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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Consortium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Consortium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Consortium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Educational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aerospace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airbus_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airbus_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Airbus example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airbus_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panavia_Tornado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panavia_Tornado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Panavia Tornado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panavia_Tornado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coopetition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coopetition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Coopetition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coopetition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government,_academia_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government,_academia_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Government, academia and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government,_academia_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consortium_for_installment-based_purchases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consortium_for_installment-based_purchases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Consortium for installment-based purchases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consortium_for_installment-based_purchases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_nature_of_the_consortium_agreement_in_selected_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_nature_of_the_consortium_agreement_in_selected_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legal nature of the consortium agreement in selected countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_nature_of_the_consortium_agreement_in_selected_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal nature of the consortium agreement in selected countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_nature_of_the_consortium_agreement_in_selected_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Consortium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ائتلاف تجاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ائتلاف تجاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorciu" title="Consorciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Consorciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorsium" title="Konsorsium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konsorsium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Консорциум – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Консорциум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorci" title="Consorci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consorci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorcium" title="Konsorcium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konsorcium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konsortium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konsortium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortsium" title="Konsortsium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konsortsium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorcio" title="Consorcio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consorcio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorcio" title="Konsorcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsorcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partzuergo_(zuzenbide_administratiboa)" title="Partzuergo (zuzenbide administratiboa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Partzuergo (zuzenbide administratiboa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="کنسرسیوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنسرسیوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consortium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorcio" title="Consorcio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consorcio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="연합체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연합체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համընկերություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համընկերություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcij" title="Konzorcij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konzorcij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorsium" title="Konsorsium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsorsium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consorzio" title="Consorzio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consorzio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קונסורציום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונסורציום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Консорциум – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Консорциум" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Консорциум – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Консорциум" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorcijs" title="Konsorcijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konsorcijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorciumas" title="Konsorciumas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konsorciumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcium" title="Konzorcium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konzorcium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsortium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium_(organisatievorm)" title="Consortium (organisatievorm) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Consortium (organisatievorm)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="コンソーシアム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンソーシアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konsortium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%B2rci" title="Consòrci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Consòrci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorsium" title="Konsorsium – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konsorsium" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsorcjum" title="Konsorcjum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konsorcjum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%B3rcio" title="Consórcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Consórcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Консорциум – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Консорциум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Consortium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcium" title="Konzorcium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konzorcium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcij" title="Konzorcij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konzorcij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcijum" title="Konzorcijum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Konzorcijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzorcij" title="Konzorcij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konzorcij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortio" title="Konsortio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konsortio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsortium" title="Konsortium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konsortium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eirketler_birli%C4%9Fi" title="Şirketler birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şirketler birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Консорціум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Консорціум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ngxoocxiom" title="Côngxoocxiom – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Côngxoocxiom" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Consortium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Consortium (disambiguation)">Consortium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consortium" title="Special:EditPage/Consortium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Consortium%22">"Consortium"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Consortium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Consortium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Consortium%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Consortium%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Consortium%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>consortium</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr> <b>consortiums</b> or <b>consortia</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">association</a> of two or more <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organizations</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a> (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal. </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Consortium</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word meaning "<a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a>", "association", or "society", and derives from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">consors</i></span> ("shared in property"), itself from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">con-</i></span> ("together") and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sors</i></span> ("fate"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational">Educational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Educational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/University_system" title="University system">University system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg/220px-University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg/330px-University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg/440px-University_Consortium_of_Pori_in_its_early_October_evening_glory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_Consortium_of_Pori" title="University Consortium of Pori">University Consortium of Pori</a> in its early October evening glory in <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Academic_Alliance" title="Big Ten Academic Alliance">Big Ten Academic Alliance</a> in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic U.S., <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Colleges" title="Claremont Colleges">Claremont Colleges</a> consortium in Southern California, <a href="/wiki/Five_College_Consortium" title="Five College Consortium">Five College Consortium</a> in Massachusetts, and Consórcio Nacional Honda are among the oldest and most successful higher education consortia in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten_Academic_Alliance" title="Big Ten Academic Alliance">Big Ten Academic Alliance</a>, formerly known as the Committee on Institutional Cooperation, includes the members of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Ten">Big Ten</a> athletic conference. The participants in Five Colleges, Inc. are: <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_College" title="Hampshire College">Hampshire College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a>. Another example of a successful consortium is the <a href="/wiki/Five_Colleges_of_Ohio" title="Five Colleges of Ohio">Five Colleges of Ohio</a> of Ohio: <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Wesleyan_University" title="Ohio Wesleyan University">Ohio Wesleyan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a>. The aforementioned Claremont Consortium (known as the Claremont Colleges) consists of <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scripps_College" title="Scripps College">Scripps College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claremont_McKenna_College" title="Claremont McKenna College">Claremont McKenna College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mudd_College" title="Harvey Mudd College">Harvey Mudd College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitzer_College" title="Pitzer College">Pitzer College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keck_Graduate_Institute" title="Keck Graduate Institute">Keck Graduate Institute</a>. These consortia have pooled the resources of their member colleges and the universities to share human and material assets as well as to link academic and administrative resources. </p><p>An example of a non-profit consortium is the Appalachian College Association (ACA) located in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Kentucky" title="Richmond, Kentucky">Richmond, Kentucky</a>. The association consists of 35 private <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts colleges</a> and universities spread across the central Appalachian mountains in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. Collectively these higher education institutions serve approximately 42,500 students. Six research universities in the region (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee" title="University of Tennessee">University of Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_University" title="West Virginia University">West Virginia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a>) are affiliated with the ACA. These institutions assist the ACA in reviewing grant and fellowship applications, conducting workshops, and providing technical assistance. The ACA works to serve higher education in the rural regions of these five states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of a for-profit consortium is a group of banks that collaborate to make a loan—also known as a <a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">syndicate</a>. This type of loan is more commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Syndicated_loan" title="Syndicated loan">syndicated loan</a>. In England it is common for a consortium to buy out financially struggling football clubs in order to keep them out of <a href="/wiki/Liquidation" title="Liquidation">liquidation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alyeska_Pipeline_Service_Company" title="Alyeska Pipeline Service Company">Alyeska Pipeline Service Company</a>, the company that built the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> in the 1970s, initially was a consortium of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARCO" title="ARCO">ARCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobil" title="Mobil">Mobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unocal_Corporation" title="Unocal Corporation">Unocal</a>, and Koch Alaska Pipeline Company.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerospace">Aerospace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aerospace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airbus_example">Airbus example</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Airbus example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a></div> <p>Airbus Industries was formed in 1970 as a consortium of aerospace manufacturers. The retention of production and engineering assets by the partner companies in effect made Airbus Industries a sales and marketing company.<sup id="cite_ref-FTSAS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTSAS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement led to inefficiencies due to the inherent conflicts of interest that the four partner companies faced; they were both shareholders of, and subcontractors to, the consortium. The companies collaborated on development of the Airbus range, but guarded the financial details of their own production activities and sought to maximize the transfer prices of their sub-assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-awst_formation_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awst_formation-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/EADS" class="mw-redirect" title="EADS">EADS</a> (created by the merger of French, German and Spanish Airbus partner companies) and <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a> (the British partner company) transferred their Airbus production assets to a new company, Airbus SAS. In return, they got 80% and 20% shares respectively. BAE would later sell its share to EADS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panavia_Tornado">Panavia Tornado</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Panavia Tornado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies</b>. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a></div> <p>The Tornado was developed and built by Panavia Aircraft GmbH, a tri-national consortium consisting of British Aerospace (previously British Aircraft Corporation), MBB of West Germany, and Aeritalia of Italy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The aircraft first flew on 14 August 1974 and was introduced into service in 1979–1980. Due to its multi-role design, it was able to replace several different fleets of aircraft in the adopting air forces. The Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) became the only export operator of the Tornado in addition to the three original partner nations. Including all variants, 992 aircraft were built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coopetition">Coopetition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coopetition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Coopetition" title="Coopetition">Coopetition</a></i>, deriving from a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a> and competition, is the word used when companies otherwise competitors collaborate in a consortium to cooperate on areas non-strategic for their core businesses. They prefer to reduce their costs on these non-strategic areas and compete on other areas where they can differentiate better. </p><p>For example, the GENIVI Alliance, now called COVESA, is a not-for-profit consortium between different car makers in order to ease building an <a href="/wiki/In-car_entertainment" title="In-car entertainment">In-Vehicle Infotainment</a> system. </p><p>Another example is the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)</a>, which is a consortium that <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standardizes</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a> technologies like <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government,_academia_and_industry"><span id="Government.2C_academia_and_industry"></span>Government, academia and industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government, academia and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Food_Safety_and_Health" title="Institute for Food Safety and Health">Institute for Food Safety and Health</a> is a consortium consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Food_Safety_and_Applied_Nutrition" title="Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition">Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition</a>, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>. Some of the work done at the institute includes, "assessment and validation of new and novel food safety and preservation technologies, processing and packaging systems, microbiological and chemical methods, health promoting food components, and risk management strategies."<sup id="cite_ref-about_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consortium_for_installment-based_purchases">Consortium for installment-based purchases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consortium for installment-based purchases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly known in the United States as a rotating savings and credit association (ROSCA) and also called Savings Clubs, <a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas clubs</a>, <i>sousou</i> or even money circles,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are typically informal associations of people saving money together with a commonly shared goal: buying something with the same value. In this association its members contribute by paying equal amount installments (usually monthly or weekly) towards a common fund.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On every installment the common fund reaches the goal value and someone is awarded this sum and from this point forward this person own the association the remaining amount, just as in a loan. This process repeats until every member is awarded the entire sum. </p><p>These informal associations are specially popular among immigrants since they are a cheaper alternative to traditional financing and usually require no formal papers, credit history or even a bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the United States, these savings clubs can be formal and have proper legislation. In some countries, like Brazil, <i>consórcios</i> are an integral part of the traditional banking system, where there are clubs for purchasing real estate and cars, and even for plastic surgery costs. Over seven million people have engaged in these formal savings associations over the past years, adding to over U$10 billion in credit.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since these clubs have up to thousands of members, products purchased are awarded through lottery and bidding processes<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the common fund administrators charge a fixed fee in order to take responsibility and guarantee the integrity of the process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_nature_of_the_consortium_agreement_in_selected_countries">Legal nature of the consortium agreement in selected countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legal nature of the consortium agreement in selected countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the consortium, considered a sub-type of <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a>, has important theoretical and practical significance. The French legal system does not provide a definition and does not explicitly use the concept of a joint venture or consortium (<i>groupements momentanés d’entreprises</i>). The consortium agreement in France is a purely contractual cooperative contract that does not entail the creation of a third party. The consortium has no <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legal_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal capacity">legal capacity</a>. The contract is concluded between two or more <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal persons</a> who undertake to carry out certain works in order to implement a joint project which consortium members would not be able to carry out themselves. The consortium agreement is not explicitly regulated by the French legislator, but it is admissible in the light of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">freedom of contract</a> interpreted from articles 6 and 1134 of the <a href="/wiki/French_Civil_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="French Civil Code">French Civil Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither consortium nor joint venture have a legal definition in <a href="/wiki/UK_law" class="mw-redirect" title="UK law">U.K. law</a>. The second term is usually used to describe various types of agreements where two or more parties cooperate in conducting business activities. This manifests e.g. in the joint distribution of profit, sharing cash, assets, knowledge or abilities. As there are no legal provisions regulating in detail the consortium or joint venture, the relations between the parties participating in this type of agreement—when choosing a joint venture as a collaboration agreement or a special <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a>—are subject to <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> or the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership law">partnership law</a>. A consortium agreement governed by the general law of contract, similar to an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Partnership_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Partnership agreement">partnership agreement</a>, does not create a separate entity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> the view prevails that the consortium is a type of internal civil law partnership (§ 705–740 of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">BGB</a>). In external relations, consortium members may decide on <a href="/wiki/Joint_and_several_liability" title="Joint and several liability">joint and several liability</a> regulated by § 421 BGB, while internally there is sometimes a release from this liability. Joint ventures often include credit syndicates (Kreditkonsortien), securities issuing consortia, including mainly shares (<i>Emissionskonsortien</i>), construction consortia (<i>Baukonsortien</i>) also referred to as investment (<i>Investitionskonsortien</i>) and profit pools (<i>Ergebnispools</i>). Sometimes, special purpose partnerships established to jointly use construction facilities (<i>Planungsgesellschaften</i>) are listed in one category with the consortium and the pool. Cooperation agreements concluded under German law are not of a uniform legal nature. There is a great wealth of legal forms of cooperation that could be cautiously qualified as consortium agreements. This is in particular a civil law partnership in its internal and occasional variants (<i>Gelegenheitsgesellschaft</i>), as well as a partnership of building contractors (<i>ARGE</i>) and a structure simply referred to as the "consortium."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> legal system, the legal nature of the consortium agreement is disputed. According to the prevailing approach, a consortium is a form of cooperation, different from a civil law partnership, undertaken between economically independent entities already operating on the <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> in order to implement a specific undertaking that is a segment of the regular activities of these entities, based on an unnamed contract and characterized by a temporary nature, minimization of institutionalization, and lack of separate <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, the need to specify how the parties participate in the joint venture and the intention not to establish a "community" with partly own interests (the partnership as such). According to this concept, despite the very broad formula of a civil partnership provided for entities that undertake to cooperate in a designated way to achieve a common economic goal (which is a common element for both types of contracts), the partnership contract do not exhaust all forms of cooperation and automatic qualification of consortium contracts as partnerships is not allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consortium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FTSAS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FTSAS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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