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id="toc-British_cultural_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stuart_Hall's_directorship_of_CCCS_at_Birmingham_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuart_Hall's_directorship_of_CCCS_at_Birmingham_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stuart Hall's directorship of CCCS at Birmingham centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuart_Hall's_directorship_of_CCCS_at_Birmingham_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late-1970s_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late-1970s_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late-1970s and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-1970s_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuart_Hall's_cultural_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuart_Hall's_cultural_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stuart Hall's cultural Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuart_Hall's_cultural_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_outside_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_outside_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Developments outside the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_outside_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues,_concepts,_and_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues,_concepts,_and_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues, concepts, and approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues,_concepts,_and_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues, concepts, and approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues,_concepts,_and_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gramsci_and_hegemony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gramsci_and_hegemony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Gramsci and hegemony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gramsci_and_hegemony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Structure and agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cultural consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_concept_of_"text"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_concept_of_"text""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>The concept of "text"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_concept_of_"text"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Academic reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_integration_of_popular_culture_in_cultural_studies_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_integration_of_popular_culture_in_cultural_studies_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>The integration of popular culture in cultural studies and education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_integration_of_popular_culture_in_cultural_studies_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The integration of popular culture in cultural studies and education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_integration_of_popular_culture_in_cultural_studies_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literary scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Science wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Founding works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural studies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuurstudies" title="Kultuurstudies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kultuurstudies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دراسات ثقافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دراسات ثقافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সাংস্কৃতিক অধ্যয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংস্কৃতিক অধ্যয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a_gi%C3%A1n-ki%C3%B9" title="Bûn-hòa gián-kiù – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-hòa gián-kiù" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Културни изследвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Културни изследвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudis_culturals" title="Estudis culturals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estudis culturals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultur%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_studia" title="Kulturální studia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kulturální studia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astudiaethau_diwylliannol" title="Astudiaethau diwylliannol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Astudiaethau diwylliannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturstudier" title="Kulturstudier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kulturstudier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturwissenschaft" title="Kulturwissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kulturwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultuuriuuringud" title="Kultuuriuuringud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kultuuriuuringud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudios_culturales" title="Estudios culturales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estudios culturales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturaj_sciencoj" title="Kulturaj sciencoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturaj sciencoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مطالعات فرهنگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مطالعات فرهنگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudes_culturelles" title="Études culturelles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Études culturelles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="문화연구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화연구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturalni_studiji" title="Kulturalni studiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kulturalni studiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturala_studii" title="Kulturala studii – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kulturala studii" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajian_budaya" title="Kajian budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kajian budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studi_culturali" title="Studi culturali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Studi culturali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA" title="לימודי תרבות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימודי תרבות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajian_budaya" title="Kajian budaya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kajian budaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კულტურული მეცნიერებები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კულტურული მეცნიერებები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultuurwetenschappen" title="Cultuurwetenschappen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cultuurwetenschappen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="カルチュラル・スタディーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルチュラル・スタディーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturelle_studier" title="Kulturelle studier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulturelle studier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cultural studies" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturoznawstwo" title="Kulturoznawstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kulturoznawstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudos_culturais" title="Estudos culturais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estudos culturais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Культурные исследования – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культурные исследования" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studimet_kulturore" title="Studimet kulturore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Studimet kulturore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" 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The specific problem is: <b>Many of the references are vague (one or more publications with no specific page); some are just explanations and notes.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cultural_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Cultural studies">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Non-free plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-non-free" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/37px-Copyright-problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/55px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/74px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="120" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain improper use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">non-free</a> material.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review their use according to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">criteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">guidelines</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Cultural studies</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Academic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic field">academic field</a> that explores the dynamics of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> (including the politics of <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>) and its social and historical foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural studies researchers investigate how cultural practices relate to wider systems of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> associated with, or operating through, social phenomena. These include <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Class structure">class structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">national formations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, and generation. Employing <a href="/wiki/Cultural_analysis" title="Cultural analysis">cultural analysis</a>, cultural studies views cultures not as fixed, bounded, stable, and discrete entities, but rather as constantly interacting and changing sets of practices and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural studies was initially developed by British Marxist academics in the late 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, and has been subsequently taken up and transformed by scholars from many different disciplines around the world. Cultural studies is avowedly and even radically interdisciplinary and can sometimes be seen as anti-disciplinary. A key concern for cultural studies practitioners is the examination of the forces within and through which socially organized people conduct and participate in the construction of their everyday lives.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural studies combines a variety of politically engaged critical approaches including <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">post-structuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media influence">media theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_studies" title="Film studies">film/video studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">translation studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum studies">museum studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies and historical periods. Cultural studies seeks to understand how meaning is generated, disseminated, contested, bound up with systems of power and control, and produced from the social, political and economic spheres within a particular social formation or conjuncture. The movement has generated important theories of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structure_or_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure or agency">agency</a>. Its practitioners attempt to explain and analyze the cultural forces related and processes of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. </p><p>During the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> in Britain and the U.S., cultural studies both became a global phenomenon, and attracted the attention of many conservative opponents both within and beyond universities for a variety of reasons. A worldwide movement of students and practitioners with a raft of scholarly associations and programs, annual international conferences and publications carry on work in this field today.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinct approaches to cultural studies have emerged in different national and regional contexts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sardar's_characteristics"><span id="Sardar.27s_characteristics"></span>Sardar's characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sardar's characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1994 book, <i>Introducing Cultural Studies</i>, <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Ziauddin Sardar</a> lists the following five main characteristics of cultural studies:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The objective of cultural studies is to understand culture in all its complex forms, and analyzing the social and political context in which culture manifests itself.</li> <li>Cultural study is a site of both study/analysis and <a href="/wiki/Political_criticism" title="Political criticism">political criticism</a>. For example, not only would a cultural studies scholar study an object, but they may also connect this study to a larger political project.</li> <li>Cultural studies attempts to expose and reconcile constructed divisions of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> that purport to be <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">grounded in nature</a>.</li> <li>Cultural studies has a commitment to an ethical evaluation of modern <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>.</li> <li>One aim of cultural studies could be to examine cultural practices and their relation to <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. For example, a study of a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> (such as white working-class youth in London) would consider their social practices against those of the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a> (in this example, the middle and upper classes in London who control the political and financial sectors that create policies affecting the well-being of white working-class youth in London).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_cultural_studies">British cultural studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British cultural studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Dworkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Dworkin (page does not exist)">Dennis Dworkin</a> writes that "a critical moment" in the beginning of cultural studies as a field was when <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a> used the term in 1964 in founding the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a> (CCCS) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre would become home to the development of the intellectual orientation that has become known internationally as the "<b>Birmingham School</b>" of cultural studies,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus becoming the world's first institutional home of cultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hoggart appointed as his assistant <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>, who would effectively be directing <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">CCCS</a> by 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall formally assumed the directorship of CCCS in 1971, when Hoggart left Birmingham to become Assistant Director-General of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the field of cultural studies became closely associated with Hall's work.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Hall left Birmingham to accept a prestigious chair in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, and Richard Johnson took over the directorship of the centre. </p><p>In the late 1990s, "restructuring" at the University of Birmingham led to the elimination of CCCS and the creation of a new Department of Cultural Studies and Sociology (CSS) in 1999. Then, in 2002, the university's senior administration abruptly announced the disestablishment of CSS, provoking a substantial international outcry. The immediate reason for disestablishment of the new department was an unexpectedly low result in the UK's <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercise</a> of 2001, though a dean from the university attributed the decision to "inexperienced 'macho management'."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAE, a holdover initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Margaret_Thatcher" title="Premiership of Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher-led</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> of 1986, determines research funding for university programs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To trace the development of British Cultural Studies, see, for example, the work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>, Stuart Hall, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Willis (cultural theorist)">Paul Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_McRobbie" title="Angela McRobbie">Angela McRobbie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gilroy" title="Paul Gilroy">Paul Gilroy</a>, David Morley, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Brunsdon" title="Charlotte Brunsdon">Charlotte Brunsdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dyer" title="Richard Dyer">Richard Dyer</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many published overviews of the historical development of cultural studies, including Graeme Turner's <i>British Cultural Studies: An Introduction</i>, 3rd Ed. and John Hartley's <i>A Short History of Cultural Studies</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1980_p_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1980_p-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuart_Hall's_directorship_of_CCCS_at_Birmingham_centre"><span id="Stuart_Hall.27s_directorship_of_CCCS_at_Birmingham_centre"></span>Stuart Hall's directorship of CCCS at Birmingham centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stuart Hall's directorship of CCCS at Birmingham centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1964, after the initial appearance of the founding works of British Cultural Studies in the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>'s pioneering work at <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">CCCS</a>, along with that of his colleagues and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate</a> students, gave shape and substance to the field of cultural studies. This would include such people as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Willis_(cultural_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Willis (cultural theorist)">Paul Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a>, David Morley, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Brunsdon" title="Charlotte Brunsdon">Charlotte Brunsdon</a>, John Clarke, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dyer" title="Richard Dyer">Richard Dyer</a>, Judith Williamson, Richard Johnson, <a href="/wiki/Iain_Michael_Chambers" title="Iain Michael Chambers">Iain Chambers</a>, Dorothy Hobson, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Weedon" title="Chris Weedon">Chris Weedon</a>, Tony Jefferson, Michael Green and <a href="/wiki/Angela_McRobbie" title="Angela McRobbie">Angela McRobbie</a>. </p><p>Many cultural studies scholars employed <a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Marxist methods of analysis</a>, exploring the relationships between cultural forms (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base and superstructure (Marxism)"><i>superstructure</i></a>) and that of the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure_(Marxism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Base and superstructure (Marxism)"><i>base</i></a>). By the 1970s, the work of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a> radically rethought the Marxist account of <i>base</i> and <i>superstructure</i> in ways that had a significant influence on the "Birmingham School." Much of the work done at CCCS studied <a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">youth-subcultural</a> expressions of antagonism toward "respectable" <a href="/wiki/British_middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="British middle class">middle-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">British culture</a> in the post-WWII period. Also during the 1970s, the politically formidable British <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> were in decline. <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Britain's manufacturing industries</a> while continuing to grow in output and value, were decreasing in share of GDP and numbers employed, and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Trade unions in the United Kingdom">union</a> rolls were shrinking. Millions of working-class <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">Britons</a> backed the rise of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, through the labour losses. For Stuart Hall and his colleagues, this shift in loyalty from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> had to be explained in terms of cultural politics, which they had been tracking even before Thatcher's first victory. Some of this work was presented in the cultural studies classic, <i>Policing the Crisis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in other later texts such as Hall's <i>The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Duke University Press launched a new series of Stuart Hall's collected writings, many of which detail his major and decisive contributions toward the establishment of the field of cultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, a new Stuart Hall Archive Project was launched at the University of Birmingham to commemorate Hall's contributions in pioneering the field of cultural studies at CCCS.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late-1970s_and_beyond">Late-1970s and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late-1970s and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1970s, scholars associated with <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">The Birmingham School</a> had firmly placed questions of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> on the cultural studies agenda, where they have remained ever since. Also by the late 1970s, cultural studies had begun to attract a great deal of international attention. It spread globally throughout the 1980s and 1990s. As it did so, it both encountered new conditions of knowledge production, and engaged with other major international intellectual currents such as <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">poststructuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wide range of cultural studies journals now located throughout the world, as shown below, is one indication of the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> of the field. For overviews of and commentaries on developments in cultural studies during the twenty-first century, see Lawrence Grossberg's <i>Cultural Studies in the Future Tense</i>, Gilbert Rodman's <i>Why Cultural Studies?</i> and Graeme Turner's <i>What's Become of Cultural Studies?</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stuart_Hall's_cultural_Studies"><span id="Stuart_Hall.27s_cultural_Studies"></span>Stuart Hall's cultural Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stuart Hall's cultural Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall's cultural studies explores culture as a system that affects individuals' identities through the meanings and practices that arise from the constant power dynamics that comprise culture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall viewed culture as a "critical site of social action and intervention, where power relations are both established and potentially unsettled."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He perceived culture as a power dynamic, in which the media unintentionally possesses more control over ideology than the public.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall viewed the media as a source of preserving the status quo of a reflection that already exists in society. The media hegemony in question, he emphasized, "is not a conscious plot or conspiracy, it’s not overtly coercive, and its effects are not total."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to other thinkers on this subject, he studied and analyzed symbols, ideologies, signs, and other representations within cultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his contributions occurred in the 1980s, where he looked at how media cultivates cultural power, how it is consumed, mediated and negotiated, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall has also been accredited with the expansion of cultural studies through “the primacy of culture’s role as an educational site where identities are being continually transformed, power is enacted, and learning assumes a political dynamic.”<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed politics as being used mainly for power instead of the betterment of society.<sup id="cite_ref-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the belief that political dynamics could change with a reform in the education system (if one changes the education system, then one can change the culture).<sup id="cite_ref-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall viewed culture as something that is institutionalized, which could only be studied through the interactional patterns that people within a culture exhibit and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1980b_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1980b-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culture is something that makes up society, is a learned trait, and is influenced by various forms of media that help to establish it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Power is the underlying tone of Hall’s cultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall believed that culture has some power, but the media's use of it is what sways and dictates culture itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_outside_the_UK">Developments outside the UK</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Developments outside the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, prior to the emergence of British Cultural Studies, several versions of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_analysis" title="Cultural analysis">cultural analysis</a> had emerged largely from pragmatic and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_pluralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal pluralism">liberal-pluralist</a> philosophical traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the late 1970s and 1980s, when British Cultural Studies began to spread internationally, and to engage with <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">poststructuralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, and race, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical</a> cultural studies (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>, feminist, poststructuralist, etc.) expanded tremendously in American universities in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Studies_(journal)" title="Cultural Studies (journal)">Cultural Studies</a></i>, the flagship journal of the field, has been based in the US since its founding editor, <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(media_scholar)" title="John Fiske (media scholar)">John Fiske</a>, brought it there from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 1987. </p><p>A thriving cultural studies scene has existed in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> since the late 1970s, when several key CS practitioners emigrated there from the UK, bringing British Cultural Studies with them, after <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> became Prime Minister of the UK in 1979. A school of cultural studies known as <b>cultural policy studies</b> is one of the distinctive Australian contributions to the field, though it is not the only one. Australia also gave birth to the world's first professional cultural studies association (now known as the Cultural Studies Association of Australasia) in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural studies journals based in Australia include <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Cultural_Studies" title="International Journal of Cultural Studies">International Journal of Cultural Studies</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Continuum:_Journal_of_Media_%26_Cultural_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies">Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies</a></i>, and <i>Cultural Studies Review</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, cultural studies has sometimes focused on issues of <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">technology and society</a>, continuing the emphasis in the work of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a>, and others. Cultural studies journals based in Canada include <i>Topia: Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies</i>. </p><p>In Africa, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third-World</a> issues are among the central topics treated. There is a thriving cultural and media studies scholarship in Southern Africa, with its locus in South Africa and Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural Studies journals based in Africa include the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Cultural_Studies" title="Journal of African Cultural Studies">Journal of African Cultural Studies</a></i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, cultural studies have drawn on thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rama" title="Ángel Rama">Ángel Rama</a>, and other Latin-American figures, in addition to the Western theoretical sources associated with cultural studies in other parts of the world. Leading Latin American cultural studies scholars include <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Garc%C3%ADa_Canclini" title="Néstor García Canclini">Néstor García Canclini</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9sus_Mart%C3%ADn-Barbero" class="mw-redirect" title="Jésus Martín-Barbero">Jésus Martín-Barbero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Sarlo" title="Beatriz Sarlo">Beatriz Sarlo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the key issues addressed by Latin American cultural studies scholars are <a href="/wiki/Decoloniality" title="Decoloniality">decoloniality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">urban cultures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postdevelopment_theory" title="Postdevelopment theory">postdevelopment theory</a>. Latin American cultural studies journals include the <i>Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies</i>. </p><p>Even though cultural studies developed much more rapidly in the UK than in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, there is significant cultural studies presence in countries such as <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The field is relatively undeveloped in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, probably due to the continued influence of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is now often said to be in its third generation, which includes notable figures such as <a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a>. Cultural studies journals based in continental Europe include the <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Cultural_Studies" title="European Journal of Cultural Studies">European Journal of Cultural Studies</a></i>, the <i>Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/French_Cultural_Studies" title="French Cultural Studies">French Cultural Studies</a></i>, and <i>Portuguese Cultural Studies</i>. </p><p>In Germany, the term <i>cultural studies</i> specifically refers to the field in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, especially British Cultural Studies,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to differentiate it from the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturwissenschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Kulturwissenschaft">Kulturwissenschaft</a></i></span> which developed along different lines and is characterized by its distance from political science. However, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kulturwissenschaft</i></span> and cultural studies are often used interchangeably, particularly by lay people. </p><p>Throughout Asia, cultural studies have boomed and thrived since at least the beginning of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural studies journals based in Asia include <i><a href="/wiki/Inter-Asia_Cultural_Studies" title="Inter-Asia Cultural Studies">Inter-Asia Cultural Studies</a></i>. In India, the Centre for Study of Culture and Society, Bangalore and the Department of Cultural Studies at The <a href="/wiki/English_and_Foreign_Languages_University" title="English and Foreign Languages University">English and Foreign Languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hyderabad" title="University of Hyderabad">University of Hyderabad</a> are two major institutional spaces for Cultural Studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues,_concepts,_and_approaches"><span id="Issues.2C_concepts.2C_and_approaches"></span>Issues, concepts, and approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Issues, concepts, and approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> has been an important influence upon cultural studies. Those associated with <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">CCCS</a> initially engaged deeply with the <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>, and later in the 1970s turned decisively toward <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>. Cultural studies has also embraced the examination of race, gender, and other aspects of identity, as is illustrated, for example, by a number of key books published collectively under the name of <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">CCCS</a> in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including <i>Women Take Issue: Aspects of Women's Subordination</i> (1978), and <i>The Empire Strikes Back: Race and Racism in 70s Britain</i> (1982). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gramsci_and_hegemony">Gramsci and hegemony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gramsci and hegemony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To understand the changing political circumstances of <a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">politics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">culture</a> in the United Kingdom, scholars at <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">The Birmingham School</a> turned to the work of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a>, an Italian thinker, writer, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party</a> leader. Gramsci had been concerned with similar issues: why would Italian laborers and peasants vote for <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascists</a>? What strategic approach is necessary to mobilize popular support in more progressive directions? Gramsci modified <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxism</a>, and argued that culture must be understood as a key site of political and social struggle. In his view, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a> used not only brute force (<a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prisons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repression_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repression (psychology)">repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a>) to maintain <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">control</a>, but also penetrated the everyday culture of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working people</a> in a variety of ways in their efforts to win popular "consent." </p><p>It is important to recognize that for Gramsci, historical leadership, or <i><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a></i>, involves the formation of alliances between class factions, and struggles within the cultural realm of everyday common sense. <i>Hegemony</i> was always, for Gramsci, an interminable, unstable and contested process.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scott_Lash" title="Scott Lash">Scott Lash</a> writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the work of Hall, Hebdige and McRobbie, popular culture came to the fore... What Gramsci gave to this was the importance of consent and culture. If the fundamental Marxists saw the power in terms of class-versus-class, then Gramsci gave to us a question of <i>class alliance</i>. The rise of cultural studies itself was based on the decline of the prominence of fundamental class-versus-class politics.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Edgar and Sedgwick write: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The theory of <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> was of central importance to the development of British cultural studies [particularly <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">The Birmingham School</a>. It facilitated the analysis of the ways subordinate groups actively resist and respond to political and economic domination. The subordinate groups needed not to be seen merely as the passive dupes of the dominant class and its ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_agency">Structure and agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure and agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of <i>hegemony</i> <i>theory</i> in cultural studies was in some ways consonant with work in other fields exploring <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">agency</a>, a theoretical concept that insists on the active, critical capacities of subordinated people (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a>, colonized peoples, women).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Stuart Hall famously argued in his 1981 essay, "Notes on Deconstructing 'the Popular<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>": "ordinary people are not cultural dopes."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insistence on accounting for the agency of subordinated people run counter to the work of traditional <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralists</a>. Some analysts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have however been critical of some work in cultural studies that they feel overstates the significance of or even romanticizes some forms of popular cultural agency. </p><p>Cultural studies often concerns itself with the agency at the level of the practices of everyday life, and approaches such research from a standpoint of radical <a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">contextualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, cultural studies rejects universal accounts of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">cultural practices</a>, meanings, and identities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">feminist theorist</a> whose work is often associated with cultural studies, wrote that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the move from a <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure. It has marked a shift from a form of <a href="/wiki/Althusser" class="mw-redirect" title="Althusser">Althusserian</a> theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> has spread throughout the world via contemporary forms of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, cultural studies has generated important analyses of local sites and practices of negotiation with and resistance to Western <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_consumption">Cultural consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural studies criticizes the traditional view of the passive consumer, particularly by underlining the different ways people <i>read</i>, receive and interpret cultural texts, or appropriate other kinds of cultural products, or otherwise participate in the production and circulation of meanings. On this view, a consumer can <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_of_knowledge" title="Appropriation of knowledge">appropriate</a>, actively rework, or challenge the meanings circulated through cultural texts. In some of its variants, cultural studies has shifted the analytical focus from traditional understandings of production to consumption – viewed as a form of production (of meanings, of identities, etc.) in its own right. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(media_studies)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fiske (media studies)">John Fiske</a>, and others have been influential in these developments. </p><p>A special 2008 issue of the field's flagship journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Studies_(journal)" title="Cultural Studies (journal)">Cultural Studies</a></i>, examined "<a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">anti-consumerism</a>" from a variety of cultural studies angles. Jeremy Gilbert noted in the issue, cultural studies must grapple with the fact that "we now live in an era when, throughout the capitalist world, the overriding aim of government economic policy is to maintain <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a> levels. This is an era when 'consumer confidence' is treated as the key indicator and cause of economic effectiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_concept_of_"text""><span id="The_concept_of_.22text.22"></span>The concept of "text"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The concept of "text""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural studies, drawing upon and developing <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>, uses the concept of <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/text" class="extiw" title="wikt:text">text</a></i> to designate not only written language, but also <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hairstyle" title="Hairstyle">hairstyles</a>, and so forth; the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture. This conception of textuality derives especially from the work of the pioneering and influential semiotician, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>, but also owes debts to other sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Juri_Lotman" title="Juri Lotman">Juri Lotman</a> and his colleagues from <a href="/wiki/Tartu%E2%80%93Moscow_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu–Moscow School">Tartu–Moscow School</a>. Similarly, the field widens the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></i>. Cultural studies approach the sites and spaces of everyday life, such as pubs, living rooms, gardens, and beaches, as "texts."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Culture</i>, in this context, includes not only <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also everyday meanings and practices, a central focus of cultural studies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lewis_(professor)" title="Jeff Lewis (professor)">Jeff Lewis</a> summarized much of the work on <a href="/wiki/Textuality" title="Textuality">textuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual analysis">textual analysis</a> in his cultural studies textbook and a <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">post-9/11</a> <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> on media and terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lewis, <i>textual studies</i> use complex and difficult <a href="/wiki/Heuristic" title="Heuristic">heuristic</a> methods and require both powerful interpretive skills and a subtle conception of politics and contexts. The task of the cultural analyst, for Lewis, is to engage with both knowledge systems and texts and observe and analyze the ways the two interact with one another. This engagement represents the critical dimensions of the analysis, its capacity to illuminate the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a> within and surrounding the given text and its <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_reception">Academic reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Academic reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural studies has evolved through its uptake across a variety of different disciplines—<a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">media studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and others. </p><p>While some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have accused certain areas of cultural studies of meandering into political <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> and a kind of empty version of "<a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">postmodern</a>" analysis, others<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> hold that at its core, cultural studies provides a significant <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">conceptual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> framework for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">cultural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">social</a>, and economic critique. This critique is designed to "<a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">deconstruct</a>" the meanings and assumptions that are inscribed in the institutions, texts, and practices that work with and through, and produce and re-present, culture.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, while some scholars and disciplines have dismissed cultural studies for its methodological rejection of disciplinarity, its core strategies of <a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">critique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a> have influenced areas of the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>; for example, cultural studies work on forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Social differentiation">social differentiation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">community-building</a>, media, and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge production">knowledge production</a> has had a substantial impact. Moreover, the influence of cultural studies has become increasingly evident in areas as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">translation studies</a>, health studies, <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">development studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neurobiology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cultural studies has also diversified its own interests and methodologies, incorporating a range of studies on <a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">media policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>, and development. While certain key concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a>, class, hegemony, identity, and gender remain significant, cultural studies has long engaged with and integrated new concepts and approaches. The field thus continues to pursue political critique through its engagements with the forces of culture and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_integration_of_popular_culture_in_cultural_studies_and_education">The integration of popular culture in cultural studies and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The integration of popular culture in cultural studies and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>[edit] The integration of <b>popular culture</b> in classrooms has influenced educational practices in Cultural Studies. Through the analysis of TV series, movies, memes, and other cultural materials, educators can encourage media literacy, critical thinking, and a deeper understanding of social issues. Popular culture can be an effective tool for <b>critical pedagogy.</b> <b>Evan Faidley</b> explores how TV shows, movies, and memes can be used in the classroom to discuss topics like social justice and identity.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shows like South Park allow students to evaluate societal norms and political issues, using a <b>pedagogy of resistance</b><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>(Stevens)</b>. Cultural studies encourage students to analyze <b>intertextuality</b>. <b>Patricia Duff</b> discusses how popular culture incorporates with academic discourse to build <b>media literacy</b> which helps students critically engage with the media they consume daily.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Kathy Mills</b> also highlights the importance of <b>multiliteracies</b>, which encourages students to utilize a variety of communication media outside of the standard text, including digital and visual media.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Diane Penrod</b> argues that incorporating popular culture in education makes learning more relevant and engaging. Teachers can aid students in comprehending difficult concepts like gender, ethnicity, and class by utilizing works from their own culture. Students are also encouraged to develop critical analytical abilities which they can use in both academic and everyday situations when popular culture is integrated into the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Incorporating popular culture into education through cultural studies helps students critically engage with the world around them, fostering media literacy and critical thinking. Educators can use cultural texts to discuss societal issues, challenge norms, and prepare students for active participation in a media-dominated world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_scholars">Literary scholars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literary scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many cultural studies practitioners work in departments of <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a>. Nevertheless, some traditional <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">literary scholars</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> have been outspoken critics of cultural studies. On the level of <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a>, these scholars dispute the theoretical underpinning of the movement's critical framework. </p><p>Bloom stated his position during the 3 September 2000 episode of <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Booknotes" title="Booknotes">Booknotes</a></i>, while discussing his book <i>How to Read and Why</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here are two enemies of reading now in the world, not just in the English-speaking world. One [is] the lunatic destruction of literary studies...and its replacement by what is called cultural studies in all of the universities and colleges in the English-speaking world, and everyone knows what that phenomenon is. I mean, the...now-weary phrase 'political correctness' remains a perfectly good descriptive phrase for what has gone on and is, alas, still going on almost everywhere and which dominates, I would say, rather more than three-fifths of the tenured faculties in the English-speaking world, who really do represent treason of the intellectuals, I think, a 'betrayal of the clerks'."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Marxist literary critic</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> is not wholly opposed to cultural studies, but has criticised aspects of it and highlighted what he sees as its strengths and weaknesses in books such as <i>After Theory</i> (2003). For Eagleton, literary and cultural theory have the potential to say important things about the "fundamental questions" in life, but theorists have rarely realized this potential. </p><p>English departments also host cultural <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorics</a> scholars. This academic field defines cultural rhetorics as "the study and practice of making meaning and knowledge with the belief that all cultures are rhetorical and all rhetorics are cultural."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural rhetorics scholars are interested in investigating topics like <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian American</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociology">Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural studies have also had a substantial impact on <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. For example, when Stuart Hall left <a href="/wiki/The_Birmingham_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Birmingham School">CCCS</a> at Birmingham, it was to accept a prestigious <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professorship</a> in Sociology at the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> in Britain. The subfield of <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">cultural sociology</a>, in particular, is disciplinary home to many cultural studies practitioners. Nevertheless, there are some differences between sociology as a <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">discipline</a> and the field of cultural studies as a whole. While sociology was founded upon various historic works purposefully distinguishing the subject from <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, cultural studies have explicitly interrogated and criticized traditional understandings and practices of disciplinarity. Most CS practitioners think it is best that cultural studies neither emulate disciplines nor aspire to disciplinarity for cultural studies. Rather, they promote a kind of radical <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a> as the basis for cultural studies. </p><p>One sociologist whose work has had a major influence on cultural studies is <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, whose work makes innovative use of statistics and in-depth interviews.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although Bourdieu's work has been highly influential within cultural studies, and although Bourdieu regarded his work as a form of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, cultural studies has never embraced the idea that it should aspire toward "scientificity," and has marshalled a wide range of theoretical and methodological arguments against the <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishization</a> of "scientificity" as a basis for cultural studies. </p><p>Two sociologists who have been critical of cultural studies, Chris Rojek and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_S._Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryan S. Turner">Bryan S. Turner</a>, argue in their article, "Decorative sociology: towards a critique of the cultural turn," that cultural studies, particularly the flavor championed by Stuart Hall, lacks a stable research agenda, and privileges the contemporary reading of texts, thus producing an ahistorical theoretical focus.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojek_&_Turner_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojek_&_Turner-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> however, would argue, following Hall, that cultural studies have always sought to avoid the establishment of a fixed research agenda; this follows from its critique of disciplinarity. Moreover, Hall and many others have long argued against the misunderstanding that <a href="/wiki/Textual_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Textual analysis">textual analysis</a> is the sole methodology of cultural studies, and have practiced numerous other approaches, as noted above. Rojek and Turner also level the accusation that there is "a sense of moral superiority about the correctness of the political views articulated" in cultural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Rojek_&_Turner_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rojek_&_Turner-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_wars">Science wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Science wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a></div> <p>In 1996, physicist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sokal" title="Alan Sokal">Alan Sokal</a> expressed his opposition to cultural studies by <a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">submitting a hoax article</a> to a cultural studies journal, <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Text" title="Social Text">Social Text</a></i>. The article, which was crafted as a parody of what Sokal referred to as the "fashionable nonsense" of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, was accepted by the editors of the journal, which did not at the time practice <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>. When the paper appeared in print, Sokal published a second article in a self-described "academic gossip" magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_(magazine)" title="Lingua Franca (magazine)">Lingua Franca</a></i>, revealing his hoax on <i>Social Text</i>. Sokal stated that his motivation stemmed from his rejection of contemporary critiques of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific rationalism">scientific rationalism</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Politically, I'm angered because most (though not all) of this silliness is emanating from the self-proclaimed Left. We're witnessing here a profound historical <i>volte-face</i>. For most of the past two centuries, the Left has been identified with science and against <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantism</a>; we have believed that <a href="/wiki/Rational_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational thought">rational thought</a> and the fearless analysis of objective reality (both natural and social) are incisive tools for combating the mystifications promoted by the powerful – not to mention being desirable human ends in their own right. The recent turn of many "progressive" or "leftist" academic humanists and social scientists toward one or another form of epistemic relativism betrays this worthy heritage and undermines the already fragile prospects for progressive social critique. Theorizing about "the social construction of reality" won't help us find an effective treatment for AIDS or devise strategies for preventing global warming. Nor can we combat false ideas in history, sociology, economics and politics if we reject the notions of truth and falsity.</p></blockquote> <p>In response to this critique, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In whose interest was it to go for a quick practical joke rather than taking part in the work which, sadly, it replaced?</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_works">Founding works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Founding works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall and others have identified some core originating texts, or the original "<a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curricula</a>," of the field of cultural studies: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Uses_of_Literacy" title="The Uses of Literacy">The Uses of Literacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Society" title="Culture and Society">Culture and Society</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Hall_1980_p_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1980_p-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_English_Working_Class" title="The Making of the English Working Class">The Making of the English Working Class</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Studies_Association" title="Cultural Studies Association">Cultural Studies Association</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communication_Research_and_Education_Association" title="European Communication Research and Education Association">European Communication Research and Education Association</a> (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Translation_and_Intercultural_Studies" title="International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies">International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler (eds.), <i>Cultural Studies</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1992. Also see Simon During (ed.), <i>The Cultural Studies Reader</i>, 3rd Ed. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cultural studies" is not synonymous with either "<a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">area studies</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">ethnic studies</a>," or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>—although there are many cultural studies practitioners working in these areas.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-studies">"cultural studies | interdisciplinary field"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801182053/https://www.britannica.com/topic/cultural-studies">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=cultural+studies+%7C+interdisciplinary+field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcultural-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pain, R. and Smith, S. eds., 2008. Fear: Critical geopolitics and everyday life. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bérubé, Michael (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Whats-the-Matter-With/48334">"What's the Matter with Cultural Studies?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112120403/http://www.chronicle.com/article/Whats-the-Matter-With/48334">Archived</a> 12 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultstud.org/index.php?s=resources">"Cultural Studies Associations, Networks and Programs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111109152306/http://cultstud.org/index.php?s=resources">Archived</a> 9 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, extensive, but incomplete, list of associations, networks and programs as found on the website for the Association of Cultural Studies, Tampere, Finland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Sardar, Ziauddin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borin_Van_Loon" title="Borin Van Loon">Borin Van Loon</a>. 1994. <i>Introducing Cultural Studies</i>. New York: Totem Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDworkin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Dworkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Dworkin (page does not exist)">Dworkin, Dennis</a> (1997). <i>Cultural Marxism in Post-War Britain: History, the New Left, and the Origins of Cultural Studies</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Marxism+in+Post-War+Britain%3A+History%2C+the+New+Left%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Corner, John (1991). "Postscript: Studying Culture—Reflections and Assessment: An Interview with Richard Hoggart". <i><a href="/wiki/Media,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Media, Culture & Society">Media, Culture & Society</a></i>. <b>13</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016344391013002002">10.1177/016344391013002002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Postscript%3A+Studying+Culture%E2%80%94Reflections+and+Assessment%3A+An+Interview+with+Richard+Hoggart&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016344391013002002&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/historycultures/departments/history/research/projects/cccs/about.aspx">"About the Birmingham CCCS – University of Birmingham"</a>. <i>birmingham.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602105317/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/schools/historycultures/departments/history/research/projects/cccs/about.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=birmingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+the+Birmingham+CCCS+%E2%80%93+University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Fhistorycultures%2Fdepartments%2Fhistory%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fcccs%2Fabout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Davies" title="Ioan Davies">Davies, Ioan</a> (1991). 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Newark, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorleyChen1996" class="citation book cs1">Morley, David; Chen, Kuan-Hsing, eds. (1996). <i>Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/socialsciences/story/0,,745058,00.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Birmingham%27s+cultural+studies+department+given+the+chop&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Fsocialsciences%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C745058%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey1996" class="citation web cs1">Storey, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniteyouthdublin.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/john_storey_what_is_cultural_studies_a_readerbookzz-org.pdf">"What is Cultural Studies?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026152243/https://uniteyouthdublin.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/john_storey_what_is_cultural_studies_a_readerbookzz-org.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Cultural+Studies%3F&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiteyouthdublin.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fjohn_storey_what_is_cultural_studies_a_readerbookzz-org.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner2003" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Graeme (2003). <i>British Cultural Studies: An Introduction</i> (Third ed.). London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Cultural+Studies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartley2003" class="citation book cs1">Hartley, John (2003). <i>A Short History of Cultural Studies</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_1980_p-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1980_p_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1980_p_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1980">Hall 1980</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallCritcherJeffersonClarke1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall, Stuart</a>; Critcher, Chas; Jefferson, Tony; Clarke, John; Roberts, Brian (1978). <i>Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order</i>. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+the+Crisis%3A+Mugging%2C+the+State%2C+and+Law+and+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.au=Critcher%2C+Chas&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+Tony&rft.au=Clarke%2C+John&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1988" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Stuart (1988). <i>The Hard Road to Renewal: Thatcherism and the Crisis of the Left</i>. London: Verso.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hard+Road+to+Renewal%3A+Thatcherism+and+the+Crisis+of+the+Left&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuart_HallMartin_Jacques1991" class="citation book cs1">Stuart Hall; Martin Jacques, eds. (1991). <i>New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s</i>. London: Verso.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Times%3A+The+Changing+Face+of+Politics+in+the+1990s&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Duke University Press Stuart Hall: Selected Writings webpage (below in External Links)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Stuart Hall Archive Project webpage (below in External Links)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbasErni2005" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Ackbar; Erni, John Nguyet, eds. (2005). <i>Internationalizing Cultural Studies: An Anthology</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalizing+Cultural+Studies%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, E. A., Ledbetter, A., & Sparks, G. G. (2023). Cultural Studies of Stuart Hall. A First Look at Communication Theory (11th ed.,  pp. 451-462). McGraw Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procter, James (2004). <i>Stuart Hall</i>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134504251" title="Special:BookSources/9781134504251">9781134504251</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Brennon (1998). "Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">399–</span>414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F591390">10.2307/591390</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/591390">591390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Stuart+Hall%27s+Cultural+Studies+and+the+Problem+of+Hegemony&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F591390&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F591390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Brennon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procter, James (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134504251" title="Special:BookSources/9781134504251">9781134504251</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Toby (15 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBLTBQAAQBAJ&dq=Communication+and+cultural+Studies+journal+article&pg=PA1"><i>A Companion to Cultural Studies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99879-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99879-3"><bdi>978-0-470-99879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Cultural+Studies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99879-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaBLTBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCommunication%2Band%2Bcultural%2BStudies%2Bjournal%2Barticle%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoltPerren2011" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Jennifer; Perren, Alisa (19 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ1ZYY-8kj4C&dq=cultural+studies+media+communications&pg=PA95"><i>Media Industries: History, Theory, and Method</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6023-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-6023-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-6023-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media+Industries%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+and+Method&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-6023-3&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Perren%2C+Alisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJ1ZYY-8kj4C%26dq%3Dcultural%2Bstudies%2Bmedia%2Bcommunications%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiroux2004" class="citation journal cs1">Giroux, Henry A. (2004). "Cultural studies, public pedagogy, and the responsibility of intellectuals". <i>Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1479142042000180926">10.1080/1479142042000180926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+and+Critical%2FCultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Cultural+studies%2C+public+pedagogy%2C+and+the+responsibility+of+intellectuals&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1479142042000180926&rft.aulast=Giroux&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giroux,_H._A._2004._p._59–79_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Giroux, H. A. (2004). p. 59–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall1980b-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall1980b_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1980b">Hall 1980b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, G., & Birchall, C. (2006). New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hall, G., & Birchall, C. (2006). <i>New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory</i> (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goggin, G. (2016). Media and Power After Stuart Hall. <i>Cultural Studies Review, 22(1)</i>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrossbergNelsonTreichler1992">Grossberg, Nelson & Treichler 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_A._WarrenMary_Douglas_Vavrus2002" class="citation book cs1">Catherine A. Warren; Mary Douglas Vavrus, eds. (2002). <i>American Cultural Studies</i>. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=Urbana+Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_HartleyRoberta_E._Pearson2000" class="citation book cs1">John Hartley; Roberta E. Pearson, eds. (2000). <i>American Cultural Studies: A Reader</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Cultural+Studies%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_FrowMeaghan_Morris1993" class="citation book cs1">John Frow; Meaghan Morris, eds. (1993). <i>Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader</i>. Urbana Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Cultural+Studies%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=Urbana+Champaign%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner1993" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Graeme, ed. (1993). <i>Nation, Culture, Text: Australian Cultural and Media Studies</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation%2C+Culture%2C+Text%3A+Australian+Cultural+and+Media+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomaselliRonningMboti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tomaselli, K.G.; Ronning, H.; Mboti, N (2013). "South–North perspectives: the development of cultural and media studies in Southern Africa". <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443712464556">10.1177/0163443712464556</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145257054">145257054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=South%E2%80%93North+perspectives%3A+the+development+of+cultural+and+media+studies+in+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0163443712464556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145257054%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tomaselli&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rft.au=Ronning%2C+H.&rft.au=Mboti%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAna_del_SartoAlicia_RíosAbril_Trigo2004" class="citation book cs1">Ana del Sarto; Alicia Ríos; Abril Trigo, eds. (2004). <i>The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+American+Cultural+Studies+Reader&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McKee_IrwinMónica_Szurmuk2012" class="citation book cs1">Robert McKee Irwin; Mónica Szurmuk, eds. (2012). <i>Dictionary of Latin American Cultural Studies</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Latin+American+Cultural+Studies&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Geoffrey Winthrop-Young, "Cultural Studies and German Media Theory," in Gary Hall & Claire Birchall (eds.), <i>New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory</i> (pp. 88-104). Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhrensBeerBittlingmayerGerdes2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahrens, Johannes; Beer, Raphael; Bittlingmayer, Uwe H.; Gerdes, Jürgen (10 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GEkqO--HndgC&q=cultural+studies+in+deutschen+Kontext&pg=PA314"><i>Normativität: Über die Hintergründe sozialwissenschaftlicher Theoriebildung</i></a> [<i>Normativity: On the background of social science theory formation</i>] (in German). Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783531930107" title="Special:BookSources/9783531930107"><bdi>9783531930107</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063121/https://books.google.com/books?id=GEkqO--HndgC&q=cultural+studies+in+deutschen+Kontext&pg=PA314">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normativit%C3%A4t%3A+%C3%9Cber+die+Hintergr%C3%BCnde+sozialwissenschaftlicher+Theoriebildung&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft.isbn=9783531930107&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Beer%2C+Raphael&rft.au=Bittlingmayer%2C+Uwe+H.&rft.au=Gerdes%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGEkqO--HndgC%26q%3Dcultural%2Bstudies%2Bin%2Bdeutschen%2BKontext%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChenChua2007" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Kuan-Hsing; <a href="/wiki/Chua_Beng_Huat" title="Chua Beng Huat">Chua, Beng Huat</a> (2007). <i>The Inter-Asia Cultural Studies Reader</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inter-Asia+Cultural+Studies+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Kuan-Hsing&rft.au=Chua%2C+Beng+Huat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall, Stuart</a> (June 1986). "Gramsci's Relevance for the Study of Race and Ethnicity". <i>Journal of Communication Inquiry</i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019685998601000202">10.1177/019685998601000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53782">53782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Gramsci%27s+Relevance+for+the+Study+of+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019685998601000202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLash2007">Lash 2007</a>, pp. 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar & Sedgewick, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiddens1984" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (1984). <i>The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Society%3A+Outline+of+the+Theory+of+Structuration&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuinsCruz2005" class="citation book cs1">Guins, Raiford; Cruz, Omayra Zaragoza, eds. (1 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THCDk9jO1ZUC"><i>Popular Culture: A Reader</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7472-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-7472-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-7472-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063122/https://books.google.com/books?id=THCDk9jO1ZUC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Culture%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-7472-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHCDk9jO1ZUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Grossberg, Lawrence (2010). <i>Cultural Studies in the Future Tense</i>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Studies+in+the+Future+Tense&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grossberg&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButler1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler, Judith</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/59783">"Further Reflections on Conversations of Our Time"</a>. <i>Diacritics</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fdia.1997.0004">10.1353/dia.1997.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170598741">170598741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630063125/http://rcin.org.pl/Content/59783/PDF/WA248_79442_P-I-2524_markiewka-teorie_o.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diacritics&rft.atitle=Further+Reflections+on+Conversations+of+Our+Time&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fdia.1997.0004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170598741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F59783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAppadurai1996" class="citation book cs1">Appadurai, Arjun (1996). <i>Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization</i>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernity+at+Large%3A+Cultural+Dimensions+of+Globalization&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Appadurai&rft.aufirst=Arjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, Jeremy (2008). "Against the Commodification of Everything". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_Studies_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture Studies (journal) (page does not exist)">Cultural Studies</a></i>. <b>22</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">551–</span>566. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09502380802245811">10.1080/09502380802245811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142515063">142515063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Against+the+Commodification+of+Everything&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E566&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09502380802245811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142515063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFiske,_Hodge_and_Turner1987" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, Hodge and Turner (1987). <i>Myths of Oz: Reading Australian Popular Culture</i>. Allen & Unwin: Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+Oz%3A+Reading+Australian+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.pub=Boston&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Fiske%2C+Hodge+and+Turner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBakhtin1981" class="citation book cs1">Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981). <i>The Dialogic Imagination</i>. Austin, Texas: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialogic+Imagination&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bakhtin&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lewis_(professor)" title="Jeff Lewis (professor)">Lewis, Jeff</a>. 2008. <i>Cultural Studies</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lewis_(professor)" title="Jeff Lewis (professor)">Lewis, Jeff</a>. 2005. <i>Language Wars: The Role of Media and Culture in Global Terror and Political Violence</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2008">Lewis 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuring2007">During 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaidley" class="citation journal cs1">Faidley, Evan W. "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>""Movies, TV Shows, and Memes... 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Houndmills: Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Work+of+Pierre+Bourdieu%3A+The+Theory+of+Practice&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBourdieu1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu, Pierre</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/distinctionsocia0000bour"><i>Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste</i></a></span>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html">A Physicist Experiments With Cultural Studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904042240/https://physics.nyu.edu/faculty/sokal/lingua_franca_v4/lingua_franca_v4.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," translated by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sleator" title="Daniel Sleator">D. Sleator</a>. <i>NYU Department of Physics</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a>. 2005. "Sokal and Bricmont aren't serious" In: J. Derrida (Ed.), R. Bowlby (Trans.),<i>Paper Machine</i>. (pp. 70-72). Stanford CA: Stanford University Press (first published 1997 "Sokal et Bricmont ne sont pas sérieux." in <i>Le Monde</i>: p. 17.).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBitar2020" class="citation book cs1">Bitar, Amer (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ"><i>Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030573973" title="Special:BookSources/9783030573973"><bdi>9783030573973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedouin+Visual+Leadership+in+the+Middle+East%3A+The+Power+of+Aesthetics+and+Practical+Implications&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783030573973&rft.aulast=Bitar&rft.aufirst=Amer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX4oBEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Du Gay, Paul, et al. 1997. <i>Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. Culture, Media and Identities</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>, in association with <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuring2007" class="citation book cs1">During, Simon (2007). <i>The cultural studies reader</i> (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37412-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37412-5"><bdi>978-0-415-37412-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cultural+studies+reader&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37412-5&rft.aulast=During&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edgar, Andrew, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sedgwick" title="Peter Sedgwick">Peter Sedgwick</a>. 2005. <i>Cultural Theory: The Key Concepts</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Engel, Manfred. 2008. "Cultural <i>and</i> Literary Studies." <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Review_of_Comparative_Literature" title="Canadian Review of Comparative Literature">Canadian Review of Comparative Literature</a></i> 31:460–67.</li> <li>Grossberg, Lawrence (2010). <i>Cultural Studies in the Future Tense</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossbergNelsonTreichler1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Grossberg" title="Lawrence Grossberg">Grossberg, Lawrence</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cary_Nelson" title="Cary Nelson">Nelson, Cary</a>; Treichler, Paula, eds. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalstudies0000unse"><i>Cultural Studies</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-90351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-90351-3"><bdi>0-415-90351-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-90351-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalstudies0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Hall, Gary & Birchall, Claire, eds. (2006). <i>New Cultural Studies: Adventures in Theory</i>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall, Stuart</a>, ed. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturemedialang0000unse"><i>Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972-1979</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> in association with the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-142070-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-142070-9"><bdi>0-09-142070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Media%2C+Language%3A+Working+Papers+in+Cultural+Studies%2C+1972-1979&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+in+association+with+the+Centre+for+Contemporary+Cultural+Studies%2C+University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-09-142070-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturemedialang0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1980b" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1980b). "Cultural studies: Two paradigms". <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016344378000200106">10.1177/016344378000200106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Cultural+studies%3A+Two+paradigms&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016344378000200106&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>—— 1992. "Race, Culture, and Communications: Looking Backward and Forward at Cultural Studies." <i><a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Marxism" title="Rethinking Marxism">Rethinking Marxism</a></i> 5(1):10–18.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Hoggart, Richard</a>. 1957. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Uses_of_Literacy" title="The Uses of Literacy">The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working Class Life</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Chatto_and_Windus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatto and Windus">Chatto and Windus</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7011-0763-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7011-0763-4">0-7011-0763-4</a></li> <li>Hartley, John (2003). <i>A Short History of Cultural Studies</i>. London: Sage.</li> <li>Johnson, Richard. 1986–87. "What Is Cultural Studies Anyway?" <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Text" title="Social Text">Social Text</a></i> 16:38–80.</li> <li>—— 2004. "Multiplying Methods: From Pluralism to Combination." pp. 26–43 in <i>Practice of Cultural Studies</i>. London: SAGE.</li> <li>—— "Post-Hegemony? I Don't Think So" <i><a href="/wiki/Theory,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Theory, Culture & Society">Theory, Culture & Society</a></i> 24(3):95–110.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLash2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Lash" title="Scott Lash">Lash, Scott</a> (May 2007). "Power after Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?". <i><a href="/wiki/Theory,_Culture_%26_Society" title="Theory, Culture & Society">Theory, Culture & Society</a></i>. <b>24</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276407075956">10.1177/0263276407075956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145639801">145639801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Power+after+Hegemony%3A+Cultural+Studies+in+Mutation%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0263276407075956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145639801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lash&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lewis_(professor)" title="Jeff Lewis (professor)">Lewis, Jeff</a> (2008). <i>Cultural Studies: The Basics</i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2229-6"><bdi>978-1-4129-2229-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Studies%3A+The+Basics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2229-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lindlof, T. R., and B. C. Taylor. 2002. <i>Qualitative Communication Research Methods</i> (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.</li> <li>Longhurst, Brian, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Smith_(American_musician)" title="Greg Smith (American musician)">Greg Smith</a>, Gaynor Bagnall, <a href="/wiki/Garry_Crawford_(sociologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garry Crawford (sociologist)">Garry Crawford</a>, and Michael Ogborn. 2008. <i>Introducing Cultural Studies</i> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-5843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-5843-4">978-1-4058-5843-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Toby_Miller" title="Toby Miller">Miller, Toby</a>, ed. (2006). <i>A Companion to Cultural Studies</i>. Malden, MA: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21788-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21788-6"><bdi>978-0-631-21788-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Cultural+Studies.&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21788-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Pollock, Griselda</a>, ed. 1996. <i>Generations and Geographies: Critical Theories and Critical Practices in Feminism and the Visual Arts</i>. Routledge.</li> <li>—— 2006. <i>Psychoanalysis and the Image</i>. Boston: Blackwell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Sardar" title="Ziauddin Sardar">Sardar, Ziauddin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borin_Van_Loon" title="Borin Van Loon">Van Loon, Borin</a> (1997). Introducing Cultural Studies. New York: Totem Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Smith_(academic)" title="Paul Smith (academic)">Smith, Paul</a>. 1991. "A Course In 'Cultural Studies'." <i>The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association</i> 24(1):39–49.</li> <li>—— 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/uid=/tocnode?id=g9781405141758_chunk_g978140514175820">Looking Backwards and Forwards at Cultural Studies</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>." pp. 331–40 in <i>A Companion to Cultural Studies</i>, edited by T. Miller. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21788-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21788-6">978-0-631-21788-6</a>.</li> <li>Rodman, Gil (2015). <i>Why Cultural Studies?</i> Maldon, MA: Wiley Blackwell.</li> <li>Turner, Graeme (2003). <i>British Cultural Studies: An Introduction</i> (Third ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</li> <li>—— 2012. <i>What's Become of Cultural Studies?</i> Los Angeles: SAGE.</li> <li>Williams, Jeffrey, interviewer. 1994. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osf1.gmu.edu/~psmith5/interview1.html">Questioning Cultural Studies: An Interview with Paul Smith</a>." Hartford, CT: MLG Institute for Culture and Society, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a>. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a>. 1985. <i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</i> (revised ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>—— 1966. <i>Culture and Society, 1780-1950</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_studies&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_New_Left91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_New_Left" title="Template:British New Left"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_New_Left" title="Template talk:British New Left"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_New_Left" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British New Left"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_New_Left91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_Historians_Group" title="Communist Party Historians Group">Communist Party Historians Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Coffee_House" title="Partisan Coffee House">Partisan Coffee House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Society" title="Socialist Society">Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Movement" title="Socialist Movement">Socialist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Saville" title="John Saville">John Saville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Tom Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Worsley" title="Peter Worsley">Peter Worsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Ralph Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Samuel" title="Raphael Samuel">Raphael Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Hilton" title="Rodney Hilton">Rodney Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Blackburn" title="Robin Blackburn">Robin Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hall" title="Catherine Hall">Catherine Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Sheila Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Hebdige" title="Dick Hebdige">Dick Hebdige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Weeks_(sociologist)" title="Jeffrey Weeks (sociologist)">Jeffrey Weeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Brigade" title="The Angry Brigade">The Angry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Flame_(political_group)" title="Big Flame (political group)">Big Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Black_Panthers" title="British Black Panthers">British Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Left" title="Gay Left">Gay Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marxist_Group" title="International Marxist Group">International Marxist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Socialists (UK)">International Socialists (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mob" title="King Mob">King Mob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Reasoner" title="New Reasoner">New Reasoner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_Left_Review" title="Universities and Left Review">Universities and Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Register" title="Socialist Register">Socialist Register</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soundings_(journal)" title="Soundings (journal)">Soundings</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Far-left politics in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_underground" title="UK underground">UK underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">Underground culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Culture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Culture" title="Wikipedia:Culture">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture" title="Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:Culture">Changes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies 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