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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Infrastructure" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Infrastructure" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Infrastructure" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Infrastructure" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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aria-controls="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Institutional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sustainable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Social</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Core" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Core</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Basic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Complementary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Engineering and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_defense_and_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_defense_and_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Civil defense and economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_defense_and_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_and_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_and_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ownership and financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_and_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_developing_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_developing_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In the developing world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_developing_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In the developing world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_developing_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources of funding for infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronavirus_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronavirus_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Coronavirus implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronavirus_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sustainable infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainable_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainable infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sustainable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sustainable water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_waste_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_waste_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sustainable waste management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_waste_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Sustainable transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainable_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Sustainable materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Green infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Green_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Green infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Green_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_roofs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_roofs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Green roofs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_roofs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tree_planting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tree_planting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Tree planting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tree_planting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Bioretention and infiltration practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Smart cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Smart_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Smart cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Smart_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masdar_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masdar_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Masdar City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masdar_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrastructure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuur" title="Infrastruktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Infrastruktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%88%A0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="መሠረተ ልማት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መሠረተ ልማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بنية تحتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنية تحتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nfrastruktur" title="İnfrastruktur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnfrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B" title="অবকাঠামো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবকাঠামো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-t%C3%A9_ki%C3%A0n-siat" title="Ki-té kiàn-siat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ki-té kiàn-siat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura" title="Infraestructura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Infraestructura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutsaunda" title="Hutsaunda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hutsaunda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadeiledd" title="Isadeiledd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isadeiledd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taristu" title="Taristu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taristu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE" title="Υποδομή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποδομή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestructura_urbana" title="Infraestructura urbana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Infraestructura urbana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukturo" title="Infrastrukturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Infrastrukturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azpiegitura" title="Azpiegitura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azpiegitura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="زیرساخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرساخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infreastrucht%C3%BAr" title="Infreastruchtúr – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Infreastruchtúr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura" title="Infraestrutura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Infraestrutura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B0%98_%EC%8B%9C%EC%84%A4" title="기반 시설 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기반 시설" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Ենթակառուցվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ենթակառուցվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="आधारिक संरचना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधारिक संरचना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqalasizinda" title="Ingqalasizinda – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqalasizinda" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruttura" title="Infrastruttura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Infrastruttura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="תשתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תשתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಲಸೌಕರ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ინფრასტრუქტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინფრასტრუქტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Инфрақұрылым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфрақұрылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miundombinu" title="Miundombinu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miundombinu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfrastriktir" title="Enfrastriktir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Enfrastriktir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%BC" title="Инфратүзүм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инфратүзүм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຄງສ້າງພື້ນຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructura" title="Infrastructura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Infrastructura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C5%ABra" title="Infrastruktūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Infrastruktūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrukt%C3%BAra" title="Infrastruktúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infrastruktúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotodrafitrasa" title="Fotodrafitrasa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fotodrafitrasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%86" title="Дэд бүтэц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дэд бүтэц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructuur" title="Infrastructuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infrastructuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पूर्वाधार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्वाधार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="インフラストラクチャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インフラストラクチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infratuzilma" title="Infratuzilma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Infratuzilma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਨਿਆਦੀ ਢਾਂਚਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D8%A7" title="بنیادی ڈھانچا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraestrutura_(engenharia)" title="Infraestrutura (engenharia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Infraestrutura (engenharia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructur%C4%83" title="Infrastructură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Infrastructură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Алын тутул – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алын тутул" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA" title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යටිතල ව්‍යුහය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Infrastructure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaabayaal" title="Kaabayaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaabayaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ژێرخان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژێرخان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инфраструктура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktura" title="Infrastruktura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Infrastruktura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktuuri" title="Infrastruktuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Infrastruktuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastruktur" title="Infrastruktur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infrastruktur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impraestruktura" title="Impraestruktura – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Impraestruktura" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உட்கட்டமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครงสร้างพื้นฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Инфрасохтор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инфрасохтор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altyap%C4%B1" title="Altyapı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altyapı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Інфраструктура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфраструктура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%DB%81" title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنیادی ڈھانچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastrutura" title="Infrastrutura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Infrastrutura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_tr%C3%ACnh_h%E1%BA%A1_t%E1%BA%A7ng_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công trình hạ tầng xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="基础设施 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基础设施" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אינפראסטרוקטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אינפראסטרוקטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" title="基礎設施 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基礎設施" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">Hard infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_infrastructure" title="Soft infrastructure">Soft infrastructure</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mathematical concept, see <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_(number_theory)" title="Infrastructure (number theory)">Infrastructure (number theory)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/300px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/450px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg/600px-Ferry_Building_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6711" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Ferry_Building" title="San Francisco Ferry Building">San Francisco Ferry Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embarcadero_(San_Francisco)" title="Embarcadero (San Francisco)">The Embarcadero</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco-Oakland_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge">Bay Bridge</a> at night, all examples of infrastructure</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrastructure</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/230px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/345px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg/460px-Grand_Coulee_Dam_spillway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Coulee_Dam" title="Grand Coulee Dam">Grand Coulee Dam</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a> and facilities</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation scheme">Irrigation schemes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Mass transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">Sewerage</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">Sluices</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Solid waste</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">Weirs</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Concepts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Asset management</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/European_green_infrastructure" title="European green infrastructure">European green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Engineering">Engineering contracts</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Maintenance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Monopoly</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Replacement (upgrade)</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">Taxation</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Issues and ideas</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewables</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless technology</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Fields of study</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; padding:0.2em 0; background:lavender; text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Examples</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_parking_station" title="Bicycle parking station">Bicycle parking station</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy independence</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Water_Reclamation_District_of_Greater_Chicago" title="Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago">Chicago wastewater</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_China" title="High-speed rail in China">China's high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">Curtiba rapid bus transit</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="History of cycling infrastructure">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_cycling_infrastructure" title="Safety of cycling infrastructure">safety</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Denmark" title="Wind power in Denmark">Danish wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">British offshore wind-power</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">Nuclear power in France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate highways</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Reliance_Petroleum#Jamnagar_Refinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliance Petroleum">Jamnagar Refinery</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai Int'l Airport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_port" title="Offshore wind port">Offshore wind port</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Bay Bridge">San Francisco Bay Bridge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shinkansen" title="Shinkansen">Shinkansen</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Spain" title="High-speed rail in Spain">Spanish high-speed rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/TGV" title="TGV">French TGV rail</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spanish autovias and autopistas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental Railroad">Transcontinental Railroad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Power transmission in the USA</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> </li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;background:lavender;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Template talk:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Infrastructure</b> is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrastructure is composed of public and private physical structures such as <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transit systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet connectivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband access</a>). In general, infrastructure has been defined as "the physical components of interrelated systems providing <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> and services essential to enable, sustain, or enhance societal <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">living conditions</a>" and maintain the surrounding environment.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Especially in light of the massive societal transformations needed to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">adapt to</a> climate change, contemporary infrastructure conversations frequently focus on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a>. Acknowledging this importance, the international community has created policy focused on sustainable infrastructure through the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_9" title="Sustainable Development Goal 9">Sustainable Development Goal 9</a> "<a href="/wiki/Industry,_Innovation_and_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure">Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure</a>". </p><p>One way to describe different types of infrastructure is to classify them as two distinct kinds: <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">hard infrastructure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_infrastructure" title="Soft infrastructure">soft infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hard infrastructure is the physical networks necessary for the functioning of a modern industrial society or <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamutak_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamutak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes roads, bridges, and railways. Soft infrastructure is all the institutions that maintain the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural standards</a> of a country.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamutak_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamutak-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="/wiki/Educational_program" title="Educational program">educational programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">official statistics</a>, parks and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a> facilities, <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> agencies, and <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "infrastructure" has been used in French since 1875 and in English since 1887, originally meaning "installations that form the basis for any operation or system".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opendb.net_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opendb.net-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from French, where it was already used for establishing a roadbed of substrate material, required before railroad tracks or constructed pavement could be laid on top of it. The word is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> prefix <i>infra-</i>, meaning "below", as many of these constructions are underground (for example, tunnels, water and gas systems, and railways), and the French word <i>structure</i>. The army use of the term achieved currency in the United States after the formation of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in the 1940s, and by 1970 was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planners</a> in its modern civilian sense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1987 <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">US National Research Council</a> panel adopted the term "<a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> infrastructure", referring to: </p> <blockquote> <p>"... both specific functional modes – highways, streets, roads, and bridges; <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a>; airports and airways; <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">water resources</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater management">wastewater management</a>; <a href="/wiki/Solid-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-waste">solid-waste</a> treatment and disposal; electric <a href="/wiki/Power_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Power generation">power generation</a> and transmission; telecommunications; and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste management</a> – and the combined system these modal elements comprise. A comprehension of infrastructure spans not only these public works facilities, but also the operating procedures, management practices, and development policies that interact together with societal demand and the physical world to facilitate the transport of people and goods, provision of water for drinking and a variety of other uses, safe disposal of society's waste products, provision of energy where it is needed, and transmission of information within and between communities."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> publishes an "Infrastructure Report Card" which represents the organizations opinion on the condition of various infrastructure every 2–4 years.<sup id="cite_ref-asce17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asce17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> they grade 16 categories, namely aviation, bridges, dams, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, energy, <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inland_waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland waterway">inland waterways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a>, parks and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ports">ports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>, schools, <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">transit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asce17_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asce17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> The United States has received a rating of "D+" on its infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aging infrastructure is a result of governmental neglect and inadequate funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the United States presumably looks to upgrade its existing infrastructure, sustainable measures could be a consideration of the design, build, and operation plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public">Public</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Public infrastructure</b> is that owned or available for use by the <a href="/wiki/Public" title="Public">public</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport infrastructure">Transport infrastructure</a> – vehicles, road, rail, cable and financing of transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Aviation infrastructure</a> – air traffic control technology in aviation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport#Infrastructure" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a> – trackage, signals, electrification of rails</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_transport#Infrastructure" title="Road transport">Road transport</a> – roads, bridges, tunnels</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a> – assets required to sustain human life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy infrastructure</a> – transmission and storage of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> and renewable sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">Information and communication infrastructure</a> – systems of information storage and distribution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a> – government-owned assets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a> – municipal infrastructure, maintenance functions and agencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a> – generation, collection, management of trash/garbage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Sustainable urban infrastructure</a> – technology, architecture, policy for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a> – the distribution and maintenance of water supply</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater infrastructure</a> – disposal and treatment of wastewater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">Infrastructure-based development</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A way to embody personal infrastructure is to think of it in terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human capital is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> as "intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of personal infrastructure is to determine the quality of the economic agents' values. This results in three major tasks: the task of economic proxies in the economic process (teachers, unskilled and qualified labor, etc.); the importance of personal infrastructure for an individual (short and long-term consumption of education); and the social relevance of personal infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, personal infrastructure maps the human impact on infrastructure as it is related to the economy, individual growth, and social impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutional">Institutional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Institutional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Institutional infrastructure branches from the term "economic constitution". According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gianpiero_Torrisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gianpiero Torrisi (page does not exist)">Gianpiero Torrisi</a>, institutional infrastructure is the object of <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic</a> and legal policy. It compromises the growth and sets norms.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It refers to the degree of fair treatment of equal economic data and determines the framework within which economic agents may formulate their own economic plans and carry them out in co-operation with others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable">Sustainable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sustainable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustainable infrastructure refers to the processes of design and construction that take into consideration their environmental, economic, and social impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in this section are several elements of sustainable schemes, including materials, water, energy, transportation, and waste management infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are endless other factors of consideration, those will not be covered in this section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Material">Material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Material infrastructure is defined as "those immobile, non-circulating capital goods that essentially contribute to the production of infrastructure goods and services needed to satisfy basic physical and social requirements of <a href="/wiki/Economic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic agent">economic agents</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two distinct qualities of material infrastructures: 1) fulfillment of <a href="/wiki/Social_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Social needs">social needs</a> and 2) <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>. The first characteristic deals with the basic needs of human life. The second characteristic is the non-availability of infrastructure goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are various materials that can be used to build infrastructure. The most prevalent ones are asphalt, concrete, steel, masonry, wood, polymers and composites.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the business dictionary, economic infrastructure can be defined as "internal facilities of a country that make business activity possible, such as communication, transportation and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution network">distribution networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_institution" title="Financial institution">financial institutions</a> and related international markets, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">energy supply</a> systems".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic infrastructure support productive activities and events. This includes roads, highways, bridges, airports, <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water distribution</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/Sewerage" title="Sewerage">sewer systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/240px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/360px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg/480px-Lehigh-Valley-Hospital.x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_Hospital%E2%80%93Cedar_Crest" title="Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest">Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Social infrastructure can be broadly defined as the construction and maintenance of facilities that support <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social infrastructures are created to increase social comfort and promote economic activity. These include schools, parks and <a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">playgrounds</a>, structures for <a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">public safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> disposal plants, hospitals, and sports areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Core">Core</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_(2009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/240px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/360px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg/480px-Blick_auf_A_2_bei_Rastst%C3%A4tte_Lehrter_See_%282009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3821" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption>An <i><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Lehrte" title="Lehrte">Lehrte</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Core assets provide essential services and have monopolistic characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pease_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pease-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investors seeking core infrastructure look for five different characteristics: income, low volatility of returns, diversification, inflation protection, and long-term liability matching.<sup id="cite_ref-Pease_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pease-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Core infrastructure incorporates all the main types of infrastructure, such as roads, highways, railways, <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a>, water, and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gas</a> supply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic">Basic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Basic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basic infrastructure refers to main railways, roads, canals, harbors and docks, the electromagnetic telegraph, drainage, dikes, and land reclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consist of the more well-known and common features of infrastructure that we come across in our daily lives (buildings, roads, docks). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary">Complementary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Complementary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Complementary infrastructure refers to things like light railways, tramways, and gas/electricity/water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Torrisi_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torrisi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To complement something means to bring it to perfection or complete it. Complementary infrastructure deals with the little parts of the engineering world that make life more convenient and efficient. They are needed to ensure successful usage and marketing of an already finished product, like in the case of <a href="/wiki/Road_bridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Road bridges">road bridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples are lights on sidewalks, landscaping around buildings, and benches where pedestrians can rest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_construction">Engineering and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Engineering and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineers generally limit the term "infrastructure" to describe <a href="/wiki/Fixed_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed assets">fixed assets</a> that are in the form of a large network; in other words, <a href="/wiki/Hard_infrastructure" title="Hard infrastructure">hard infrastructure</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Efforts to devise more generic definitions of infrastructures have typically referred to the network aspects of most of the structures, and to the accumulated value of investments in the networks as assets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One such definition from 1998 defined infrastructure as the network of assets "where the system as a whole is intended to be maintained indefinitely at a specified standard of service by the continuing replacement and refurbishment of its components".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_defense_and_economic_development">Civil defense and economic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Civil defense and economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">Civil defense by country</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a> planners and <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">developmental economists</a> generally refer to both hard and soft infrastructure, including <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a> such as schools and <a href="/wiki/Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitals">hospitals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency services">emergency services</a> such as police and fire fighting, and basic services in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sector</a>. The notion of <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">infrastructure-based development</a> combining long-term infrastructure investments by government agencies at central and regional levels with <a href="/wiki/Public_private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public private partnership">public private partnerships</a> has proven popular among economists in Asia (notably Singapore and China), mainland Europe, and Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military infrastructure is the buildings and permanent installations necessary for the support of military forces, whether they are stationed in bases, being deployed or engaged in operations. Examples include barracks, headquarters, airfields, communications facilities, stores of military equipment, port installations, and maintenance stations.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communications infrastructure is the informal and formal channels of communication, political and <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>, or beliefs held by members of particular groups, as well as information technology, software development tools. Still underlying these more conceptual uses is the idea that infrastructure provides organizing structure and support for the system or organization it serves, whether it is a city, a nation, a corporation, or a collection of people with common interests. Examples include <a href="/wiki/IT_infrastructure" title="IT infrastructure">IT infrastructure</a>, research infrastructure, terrorist infrastructure, employment infrastructure, and tourism infrastructure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "infrastructure" may be confused with the following overlapping or related concepts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">Land improvement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a> are general terms that in some contexts may include infrastructure, but in the context of a discussion of infrastructure would refer only to smaller-scale systems or works that are not included in infrastructure, because they are typically limited to a single <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">parcel of land</a>, and are owned and operated by the landowner. For example, an irrigation canal that serves a region or district would be included with infrastructure, but the private irrigation systems on individual land parcels would be considered land improvements, not infrastructure. Service connections to municipal service and public utility networks would also be considered land improvements, not infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a>" includes government-owned and operated infrastructure as well as public buildings, such as schools and courthouses. Public works generally refers to physical assets needed to deliver <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a>. Public services include both infrastructure and services generally provided by the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_and_financing">Ownership and financing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ownership and financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_economics" title="Infrastructure and economics">Infrastructure and economics</a></div> <p>Infrastructure may be owned and managed by governments or by privately held companies, such as sole <a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">public utility</a> or railway companies. Generally, most roads, major airports and other ports, water distribution systems, and sewage networks are publicly owned, whereas most energy and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications networks</a> are privately owned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Publicly owned infrastructure may be paid for from taxes, tolls, or metered user fees, whereas private infrastructure is generally paid for by metered user fees.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major investment projects are generally financed by the issuance of long-term <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Government-owned and operated infrastructure may be developed and operated in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Public-private_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public-private partnership">public-private partnerships</a>, in addition to in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> in the United States for example, public spending on infrastructure has varied between 2.3% and 3.6% of GDP since 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many financial institutions invest in infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_developing_world">In the developing world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In the developing world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a>, the lack of infrastructure in many <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)</a>. Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive, especially in such areas as landlocked, rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa. It has been argued that infrastructure investments contributed to more than half of Africa's improved growth performance between 1990 and 2005, and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty. The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant, with on average thirty to forty percent returns for telecommunications (<a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICT</a>) investments, over forty percent for electricity generation, and eighty percent for <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demand for infrastructure both by consumers and by companies is much higher than the amount invested.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are severe constraints on the supply side of the provision of infrastructure in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infrastructure financing gap between what is invested in Asia-Pacific (around US$48 billion) and what is needed (US$228 billion) is around US$180 billion every year.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America, three percent of GDP (around US$71 billion) would need to be invested in infrastructure in order to satisfy demand, yet in 2005, for example, only around two percent was invested leaving a financing gap of approximately US$24 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Africa, in order to reach the seven percent annual growth calculated to be required to meet the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">MDGs</a> by 2015 would require infrastructure investments of about fifteen percent of GDP, or around US$93 billion a year. In <a href="/wiki/Fragile_state" title="Fragile state">fragile states</a>, over thirty-seven percent of GDP would be required.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_funding_for_infrastructure">Sources of funding for infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources of funding for infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The source of financing for infrastructure varies significantly across sectors. Some sectors are dominated by <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a>, others by <a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">overseas development aid (ODA)</a>, and yet others by <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> investors.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, infrastructure financing districts are established by local governments to pay for physical facilities and services within a specified area by using property tax increases.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to facilitate investment of the private sector in developing countries' infrastructure markets, it is necessary to design risk-allocation mechanisms more carefully, given the higher risks of their markets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spending money that comes from the government is less than it used to be. From the 1930s to 2019, the United States went from spending 4.2% of GDP to 2.5% of GDP on infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These under investments have accrued, in fact, according to the 2017 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card, from 2016 to 2025, infrastructure will be underinvested by $2 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the global GDP percentages, The United States is tied for second-to-last place, with an average percentage of 2.4%. This means that the government spends less money on repairing old infrastructure and or on infrastructure as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, governments spend around US$9.4 billion out of a total of US$24.9 billion. In <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, governments represent almost all spending. In transport and energy a majority of investment is government spending. In <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technologies">ICT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure. Overall, between them aid, the private sector, and non-<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> financiers exceed government spending. The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure, though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments. External financing increased in the 2000s (decade) and in Africa alone external infrastructure investments increased from US$7 billion in 2002 to US$27 billion in 2009. China, in particular, has emerged as an important investor.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coronavirus_implications">Coronavirus implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coronavirus implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic has only exacerbated the underfunding of infrastructure globally that has been accumulating for decades. The pandemic has increased unemployment and has widely disrupted the economy. This has serious impacts on households, businesses, and federal, state and local governments. This is especially detrimental to infrastructure because it is so dependent on funding from government agencies – with state and local governments accounting for approximately 75% of spending on public infrastructure in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governments are facing enormous decreases in revenue, economic downturns, overworked health systems, and hesitant workforces, resulting in huge budget deficits across the board. However, they must also scale up public investment to ensure successful reopening, boost growth and employment, and green their economies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unusually large scale of the packages needed for COVID-19 was accompanied by widespread calls for "greening" them to meet the dual goals of economic recovery and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of March 2021, only a small fraction of the G20 COVID-19 related fiscal measures was found to be climate friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainable_infrastructure">Sustainable infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sustainable infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable infrastructure">Sustainable infrastructure</a></div> <p>Although it is readily apparent that much effort is needed to repair the economic damage inflicted by the Coronavirus epidemic, an immediate return to business as usual could be environmentally harmful, as shown by the 2007-08 financial crisis in the United States. While the ensuing economic slowdown reduced global greenhouse gas emissions in 2009, emissions reached a record high in 2010, partially due to governments' implemented economic stimulus measures with minimal consideration of the environmental consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern is whether this same pattern will repeat itself. The post-COVID-19 period could determine whether the world meets or misses the emissions goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement and limits global warming to 1.5 degrees C to 2 degrees C.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the COVID-19 epidemic, a host of factors could jeopardize a low-carbon recovery plan: this includes reduced attention on the global political stage (2020 UN Climate Summit has been postponed to 2021), the relaxing of environmental regulations in pursuit of economic growth, decreased oil prices preventing low-carbon technologies from being competitive, and finally, stimulus programs that take away funds that could have been used to further the process of <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">decarbonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests that a recovery plan based on lower-carbon emissions could not only make significant emissions reductions needed to battle climate change, but also create more economic growth and jobs than a high-carbon recovery plan would.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study published in the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, more than 200 economists and economic officials reported that "green" economic-recovery initiatives performed at least as well as less "green" initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been calls for an independent body could provide a comparable assessment of countries' fiscal policies, promoting transparency and accountability at the international level.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, in an econometric study published in the Economic Modelling journal, an analysis on government energy technology spending showed that spending on the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sector created five more jobs per million dollars invested than spending on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since sustainable infrastructure is more beneficial in both an economic and environmental context, it represents the future of infrastructure. Especially with increasing pressure from climate change and diminishing natural resources, infrastructure not only needs to maintain economic development and job development, and a high quality of life for residents, but also protect the environment and its natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_energy">Sustainable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sustainable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a> infrastructure includes types of renewable energy power plants as well as the means of exchange from the plant to the homes and businesses that use that energy. Renewable energy includes well researched and widely implemented methods such as wind, solar, and hydraulic power, as well as newer and less commonly used types of power creation such as fusion energy. Sustainable energy infrastructure must maintain a strong supply relative to demand, and must also maintain sufficiently low prices for consumers so as not to decrease demand.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any type of renewable energy infrastructure that fails to meet these consumption and price requirements will ultimately be forced out of the market by prevailing non renewable energy sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_water">Sustainable water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sustainable water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustainable water infrastructure is focused on a community's sufficient access to clean, safe drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water is a public good along with electricity, which means that sustainable water catchment and distribution systems must remain affordable to all members of a population.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sustainable Water" may refer to a nation or community's ability to be self-sustainable, with enough water to meet multiple needs including agriculture, industry, sanitation, and drinking water. It can also refer to the holistic and effective management of water resources.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasingly, policy makers and regulators are incorporating <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a> (NBS or NbS) into attempts to achieve sustainable water infrastructure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_waste_management">Sustainable waste management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sustainable waste management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustainable waste management systems aim to minimize the amount of waste products produced by individuals and corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial waste management plans have transitioned from simple waste removal plans into comprehensive plans focused on reducing the total amount of waste produced before removal.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sustainable waste management is beneficial environmentally, and can also cut costs for businesses that reduce their amount of disposed goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_transportation">Sustainable transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sustainable transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></div> <p>Sustainable transportation includes a shift away from private, greenhouse gas emitting cars in favor of adopting methods of transportation that are either <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutral</a> or reduce carbon emissions such as bikes or electric bus systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, cities must invest in the appropriate built environments for these ecologically preferable modes of transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities will need to invest in public transportation networks, as well as bike path networks among other sustainable solutions that incentivize citizens to use these alternate transit options. Reducing the urban dependency on cars is a fundamental goal of developing sustainable transportation, and this cannot be accomplished without a coordinated focus on both creating the methods of transportation themselves and providing them with networks that are equally or more efficient than existing car networks such as aging highway systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_materials">Sustainable materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sustainable materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another solution to transition into a more sustainable infrastructure is using more sustainable materials. A material is sustainable if the needed amount can be produced without depleting non-renewable resources.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also should have low environmental impacts by not disrupting the established steady-state equilibrium of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutgers_What_Are_Sustainable_Materials?-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The materials should also be resilient, renewable, reusable, and recyclable.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, concrete is one of the most common materials used in infrastructure. There is twice as much concrete used in construction than all other building materials combined.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the backbone of industrialization, as it is used in bridges, piers, pipelines, pavements, and buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while they do serve as a connection between cities, transportation for people and goods, and protection for land against flooding and erosion, they only last for 50 to 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many were built within the last 50 years, which means many infrastructures need substantial maintenance to continue functioning. </p><p>However, concrete is not sustainable. The production of concrete contributes up to 8% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-iwbcc.com_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tenth of the world's industrial water usage is from producing concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-iwbcc.com_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even transporting the raw materials to concrete production sites adds to airborne pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-iwbcc.com_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iwbcc.com-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the production sites and the infrastructures themselves all strip away agricultural land that could have been fertile soil or habitats vital to the ecosystem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_infrastructure">Green infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Green infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></div> <p>Green infrastructure is a type of sustainable infrastructure. Green infrastructure uses plant or soil systems to restore some of the natural processes needed to manage water, reduce the effects of disasters such as flooding,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and create healthier urban environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstantinos_L_2016_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstantinos_L_2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more practical sense, it refers to a decentralized network of stormwater management practices, which includes green roofs, trees, bioretention and infiltration, and permeable pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green infrastructure has become an increasingly popular strategy in recent years due to its effectiveness in providing ecological, economic, and social benefits – including positively impacting energy consumption, air quality, and carbon reduction and sequestration.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_roofs">Green roofs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Green roofs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a></div> <p>A green roof is a rooftop that is partially or completely covered with growing vegetation planted over a membrane. It also includes additional layers, including a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:8b_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8b-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several categories of green roofs, including extensive (have a growing media depth ranging from two to six inches) and intensive (have a growing media with a depth greater than six inches).<sup id="cite_ref-:8b_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8b-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One benefit of green roofs is that they reduce <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a> because of its ability to store water in its growing media, reducing the runoff entering the sewer system and waterways, which also decreases the risk of combined sewer overflows.<sup id="cite_ref-:8b_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8b-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reduce energy usage since the growing media provides additional insulation, reduces the amount of solar radiation on the roof's surface, and provides evaporative cooling from water in the plants, which reduce the roof surface temperatures and heat influx.<sup id="cite_ref-:8b_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8b-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green roofs also reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide since the vegetation sequesters carbon and, since they reduce energy usage and the urban heat island by reducing the roof temperature, they also lower carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_planting">Tree planting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tree planting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planting</a> provides a host of ecological, social, and economic benefits. Trees can intercept rain, support infiltration and water storage in soil, diminish the impact of raindrops on barren surfaces, minimize soil moisture through transpiration, and they help reduce stormwater runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstantinos_L_2016_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstantinos_L_2016-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, trees contribute to recharging local aquifers and improve the health of watershed systems. Trees also reduce energy usage by providing shade and releasing water into the atmosphere which cools the air and reduces the amount of heat absorbed by buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, trees improve air quality by absorbing harmful air pollutants reducing the amount of greenhouse gases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioretention_and_infiltration_practices">Bioretention and infiltration practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bioretention and infiltration practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a variety of types of bioretention and infiltration practices, including <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">rain gardens</a> and bioswales.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rain garden is planted in a small depression or natural slope and includes native shrubs and flowers. They temporarily hold and absorb rain water and are effective in removing up to 90% of nutrients and chemicals and up to 80% of sediments from the runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, they soak 30% more water than conventional gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioswales are planted in paved areas like parking lots or sidewalks and are made to allow for overflow into the sewer system by trapping silt and other pollutants, which are normally left over from impermeable surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both rain gardens and bioswales mitigate flood impacts and prevent stormwater from polluting local waterways; increase the usable water supply by reducing the amount of water needed for outdoor irrigation; improve air quality by minimizing the amount of water going into treatment facilities, which also reduces energy usage and, as a result, reduces air pollution since less greenhouse gases are emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-:7b_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smart_cities">Smart cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Smart cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Smart_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart cities">smart cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_resilience" title="Urban resilience">urban resilience</a></div> <p>Smart cities use innovative methods of design and implementation in various sectors of infrastructure and planning to create communities that operate at a higher level of relative sustainability than their traditional counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a sustainable city, <a href="/wiki/Urban_resilience" title="Urban resilience">urban resilience</a> as well as infrastructure reliability must both be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urban resilience is defined by a city's capacity to quickly adapt or recover from infrastructure defects, and infrastructure reliability means that systems must work efficiently while continuing to maximize their output.<sup id="cite_ref-Cervero_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cervero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When urban resilience and infrastructure reliability interact, cities are able to produce the same level of output at similarly reasonable costs as compared to other non sustainable communities, while still maintaining ease of operation and usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masdar_City">Masdar City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Masdar City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masdar_City" title="Masdar City">Masdar City</a></div> <p>Masdar City is a proposed zero emission smart city that will be contracted in the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some individuals have referred to this planned settlement as "utopia-like", due to the fact that it will feature multiple sustainable infrastructure elements, including energy, water, waste management, and transportation. Masdar City will have a power infrastructure containing renewable energy methods including solar energy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Masdar City is located in a desert region, meaning that sustainable collection and distribution of water is dependent on the city's ability to use water at innovative stages of the water cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city will use groundwater, greywater, seawater, blackwater, and other water resources to obtain both drinking and landscaping water.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Masdar City will be waste-free.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recycling and other waste management and waste reduction methods will be encouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the city will implement a system to convert waste into fertilizer, which will decrease the amount of space needed for waste accumulation as well as provide an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fertilizer production methods. </p><p>No cars will be allowed in Masdar City, contributing to low carbon emissions within the city boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, alternative transportation options will be prioritized during infrastructure development. This means that a bike lane network will be accessible and comprehensive, and other options will also be available.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Engineering portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_infrastructure" title="Agile infrastructure">Agile infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Airport infrastructure">Airport infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_Management_Plan" title="Asset Management Plan">Asset Management Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_a_service" title="Infrastructure as a service">Infrastructure as a service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Infrastructure asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrastructure building">Infrastructure building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_security" title="Infrastructure security">Infrastructure security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_finance" title="Project finance">Project finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-urbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-urbanization">Pseudo-urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure">Infrastructure | Define Infrastructure at Dictionary.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305150655/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/infrastructure">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanSheffrin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_O%27Sullivan_(economist)" title="Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)">O'Sullivan, Arthur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Sheffrin" title="Steven M. Sheffrin">Sheffrin, Steven M.</a> (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul"><i>Economics: Principles in Action</i></a></span>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsprincip00osul/page/n490">474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-063085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-063085-8"><bdi>978-0-13-063085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Principles+in+Action&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-063085-8&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Sheffrin%2C+Steven+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsprincip00osul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulmer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fulmer, Jeffrey (2009). "What in the world is infrastructure?". <i>PEI Infrastructure Investor</i> (July/August): 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PEI+Infrastructure+Investor&rft.atitle=What+in+the+world+is+infrastructure%3F&rft.issue=July%2FAugust&rft.pages=30-32&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fulmer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyerDyerWengWu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dyer, Mark; Dyer, Rachel; Weng, Min-Hsien; Wu, Shaoqun; Grey, Thomas; Gleeson, Richard; Ferrari, Tomás García (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fjurdp.19.00021">"Framework for soft and hard city infrastructures"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Urban Design and Planning</i>. <b>172</b> (6): 219–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fjurdp.19.00021">10.1680/jurdp.19.00021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10289%2F15706">10289/15706</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209056612">209056612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+-+Urban+Design+and+Planning&rft.atitle=Framework+for+soft+and+hard+city+infrastructures&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=219-227&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10289%2F15706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209056612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fjurdp.19.00021&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Weng%2C+Min-Hsien&rft.au=Wu%2C+Shaoqun&rft.au=Grey%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Gleeson%2C+Richard&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+Tom%C3%A1s+Garc%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1680%252Fjurdp.19.00021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamutak-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamutak_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamutak_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamutak" class="citation web cs1">Hamutak, Luta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laohamutuk.org/econ/14TLDPM/InfraCSOen.pdf">"Civil Society Comments on Infrastructure Strategic Sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Civil+Society+Comments+on+Infrastructure+Strategic+Sector&rft.aulast=Hamutak&rft.aufirst=Luta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laohamutuk.org%2Fecon%2F14TLDPM%2FInfraCSOen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Online Etymology Dictionary. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.atitle=Using+Green+Roofs+to+Reduce+Heat+Islands&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fheatislands%2Fusing-green-roofs-reduce-heat-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPA_Soak_Up_the_Rain_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/soakuptherain/soak-rain-permeable-pavement">"Soak Up the Rain: Permeable Pavement"</a>. <i>EPA</i>. 21 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA&rft.atitle=Soak+Up+the+Rain%3A+Permeable+Pavement&rft.date=2015-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsoakuptherain%2Fsoak-rain-permeable-pavement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNader2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nader, Sam (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199">"Paths to a low-carbon economy—The Masdar example"</a>. <i>Energy Procedia</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3951–3958. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnPro...1.3951N">2009EnPro...1.3951N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199">10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.199</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Procedia&rft.atitle=Paths+to+a+low-carbon+economy%E2%80%94The+Masdar+example&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3951-3958&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.egypro.2009.02.199&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EnPro...1.3951N&rft.aulast=Nader&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.egypro.2009.02.199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-08/documents/energy_conservation_fact_sheet_p100il6t.pdf">"Wastewater Management Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EPA: Office of Water</i>. July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EPA%3A+Office+of+Water&rft.atitle=Wastewater+Management+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2019-08%2Fdocuments%2Fenergy_conservation_fact_sheet_p100il6t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koh, Jae Myong (2018) <i>Green Infrastructure Financing: Institutional Investors, PPPs and Bankable Projects</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71769-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71769-2">978-3-319-71769-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNurreCavdarogluMitchellSharkey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nurre, Sarah G.; Cavdaroglu, Burak; Mitchell, John E.; Sharkey, Thomas C.; Wallace, William A. (December 2012). "Restoring infrastructure systems: An integrated network design and scheduling (INDS) problem". <i>European Journal of Operational Research</i>. <b>223</b> (3): 794–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2012.07.010">10.1016/j.ejor.2012.07.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Operational+Research&rft.atitle=Restoring+infrastructure+systems%3A+An+integrated+network+design+and+scheduling+%28INDS%29+problem&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=794-806&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejor.2012.07.010&rft.aulast=Nurre&rft.aufirst=Sarah+G.&rft.au=Cavdaroglu%2C+Burak&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+John+E.&rft.au=Sharkey%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Wallace%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2007" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Kate (2007). <i>The works: anatomy of a city</i>. Researched by Wendy Marech (Reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311270-9"><bdi>978-0-14-311270-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+works%3A+anatomy+of+a+city&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311270-9&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Larry W. Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", <i>Capital Matter</i> (Occasional Paper Series), No. 3 December 2008</li> <li>A. Eberhard, "Infrastructure Regulation in Developing Countries", <i>PPIAF Working Paper No. 4</i> (2007) World Bank</li> <li>M. Nicolas J. Firzli and Vincent Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity: The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective", published jointly in <i>Revue Analyse Financière</i>, Q4 2011 issue, pp. 34–37 and USAK/JTW July 30, 2011 (online edition)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2005" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Brian (2005). <i>Infrastructure: the book of everything for the industrial landscape</i> (1st ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32959-9"><bdi>978-0-393-32959-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure%3A+the+book+of+everything+for+the+industrial+landscape&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32959-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuler2010" class="citation book cs1">Huler, Scott (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ongridplotofland00hule"><i>On the grid: a plot of land, an average neighborhood, and the systems that make our world work</i></a></span>. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60529-647-0"><bdi>978-1-60529-647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+grid%3A+a+plot+of+land%2C+an+average+neighborhood%2C+and+the+systems+that+make+our+world+work&rft.place=Emmaus%2C+PA&rft.pub=Rodale&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60529-647-0&rft.aulast=Huler&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fongridplotofland00hule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Inderst, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure", <i>OECD Working Papers on Insurance and Private Pensions</i>, No. 32 (2009)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalakoglou2017" class="citation book cs1">Dalakoglou, Dimitris (2017). <i>The Road: An Ethnography of (Im)mobility, space and cross-border infrastructures</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press/ Oxford university Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road%3A+An+Ethnography+of+%28Im%29mobility%2C+space+and+cross-border+infrastructures&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press%2F+Oxford+university+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Dalakoglou&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrastructure" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastructure&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infrastructure" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:infrastructure">infrastructure</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org/">Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nextgenerationinfrastructures.eu/">Next Generation Infrastructures international research programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/">Report Card on America's Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aesports.world//">sustainable sports infrastructure</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docupedia.de/zg/Laak_infrastructures_v1_en_2021">Dirk van Laak: <i>Infrastructures</i></a>, version: 1.0, in: Docupedia Zeitgeschichte, 20th may 2021</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infrastructure" title="Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">Drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footbridge" title="Footbridge">Footbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">Skyway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground" title="Playground">Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Template:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Template talk:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_infrastructure_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public infrastructure topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fixed_asset" title="Fixed asset">Assets</a><br />and<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_infrastructure" title="Critical infrastructure">Critical infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_square" title="Town square">Town square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(law)" title="Appropriation (law)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_asset_management" title="Infrastructure asset management">Infrastructure asset management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build%E2%80%93operate%E2%80%93transfer" title="Build–operate–transfer">Build–operate–transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">Earmark</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Engineering">Engineering contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_cost" title="Fixed cost">Fixed cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">Government debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_bond" title="Infrastructure bond">Infrastructure bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindahl_tax" title="Lindahl tax">Lindahl tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance,_repair,_and_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance, repair, and operations">Maintenance, repair, and operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">Property tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_capital" title="Public capital">Public capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership" title="Public–private partnership">Public–private partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renovation" title="Renovation">Renovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_(economics)" title="Spillover (economics)">Spillover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upgrade" title="Upgrade">Upgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues<br />and<br />ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congestion_pricing" title="Congestion pricing">Congestion pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">Fuel efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tax" title="Fuel tax">Fuel tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">Hybrid vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Land-use planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">Smart growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Sustainable urban infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">Traffic congestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">Urban sprawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">Weatherization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields<br />of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashi_Kaiky%C5%8D_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashi Kaikyō Bridge">Akashi Kaikyō Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_rapid_transit_systems" title="List of bus rapid transit systems">Bus rapid transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_controlled-access_highway_systems" title="List of controlled-access highway systems">Controlled-access highway systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission#Overhead_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">High-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_Bridge" title="Humber Bridge">Humber Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millau_Viaduct" title="Millau Viaduct">Millau Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms" title="List of offshore wind farms">Offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Shanghai" title="Port of Shanghai">Port of Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge" title="San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge">San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country" title="Solar power by country">Solar power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">Transcontinental railroads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rail_infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rail_tracks" title="Template talk:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rail_tracks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rail tracks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rail_infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rail <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transport_infrastructure">infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Tracks</a><small> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_way_(history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent way (history)">(history)</a> </small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">Ballast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baulk_road" title="Baulk road">Baulk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breather_switch" title="Breather switch">Breather switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_and_scotch" title="Clip and scotch">Clip and scotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_nail" title="Date nail">Date nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_fastening_system" title="Rail fastening system">Fastening system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishplate" title="Fishplate">Fishplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_track" title="Ladder track">Ladder track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_railway_curve_radius" title="Minimum railway curve radius">Minimum radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">Profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">Tie/Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_transition_curve" title="Track transition curve">Transition curve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trackwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_loop" title="Balloon loop">Balloon loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_yard" title="Classification yard">Classification yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headshunt" title="Headshunt">Headshunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_track" title="Pocket track">Pocket track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junction_(rail)" title="Junction (rail)">Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauntlet_track" title="Gauntlet track">Gauntlet track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_bar" title="Guide bar">Guide bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_loop" title="Passing loop">Passing loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_gauge" title="Dual gauge">dual gauge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_(rail_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Track (rail transport)">Rail track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_turntable" title="Railway turntable">Railway turntable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_table" title="Transfer table">Transfer table (traverser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_way" title="Roll way">Roll way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">Siding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_siding" title="Refuge siding">refuge siding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">Track geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_crane" title="Water crane">Water crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_trough" title="Water trough">Water trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wye_(rail)" title="Wye (rail)">Wye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Signalling</a><br />and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-trespass_panels" title="Anti-trespass panels">Anti-trespass panels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_post" title="Block post">Block post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_stop" title="Buffer stop">Buffer stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_points" title="Catch points">Catch points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_detector" title="Defect detector">Defect detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derail" title="Derail">Derailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard rail (railroad)">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking" title="Interlocking">Interlocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">Loading gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_control" title="Signalling control">Signalling control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_gauge" title="Structure gauge">Structure gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_signal_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad signal bridge">Signal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(bridges)" title="Tell-tale (bridges)">Tell-tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_stop" title="Train stop">Train stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayside_horn" title="Wayside horn">Wayside horn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaling_tower" title="Coaling tower">Coaling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motive_power_depot" title="Motive power depot">Motive power depot</a>/<a href="/wiki/Railway_workshop" title="Railway workshop">Railway workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">Roundhouse</a></li> <li>Shed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Train_shed" title="Train shed">for trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_shed" title="Goods shed">for goods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Station_building" title="Station building">building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_clock" title="Station clock">clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_station" title="Ghost station">ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stop" title="Water stop">Water stop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_railways" title="Military railways">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway" title="Private railway">Private</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_railway_station" title="Private railway station">station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_railway_stations" title="List of private railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121359#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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