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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/375px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/500px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_and_information_science" title="Outline of library and information science">Outline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">Libraries</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">Information</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Focus</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archives_management" title="Archives management">Archives management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">cataloguing</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Curation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a> - <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> - <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Artefacts</a> - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Interdisciplinary fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Documentation_science" title="Documentation science">Documentation science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archival</a> - <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Legal</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Health</a> - <a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a> - <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> - <a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science" title="Category:Library and information science">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding: 0.3em"><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_information_science" title="Outline of information science">General aspects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_access" title="Information access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_behavior" title="Information behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Retrieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_seeking" title="Information seeking">Seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_organization" title="Knowledge organization">Knowledge organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #CCC;"> Related fields and subfields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Computer data storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_freedom" title="Intellectual freedom">Intellectual freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Information_science" title="Template:Information science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Information_science" title="Template talk:Information science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Information_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Information science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This page is a glossary of <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a>. </p> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents: </span></div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li> <li><a href="#External_links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="abstract"><dfn>Abstract</dfn></dt> <dd>Is a brief set of statements that summarize, classifies, evaluates, or describes the important points of a text, particularly a journal article. An abstract is typically found on the first page of a scholarly article. Because an abstract summarizes an article, it is very useful for either browsing or keyword searching.</dd> <dt id="annotation"><dfn>Annotation</dfn></dt> <dd>An explanatory or critical note or commentary. Annotation is also the process of adding an explanatory or critical note or commentary to a text. Reference lists are often annotated with comments about what each resource covered and how useful it was.</dd> <dt id="appendix"><dfn>Appendix</dfn></dt> <dd>A group of supplementary material appended to a text. It is usually related to the material in the main part of the text but not so closely related to it that it should be put into the main text. Put background information and supporting facts in the appendices. An example of a file that should be put in an appendix is a file of detailed charts and graphs of recent research closely related to the paper's main topic.</dd> <dt id="archive"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A place in which selected materials such as documents, objects, and other records are preserved due to their value both culturally, historically, or evidentiary to the individual, organisation, or society curating the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="arrangement"><dfn>Arrangement</dfn></dt> <dd>The organization of entities in a certain order.</dd> <dt id="article"><dfn>Article</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  (<b>General</b>) A document of writing, physical or virtual, on any given subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.  (<b><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Scholarly</a></b>) A document of writing specifically planned, researched, and curated by researchers to share insights within original research. This process is often quality assured through peer review where a group of academic peers review the article for its quality, merit, and original contribution. These are often published within academic journals that facilitate their quality assurance, publication, and access.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="author"><dfn>Author</dfn></dt> <dd>An originator of a creative work, particularly a writer of a text. Searching by author can be an effective form of information gathering.</dd> <dt id="authority_control"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">Authority control</a></dfn></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">cataloging process</a> in <a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">library management</a> of assigning unique headings to subjects such as author names and book titles to enable greater efficiency in referencing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="bibliography"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A list of writings related to a specific subject, writings by a specific author, or writings used in producing a specific text.</dd> <dt id="bibliographic_database"><dfn>Bibliographic database</dfn></dt> <dd>Is a computer based list of library resources. Typically each record contains the call number, author, title, publishing information, and other card catalog information.</dd> <dt id="bibliographic_framework_(bibframe)"><dfn>Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME)</dfn></dt> <dd>Data model for linked metadata of bibliographic description. Initiated by the Library of Congress to replace the MARC standards.</dd> <dt id="boolean_logic"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Boolean_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean logic">Boolean logic</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The algebraic system, developed by <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a> that is applied to Boolean expressions that contain Boolean operators such as AND, OR, NOT AND, and XOR (exclusive OR). This binary algebraic system is used primarily in switching circuits and database searches. Boolean operators are not to be confused with proximity operators such as NEAR.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="browse"><dfn>Browse</dfn></dt> <dd>To inspect something casually, particularly to use an internet browser to casually inspect Web pages. This involves following links from page to page (also called surfing) rather than searching directly. The main difference between browsing and searching is that with browsing you have very little advance knowledge of what will be on the next page.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="call_number"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Call_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Call number">Call number</a></dfn></dt> <dd>An identification marker used in libraries to categorize and locate books and other resources. Each resource is assigned a combination of letters and numbers which correspond with a location in the library. For example, the call number for the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is BF76.7 .P83 2001.</dd> <dt id="catalog/_catalogue"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">Catalog/ catalogue</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A complete and systematically organized enumeration of items, particularly the complete enumeration of a libraries' resources on a set of paper cards (card catalog) or in an electronic database (bibliographic database).</dd> <dt id="categorization"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Categorization" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorization">Categorization</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Grouping together like concepts, entities, objects, resources, etc.</dd> <dt id="citation"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The quoting or mentioning of a source. All works used in preparing a paper should be cited.</dd> <dt id="citation_search"><dfn>Citation search</dfn></dt> <dd>A search, by name, of all references to an individual. Some databases have a specific citation search option, otherwise you use a full-text search. For an example of a database that has a specific citation search option go to the University of Michigan Library Database.</dd> <dt id="classification"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The arrangement of subjects into certain categories.</dd> <dt id="community_analysis"><dfn>Community analysis</dfn></dt> <dd>The analysis of a set of people. Such analyses enable librarians to know the needs of patrons and hopefully provide better services to them. In a city library district, the set of relevant people would be all those who live in the city or those people eligible to use the library. Analysis may also be restricted to a subset of eligible library users.</dd> <dt id="conceptual_model"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">Conceptual model</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A representation of a system. It consists of concepts used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject that the model represents. In contrast, physical models are physical object such as a toy model that may be assembled and made to work like the object it represents.</dd> <dt id="controlled_vocabulary"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Limiting searches to the exact subject headings contained in the Library of Congress. An example would be "History – Bibliography etc". Some indexes, like Wilson Indexes, have their own system of headings and hence their own controlled vocabulary.</dd> <dt id="copyright"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The legal right granted to a copyright holder for the exclusive sale, distribution or reproduction of a creative work. It is a form of intellectual property that prevents others from using a creative work without consent of the owner. For example, Thomas Mann holds the copyright on the book The Oxford Guide to Library Research.</dd> <dt id="cross_reference_database"><dfn>Cross reference database</dfn></dt> <dd>A collection of records that have one or more fields that reference other related records. These connections (for example between "marketing" and "promotion") make browsing very productive and allow related-items searches.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="database"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Is an organized collection of data, generally stored and accessed electronically from a computer system.</dd> <dt id="descriptor"><dfn>Descriptor</dfn></dt> <dd>An index term used to identify a record in a database. It can consist of a word, phrase, or alphanumerical term. It can describe the content of the record or be an arbitrary code. When a descriptor is descriptive, it can be an effective search parameter.</dd> <dt id="dewey_decimal_classification_(ddc)"><dfn>Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC)</dfn></dt> <dd>A hierarchical system for classifying books and other library materials by subject, first published in 1876 by the librarian and educator <a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a>, who divided human knowledge into 10 main classes, each of which is divided into 10 divisions, etc. In Dewey Decimal call numbers, Arabic numerals and decimal fractions are used in the class notation (example: 996.9) and an alphanumeric book number is added to subarrange works of the same classification by author and by title and edition (996.9 B3262h).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="dissertation"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">Dissertation</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A written treatise or thesis, usually lengthy, usually authored by a doctoral candidate, usually directed by a faculty advisor, and usually intended to advance the state of the art in a given discipline. There can be an oral component to the process, in which the dissertation must be defended in front of critical judges. Dissertation searches are valuable because of their currency.</dd> <dt id="document_delivery"><dfn>Document delivery</dfn></dt> <dd>The transfer of a database record, or other information resource, to the end user. It can involve direct internet or email transfers, CD delivery via mail, paper delivery via mail, or delivery via interlibrary loan.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="edition"><dfn>Edition</dfn></dt> <dd>A version of a published text, or all the instances of a published text issued at a given time. An example would be the 2nd edition (2001).</dd> <dt id="entry"><dfn>Entry</dfn></dt> <dd>Any record, or a field in a record, that has been included, or entered, into a database. An <b>entry word</b> is the headword in a dictionary, encyclopedia, or glossary.</dd> <dt id="enumeration"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">Enumeration</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Is a complete, ordered listing of all the items in a collection.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="field"><dfn>Field</dfn></dt> <dd>An element of a database record. It contains one type of information and has a unique address. All or most other records in the database have a similar field. An example is the field "name".</dd> <dt id="finding_aid"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A description of an archival collection that describes the collection as a whole rather than individual pieces within the collection.</dd> <dt id="free-text_search"><dfn>Free-text search</dfn></dt> <dd> <dl><dd>1. is a simple word or character search, usually with very few Boolean, proximity, or scope limiting options. It is simple and fast.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>2. a search in which all the entries are freed from their original format of presentation. Text that originated in a journal article looks much the same as text that originated in a glossary or chat room.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>3. the deliberate limiting of the scope of the search parameters to include only records that are available free of charge.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dt id="full_text_database"><dfn>Full text database</dfn></dt> <dd>A collection of records containing complete versions of the original source, rather than just bibliographies, abstracts, or abridgements. An example is <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>. A related concept is that of a full text search which searches only sources that are complete, and ignores those records that are mere abstracts or descriptors.</dd> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="information_extraction"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Is the task of automatically extracting structured information from unstructured and/or semi-structured machine-readable documents.</dd> <dt id="information_literacy"><dfn>Information literacy</dfn></dt> <dd>Is the set of integrated abilities encompassing the reflective discovery of information, the understanding of how information is produced and valued, and the use of information in creating new knowledge and participating ethically in communities of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="information_mapping"><dfn>Information mapping</dfn></dt> <dd>Is a research-based method for writing clear and user focused information, based on the audience's needs and the purpose of the information.</dd> <dt id="information_science"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Is a field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.</dd> <dt id="interlibrary_loan"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">Interlibrary loan</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Or <b>interloan</b> – a service whereby a user of one library can borrow books or receive photocopies of documents that are owned by another library. The user makes a request with their local library, which, acting as an intermediary, identifies owners of the desired item, places the request, receives the item, makes it available to the user, and arranges for its return. This resource sharing system is being promoted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a> (IFLA).</dd> <dt id="inventory"><dfn>Inventory</dfn></dt> <dd>A tool used to provide a record of what is owned.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="journal"><dfn>Journal</dfn></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Periodical" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodical">periodical</a> publication that presents articles in a specific subject area. These may be <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade journal">trade journals</a>, or organizational <a href="/wiki/Newsletter" title="Newsletter">newsletters</a>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="keyword_search"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Keyword_search" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword search">Keyword search</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A search of a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> using some <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keyword</a>, a significant word from the title, abstract, or descriptor of a record as a point of reference to the article's overall content.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="literature_search"><dfn>Literature search</dfn></dt> <dd>A systematic and thorough search of all material, print or electronic, published on a given topic. This can include books, journals, newspapers, catalogs, encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, bibliographies, handbooks, manuals, indexes, yearbooks, gazetteers, directories, chronologies, almanacs, and guides.</dd> <dt id="location_device"><dfn>Location device</dfn></dt> <dd>A number or other designation system that is used to physically locate an item.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="marc_(machine-readable_cataloging)"><dfn><a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC (Machine-Readable Cataloging)</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A set standard of prescribed codes that allows a record to be "read" by a machine by identifying specific elements of a catalog record. MARC is used to share bibliographic data between libraries by transmitting the encoded metadata from one system to another, then displayed to the user in an identifiable form.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="menu"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Menu_(computing)" title="Menu (computing)">Menu</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A list of options from which a computer user can choose. This saves the user from having to memorize a set of commands. It also reduces the decision down to the basic information required (note the etymology from the French word minuet meaning small).</dd> <dt id="monograph"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A written document on a single subject, usually scholarly in nature and of approximately book length. They are valuable information sources because of their depth in a limited subject area.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="oclc_(online_computer_library_center)"><dfn><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC (Online Computer Library Center)</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A comprehensive bibliographic network that provides bibliographic, abstract, and full-text information to users.</dd> <dt id="operators"><dfn>Operators</dfn></dt> <dd>Symbols that represent operations. In computer science there are binary and unary operators depending on the number of elements or records an operator acts on. In database searching there are Boolean and Proximity operators. Boolean operators are a subclass of <a href="/wiki/Logical_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical operator">logical operators</a> (Logical operators are binary operators that manipulate data at the bit level.). A Boolean operator manipulates the binary "true/false" value.</dd> <dt id="online_catalog"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">Online catalog</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Or <b>electronic catalog</b> – a record of the holdings of an institution (e.g. library or museum) or group of institutions (a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a>), often searchable, that can be found on the Internet.</dd> <dt id="open_access"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, free of cost or other barriers,[1] and, in its most precise meaning, with the addition of an open license applied to promote reuse.</dd> <dt id="open_source"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></dfn></dt> <dd>In production and development a philosophy or methodology promoting free redistribution and access to an end product's design and implementation details.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="pathfinder"><dfn>Pathfinder</dfn></dt> <dd>A subject bibliography used to find resources the library has available on a specific topic.</dd> <dt id="paywall"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="Paywall">Paywall</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A method of restricting access to content via a paid subscription.</dd> <dt id="periodical_index"><dfn>Periodical index</dfn></dt> <dd>An alphabetized listing of works that are published at regular intervals of more than one day.</dd> <dt id="plagiarism"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Directly or indirectly passing off the work of others as your own. Characterised from poor use of citations and <a href="/wiki/Paraphrase" title="Paraphrase">paraphrasing</a>.</dd> <dt id="plan_s"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Plan_S" title="Plan S">Plan S</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The name for an initiative started in 2018 to established open access science publishing amongst twelve European countries.</dd> <dt id="primary_source"><dfn>Primary source</dfn></dt> <dd>The originator of a primary record. A primary record is a resource created by the same people that initially experienced or used it. They create the records for their own purposes, records that often remain unpublished. Sometimes they witness an event, sometimes they are involved in an event, and sometimes the record is directly created by the event.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="record"><dfn>Record</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  (<b>Store information</b>) A written document, both physical or virtual, that holds an account of a given subject of interest for future reference.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.  (<b><a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">Computer science</a></b>) Is a collection of data items that can be read and processed by a computer programme, with multiple records contained within a file or dataset.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>3.  (<b><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></b>) Is a collection of a fixed number of variables known as fields, with each field having its own identifier and data type across a given row. These fields can have numerous data types such that a record within a database might look like: Unique ID, first name, last name, age, country, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="reference_service"><dfn>Reference service</dfn></dt> <p class="glossary-hatnote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">Also called <b>reference and information services</b> or <b>reader services</b></span></p> <dd>The personal assistance provided to the library users in finding information. All the functions performed by a trained librarian employed in the reference section of a library to meet the information needs of patrons (in person, by telephone, or electronically), including but not limited to answering substantive questions, instructing users in the selection and use of appropriate tools and techniques for finding information, conducting searches on behalf of the patron, directing users to the location of library resources, assisting in the evaluation of information, referring patrons to resources outside the library when appropriate, etc. are regarded as the services provided under library reference services.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="search_strategy"><dfn>Search strategy</dfn></dt> <dd>A generalized set of technique used in the process of determining what information you currently have, determining what information you need, and determining how to get it. Some possible strategies include; controlled vocabulary searches, specific entry searches, browsing, general scanning, broad to narrow searches, adjacent item browsing, subject tracings searches, keyword searches, citation searches, literature searches, cross reference searches, and chat room questions and other direct people contact searches.</dd> <dt id="subject_heading"><dfn>Subject heading</dfn></dt> <dd>The name of the category that a record is included under. For example, the record "natural frequency of vibration" might be found under the subject heading of "Acoustics", and acoustics, in turn, might be found under the subject heading "Physics".</dd> <dt id="subject_directory"><dfn>Subject directory</dfn></dt> <dd>An hierarchical grouping of related subject headings. The tree structure shows relationships between subject headings. They can be found either inside a database or separate from a data base.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="thesaurus"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A book of synonyms, often also containing antonyms. An example is <a href="/wiki/Roget%27s_Thesaurus" title="Roget's Thesaurus">Roget's Thesaurus</a>. In database searching, a thesaurus strategy is to use multiple iterations to search for related words and generate result. The database will often suggest synonyms and related words to try.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="truncation"><dfn>Truncation</dfn></dt> <dd>The shortening of a search word, field, or record. In the case of truncating a search word, this is a strategy used to search among multiple variants or spellings of a word. The asterisk (*) is generally used as a wildcard to replace a letter or letters. An example is invest* which will pick up instances of invest, investor, investments, investigations, etc. In some databases, the asterisk must be accompanied with a number that define the number of characters that can be truncated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="weeding"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Is the systematic removal of resources from a library based on selected criteria around usage, value or quality, and physical condition, amongst other select criteria depending on the goals of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents: </span></div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li> <li><a href="#External_links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_library_and_information_science&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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