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{"work":{"id":2643185,"created_at":"2013-02-24T21:46:39.439-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-13T17:17:51.254-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"This short study of a Qur'an from the ninth century shows that it is based on numbers revered by the Ancients and reveals a geometric dimension of early Arabic calligraphy that has so far gone unnoticed. Modern scholarship on the subject, which stretches back over two centuries, has until recently focused primarily on letter forms. But the Greeks, probably beginning with Pythagoras, saw a spiritual dimension in certain numbers and the proportions related to them, which they studied in theory and applied in the arts. It appears that three of these proportions are at the basis of the script and layout of the Qur'an of Amajur, dated 262 (876).","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"30647598"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The Geometry of the Qur'an of Amajur","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1106704]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":30647598,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The Geometry of the Qur'an of Amajur”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/30647598/mini_magick20180818-15211-bd0kau.png?1534657949" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The Geometry of the Qur'an of Amajur</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1106704" href="https://qma.academia.edu/AlainFouadGeorge"><img alt="Profile image of Alain Fouad George" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1106704/841214/1045208/s65_alain.george.jpg" />Alain Fouad George</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">15 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2643185; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=2643185"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountNumber = Number(viewCount); if (!viewCountNumber) { throw new Error('Failed to parse view count'); } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This short study of a Qur'an from the ninth century shows that it is based on numbers revered by the Ancients and reveals a geometric dimension of early Arabic calligraphy that has so far gone unnoticed. Modern scholarship on the subject, which stretches back over two centuries, has until recently focused primarily on letter forms. But the Greeks, probably beginning with Pythagoras, saw a spiritual dimension in certain numbers and the proportions related to them, which they studied in theory and applied in the arts. It appears that three of these proportions are at the basis of the script and layout of the Qur'an of Amajur, dated 262 (876).</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":30647598,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2643185/The_Geometry_of_the_Quran_of_Amajur"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":30647598,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2643185/The_Geometry_of_the_Quran_of_Amajur"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="30647598" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/2643185/The_Geometry_of_the_Quran_of_Amajur" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="2643183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2643183/The_Geometry_of_Early_Quranic_Manuscripts">The Geometry of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1106704" href="https://qma.academia.edu/AlainFouadGeorge">Alain Fouad George</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Early Qur'anic manuscripts are gradually emerging as important witnesses of their civilisation. 1 Not only can they provide evidence for the history of the Qur'anic text, but their formal features might also tell us something about the way art and its deeper meaning were perceived in the classical age of Islam. In an earlier article, we have made a series of observations about the Qur'an of Am jür, a manuscript written in 262/876, at the peak of the Kufic tradition, which coincided with a period of extensive translation of Greek works into Arabic. 2 Both its script and layout turned out to be constructed according to elaborate geometrical and proportional rules. However, it remained to be determined whether the underlying system was unique to this relatively lavish manuscript or more widespread. The present article expounds the results of the analysis of over a thousand early Qur'anic pages, representing several hundred manuscripts in all Kufic scripts. Its conclusions will raise new questions about the Kufic tradition's origins and meaning.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Geometry of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts","attachmentId":30647580,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2643183/The_Geometry_of_Early_Quranic_Manuscripts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2643183/The_Geometry_of_Early_Quranic_Manuscripts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="109240666" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109240666/The_Earliest_Quranic_Scripts">The Earliest Qur'anic Scripts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6875386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusFraser">Marcus Fraser</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Islamic Art, Architecture and Material Culture: New perspectives, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper presents some preliminary observations on the Arabic scripts used in the earliest period of the Islamic era. The study focuses on Qur'an manuscripts and fragments written on parchment in so-called Hijazi scripts, and examines individual letter-forms, as well as words and the overall character of the scripts in relation both to each other and to contemporary scripts used on non-Qur'anic materials such as papyrus documents, coins, stone inscriptions and architecture. The aim of the overall study is to build up an accurate and broad-based survey of the scripts used in the earliest Islamic period, to attempt to establish their dating, and to describe any developmental features that emerge. Arabic palaeography has piqued the interest of many scholars over the centuries. In terms of research into Qur'ans in so-called Hijazi scripts, Michele Amari in the early nineteenth century was perhaps the first European scholar to focus on this area, and over the last century research has been carried out by, among others, Bernhard</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Earliest Qur'anic Scripts","attachmentId":107424793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109240666/The_Earliest_Quranic_Scripts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109240666/The_Earliest_Quranic_Scripts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37735518" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37735518/_Shaping_the_Word_of_God_Visual_Codifications_of_the_Quran_between_1000_and_1700_in_The_Art_of_the_Quran_Treasures_from_the_Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Massumeh_Farhad_and_Simon_Rettig_Washington_D_C_Arthur_M_Sackler_Gallery_2016_76_97">“Shaping the Word of God: Visual Codifications of the Qur'an between 1000 and 1700” in The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Massumeh Farhad and Simon Rettig, (Washington D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2016): 76-97</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35203777" href="https://si.academia.edu/SimonRettig">Simon Rettig</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Shaping the Word of God: Visual Codifications of the Qur'an between 1000 and 1700” in The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, Massumeh Farhad and Simon Rettig, (Washington D.C.: Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, 2016): 76-97","attachmentId":57730297,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37735518/_Shaping_the_Word_of_God_Visual_Codifications_of_the_Quran_between_1000_and_1700_in_The_Art_of_the_Quran_Treasures_from_the_Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Massumeh_Farhad_and_Simon_Rettig_Washington_D_C_Arthur_M_Sackler_Gallery_2016_76_97","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37735518/_Shaping_the_Word_of_God_Visual_Codifications_of_the_Quran_between_1000_and_1700_in_The_Art_of_the_Quran_Treasures_from_the_Museum_of_Turkish_and_Islamic_Arts_Massumeh_Farhad_and_Simon_Rettig_Washington_D_C_Arthur_M_Sackler_Gallery_2016_76_97"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122331495" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY">FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR'AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58913972" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmiasSyed">Saima Syed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study would evaluate the manuscript's design (organic and geometric), its significance, and its relevance to Islamic art and how it is proven to be a good example of visual art. A visual design is a combination of lines, textures, and colours. The creation of design depends upon the emergence of different types of lines. The development of this creative activity is associated with the evolution of the civilizations of mankind as well. Initially, the orientation of lines was used for communication and then for beautification. In this study, the specimen of Illuminated Qur'an manuscripts (16th century-18th century) has been collected from Ganjbkhsh library Islamabad (GBL) and Qatar national library. This study is conducted under the framework of physical analysis with the help of Artificial intelligence, a comparative analysis of Arabesque's typology and its attributes during the 16th to 18th century. In total, 542 images from 96 Qur'an manuscripts of GBL and 28 images from the 5 illuminated manuscripts of the Qur'an of the Qatar National library are included in this study. GBL data has been organized chronologically, as 30 manuscripts are from the 16th century, 24 from the 17th century and 42 from the 18th century whereas Qatar national library data has no defined chronological order. FastAi drew the relative chronology of the untrained data of Qatar National library and its results.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FRONTISPIECES OF QURAN MANUSCRIPTS: THE SIGNIFICANT FEATURE OF ARABESQUE PATTERN IN ILLUMINATED QUR'AN MANUSCRIPTS FROM THE 16TH TO 18TH CENTURY","attachmentId":117018569,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122331495/FRONTISPIECES_OF_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_THE_SIGNIFICANT_FEATURE_OF_ARABESQUE_PATTERN_IN_ILLUMINATED_QURAN_MANUSCRIPTS_FROM_THE_16TH_TO_18TH_CENTURY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="34456787" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34456787/Review_of_Deroche_Qurans_of_the_Umayyads">Review of Deroche, Qur'ans of the Umayyads</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1268638" href="https://aku.academia.edu/SarahBowenSavant">Sarah Bowen Savant</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Deroche, Qur'ans of the Umayyads","attachmentId":54330366,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34456787/Review_of_Deroche_Qurans_of_the_Umayyads","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34456787/Review_of_Deroche_Qurans_of_the_Umayyads"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="36836962" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36836962/The_Quranic_Manuscripts">The Qur'anic Manuscripts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81786940" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PJSoares">Paulo J. Soares</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Qur'anic Manuscripts","attachmentId":56789547,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36836962/The_Quranic_Manuscripts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36836962/The_Quranic_Manuscripts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="51792331" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51792331/AN_EVALUATION_OF_MAIL_QURAN_MANUSCRIPT">AN EVALUATION OF MA'IL QUR'AN MANUSCRIPT</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="202794537" href="https://qu.academia.edu/SherineElMenshawy">Sherine El-Menshawy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines Ma'il Qur'an Leaf manuscript housed in Tareq Rajab Museum in Kuwait. It discusses the manuscript's vocalization, dating, script, writing material, special inks formulated for parchment and manuscript ‗s origin. The manuscript is not vocalized, it dates to the 1st c. AH (7 th c. AD). It is written in H ijāzī script with the "slanting" writing. The manuscript scribe used a parchment as a writing material and an ink made of gallnuts (hibr). Originated propably from the Arabian Peninsula, writing lines appear to be uniformly distributed which implies the scribe concern to write in accurate style.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"AN EVALUATION OF MA'IL QUR'AN MANUSCRIPT","attachmentId":69358173,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51792331/AN_EVALUATION_OF_MAIL_QURAN_MANUSCRIPT","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51792331/AN_EVALUATION_OF_MAIL_QURAN_MANUSCRIPT"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="5800737" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5800737/THE_PRINCIPAL_SOURCE_OF_ARABIC_CALLIGRAPHY">THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF ARABIC CALLIGRAPHY </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4123298" href="https://ciit-isb.academia.edu/ShahidRajput">Shahid Ahmad Rajput</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pakistan Heritage, Department of Archaeology, School of Cultural Heritage and Creative Technologies, Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan, Vol. 5, June. 2014, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF ARABIC CALLIGRAPHY ","attachmentId":33669227,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5800737/THE_PRINCIPAL_SOURCE_OF_ARABIC_CALLIGRAPHY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5800737/THE_PRINCIPAL_SOURCE_OF_ARABIC_CALLIGRAPHY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="43294485" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence">The Composition and Writing of the Qur'an: Old Explanations and New Evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14311719" href="https://auk.academia.edu/RaymondFarrin">Raymond K Farrin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article challenges the view, common among Western academics since early last century, that the Qurʾān was left incomplete as a book and did not take final shape until well after the Prophet's death. Against this, it highlights an example of structural continuity: that of center-periphery connection between adjacent sūras. This type of connection is identified throughout the phases of revelation, from the early Meccan period to the late Medinan one. The structural consistency illuminated here indicates that one author or authority likely arranged the Qurʾān, a finding in accordance with recent stylometric analysis of the text carried out at Princeton University. It also accords with an examination of the theme of jihād in the Qurʾān, the conclusions of which were presented at the 2017 International Qur'anic Studies Association conference in Boston. Far from suggesting a multiplicity of voices, the doctrine of jihād is characterized by overall consistency and adherence to core principles, pointing to a likely single origin. Next, before the conclusion of the article, an updated hypothesis for the early writing and transmission of the Qurʾān is presented, taking into account the existence of minor variations in the old codices, the reports about an ʿUthmānic commission issuing a standard text, and the fact that no prototype manuscript has been discovered.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Composition and Writing of the Qur'an: Old Explanations and New Evidence","attachmentId":63571770,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43294485/The_Composition_and_Writing_of_the_Quran_Old_Explanations_and_New_Evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="73383763" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73383763/EXPLANATIONS_FOR_WRITING_AND_NOT_WRITING_THE_ALIF_IN_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN_IN_LIGHT_OF_THE_MNNUSCRIPTS_OF_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN">EXPLANATIONS FOR WRITING AND NOT WRITING THE ALIF IN THE ANCIENT QUR"AN IN LIGHT OF THE MNNUSCRIPTS OF THE ANCIENT QUR"AN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40309851" href="https://moheiraq.academia.edu/munshid">D.Munshid F Wadi أ.د.منشد فالح وادي</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Studying the explanations that dealt with the reasons for deleting the letter "alif" or proving them are topics that acquire special importance because those explanations were not subject to scientific rules, but were in their entirety personal jurisprudence, and comparing those explanations in the light of the ancient manuscripts of the Qur"an is crucial in studying them, since these Qurans are documents that can be Relying on it and resorting to the phenomena that emerge in it, this study relies on the comparison between the explanations mentioned in the books of Quranic sciences or books of interpretation with what is in these manuscripts, as well as the comparison between those manuscripts in some places. I came to regard some of the phenomena of calligraphy as sacred or to give them ideological explanations, and in fact, by tracing the ancient manuscripts, they are nothing more than linear phenomena that were subject to factors that develop the Arabic calligraphy in its stages of development. It is accredited and has been the subject of extensive studies to prove the time of its writing and its scientific value. It is no secret to the reader that this study includes matching and interview. I hope that I have been able to present the topic in a scientific and convincing way. I would like to express my thanks to the researcher in Quranic manuscripts, Alba Fedeli, because she provided me with some sources from her valuable works and research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EXPLANATIONS FOR WRITING AND NOT WRITING THE ALIF IN THE ANCIENT QUR\"AN IN LIGHT OF THE MNNUSCRIPTS OF THE ANCIENT QUR\"AN","attachmentId":81925167,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73383763/EXPLANATIONS_FOR_WRITING_AND_NOT_WRITING_THE_ALIF_IN_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN_IN_LIGHT_OF_THE_MNNUSCRIPTS_OF_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73383763/EXPLANATIONS_FOR_WRITING_AND_NOT_WRITING_THE_ALIF_IN_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN_IN_LIGHT_OF_THE_MNNUSCRIPTS_OF_THE_ANCIENT_QUR_AN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30647598,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":30647598,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_30647598" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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