry_Cross_the_Mersey" title="Ferry Cross the Mersey">Ferry Cross the Mersey</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_and_the_Pacemakers" title="Gerry and the Pacemakers">Gerry and the Pacemakers</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Cross_the_Mersey_(film)" title="Ferry Cross the Mersey (film)">musical film of the same name</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_poets" title="Liverpool poets">Liverpool poets</a> published an anthology of their work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mersey_Sound_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mersey Sound (book)">The Mersey Sound</a></i>, in 1967. </p><p>The river's stretch through Manchester is the main theme in the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Roses">Stone Roses</a> song "Mersey Paradise", included on the B-side of the 12" version of their 1989 hit "<a href="/wiki/She_Bangs_the_Drums" title="She Bangs the Drums">She Bangs the Drums</a>", and on their 1992 compilation album <i><a href="/wiki/Turns_into_Stone" title="Turns into Stone">Turns into Stone</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tall_Ships%27_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Tall Ships' Races">Tall ships' fleet</a> has visited the Mersey on four occasions, first in 1984, then in 1992, 2008 and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional song "<a href="/wiki/Leaving_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaving of Liverpool">Leaving of Liverpool</a>" mentions the river in its opening line.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mersey is considered sacred by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">British Hindus</a>, and worshipped in a similar way to the <a href="/wiki/River_Ganges" class="mw-redirect" title="River Ganges">River Ganges</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Festival of Immersion ceremonies</a> are held annually on the river, in which clay figures representing the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ganesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Ganesha">Lord Ganesha</a>, the elephant deity riding a mouse, are submerged in the river from a ferry boat. Followers throw flowers, pictures and coins into the river.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributaries">Tributaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tributaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG/220px-Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG/330px-Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG/440px-Confluenceoftameandgoyt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">River Tame</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">River Goyt</a> (right) meeting to form the Mersey in <a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From its lowest point, moving upstream, confluences and <a href="/wiki/Tributaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributaries">tributaries</a> of the Mersey catchment include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Birket" title="The Birket">The Birket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Fender" class="mw-redirect" title="River Fender">River Fender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenton_Brook" title="Prenton Brook">Prenton Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowe_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrowe Brook">Arrowe Brook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greasby_Brook" title="Greasby Brook">Greasby Brook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Brook" title="Newton Brook">Newton Brook</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Dibbin" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dibbin">River Dibbin</a> <ul><li>Clatter Brook</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Gowy" title="River Gowy">River Gowy</a></li> <li>Hornsmill Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Weaver" title="River Weaver">River Weaver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Dane" title="River Dane">River Dane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Wheelock" title="River Wheelock">River Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croco" title="River Croco">River Croco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ram's Brook</li> <li>Bowers Brook</li> <li>Sankey Brook</li> <li>Padgate Brook</li> <li>Morris Brook</li> <li>Spittle Brook</li> <li>Thelwall Brook</li> <li>Fishington Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">River Bollin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Dean" title="River Dean">River Dean</a></li></ul></li> <li>Marsh Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brook" title="Red Brook">Red Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_Brook" title="Glaze Brook">Glaze Brook</a>/River Glaze</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">River Irwell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">River Medlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">River Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Beal" title="River Beal">River Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">River Spodden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">River Irk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">River Croal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Old Eea Brook</li> <li>Stromford Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton_Brook" title="Chorlton Brook">Chorlton Brook</a></li> <li>Barrow Brook</li> <li>Gatley Brook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micker_Brook" title="Micker Brook">Micker Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_Brook_(Stockport)" title="Tin Brook (Stockport)">Tin Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tame, Yorkshire">River Tame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">River Goyt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Etherow" title="River Etherow">River Etherow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sett" title="River Sett">River Sett</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Kinder" title="River Kinder">River Kinder</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_River_Mersey" title="List of crossings of the River Mersey">List of crossings of the River Mersey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ramsar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ramsar_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/785">"Mersey Estuary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar</a> Sites Information Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ramsar+Sites+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Mersey+Estuary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsis.ramsar.org%2Fris%2F785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arrowsmith_1997_21-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_1997_21_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrowsmith_1997_21_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmith1997" class="citation book cs1">Arrowsmith, Peter (1997). <i>Stockport: a History</i>. Stockport: Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905164-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905164-99-1"><bdi>978-0-905164-99-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stockport%3A+a+History&rft.place=Stockport&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Stockport+Metropolitan+Borough+Council&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-905164-99-1&rft.aulast=Arrowsmith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills,_A_D_1998_240-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills,_A_D_1998_240_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills,_A_D_1998_240_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills,_A_D1998" class="citation book cs1">Mills, A D (1998). <i>A dictionary of English place-names</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280074-9"><bdi>978-0-19-280074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+English+place-names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280074-9&rft.au=Mills%2C+A+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2012" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Phil (2012). <i>Headwaters: Walking to British River Sources</i> (First ed.). London: Frances Lincoln Limited. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780711233638" title="Special:BookSources/9780711233638"><bdi>9780711233638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Headwaters%3A+Walking+to+British+River+Sources&rft.place=London&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780711233638&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027181407/http://www.merseygateway.co.uk/2017/10/mersey-gateway-bridge-is-now-open/">"Mersey Gateway Bridge is now open | The Mersey Gateway Project"</a>. <i>merseygateway.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merseygateway.co.uk/2017/10/mersey-gateway-bridge-is-now-open/">the original</a> on 27 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merseygateway.co.uk&rft.atitle=Mersey+Gateway+Bridge+is+now+open+%7C+The+Mersey+Gateway+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merseygateway.co.uk%2F2017%2F10%2Fmersey-gateway-bridge-is-now-open%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Breeze_Meteia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Breeze_Meteia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Breeze_Meteia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreeze2006" class="citation journal cs1">Breeze, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/174587006X89483">"Three Celtic Toponyms: Setantii, Blencathra, and Pen-y-Ghent"</a>. <i>Northern History</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 161–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174587006X89483">10.1179/174587006X89483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+History&rft.atitle=Three+Celtic+Toponyms%3A+Setantii%2C+Blencathra%2C+and+Pen-y-Ghent&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=161-165&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174587006X89483&rft.aulast=Breeze&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%2F174587006X89483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN_Parsons_Ptolemy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DN_Parsons_Ptolemy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons2000" class="citation journal cs1">Parsons, David N. 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BBC News. 14 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=River+marks+religious+ceremony&rft.date=2008-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fmerseyside%2F7615595.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1858" class="citation book cs1">Hills, Graham H. (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essayonhydrogra00hillgoog#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Essay on the hydrography of the Mersey Estuary</i></a>. Liverpool: George McCorquodale & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essay+on+the+hydrography+of+the+Mersey+Estuary&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=George+McCorquodale+%26+Co.&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Graham+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fessayonhydrogra00hillgoog%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious_well-known_experts1888" class="citation book cs1">Various well-known experts (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/industrialrivers00lond#page/18/mode/2up/search/mersey"><i>Industrial rivers of the United Kingdom</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 19–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+rivers+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19-44&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Various+well-known+experts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findustrialrivers00lond%23page%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fmersey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Mersey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mersey"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mersey">"Mersey" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mersey&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiver+Mersey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thorp, Robert. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vernonpress.com/title?id=335">Mersey Built: The Role of Merseyside in the American Civil War</a></i>. Wilmington: Vernon Press, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">City of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">Metropolitan Borough of St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Metropolitan Borough of Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Metropolitan Borough of Wirral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bebington" title="Bebington">Bebington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootle" title="Bootle">Bootle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromborough" title="Bromborough">Bromborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosby,_Merseyside" title="Crosby, Merseyside">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earlestown" title="Earlestown">Earlestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastham,_Merseyside" title="Eastham, Merseyside">Eastham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formby" title="Formby">Formby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halewood" title="Halewood">Halewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydock" title="Haydock">Haydock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heswall" title="Heswall">Heswall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoylake" title="Hoylake">Hoylake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyton" title="Huyton">Huyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkby" title="Kirkby">Kirkby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litherland" title="Litherland">Litherland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghull" title="Maghull">Maghull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreton,_Merseyside" title="Moreton, Merseyside">Moreton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton-le-Willows" title="Newton-le-Willows">Newton-le-Willows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescot" title="Prescot">Prescot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainhill" title="Rainhill">Rainhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southport" title="Southport">Southport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upton,_Merseyside" title="Upton, Merseyside">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallasey" title="Wallasey">Wallasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kirby" title="West Kirby">West Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiston,_Merseyside" title="Whiston, Merseyside">Whiston</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Merseyside">List of civil parishes in Merseyside</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Alt" title="River Alt">Alt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Merseyside" title="List of people from Merseyside">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Merseyside_by_population" title="List of settlements in Merseyside by population">Population of major settlements (with links)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Merseyside" title="List of places in Merseyside">All places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Merseyside">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Merseyside" title="List of schools in Merseyside">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Merseyside" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Merseyside">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commemorative_plaques_in_Merseyside" title="List of commemorative plaques in Merseyside">Commemorative plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_Merseyside" title="Category:Country houses in Merseyside">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Merseyside" title="Grade I listed buildings in Merseyside">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Merseyside" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Merseyside">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Merseyside" title="Scheduled monuments in Merseyside">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Merseyside">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Merseyside" title="List of museums in Merseyside">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Merseyside" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant of Merseyside">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Merseyside" title="High Sheriff of Merseyside">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Merseyside" title="List of football clubs in Merseyside">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree Racecourse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Manchester" title="Template talk:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Manchester" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Manchester"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_Greater_Manchester" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="category"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a></span> of <span class="fn org region"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Portal:Greater_Manchester" title="Portal:Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester Portal</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory City Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Combined_Authority" title="Greater Manchester Combined Authority">Greater Manchester Combined Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Statutory_City_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Manchester Statutory City Region">Greater Manchester Statutory City Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Mayor of Greater Manchester">Mayor of Greater Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">City of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">City of Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Metropolitan Borough of Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Metropolitan Borough of Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Metropolitan Borough of Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Metropolitan Borough of Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Metropolitan Borough of Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Metropolitan Borough of Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Metropolitan Borough of Wigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements<br />(cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altrincham" title="Altrincham">Altrincham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-in-Makerfield" title="Ashton-in-Makerfield">Ashton-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashton-under-Lyne" title="Ashton-under-Lyne">Ashton-under-Lyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Astley, Greater Manchester">Astley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Atherton, Greater Manchester">Atherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audenshaw" title="Audenshaw">Audenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackrod" title="Blackrod">Blackrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bramhall" title="Bramhall">Bramhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bredbury" title="Bredbury">Bredbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury,_Greater_Manchester" title="Bury, Greater Manchester">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadderton" title="Chadderton">Chadderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Greater_Manchester" title="Cheadle, Greater Manchester">Cheadle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheadle_Hulme" title="Cheadle Hulme">Cheadle Hulme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorlton-cum-Hardy" title="Chorlton-cum-Hardy">Chorlton-cum-Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didsbury" title="Didsbury">Didsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Denton, Greater Manchester">Denton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droylsden" title="Droylsden">Droylsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukinfield" title="Dukinfield">Dukinfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles,_Greater_Manchester" title="Eccles, Greater Manchester">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failsworth" title="Failsworth">Failsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnworth" title="Farnworth">Farnworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golborne" title="Golborne">Golborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hale, Greater Manchester">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Grove" title="Hazel Grove">Hazel Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester" title="Heywood, Greater Manchester">Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindley,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hindley, Greater Manchester">Hindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horwich" title="Horwich">Horwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hyde, Greater Manchester">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ince-in-Makerfield" title="Ince-in-Makerfield">Ince-in-Makerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlam" title="Irlam">Irlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kearsley" title="Kearsley">Kearsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh,_Greater_Manchester" title="Leigh, Greater Manchester">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleborough,_Greater_Manchester" title="Littleborough, Greater Manchester">Littleborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Lever" title="Little Lever">Little Lever</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marple,_Greater_Manchester" title="Marple, Greater Manchester">Marple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Middleton, Greater Manchester">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnrow" title="Milnrow">Milnrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossley" title="Mossley">Mossley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrell,_Greater_Manchester" title="Orrell, Greater Manchester">Orrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partington" title="Partington">Partington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendlebury" title="Pendlebury">Pendlebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestwich" title="Prestwich">Prestwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe,_Greater_Manchester" title="Radcliffe, Greater Manchester">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsbottom" title="Ramsbottom">Ramsbottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddish" title="Reddish">Reddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romiley" title="Romiley">Romiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royton" title="Royton">Royton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaw_and_Crompton" title="Shaw and Crompton">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalybridge" title="Stalybridge">Stalybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standish,_Greater_Manchester" title="Standish, Greater Manchester">Standish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport" title="Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretford" title="Stretford">Stretford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinton,_Greater_Manchester" title="Swinton, Greater Manchester">Swinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottington,_Greater_Manchester" title="Tottington, Greater Manchester">Tottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyldesley" title="Tyldesley">Tyldesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmston" title="Urmston">Urmston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkden" title="Walkden">Walkden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westhoughton" title="Westhoughton">Westhoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefield,_Greater_Manchester" title="Whitefield, Greater Manchester">Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan" title="Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worsley" title="Worsley">Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wythenshawe" title="Wythenshawe">Wythenshawe</a><br /><i>See also:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester">List of civil parishes in Greater Manchester</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Beal" title="River Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bollin" title="River Bollin">Bollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Croal" title="River Croal">Croal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Douglas,_Lancashire" title="River Douglas, Lancashire">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Etherow" title="River Etherow">Etherow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Goyt" title="River Goyt">Goyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irk" title="River Irk">Irk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Irwell" title="River Irwell">Irwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Medlock" title="River Medlock">Medlock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Roch" title="River Roch">Roch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Spodden" title="River Spodden">Spodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_Greater_Manchester" title="River Tame, Greater Manchester">Tame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tib" title="River Tib">Tib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tonge" title="River Tonge">Tonge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%27s_Canal" title="Fletcher's Canal">Fletcher's Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulme_Locks_Branch_Canal" title="Hulme Locks Branch Canal">Hulme Locks Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islington_Branch_Canal" title="Islington Branch Canal">Islington Branch Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal" title="Manchester Ship Canal">Manchester Ship Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Bolton_%26_Bury_Canal" title="Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal">Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_and_Salford_Junction_Canal" title="Manchester and Salford Junction Canal">Manchester and Salford Junction Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_and_Irwell_Navigation" title="Mersey and Irwell Navigation">Mersey and Irwell Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_Forest_Canal" title="Peak Forest Canal">Peak Forest Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Branch_Canal" title="Stockport Branch Canal">Stockport Branch Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester">Parliamentary constituencies and Members of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Crime in Greater Manchester">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling in Manchester">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Demographics of Greater Manchester">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greater_Manchester" title="List of people from Greater Manchester">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of public art in Greater Manchester">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of schools in Greater Manchester">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Geography of Greater Manchester">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_County_Council" title="Greater Manchester County Council">Greater Manchester County Council</a> (1974–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places in Greater Manchester">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greater_Manchester_settlements_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greater Manchester settlements by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of castles in Greater Manchester">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of churches in Greater Manchester">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Flag of Greater Manchester">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of football clubs in Greater Manchester">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade I listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mills_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of mills in Greater Manchester">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_Manchester" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Greater Manchester">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Greater Manchester">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Greater_Manchester" title="Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester">Lord Lieutenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Greater_Manchester" title="High Sheriff of Greater Manchester">High Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of museums in Greater Manchester">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_of_interest_in_Greater_Manchester" title="List of places of interest in Greater Manchester">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Manchester" title="Transport in Manchester">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Greater_Manchester" title="Transport for Greater Manchester">Transport for Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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