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(PDF) Geometry and Meaning in Early Qur'anic Manuscripts

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In an earlier article, we have made a series of observations about the Qur'an of Am jür, a manuscript written in 262/876, at the peak of the Kufic tradition, which coincided with a period of extensive translation of Greek works into Arabic. 2 Both its script and layout turned out to be constructed according to elaborate geometrical and proportional rules. However, it remained to be determined whether the underlying system was unique to this relatively lavish manuscript or more widespread. The present article expounds the results of the analysis of over a thousand early Qur'anic pages, representing several hundred manuscripts in all Kufic scripts. Its conclusions will raise new questions about the Kufic tradition's origins and meaning.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"30647580"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Geometry of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1106704]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div 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class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Geometry of Early Qur&#39;anic Manuscripts</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1106704" href="https://qma.academia.edu/AlainFouadGeorge"><img alt="Profile image of Alain Fouad George" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1106704/841214/1045208/s65_alain.george.jpg" />Alain Fouad George</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--work-card&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:30647580,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/2643183/The_Geometry_of_Early_Quranic_Manuscripts&quot;}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button 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Many theories suggest that Islamic illustration uses particular structures, including those based on spirals and proportion; however, these theories generally only relate the structure of such illustrations to sacred Islamic symbolism without reviewing the craft of illustration or the skills of the illustrators. Many researchers studying Islamic manuscripts, including Deroche, who studied Islamic codicology, have instead highlighted the range of tools used in Islamic civilisation, pointing out that many geometrical tools, some of which are no longer extant, were used by book craftsmen, including multiple kinds of rulers (Mastara). Diverse studies have thus used geometrical analyses to study Islamic manuscripts; Polosin studied the geometry of an illuminated folio in a Quranic manuscript and found that Islamic craftsmen at that time were aware of geometry and page structure, while George studied early Quranic ma...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Geometrical Structure of Illustrations in Islamic Manuscripts: A Case Study of Kalila and Demna Illustrations&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:83605826,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/75935427/Geometrical_Structure_of_Illustrations_in_Islamic_Manuscripts_A_Case_Study_of_Kalila_and_Demna_Illustrations&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75935427/Geometrical_Structure_of_Illustrations_in_Islamic_Manuscripts_A_Case_Study_of_Kalila_and_Demna_Illustrations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122331495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY">FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR&#39;AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58913972" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmiasSyed">Saima Syed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study would evaluate the manuscript&#39;s design (organic and geometric), its significance, and its relevance to Islamic art and how it is proven to be a good example of visual art. A visual design is a combination of lines, textures, and colours. The creation of design depends upon the emergence of different types of lines. The development of this creative activity is associated with the evolution of the civilizations of mankind as well. Initially, the orientation of lines was used for communication and then for beautification. In this study, the specimen of Illuminated Qur&#39;an manuscripts (16th century-18th century) has been collected from Ganjbkhsh library Islamabad (GBL) and Qatar national library. This study is conducted under the framework of physical analysis with the help of Artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of Arabesque&#39;s typology and its attributes during the 16th to 18th century. In total, 542 images from 96 Qur&#39;an manuscripts of GBL and 28 images from the 5 illuminated manuscripts of the Qur&#39;an of the Qatar National library are included in this study. GBL data has been organized chronologically, as 30 manuscripts are from the 16th century, 24 from the 17th century and 42 from the 18th century whereas Qatar national library data has no defined chronological order. FastAi drew the relative chronology of the untrained data of Qatar National library and its results.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR&#39;AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:117018569,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="28981788" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28981788/Written_spoken_envisioned_the_many_facets_of_the_Quran_in_art">Written, spoken, envisioned: the many facets of the Qur&#39;an in art</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9925165" href="https://bc.academia.edu/SheilaBlair">Sheila Blair</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Written, spoken, envisioned: the many facets of the Qur&#39;an in art&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:49426508,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/28981788/Written_spoken_envisioned_the_many_facets_of_the_Quran_in_art&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28981788/Written_spoken_envisioned_the_many_facets_of_the_Quran_in_art"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="43294485" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence">The Composition and Writing of the Qur&#39;an: Old Explanations and New Evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14311719" href="https://auk.academia.edu/RaymondFarrin">Raymond K Farrin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article challenges the view, common among Western academics since early last century, that the Qurʾān was left incomplete as a book and did not take final shape until well after the Prophet&#39;s death. Against this, it highlights an example of structural continuity: that of center-periphery connection between adjacent sūras. This type of connection is identified throughout the phases of revelation, from the early Meccan period to the late Medinan one. The structural consistency illuminated here indicates that one author or authority likely arranged the Qurʾān, a finding in accordance with recent stylometric analysis of the text carried out at Princeton University. It also accords with an examination of the theme of jihād in the Qurʾān, the conclusions of which were presented at the 2017 International Qur&#39;anic Studies Association conference in Boston. Far from suggesting a multiplicity of voices, the doctrine of jihād is characterized by overall consistency and adherence to core principles, pointing to a likely single origin. Next, before the conclusion of the article, an updated hypothesis for the early writing and transmission of the Qurʾān is presented, taking into account the existence of minor variations in the old codices, the reports about an ʿUthmānic commission issuing a standard text, and the fact that no prototype manuscript has been discovered.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;The Composition and Writing of the Qur&#39;an: Old Explanations and New Evidence&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:63571770,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="102924749" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/102924749/Graphic_Quire_Marks_and_Qur_anic_Verse_Markers_in_Frankish_and_Islamic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_and_Eighth_Centuries">Graphic Quire Marks and Qur’anic Verse Markers in Frankish and Islamic Manuscripts from the Seventh and Eighth Centuries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88842990" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LNees">Lawrence Nees</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Graphic Devices and the Early Decorated Book, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Graphic Quire Marks and Qur’anic Verse Markers in Frankish and Islamic Manuscripts from the Seventh and Eighth Centuries&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:103116516,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/102924749/Graphic_Quire_Marks_and_Qur_anic_Verse_Markers_in_Frankish_and_Islamic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_and_Eighth_Centuries&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102924749/Graphic_Quire_Marks_and_Qur_anic_Verse_Markers_in_Frankish_and_Islamic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_and_Eighth_Centuries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="99048881" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99048881/The_Word_Illuminated_Form_and_Function_of_Quranic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_to_Seventeenth_Centuries">The Word Illuminated: Form and Function of Qur&#39;anic Manuscripts from the Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35203777" href="https://si.academia.edu/SimonRettig">Simon Rettig</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">FULL BOOK AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD FOR FREE IN THE LINK: https://smithsonian.figshare.com/articles/book/The_Word_Illuminated_Form_and_Function_of_Qur_anic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_to_Seventeenth_Centuries/21948098 Diplomatic gifts, war prizes, or library treasures of royal and princely libraries—handwritten Qurʾans have also been endowed to mosques, tombs, and other religious complexes to perpetuate and transmit their baraka (divine blessing). Artistic, historic, and religious contexts and materiality of Qurʾans are investigated, from use of costly materials such as gold and parchment to development of special scripts, intricate illuminated designs, and meticulously tooled bindings. This edited collection resulted from a 2016 symposium at the Smithsonian’s Arthur M. Sacker Gallery in conjunction with the exhibition The Art of the Qurʾan: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;The Word Illuminated: Form and Function of Qur&#39;anic Manuscripts from the Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:100238613,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/99048881/The_Word_Illuminated_Form_and_Function_of_Quranic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_to_Seventeenth_Centuries&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99048881/The_Word_Illuminated_Form_and_Function_of_Quranic_Manuscripts_from_the_Seventh_to_Seventeenth_Centuries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="41560794" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41560794/Quran_Stylistic_and_Mathematical_Miracle">Qur&#39;an : Stylistic and Mathematical Miracle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49395199" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MontyAlfianto">Monty Alfianto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Qur&#39;an_stylistic_and_mathematical_miracle.pdf, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Translated by Lamia Kulenović Urednik: Prof. dr. Ivo Komšić The book constitutes an introduction to a new and different approach to the Qur’anic text. We feel certain that this will open up new perspectives and new areas of research into the poetic language and the meaning itself of the Text, primarily by means ot the exact language of mathematics. It is a significant enterprise, providing the reader with an insight into two diametrically opposite methods of studying the Qur’an - the stylistic and the mathematical. We are of the view that it will greatly alter the direction of interest in the phenomenon of the Text, for it places the study of the language of the Qur`an in a wider context, which implies or explicitly raises the question of the power and structure of this extraordinary text. The authors approach the Text in an original and unusual way, not reducing it to a certain number of mathematical models, but revealing within it an entire gamut of different relations, making the Text seem much richer. We believe that the book will prompt a different approach to and further studies of the Qur’an, but that it will also induce a sense of unease among the fearful, particularly those who are not ready for another and difterent approach to the interpretation ofthe Text.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Qur&#39;an : Stylistic and Mathematical Miracle&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:61719220,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/41560794/Quran_Stylistic_and_Mathematical_Miracle&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41560794/Quran_Stylistic_and_Mathematical_Miracle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="80169922" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80169922/Review_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Quranic_Text_Up_To_the_Quranic_Maps">Review of the Presentation of the Qur&#39;anic Text Up To the Qur&#39;anic Maps</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="126656741" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LateefKhan7">Lateef Khan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Efforts that make a difference in the way people read, recite, memorize, understand the Holy Qur’an, and absorb the great teachings it contains are usually welcomed by millions of Muslims worldwide. This proposed study aims to provide a historical review of the enhancements which have been made to the Qur&amp;#39;anic text, both in the textual and technical levels. It covers the development that took place in four presentation areas: the initial text presentation, development in text-decoration, computation and digitization, and the uses of graphic organizers and concept and mind maps.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal&quot;,&quot;work_title&quot;:&quot;Review of the Presentation of the Qur&#39;anic Text Up To the Qur&#39;anic Maps&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:86641280,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;work_url&quot;:&quot;https://www.academia.edu/80169922/Review_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Quranic_Text_Up_To_the_Quranic_Maps&quot;,&quot;alternativeTracking&quot;:true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80169922/Review_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Quranic_Text_Up_To_the_Quranic_Maps"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:30647580,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas&quot;,&quot;attachmentId&quot;:30647580,&quot;attachmentType&quot;:&quot;pdf&quot;,&quot;workUrl&quot;:null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_30647580" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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