CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hirnantian glaciation - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"834648af-9c8d-4c5c-9cba-8904c7def666","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hirnantian_glaciation","wgTitle":"Hirnantian glaciation","wgCurRevisionId":1256727305,"wgRevisionId":1256727305,"wgArticleId":2830096,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Glaciology","Ice ages","Ordovician events","Silurian events","Ordovician Africa","Silurian Africa","Ordovician South America","Silurian South America","Aeronian","Telychian","Hirnantian","Katian","Sandbian","Darriwilian","Late Ordovician extinctions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Hirnantian_glaciation","wgRelevantArticleId":2830096,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4753650","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hirnantian glaciation - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hirnantian_glaciation rootpage-Hirnantian_glaciation skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hirnantian+glaciation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hirnantian+glaciation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hirnantian+glaciation" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hirnantian+glaciation" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Hirnantian_glaciations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Hirnantian_glaciations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-Hirnantian glaciations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Hirnantian_glaciations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hirnantian_glaciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hirnantian_glaciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hirnantian glaciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hirnantian_glaciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silurian_glaciations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silurian_glaciations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Silurian glaciations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silurian_glaciations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithologic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithologic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lithologic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithologic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Possible causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CO2_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub> depletion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silicate_weathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicate_weathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Silicate weathering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicate_weathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_carbon_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_carbon_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Organic carbon burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_carbon_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma-ray_burst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma-ray_burst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Gamma-ray burst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma-ray_burst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asteroid impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ordovician_meteor_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ordovician_meteor_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ordovician meteor event</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ordovician_meteor_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deniliquin_impact_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deniliquin_impact_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Deniliquin impact structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deniliquin_impact_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debris_ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debris_ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Debris ring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debris_ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_aerosols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_aerosols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Volcanic aerosols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_aerosols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_level_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Sea level change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeogeography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeogeography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Palaeogeography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeogeography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poleward_ocean_heat_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poleward_ocean_heat_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Poleward ocean heat transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poleward_ocean_heat_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Orbital parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>End of the event</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_event-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of the event subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ice_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ice collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CO2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CO2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>CO<sub>2</sub></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CO2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hirnantian glaciation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="غمر جليدي الهيرنانتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غمر جليدي الهيرنانتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhewlifiant_Andea-Saharaidd" title="Rhewlifiant Andea-Saharaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhewlifiant Andea-Saharaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciaci%C3%B3n_Andino-Sahariana" title="Glaciación Andino-Sahariana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glaciación Andino-Sahariana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation_de_l%27And%C3%A9en-Saharien" title="Glaciation de l'Andéen-Saharien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glaciation de l'Andéen-Saharien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciazione_andino-sahariana" title="Glaciazione andino-sahariana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glaciazione andino-sahariana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengglasieran_Andes-Sahara" title="Pengglasieran Andes-Sahara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengglasieran Andes-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderna-Saharaistiden" title="Anderna-Saharaistiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anderna-Saharaistiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/And-Sahra_buzulla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="And-Sahra buzullaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="And-Sahra buzullaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4753650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hirnantian_glaciation" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hirnantian_glaciation" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&oldid=1256727305" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hirnantian_glaciation&id=1256727305&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHirnantian_glaciation"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHirnantian_glaciation"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4753650" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Glaciation 450 million to 420 million years ago</div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.95em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.43em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:39.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.90em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.52em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.01em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.13em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:4.537em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.269em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:44.053em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.026em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:38.546em;height:5.507em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.546em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:23.128em;height:15.419em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.709em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:23.128em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.564em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:17.621em;height:5.507em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.753em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:17.621em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.811em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:11.663em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.831em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.982em;height:7.379em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.689em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.203em;height:3.756em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.878em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.982em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.991em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.721em;height:2.583em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.291em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.606em;height:1.597em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.798em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.333em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.666em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.606em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.303em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:44.053em;height:5.947em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.974em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:27.533em;height:16.520em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-8.260em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:5.958em;height:21.575em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.787em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:5.958em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:2em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.979em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:8.260em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.130em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:2.203em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.101em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:11.05em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.568em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:47.907em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.053em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:42.952em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:38.546em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.278em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:25.330em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:24.780em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:22.026em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.621em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Earliest multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:16.520em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:9.361em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.260em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.489em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.993em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.958em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hirnantian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:4.075em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:3.304em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.275em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.3em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">Earliest apes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.018em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.8em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Hirnantian <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glaciation</a></b>, also known as the <b>Andean-Saharan glaciation</b>, <b>Early Paleozoic Ice Age</b> (<b>EPIA</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-EPIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Early Paleozoic Icehouse</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <b>Late Ordovician glaciation</b>, or the <b>end-Ordovician glaciation</b>, occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> from approximately 460 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> to around 420 Ma, during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late Ordovician</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a> period. The major glaciation during this period was formerly thought only to consist of the Hirnantian glaciation itself but has now been recognized as a longer, more gradual event,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Munnecke2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munnecke2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which began as early as the <a href="/wiki/Darriwilian" title="Darriwilian">Darriwilian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EPIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly even the <a href="/wiki/Floian" title="Floian">Floian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaElrick_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaElrick-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of this glaciation can be seen in places such as <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More evidence derived from isotopic data is that during the Late Ordovician, tropical ocean temperatures were about 5 °C cooler than present day; this would have been a major factor that aided in the glaciation process.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnitude_and_Duration_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnitude_and_Duration-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Late Ordovician glaciation is widely considered to be the leading cause of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Late Ordovician mass extinction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-end-Ordovician_glaciation_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-end-Ordovician_glaciation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the only glacial episode that appears to have coincided with a major mass extinction of nearly 61% of marine life.<sup id="cite_ref-Mass_Extinction_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mass_Extinction-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of peak <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> <a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> range from 50 to 250 million cubic kilometres, and its duration from 35 million to less than 1 million years. At its height during the <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a>, the ice age is believed to have been significantly more extreme than the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> occurring during the terminal <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magnitude_and_Duration_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magnitude_and_Duration-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaciation of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> was minimal because a large amount of the land was in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Hirnantian_glaciations">Pre-Hirnantian glaciations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Hirnantian glaciations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest evidence for possible glaciation comes from Floian conodont apatite oxygen isotope fluctuations, which display a periodicity characteristic of Milankovitch cycles and have been interpreted as reflecting cyclic waxing and waning of polar ice caps.<sup id="cite_ref-MayaElrick_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MayaElrick-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A speculated glaciation in the middle Darriwilian corresponds to the MDICE positive carbon isotope excursion.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea level changes likely reflective of glacioeustasy are known from this geologic stage, around 467 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-EPIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are no known Middle Ordovician glacial deposits that would provide direct geological evidence of glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isotopic evidence from the Sandbian reveals three possible glaciations: an early Sandbian glaciation, a middle Sandbian glaciation, a late Sandbian glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although biostratigraphy dating the glacial deposits in Gondwana has been problematic, there is evidence suggesting the presence of glaciation by the <a href="/wiki/Sandbian" title="Sandbian">Sandbian</a> stage (approximately 451–461 Ma).<sup id="cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graptolite distribution during the time interval delineated by the <i>Nemacanthus gracilis</i> graptolite biozone indicates a latitudinal extent of the subtropics and tropics similar to that of today, as evidenced by a steep faunal gradient that is uncharacteristic of greenhouse periods, suggesting that Earth was in a mild icehouse state by the start of the Sandbian, around 460 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many possible short glaciation occurred during the Katian: three very short glaciations during the early Katian, the Rakvere glaciation during the late early Katian, a middle Katian glaciation, the Early Ashgill glaciation of the early late Katian, and a latest Katian glaciation that was followed by a rapid warming event in the <i>Paraorthograptus pacificus</i> graptolite biozone immediately before the Hirnantian glaciation itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of major changes in bottom water formation, which usually indicates a sudden change in global climate, is known from the Katian.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shifts in isotopic ratios of carbon and neodymium that correspond to graptolite biostratigraphy lend further evidence in favour of the existence of glacioeustatic cycles during the Katian,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as do conodont apatite δ<sup>18</sup>O fluctuations from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> that likely reflect glacioeustatic sea level changes.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the existence of glacials during the Katian remains controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katian brachiopod and seawater δ<sup>18</sup>O values from Cincinnati Arch indicate ocean temperatures characteristic of a global greenhouse state.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hirnantian_glaciation">Hirnantian glaciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hirnantian glaciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ordovician Carbon 13 time scale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png/220px-Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png/330px-Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png/440px-Carbon_13_and_time_scale_during_the_Ordovician.png 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>In this graph the time period that represents the Late Ordovician is at the very top. There is a sharp shift in carbon 13, as well as a sharp decline in sea surface temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2_exit_glaciation_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2_exit_glaciation-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At the Katian-Hirnantian boundary, a sudden cooling event caused a rapid expansion of glaciers, resulting in one of the most severe glaciations of the Phanerozoic, an extreme cooling event generally believed to be coincident with the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An δ<sup>18</sup>O shift occurs at the start of the Hirnantian; the magnitude of this shift (+2-4‰) was extraordinary.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its direction implies glacial cooling and possibly increases in ice-volume. The observed shifts in the δ<sup>18</sup>O isotopic indicator would require a sea-level fall of 100 meters and a drop of 10 °C in tropical ocean temperatures to have occurred during this glacial episode.<sup id="cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentological data shows that Late Ordovician ice sheets glacierized the <a href="/wiki/Al_Kufra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Kufra">Al Kufrah Basin</a>. Ice sheets also probably formed continuous ice cover over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. In all areas of North Africa where <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">Early Silurian</a> shale occurs, Late Ordovician glaciogenic deposits occur beneath, likely due to the <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxia</a> promoted in these basins.<sup id="cite_ref-Evidence_Al_Kufrah_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evidence_Al_Kufrah-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Hirnantian, an abrupt retreat of glaciers concurrent with the second pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction occurred,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which Earth receded back into a much warmer climate during the Rhuddanian.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Hirnantian warming was marked by a similarly meteoric shift in δ<sup>18</sup>O towards more negative values.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> δ<sup>13</sup>C values likewise fall sharply at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silurian_glaciations">Silurian glaciations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Silurian glaciations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the relatively warm Rhuddanian, glacial events occurred during the early and latest Aeronian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further glaciation occurred from the late Telychian to middle Sheinwoodian.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the early to late Homerian, Earth was in yet another glacial phase.<sup id="cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrotterEtAl2016PPP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last major glaciation of the EPIA occurred during the Ludfordian and was associated with the Lau event.<sup id="cite_ref-LudfordianGlaciation_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudfordianGlaciation-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, glaciation is known from Arabia, Sahara, West Africa, the south Amazon, and the Andes, and the centre of glaciation is known to have migrated from the Sahara in the Ordovician (450–440 Ma) to South America in the Silurian (440–420 Ma). According to Eyles and Young, "A major glacial episode at c. 440 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Ma</a>, is recorded in Late Ordovician <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> (predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ashgillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashgillian">Ashgillian</a>) in West Africa (Tamadjert Formation of the Sahara), in Morocco (<a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Basin" title="Tindouf Basin">Tindouf Basin</a>) and in west-central Saudi Arabia, all areas at polar latitudes at the time. From the Late Ordovician to the <a href="/wiki/Llandovery_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Llandovery epoch">Early Silurian</a> the centre of glaciation moved from northern Africa to southwestern South America."<sup id="cite_ref-Eyles_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyles-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Continental glaciers developed in Africa and eastern Brazil, while alpine glaciers formed in the Andes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western South America (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina) were found glacio-marine diamictites interbedded with turbidites, shales, mud flows and debris flows, dated as early Silurian (Llandonvery), with a southward extension into northern Argentina and western Paraguay, and with a probably northern extension into Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major ice age, the Andean-Saharan was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> ice ages (720–630 Ma, the <a href="/wiki/Sturtian_glaciation" title="Sturtian glaciation">Sturtian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marinoan_glaciation" title="Marinoan glaciation">Marinoan glaciations</a>), often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a>, and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Ice_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Karoo Ice Age">Karoo Ice Age</a> (350–260 Ma).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evidence">Evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithologic">Lithologic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lithologic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The sequence of the stratigraphic architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Dolomite" title="Bighorn Dolomite">Bighorn Dolomite</a> (which represents end of the Ordovician period), is consistent with the gradual buildup of glacial ice. The sequences of the Bighorn Dolomite display systematic changes in their component cycles, and the changes in these cycles are interpreted as being a change from a greenhouse climate to a transitional ice house climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_causes">Possible causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2_depletion">CO<sub>2</sub> depletion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: CO2 depletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the factors that hindered glaciation during the early Paleozoic was atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, which at the time were somewhere between 8 and 20 times pre-industrial levels.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Solar_irradiance" title="Solar irradiance">solar irradiance</a> was significantly lower during the Late Ordovician; 450 million years ago, solar irradiance of Earth was about 1312.00 W m<sup>−2</sup> compared to 1360.89 W m<sup>−2</sup> in the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations are thought to have dropped significantly in the Hirnantian, which could have induced widespread glaciation during an overall cooling trend.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methods for the removal of CO<sub>2</sub> during this time were not well known,<sup id="cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are still hotly debated, with the radiation of terrestrial plants,<sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enhanced oceanic organic carbon burial,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a reduction in volcanic outgassing of carbon dioxide having been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could have been possible for glaciation to initiate with high levels of CO<sub>2</sub>, but it would have depended highly on continental configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicate_weathering">Silicate weathering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Silicate weathering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long-term <a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">silicate weathering</a> is a major mechanism through which CO<sub>2</sub> is removed from the atmosphere, converting it into <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> which is stored in marine sediments. This has often been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Taconic_orogeny" title="Taconic orogeny">Taconic Orogeny</a>, a mountain-building event on the east coast of Laurentia (present-day North America).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis is that a hypothetical large igneous province in the Katian led to basaltic flooding caused by high continental volcanic activity during that period. In the short term, this would have released a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere, which may explain a warming pulse in the Katian. However, in the long term flood basalts would have left behind plains of basaltic rock, replacing exposures of granitic rock. Basaltic rocks weather substantially faster than granitic rocks, which would quickly remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the atmosphere at a much faster rate than before the volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Katian_Large_Igneous_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katian_Large_Igneous-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CO<sub>2</sub> levels could also have decreased due to accelerated silicate weathering caused by the expansion of terrestrial non-vascular plants. Vascular plants only appeared 15 Ma after the glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lenton2012_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenton2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_carbon_burial">Organic carbon burial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organic carbon burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isotopic evidence points to a global <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian" title="Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a> positive shift in δ<sup>13</sup>C at nearly the same time as the positive shift in marine carbonate δ<sup>18</sup>O.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang1997_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang1997-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift is known as the <a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_Isotopic_Carbon_Excursion" title="Hirnantian Isotopic Carbon Excursion">Hirnantian Isotopic Carbon Excursion</a> (HICE).<sup id="cite_ref-Men2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Men2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The positive shift in δ<sup>13</sup>C implies a change in the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> leading to more burial of organic carbon,<sup id="cite_ref-Men2022_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Men2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some researchers hold a conflicting interpretation of this δ<sup>13</sup>C change as being caused by increased weathering of carbonate platforms exposed by sea level fall.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enhanced organic carbon burial resulted in a decrease in the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels and an inverse greenhouse effect, allowing glaciation to occur more readily.<sup id="cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gamma-ray_burst">Gamma-ray burst</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gamma-ray burst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A gamma-ray burst (GRB) has been suggested by some researchers as the cause of the abrupt glaciation at the beginning of the Hirnantian.<sup id="cite_ref-GammaRayBurstLOME_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GammaRayBurstLOME-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of a ten second GRB occurring within two <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">kiloparsecs</a> of Earth would have delivered it a fluence of 100 kilojoules per square metre. This would have resulted in large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> raining down on Earth's surface in the aftermath of the gamma-ray burst, causing blooms of nitrate-limited photosynthesisers that would have sequestered large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Additionally, the GRB would have initiated a major depletion of <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, another potent greenhouse gas, through its reaction with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> produced as a result of the GRB's dissociation of diatomic nitrogen and subsequent reaction of nitrogen atoms with oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-TerrestrialOzoneDepletion_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TerrestrialOzoneDepletion-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroid_impact">Asteroid impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asteroid impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ordovician_meteor_event">Ordovician meteor event</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ordovician meteor event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The breakup of the L-chondrite parent body caused a rain of extraterrestrial material onto the Earth called the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician_meteor_event" title="Ordovician meteor event">Ordovician meteor event</a>. This event increased stratospheric dust by 3 or 4 orders of magnitude and may have triggered the ice age by reflecting sunlight back into space.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deniliquin_impact_structure">Deniliquin impact structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deniliquin impact structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2023 paper has proposed that the Hirnantian glaciation could have come about due to an <a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">impact winter</a> generated by the impact that formed the <a href="/wiki/Deniliquin_multiple-ring_feature" title="Deniliquin multiple-ring feature">Deniliquin multiple-ring feature</a> in what is now southeastern Australia, although this hypothesis currently remains untested.<sup id="cite_ref-AsteroidImpactOrigin_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsteroidImpactOrigin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debris_ring">Debris ring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debris ring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Rings of Earth</a></div> <p>A 2024 study suggests that rather than a complete breakup or outright impact, the L-chondrite parent body may have had a near-miss encounter with Earth, causing a part of it to break off from Earth's gravitational pull. This debris may have formed a <a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">planetary ring</a>, and down-falling debris from the ring may have shaded Earth from the sun's rays and triggering significant cooling. Evidence for this comes from the fact that craters dating from the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician_meteor_event" title="Ordovician meteor event">Ordovician meteor event</a> appear to cluster in a distinctive band around the Earth instead of being randomly scattered, which may have come from debris falling to Earth from the ring. This ring may have lasted for nearly 40 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_aerosols">Volcanic aerosols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Volcanic aerosols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although volcanic activity often leads to warming through the release of greenhouse gasses, it may also lead to cooling via the production of <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, light-blocking particles. There is good evidence for elevated volcanic activity through the Hirnantian, based on anomalously high concentrations of mercury (Hg) in many areas. <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur dioxide">Sulphur dioxide</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>) and other sulphurous volcanic gasses are converted into <a href="/wiki/Sulfate_aerosol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfate aerosol">sulphate aerosols</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, and short, periodic large igneous province eruptions may be able to account for cooling in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is no direct evidence for a large igneous province during the Hirnantian, volcanism could still be a major factor. Explosive volcanic eruptions, which regularly send debris and volatiles into the stratosphere, would be even more effective at producing sulfate aerosols. Ash beds are common in the Late Ordovician, and Hirnantian pyrite records sulphur isotope anomalies consistent with stratospheric eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enormous megaeruption that formed the <a href="/wiki/Deicke_and_Millbrig_bentonite_layers" title="Deicke and Millbrig bentonite layers">Deicke bentonite layer</a> in particular has been linked to global cooling due to it coinciding with a major positive oxygen isotope excursion and the high sulphur concentration observed in its bentonite layer.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_change">Sea level change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sea level change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the possible causes for the temperature drop during this period is a drop in sea level. Sea level must drop prior to the initiation of extensive ice sheets in order for it to be a possible trigger. A drop in sea level allows more land to become available for ice sheet growth. There is wide debate on the timing of sea level change, but there is some evidence that a sea level drop started before the <a href="/wiki/Ashgillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashgillian">Ashgillian</a>, which would have made it a contributing factor to glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Palaeogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The possible setup of the paleogeography during the period from 460 Ma to 440 Ma falls in a range between the Caradocian and the Ashgillian. The choice of setup is important, because the Caradocian setup is more likely to produce glacial ice at high CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, and the Ashgillian is more likely to produce glacial ice at low CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The height of the land mass above sea level also plays an important role, especially after ice sheets have been established. A higher elevation allows ice sheets to remain with more stability, but a lower elevation allows ice sheets to develop more readily. The Caradocian is considered to have a lower surface elevation, and though it would be better for initiation during high CO<sub>2</sub>, it would have a harder time maintaining glacial coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-revised_world_maps_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-revised_world_maps-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From what we know about <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> movement, the time span required to allow the southward movement of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> toward the South Pole would have been too long to trigger this glaciation. Tectonic movement tends to take several million years, but the scale of the glaciation seems to have occurred in less than 1 million years, but the exact time frame of glaciation ranges from less than 1 million years to 35 million years, so it could still be possible for tectonic movement to have triggered this glacial period.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander" title="True polar wander">true polar wander</a> (TPW) and not conventional plate motion may have been responsible for the initiation of the Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeomagnetic data from between 450 and 440 Ma indicates a TPW of around ~50˚ occurring at a maximum speed of ~55 cm per year, which better explains the rapid motion of the continents than conventional plate tectonics.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poleward_ocean_heat_transport">Poleward ocean heat transport</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Poleward ocean heat transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ocean heat transport is a major driver in the warming of the poles, taking warm water from the equator and distributing it to higher latitudes. A weakening of this heat transport may have allowed the poles to cool enough to form ice under high CO<sub>2</sub> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the paleogeographic configuration of the continents, global ocean heat transport is thought to have been stronger in the Late Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-glaciation_under_high_CO2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glaciation_under_high_CO2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research shows that in order for glaciation to occur, poleward heat transport had to be lower, which creates a discrepancy in what is known.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_parameters">Orbital parameters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orbital parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orbital parameters may have acted in conjunction with some of the above parameters to help start glaciation. The variation of the earth's precession, and eccentricity, could have set the off the tipping point for initiation of glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orbit at this time is thought to have been in a cold summer orbit for the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of orbital configuration is a change in the <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">orbital precession</a> such that during the summer when the hemisphere is tilted toward the sun (in this case the earth) the earth is furthest away from the sun, and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> such that the orbit of the earth is more elongated which would enhance the effect of precession. </p><p>Coupled models have shown that in order to maintain ice at the pole in the Southern Hemisphere, the earth would have to be in a cold summer configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-glaciation_under_high_CO2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glaciation_under_high_CO2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glaciation was most likely to start during a cold summer period because this configuration enhances the chance of snow and ice surviving throughout the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-impacts_40-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_event">End of the event</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: End of the event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cause for the end of the Late Ordovician Glaciation is a matter of intense research, but evidence shows that the deglaciation in the terminal Hirnantian may have occurred abruptly, as Silurian strata marks a significant change from the glacial deposits left during the Late Ordovician.<sup id="cite_ref-deglaciation_sequence_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deglaciation_sequence-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the Hirnantian glaciation ended rapidly, milder glaciations continued to occur throughout the subsequent Silurian period,<sup id="cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrotterEtAl2016PPP-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the last glacial phase occurring in the Late Silurian.<sup id="cite_ref-LudfordianGlaciation_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudfordianGlaciation-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_collapse">Ice collapse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ice collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the possible causes for the end of the Hirnantian glaciation is that during the glacial maximum, the ice reached out too far and began collapsing on itself. The ice sheet initially stabilized once it reached as far north as <a href="/wiki/Ghat,_Libya" title="Ghat, Libya">Ghat, Libya</a> and developed a large proglacial fan-delta system. A glaciotectonic fold and thrust belt began to form from repeated small-scale fluctuations in the ice. The glaciotectonic fold and thrust belt eventually led to ice sheet collapse and retreat of the ice to south of Ghat. Once stabilized south of Ghat, the ice sheet began advancing north again. This cycle slowly shrank more south each time which lead to further retreat and further collapse of glacial conditions. This recursion allowed the melting of the ice sheet, and rising sea level. This hypothesis is supported by glacial deposits and large land formations found in Ghat, Libya which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Murzuq_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Murzuq Basin">Murzuq Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deglaciation_sequence_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deglaciation_sequence-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CO2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Ice sheets began to increase the weathering of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> rocks and basaltic important to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> (the silicates through the <a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> through forming <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>) decreased, which caused CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> levels to rise again, this in turned helped push deglaciation. This deglaciation cause the transformation of silicates exposed to the air (thus given the opportunity to bind to its CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>) and weathering of basaltic rock to start back up which caused glaciation to occur again.<sup id="cite_ref-CO2_exit_glaciation_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CO2_exit_glaciation-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a> at the end of the Ordovician, which resulted in a significant drop in chitinozoan diversity and abundance,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the biodiversity of <a href="/wiki/Chitinozoan" title="Chitinozoan">chitinozoans</a> was adversely impacted by the onset of the Andean-Saharan glaciation. Following a peak in diversity in the late Darriwilian, chitinozoans declined in diversity as the Late Ordovician progressed. An exception to this declining trend of chitinozoan diversity was exhibited in Laurentia due to its low latitude position and warmer climate.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Late Ordovician Glaciation coincided with the second largest of the five major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinction events">extinction events</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction" title="Late Ordovician mass extinction">Late Ordovician mass extinction</a>. This period is the only known glaciation to occur alongside of a mass extinction event. The extinction event consisted of two discrete pulses. The first pulse of extinctions is thought to have taken place because of the rapid cooling, and increased oxygenation of the water column. This first pulse was the larger of the two and caused the extinction of most of the marine animal species that existed in the shallow and deep oceans. The second phase of extinction was associated with strong <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, and due to the atmospheric conditions, namely oxygen levels being at or below 50% of present-day levels, high levels of anoxic waters would have been common. This anoxia would have killed off many of the survivors of the first extinction pulse. In all the extinction event of the Late Ordovician saw a loss of 85% of marine animal species and 26% of animal families.<sup id="cite_ref-Sulfidic_driver_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sulfidic_driver-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deglaciation at the end of the Homerian glacial interval was coeval with the first major radiation of trilete spore-producing plants, harbingering the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Silurian-Devonian_Terrestrial_Revolution" title="Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution">Silurian-Devonian Terrestrial Revolution</a>. The later middle Ludfordian glaciation caused a sea level drop that created vast areas of new terrestrial habitats that were promptly colonised by land plants, further facilitating their diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-SilurianPlantDynamics_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SilurianPlantDynamics-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The warming during the <a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli</a> that marked the end of the Andean-Saharan glaciation saw further floral expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian_extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician–Silurian extinction events">Ordovician–Silurian extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EPIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EPIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EPIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPohlDonnadieuLe_HirLadant2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pohl, Alexandre; Donnadieu, Yannick; Le Hir, Guillaume; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Dumas, Christophe; Alvarez-Solas, Jorge; Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A. (28 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016PA002928">"Glacial onset predated Late Ordovician climate cooling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_and_Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology">Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</a></i>. <b>31</b> (6): 800–821. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PalOc..31..800P">2016PalOc..31..800P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016PA002928">10.1002/2016PA002928</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8057556">1854/LU-8057556</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133243759">133243759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=Glacial+onset+predated+Late+Ordovician+climate+cooling&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=800-821&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8057556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133243759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016PA002928&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PalOc..31..800P&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Le+Hir%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Ladant%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Dumas%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Alvarez-Solas%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Vandenbroucke%2C+Thijs+R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2016PA002928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlacioeustasyBlackShalesEarlyPalaeozoicIcehouse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage,_A.Zalasiewicz,_J.Williams,_M.Popov,_L.2007" class="citation book cs1">Page, A.; Zalasiewicz, J.; Williams, M.; Popov, L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4eCj1J8k0IC&pg=PA123">"Were transgressive black shales a negative feedback modulating glacioeustasy in the Early Palaeozoic Icehouse?"</a>. In Williams, Mark; Haywood, A. M.; Gregory, J.; et al. (eds.). <i>Deep-time perspectives on climate change: marrying the signal from computer models and biological proxies</i>. Special Publication of the Geological Society of London. The Micropaleontology Society special publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-240-3"><bdi>978-1-86239-240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Were+transgressive+black+shales+a+negative+feedback+modulating+glacioeustasy+in+the+Early+Palaeozoic+Icehouse%3F&rft.btitle=Deep-time+perspectives+on+climate+change%3A+marrying+the+signal+from+computer+models+and+biological+proxies&rft.series=Special+Publication+of+the+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.pub=The+Micropaleontology+Society+special+publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-240-3&rft.au=Page%2C+A.&rft.au=Zalasiewicz%2C+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+M.&rft.au=Popov%2C+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4eCj1J8k0IC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbrouckeArmstrongWilliamsParis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.; Armstrong, Howard A.; Williams, Mark; Paris, Florentin; Sabbe, Koen; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Nõlvak, Jaak; Verniers, Jacques (15 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018209005215">"Epipelagic chitinozoan biotopes map a steep latitudinal temperature gradient for earliest Late Ordovician seas: Implications for a cooling Late Ordovician climate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>294</b> (3–4): 202–219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PPP...294..202V">2010PPP...294..202V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2009.11.026">10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.026</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Epipelagic+chitinozoan+biotopes+map+a+steep+latitudinal+temperature+gradient+for+earliest+Late+Ordovician+seas%3A+Implications+for+a+cooling+Late+Ordovician+climate&rft.volume=294&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=202-219&rft.date=2010-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2009.11.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PPP...294..202V&rft.aulast=Vandenbroucke&rft.aufirst=Thijs+R.+A.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Howard+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&rft.au=Paris%2C+Florentin&rft.au=Sabbe%2C+Koen&rft.au=Zalasiewicz%2C+Jan+A.&rft.au=N%C3%B5lvak%2C+Jaak&rft.au=Verniers%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018209005215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenauHermannLeslie2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rosenau, Nicholas A.; Hermann, Achim D.; Leslie, Stephen A. (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018211005839">"Conodont apatite δ18O values from a platform margin setting, Oklahoma, USA: Implications for initiation of Late Ordovician icehouse conditions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. 315–316: 172–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PPP...315..172R">2012PPP...315..172R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2011.12.003">10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.003</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Conodont+apatite+%CE%B418O+values+from+a+platform+margin+setting%2C+Oklahoma%2C+USA%3A+Implications+for+initiation+of+Late+Ordovician+icehouse+conditions&rft.volume=315-316&rft.pages=172-180&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2011.12.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PPP...315..172R&rft.aulast=Rosenau&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Hermann%2C+Achim+D.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018211005839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munnecke2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munnecke2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunneckeCalnerHarperServais2010" class="citation journal cs1">Munnecke, Axel; Calner, Mikael; <a href="/wiki/David_Harper_(palaeontologist)" title="David Harper (palaeontologist)">Harper, David A. T.</a>; Servais, Thomas (15 October 2010). "Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>296</b> (3–4): 389–413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PPP...296..389M">2010PPP...296..389M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Ordovician+and+Silurian+sea-water+chemistry%2C+sea+level%2C+and+climate%3A+A+synopsis&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=389-413&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.08.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PPP...296..389M&rft.aulast=Munnecke&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft.au=Calner%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Harper%2C+David+A.+T.&rft.au=Servais%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MayaElrick-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MayaElrick_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MayaElrick_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElrick2022" class="citation journal cs1">Elrick, Maya (1 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111209">"Orbital-scale climate changes detected in Lower and Middle Ordovician cyclic limestones using oxygen isotopes of conodont apatite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>603</b>: 111209. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPP...60311209E">2022PPP...60311209E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111209">10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111209</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Orbital-scale+climate+changes+detected+in+Lower+and+Middle+Ordovician+cyclic+limestones+using+oxygen+isotopes+of+conodont+apatite&rft.volume=603&rft.pages=111209&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111209&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022PPP...60311209E&rft.aulast=Elrick&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.palaeo.2022.111209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Díaz-MartínezGrahn2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDíaz-MartínezGrahn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Díaz-Martínez, Enrique; Grahn, Yngve (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018206003397#!">"Early Silurian glaciation along the western margin of Gondwana (Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina): Palaeogeographic and geodynamic setting"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>245</b> (1–2): 62–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...245...62D">2007PPP...245...62D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.018">10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.018</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Early+Silurian+glaciation+along+the+western+margin+of+Gondwana+%28Peru%2C+Bolivia+and+northern+Argentina%29%3A+Palaeogeographic+and+geodynamic+setting&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=62-81&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PPP...245...62D&rft.aulast=D%C3%ADaz-Mart%C3%ADnez&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft.au=Grahn%2C+Yngve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018206003397%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambrey1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hambrey, M. J. (October 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0031018285900896">"The late Ordovician—Early Silurian glacial period"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1–4): 273–289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PPP....51..273H">1985PPP....51..273H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-0182%2885%2990089-6">10.1016/0031-0182(85)90089-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+late+Ordovician%E2%80%94Early+Silurian+glacial+period&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=273-289&rft.date=1985-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-0182%2885%2990089-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PPP....51..273H&rft.aulast=Hambrey&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F0031018285900896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_StadenZimmermannChemale,_Jr.Gutzmer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van Staden, Anelda; Zimmermann, Udo; Chemale, Jr., Farid; Gutzmer, Jens; Germs, G. J. B. (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/167/1/217/372785/Correlation-of-Ordovician-diamictites-from">"Correlation of Ordovician diamictites from Argentina and South Africa using detrital zircon dating"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Geological_Society" title="Journal of the Geological Society">Journal of the Geological Society</a></i>. <b>167</b> (1): 217–220. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGSoc.167..217S">2010JGSoc.167..217S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2F0016-76492009-023">10.1144/0016-76492009-023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128392767">128392767</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Geological+Society&rft.atitle=Correlation+of+Ordovician+diamictites+from+Argentina+and+South+Africa+using+detrital+zircon+dating&rft.volume=167&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-220&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128392767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2F0016-76492009-023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JGSoc.167..217S&rft.aulast=Van+Staden&rft.aufirst=Anelda&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Udo&rft.au=Chemale%2C+Jr.%2C+Farid&rft.au=Gutzmer%2C+Jens&rft.au=Germs%2C+G.+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fjgs%2Farticle-abstract%2F167%2F1%2F217%2F372785%2FCorrelation-of-Ordovician-diamictites-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bighorn_Dolomite,_Wyoming_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandPatzkowsky,_M._E.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Holland, S. M.; Patzkowsky, M. E. (2012). "Sequence Architecture of the Bighorn Dolomite, Wyoming, USA: Transition to the Late Ordovician Icehouse". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Sedimentary_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Sedimentary Research">Journal of Sedimentary Research</a></i>. <b>82</b> (8): 599–615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JSedR..82..599H">2012JSedR..82..599H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fjsr.2012.52">10.2110/jsr.2012.52</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sedimentary+Research&rft.atitle=Sequence+Architecture+of+the+Bighorn+Dolomite%2C+Wyoming%2C+USA%3A+Transition+to+the+Late+Ordovician+Icehouse&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=599-615&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2110%2Fjsr.2012.52&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JSedR..82..599H&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft.au=Patzkowsky%2C+M.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magnitude_and_Duration-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Magnitude_and_Duration_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Magnitude_and_Duration_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnegan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Finnegan, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/22403/2/Finnegan.SOM.pdf">"The Magnitude and Duration of the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Glaciation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>331</b> (6019): 903–906. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331..903F">2011Sci...331..903F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1200803">10.1126/science.1200803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21273448">21273448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35089938">35089938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Magnitude+and+Duration+of+the+Late+Ordovician-Early+Silurian+Glaciation&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6019&rft.pages=903-906&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1200803&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35089938%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21273448&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331..903F&rft.aulast=Finnegan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F22403%2F2%2FFinnegan.SOM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-end-Ordovician_glaciation-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-end-Ordovician_glaciation_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelabroyeVecoli,_M.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Delabroye, A.; Vecoli, M. (2010). "The end-Ordovician glaciation and the Hirnantian Stage: A global review and questions about the Late Ordovician event stratigraphy". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>98</b> (3–4): 269–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ESRv...98..269D">2010ESRv...98..269D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2009.10.010">10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+end-Ordovician+glaciation+and+the+Hirnantian+Stage%3A+A+global+review+and+questions+about+the+Late+Ordovician+event+stratigraphy&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=269-282&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2009.10.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ESRv...98..269D&rft.aulast=Delabroye&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vecoli%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mass_Extinction-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mass_Extinction_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, Peter M (1 May 2001). "The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 331–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AREPS..29..331S">2001AREPS..29..331S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.29.1.331">10.1146/annurev.earth.29.1.331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Late+Ordovician+Mass+Extinction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=331-364&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.29.1.331&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AREPS..29..331S&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Peter+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClimateChangesPreHirnantian_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMännikLehnertNõlvakJoachimski2021" class="citation journal cs1">Männik, Peep; Lehnert, Oliver; Nõlvak, Jaak; Joachimski, Michael M. (1 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018221001322">"Climate changes in the pre-Hirnantian Late Ordovician based on δ18Ophos studies from Estonia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>569</b>: 110347. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PPP...56910347M">2021PPP...56910347M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2021.110347">10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233644917">233644917</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Climate+changes+in+the+pre-Hirnantian+Late+Ordovician+based+on+%CE%B418Ophos+studies+from+Estonia&rft.volume=569&rft.pages=110347&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233644917%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2021.110347&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PPP...56910347M&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4nnik&rft.aufirst=Peep&rft.au=Lehnert%2C+Oliver&rft.au=N%C3%B5lvak%2C+Jaak&rft.au=Joachimski%2C+Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018221001322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocksTorsvik2021" class="citation journal cs1">Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H. (December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2020.09.008">"Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a></i>. <b>100</b>: 53–72. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GondR.100...53C">2021GondR.100...53C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2020.09.008">10.1016/j.gr.2020.09.008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F83447">10852/83447</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=Ordovician+palaeogeography+and+climate+change&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=53-72&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F83447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2020.09.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021GondR.100...53C&rft.aulast=Cocks&rft.aufirst=L.+Robin+M.&rft.au=Torsvik%2C+Trond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gr.2020.09.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._MarcillyMaffreLe_HirPohl2022" class="citation journal cs1">M. Marcilly, Chloé; Maffre, Pierre; Le Hir, Guillaume; Pohl, Alexandre; Fluteau, Frédéric; Goddéris, Yves; Donnadieu, Yannick; H. Heimdal, Thea; Torsvik, Trond H. (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X22003533#br0070">"Understanding the early Paleozoic carbon cycle balance and climate change from modelling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>594</b>: 117717. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022E&PSL.59417717M">2022E&PSL.59417717M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2022.117717">10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117717</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F94890">10852/94890</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+early+Paleozoic+carbon+cycle+balance+and+climate+change+from+modelling&rft.volume=594&rft.pages=117717&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F94890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2022.117717&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022E%26PSL.59417717M&rft.aulast=M.+Marcilly&rft.aufirst=Chlo%C3%A9&rft.au=Maffre%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Le+Hir%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Fluteau%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Godd%C3%A9ris%2C+Yves&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Yannick&rft.au=H.+Heimdal%2C+Thea&rft.au=Torsvik%2C+Trond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012821X22003533%23br0070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbrouckeArmstrongWilliamsZalasiewicz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.; Armstrong, Howard A.; Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Sabbe, Koen (20 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008PA001720">"Ground-truthing Late Ordovician climate models using the paleobiogeography of graptolites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_and_Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology">Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PalOc..24.4202V">2009PalOc..24.4202V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008PA001720">10.1029/2008PA001720</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-5645677">1854/LU-5645677</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=Ground-truthing+Late+Ordovician+climate+models+using+the+paleobiogeography+of+graptolites&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-5645677&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008PA001720&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PalOc..24.4202V&rft.aulast=Vandenbroucke&rft.aufirst=Thijs+R.+A.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Howard+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&rft.au=Zalasiewicz%2C+Jan+A.&rft.au=Sabbe%2C+Koen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1029%2F2008PA001720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSaltzmanBergströmLeslie2008" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Seth A.; Saltzman, Matthew R.; Bergström, Stig M.; Leslie, Stephen A.; Xu, Chen (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018208005312">"Paired δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records of Upper Ordovician (Sandbian–Katian) carbonates in North America and China: Implications for paleoceanographic change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>270</b> (1–2): 166–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PPP...270..166Y">2008PPP...270..166Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2008.09.006">10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.006</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Paired+%CE%B413Ccarb+and+%CE%B413Corg+records+of+Upper+Ordovician+%28Sandbian%E2%80%93Katian%29+carbonates+in+North+America+and+China%3A+Implications+for+paleoceanographic+change&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=166-178&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2008.09.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PPP...270..166Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Seth+A.&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Matthew+R.&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Stig+M.&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018208005312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmdenMitchellLaPortePatterson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Holmden, C.; Mitchell, C. E.; LaPorte, D. F.; Patterson, W. P.; Melchin, M. J.; Finney, S. C. (15 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018213002472">"Nd isotope records of late Ordovician sea-level change—Implications for glaciation frequency and global stratigraphic correlation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>386</b>: 131–144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PPP...386..131H">2013PPP...386..131H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2013.05.014">10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.014</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Nd+isotope+records+of+late+Ordovician+sea-level+change%E2%80%94Implications+for+glaciation+frequency+and+global+stratigraphic+correlation&rft.volume=386&rft.pages=131-144&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2013.05.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PPP...386..131H&rft.aulast=Holmden&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+C.+E.&rft.au=LaPorte%2C+D.+F.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+W.+P.&rft.au=Melchin%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Finney%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018213002472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElrickReardonLaborMartin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Elrick, M.; Reardon, D.; Labor, W.; Martin, J.; Desrochers, A.; Pope, M. (1 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/41/7/775/131295/Orbital-scale-climate-change-and-glacioeustasy?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Orbital-scale climate change and glacioeustasy during the early Late Ordovician (pre-Hirnantian) determined from δ18O values in marine apatite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>41</b> (7): 775–778. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Geo....41..775E">2013Geo....41..775E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG34363.1">10.1130/G34363.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-2682">1943-2682</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Orbital-scale+climate+change+and+glacioeustasy+during+the+early+Late+Ordovician+%28pre-Hirnantian%29+determined+from+%CE%B418O+values+in+marine+apatite&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=775-778&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.issn=1943-2682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG34363.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Geo....41..775E&rft.aulast=Elrick&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Reardon%2C+D.&rft.au=Labor%2C+W.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.&rft.au=Desrochers%2C+A.&rft.au=Pope%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgeology%2Farticle-abstract%2F41%2F7%2F775%2F131295%2FOrbital-scale-climate-change-and-glacioeustasy%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintonMacLeod2014" class="citation journal cs1">Quinton, Page C.; MacLeod, Kenneth G. (15 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018214001710">"Oxygen isotopes from conodont apatite of the midcontinent, US: Implications for Late Ordovician climate evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>404</b>: 57–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PPP...404...57Q">2014PPP...404...57Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2014.03.036">10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.03.036</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Oxygen+isotopes+from+conodont+apatite+of+the+midcontinent%2C+US%3A+Implications+for+Late+Ordovician+climate+evolution&rft.volume=404&rft.pages=57-66&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2014.03.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PPP...404...57Q&rft.aulast=Quinton&rft.aufirst=Page+C.&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018214001710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsaarMeidlaMartma1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ainsaar, Leho; Meidla, Tõnu; Martma, Tõnu (1 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/evidence-for-a-widespread-carbon-isotopic-event-associated-with-late-middle-ordovician-sedimentological-and-faunal-changes-in-estonia/ADD801E7002863FA94230E1C2180B179">"Evidence for a widespread carbon isotopic event associated with late Middle Ordovician sedimentological and faunal changes in Estonia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Magazine" title="Geological Magazine">Geological Magazine</a></i>. <b>136</b> (1): 49–62. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999GeoM..136...49A">1999GeoM..136...49A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS001675689900223X">10.1017/S001675689900223X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Magazine&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+widespread+carbon+isotopic+event+associated+with+late+Middle+Ordovician+sedimentological+and+faunal+changes+in+Estonia&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-62&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS001675689900223X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999GeoM..136...49A&rft.aulast=Ainsaar&rft.aufirst=Leho&rft.au=Meidla%2C+T%C3%B5nu&rft.au=Martma%2C+T%C3%B5nu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fgeological-magazine%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fevidence-for-a-widespread-carbon-isotopic-event-associated-with-late-middle-ordovician-sedimentological-and-faunal-changes-in-estonia%2FADD801E7002863FA94230E1C2180B179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarneyGrossman2022" class="citation journal cs1">Barney, Bryce B.; Grossman, Ethan L. (11 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/50/5/572/611747/Reassessment-of-ocean-paleotemperatures-during-the">"Reassessment of ocean paleotemperatures during the Late Ordovician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>50</b> (5): 572–576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Geo....50..572B">2022Geo....50..572B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG49422.1">10.1130/G49422.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Reassessment+of+ocean+paleotemperatures+during+the+Late+Ordovician&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=572-576&rft.date=2022-02-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG49422.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Geo....50..572B&rft.aulast=Barney&rft.aufirst=Bryce+B.&rft.au=Grossman%2C+Ethan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgeology%2Farticle-abstract%2F50%2F5%2F572%2F611747%2FReassessment-of-ocean-paleotemperatures-during-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CO2_exit_glaciation-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CO2_exit_glaciation_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CO2_exit_glaciation_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_A_Young2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seth A Young, M. R. (2012). "Did Changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial-interglacial cycles?". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>296</b> (3–4): 376–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.02.033">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Did+Changes+in+atmospheric+CO2+coincide+with+latest+Ordovician+glacial-interglacial+cycles%3F&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=376-388&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.02.033&rft.aulast=Seth+A+Young&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaupeQiaoDonnadieuFarnsworth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Saupe, Erin E.; Qiao, Huijie; Donnadieu, Yannick; Farnsworth, Alexander; Kennedy-Asser, Alan T.; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Lunt, Daniel J.; Pohl, Alexandre; Valdes, Paul; Finnegan, Seth (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0504-6#citeas">"Extinction intensity during Ordovician and Cenozoic glaciations explained by cooling and palaeogeography"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 65–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-019-0504-6">10.1038/s41561-019-0504-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fc88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635">1983/c88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209381464">209381464</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Extinction+intensity+during+Ordovician+and+Cenozoic+glaciations+explained+by+cooling+and+palaeogeography&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-70&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fc88c3d46-e95d-43e6-aeaf-685580089635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209381464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-019-0504-6&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=Erin+E.&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Huijie&rft.au=Donnadieu%2C+Yannick&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Kennedy-Asser%2C+Alan+T.&rft.au=Ladant%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Lunt%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Valdes%2C+Paul&rft.au=Finnegan%2C+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-019-0504-6%23citeas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChattertonWang1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, K.; Chatterton, B. D. E.; Wang, K. (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018297000461">"An organic carbon isotope record of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian marine sedimentary rocks, Yangtze Sea, South China: Implications for CO2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>132</b> (1–4): 147–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PPP...132..147W">1997PPP...132..147W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2897%2900046-1">10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00046-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=An+organic+carbon+isotope+record+of+Late+Ordovician+to+Early+Silurian+marine+sedimentary+rocks%2C+Yangtze+Sea%2C+South+China%3A+Implications+for+CO2+changes+during+the+Hirnantian+glaciation&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=147-158&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2897%2900046-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PPP...132..147W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Chatterton%2C+B.+D.+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018297000461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bathymetric_and_Isotopic_evidence_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenchleyJ._D.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Brenchley, P.J.; J. D. (1994). "Bathymetric and isotopic evidence for a short-lived Late Ordovician glaciation in a greenhouse period". <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>22</b> (4): 295–298. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Geo....22..295B">1994Geo....22..295B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281994%29022%3C0295%3Abaiefa%3E2.3.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0295:baiefa>2.3.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Bathymetric+and+isotopic+evidence+for+a+short-lived+Late+Ordovician+glaciation+in+a+greenhouse+period&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-298&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281994%29022%3C0295%3Abaiefa%3E2.3.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Geo....22..295B&rft.aulast=Brenchley&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evidence_Al_Kufrah-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evidence_Al_Kufrah_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeronHoward,_J.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Heron, D. P.; Howard, J. (2010). "Evidence for Late Ordovician Glaciation of Al Kufrah Basin, Libya". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Earth_Sciences" title="Journal of African Earth Sciences">Journal of African Earth Sciences</a></i>. <b>58</b> (2): 354–364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JAfES..58..354L">2010JAfES..58..354L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2010.04.001">10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2010.04.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Late+Ordovician+Glaciation+of+Al+Kufrah+Basin%2C+Libya&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=354-364&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jafrearsci.2010.04.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010JAfES..58..354L&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Howard%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchinMitchellHolmdenŠtorch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Melchin, Michael J.; Mitchell, Charles E.; Holmden, Chris; Štorch, Petr (1 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/125/11-12/1635/125852/Environmental-changes-in-the-Late-Ordovician-early">"Environmental changes in the Late Ordovician–early Silurian: Review and new insights from black shales and nitrogen isotopes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin">Geological Society of America Bulletin</a></i>. <b>125</b> (11–12): 1635–1670. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GSAB..125.1635M">2013GSAB..125.1635M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FB30812.1">10.1130/B30812.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Environmental+changes+in+the+Late+Ordovician%E2%80%93early+Silurian%3A+Review+and+new+insights+from+black+shales+and+nitrogen+isotopes&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=11%E2%80%9312&rft.pages=1635-1670&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FB30812.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GSAB..125.1635M&rft.aulast=Melchin&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Charles+E.&rft.au=Holmden%2C+Chris&rft.au=%C5%A0torch%2C+Petr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgsabulletin%2Farticle-abstract%2F125%2F11-12%2F1635%2F125852%2FEnvironmental-changes-in-the-Late-Ordovician-early&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaiHuKaneLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cai, Quansheng; Hu, Mingyi; Kane, Oumar Ibrahima; Li, Mingtao; Zhang, Baomin; Hu, Zhonggui; Deng, Qingjie; Xing, Niu (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264817221005808">"Cyclic variations in paleoenvironment and organic matter accumulation of the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian black shale in the Middle Yangtze Region, South China: Implications for tectonic setting, paleoclimate, and sea-level change"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marine_and_Petroleum_Geology" title="Marine and Petroleum Geology">Marine and Petroleum Geology</a></i>. <b>136</b>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MarPG.13605477C">2022MarPG.13605477C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2021.105477">10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2021.105477</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+and+Petroleum+Geology&rft.atitle=Cyclic+variations+in+paleoenvironment+and+organic+matter+accumulation+of+the+Upper+Ordovician%E2%80%93Lower+Silurian+black+shale+in+the+Middle+Yangtze+Region%2C+South+China%3A+Implications+for+tectonic+setting%2C+paleoclimate%2C+and+sea-level+change&rft.volume=136&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpetgeo.2021.105477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022MarPG.13605477C&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Quansheng&rft.au=Hu%2C+Mingyi&rft.au=Kane%2C+Oumar+Ibrahima&rft.au=Li%2C+Mingtao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Baomin&rft.au=Hu%2C+Zhonggui&rft.au=Deng%2C+Qingjie&rft.au=Xing%2C+Niu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0264817221005808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenchleyCardenHintsKaljo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brenchley, P. J.; Carden, G. A.; Hints, L.; Kaljo, D.; Marshall, J. D.; Martma, T.; Meidla, T.; Nõlvak, J. (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/115/1/89/183914/High-resolution-stable-isotope-stratigraphy-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: Constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin">Geological Society of America Bulletin</a></i>. <b>115</b> (1): 89–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GSAB..115...89B">2003GSAB..115...89B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%282003%29115%3C0089%3AHRSISO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0089:HRSISO>2.0.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=High-resolution+stable+isotope+stratigraphy+of+Upper+Ordovician+sequences%3A+Constraints+on+the+timing+of+bioevents+and+environmental+changes+associated+with+mass+extinction+and+glaciation&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-104&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%282003%29115%3C0089%3AHRSISO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003GSAB..115...89B&rft.aulast=Brenchley&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Carden%2C+G.+A.&rft.au=Hints%2C+L.&rft.au=Kaljo%2C+D.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+J.+D.&rft.au=Martma%2C+T.&rft.au=Meidla%2C+T.&rft.au=N%C3%B5lvak%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgsabulletin%2Farticle-abstract%2F115%2F1%2F89%2F183914%2FHigh-resolution-stable-isotope-stratigraphy-of%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmyVeizerBassettCopper1998" class="citation journal cs1">Azmy, Karem; Veizer, Ján; Bassett, Michael G.; Copper, Paul (1 November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article/110/11/1499/183331/Oxygen-and-carbon-isotopic-composition-of-Silurian">"Oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Silurian brachiopods: Implications for coeval seawater and glaciations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin">Geological Society of America Bulletin</a></i>. <b>110</b> (11): 1499–1512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281998%29110%3C1499%3AOACICO%3E2.3.CO%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<1499:OACICO>2.3.CO;2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Oxygen+and+carbon+isotopic+composition+of+Silurian+brachiopods%3A+Implications+for+coeval+seawater+and+glaciations&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1499-1512&rft.date=1998-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281998%29110%3C1499%3AOACICO%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Azmy&rft.aufirst=Karem&rft.au=Veizer%2C+J%C3%A1n&rft.au=Bassett%2C+Michael+G.&rft.au=Copper%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgsabulletin%2Farticle%2F110%2F11%2F1499%2F183331%2FOxygen-and-carbon-isotopic-composition-of-Silurian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehnertMännikJoachimskiCalner2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lehnert, Oliver; Männik, Peep; Joachimski, Michael M.; Calner, Mikael; Frýda, Jiři (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.01.009">"Palaeoclimate perturbations before the Sheinwoodian glaciation: A trigger for extinctions during the 'Ireviken Event'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>296</b> (3–4): 320–331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PPP...296..320L">2010PPP...296..320L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.01.009">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.009</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Palaeoclimate+perturbations+before+the+Sheinwoodian+glaciation%3A+A+trigger+for+extinctions+during+the+%27Ireviken+Event%27&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=320-331&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.01.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PPP...296..320L&rft.aulast=Lehnert&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep&rft.au=Joachimski%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Calner%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDda%2C+Ji%C5%99i&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.palaeo.2010.01.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoydell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Loydell, David K. (2 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgj.1090">"Early Silurian positive δ13C excursions and their relationship to glaciations, sea-level changes and extinction events"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geological_Journal" title="Geological Journal">Geological Journal</a></i>. <b>42</b> (5): 531–546. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeolJ..42..531L">2007GeolJ..42..531L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fgj.1090">10.1002/gj.1090</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Journal&rft.atitle=Early+Silurian+positive+%CE%B413C+excursions+and+their+relationship+to+glaciations%2C+sea-level+changes+and+extinction+events&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=531-546&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fgj.1090&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeolJ..42..531L&rft.aulast=Loydell&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fgj.1090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrotterEtAl2016PPP-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrotterEtAl2016PPP_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotterWilliamsBarnesMännik2016" class="citation journal cs1">Trotter, Julie A.; Williams, Ian S.; Barnes, Christopher R.; Männik, Peep; Simpson, Andrew (February 2016). "New conodont δ18O records of Silurian climate change: Implications for environmental and biological events". <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>443</b>: 34–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PPP...443...34T">2016PPP...443...34T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2015.11.011">10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=New+conodont+%CE%B418O+records+of+Silurian+climate+change%3A+Implications+for+environmental+and+biological+events&rft.volume=443&rft.pages=34-48&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2015.11.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PPP...443...34T&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=Julie+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Ian+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LudfordianGlaciation-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LudfordianGlaciation_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LudfordianGlaciation_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrýdaLehnertJoachimskiMännik2021" class="citation journal cs1">Frýda, Jiří; Lehnert, Oliver; Joachimski, Michael M.; Männik, Peep; Kubajko, Michal; Mergl, Michal; Farkaš, Juraj; Frýdová, Barbora (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825221001537">"The Mid-Ludfordian (late Silurian) Glaciation: A link with global changes in ocean chemistry and ecosystem overturns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>220</b>: 103652. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESRv..22003652F">2021ESRv..22003652F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2021.103652">10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103652</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Mid-Ludfordian+%28late+Silurian%29+Glaciation%3A+A+link+with+global+changes+in+ocean+chemistry+and+ecosystem+overturns&rft.volume=220&rft.pages=103652&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2021.103652&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ESRv..22003652F&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%BDda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Lehnert%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Joachimski%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=M%C3%A4nnik%2C+Peep&rft.au=Kubajko%2C+Michal&rft.au=Mergl%2C+Michal&rft.au=Farka%C5%A1%2C+Juraj&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDdov%C3%A1%2C+Barbora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0012825221001537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyles-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyles_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEylesYoung1994" class="citation book cs1">Eyles, Nicholas; Young, Grant (1994). Deynoux, M.; Miller, J.M.G.; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Domack" title="Eugene Domack">Domack, E.W.</a>; Eyles, N.; Fairchild, I.J.; Young, G.M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsglacialrec0000unse/page/10"><i>Geodynamic controls on glaciation in Earth history, in Earth's Glacial Record</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsglacialrec0000unse/page/10">10–18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521548039" title="Special:BookSources/0521548039"><bdi>0521548039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geodynamic+controls+on+glaciation+in+Earth+history%2C+in+Earth%27s+Glacial+Record&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=10-18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0521548039&rft.aulast=Eyles&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Young%2C+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthsglacialrec0000unse%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAber2008" class="citation web cs1">Aber, James S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710071747/http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/labs/lab03.htm">"ES 331/767 Lab III"</a>. Emporia State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/ice/labs/lab03.htm">the original</a> on 10 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ES+331%2F767+Lab+III&rft.pub=Emporia+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aber&rft.aufirst=James+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.emporia.edu%2Faberjame%2Fice%2Flabs%2Flab03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHögele2011" class="citation cs2">Högele, M. A. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315174321/http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/hoegele-michael-anton-2010-12-02/PDF/hoegele.pdf"><i>Metastability of the Chafee-Infante equation with small heavy-tailed Lévy Noise</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät II, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/hoegele-michael-anton-2010-12-02/PDF/hoegele.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-03-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metastability+of+the+Chafee-Infante+equation+with+small+heavy-tailed+L%C3%A9vy+Noise&rft.pub=Humboldt-Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Berlin%2C+Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche+Fakult%C3%A4t+II&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6gele&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedoc.hu-berlin.de%2Fdissertationen%2Fhoegele-michael-anton-2010-12-02%2FPDF%2Fhoegele.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-impacts-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-impacts_40-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmannPatzkowskyPollard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Herrmann, Achim D.; Patzkowsky, Mark E.; Pollard, David (13 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018204000082">"The impact of paleogeography, pCO2, poleward ocean heat transport, and sea level change on global cooling during the Late Ordovician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>206</b> (1–2): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PPP...206...59H">2004PPP...206...59H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2003.12.019">10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+paleogeography%2C+pCO2%2C+poleward+ocean+heat+transport%2C+and+sea+level+change+on+global+cooling+during+the+Late+Ordovician&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=2004-04-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2003.12.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PPP...206...59H&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Achim+D.&rft.au=Patzkowsky%2C+Mark+E.&rft.au=Pollard%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018204000082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiHuGuoLan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xiang; Hu, Yongyun; Guo, Jiaqi; Lan, Jiawenjing; Lin, Qifan; Bao, Xiujuan; Yuan, Shuai; Wei, Mengyu; Li, Zhibo; Man, Kai; Yin, Zihan; Han, Jing; Zhang, Jian; Zhu, Chenguang; Zhao, Zhouqiao; Liu, Yonggang; Yang, Jun; Nie, Ji (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9240078">"A high-resolution climate simulation dataset for the past 540 million years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Data_(journal)" title="Scientific Data (journal)">Scientific Data</a></i>. <b>9</b> (371): 371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSD...9..371L">2022NatSD...9..371L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41597-022-01490-4">10.1038/s41597-022-01490-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9240078">9240078</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35764652">35764652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=A+high-resolution+climate+simulation+dataset+for+the+past+540+million+years&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=371&rft.pages=371&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9240078%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35764652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41597-022-01490-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSD...9..371L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiang&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yongyun&rft.au=Guo%2C+Jiaqi&rft.au=Lan%2C+Jiawenjing&rft.au=Lin%2C+Qifan&rft.au=Bao%2C+Xiujuan&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Shuai&rft.au=Wei%2C+Mengyu&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhibo&rft.au=Man%2C+Kai&rft.au=Yin%2C+Zihan&rft.au=Han%2C+Jing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jian&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Chenguang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zhouqiao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yonggang&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jun&rft.au=Nie%2C+Ji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9240078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbrouckeArmstrongWilliamsParis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.; Armstrong, Howard A.; Williams, Mark; Paris, Florentin; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Sabbe, Koen; Nõlvak, Jaak; Challands, Thomas J.; Verniers, Jacques; Servais, Thomas (9 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930542">"Polar front shift and atmospheric CO2 during the glacial maximum of the Early Paleozoic Icehouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>107</b> (34): 14983–14986. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1003220107">10.1073/pnas.1003220107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930542">2930542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20696937">20696937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Polar+front+shift+and+atmospheric+CO2+during+the+glacial+maximum+of+the+Early+Paleozoic+Icehouse&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=14983-14986&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930542%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20696937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1003220107&rft.aulast=Vandenbroucke&rft.aufirst=Thijs+R.+A.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Howard+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Mark&rft.au=Paris%2C+Florentin&rft.au=Zalasiewicz%2C+Jan+A.&rft.au=Sabbe%2C+Koen&rft.au=N%C3%B5lvak%2C+Jaak&rft.au=Challands%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Verniers%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Servais%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenton2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2012_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lenton2012_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentonCrouchJohnsonPires2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lenton, Timothy M.; Crouch, Michael; Johnson, Martin; Pires, Nuno; Dolan, Liam (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1390">"First plants cooled the Ordovician"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 86–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatGe...5...86L">2012NatGe...5...86L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo1390">10.1038/ngeo1390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=First+plants+cooled+the+Ordovician&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-89&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo1390&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NatGe...5...86L&rft.aulast=Lenton&rft.aufirst=Timothy+M.&rft.au=Crouch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Martin&rft.au=Pires%2C+Nuno&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fngeo1390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprosonVon_StrandmannSelbyJarochowska2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sproson, Adam D.; Von Strandmann, Philip A. E. Pogge; Selby, David; Jarochowska, Emilia; Frýda, Jiří; Hladil, Jindřich; Loydell, David K.; Slavík, Ladislav; Calner, Mikael; Maier, Georg; Munnecke, Axel; Lenton, Timothy M. (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X21005161#!">"Osmium and lithium isotope evidence for weathering feedbacks linked to orbitally paced organic carbon burial and Silurian glaciations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>577</b>: 117260. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022E&PSL.57717260S">2022E&PSL.57717260S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2021.117260">10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243795224">243795224</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Osmium+and+lithium+isotope+evidence+for+weathering+feedbacks+linked+to+orbitally+paced+organic+carbon+burial+and+Silurian+glaciations&rft.volume=577&rft.pages=117260&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243795224%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2021.117260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022E%26PSL.57717260S&rft.aulast=Sproson&rft.aufirst=Adam+D.&rft.au=Von+Strandmann%2C+Philip+A.+E.+Pogge&rft.au=Selby%2C+David&rft.au=Jarochowska%2C+Emilia&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Hladil%2C+Jind%C5%99ich&rft.au=Loydell%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Slav%C3%ADk%2C+Ladislav&rft.au=Calner%2C+Mikael&rft.au=Maier%2C+Georg&rft.au=Munnecke%2C+Axel&rft.au=Lenton%2C+Timothy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0012821X21005161%23%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLvLiuWuSun2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lv, Y.; Liu, S.-A.; Wu, H.; Sun, Z.; Li, C.; Fan, J. X. (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article2210/">"Enhanced organic carbon burial intensified the end-Ordovician glaciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Perspectives_Letters" title="Geochemical Perspectives Letters">Geochemical Perspectives Letters</a></i>. <b>21</b>: 13–17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GChPL..21...13L">2022GChPL..21...13L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2210">10.7185/geochemlet.2210</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247721878">247721878</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemical+Perspectives+Letters&rft.atitle=Enhanced+organic+carbon+burial+intensified+the+end-Ordovician+glaciation&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247721878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7185%2Fgeochemlet.2210&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GChPL..21...13L&rft.aulast=Lv&rft.aufirst=Y.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.-A.&rft.au=Wu%2C+H.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Z.&rft.au=Li%2C+C.&rft.au=Fan%2C+J.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org%2Farticle2210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSaltzmanFolandLinder2009" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Seth A.; Saltzman, Matthew R.; Foland, Kenneth A.; Linder, Jeff S.; Kump, Lee R. (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/37/10/951/103964/A-major-drop-in-seawater-87Sr-86Sr-during-the">"A major drop in seawater 87Sr/86Sr during the Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian): Links to volcanism and climate?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>37</b> (10): 951–954. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Geo....37..951Y">2009Geo....37..951Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG30152A.1">10.1130/G30152A.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=A+major+drop+in+seawater+87Sr%2F86Sr+during+the+Middle+Ordovician+%28Darriwilian%29%3A+Links+to+volcanism+and+climate%3F&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=951-954&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG30152A.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Geo....37..951Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Seth+A.&rft.au=Saltzman%2C+Matthew+R.&rft.au=Foland%2C+Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Linder%2C+Jeff+S.&rft.au=Kump%2C+Lee+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgeology%2Farticle-abstract%2F37%2F10%2F951%2F103964%2FA-major-drop-in-seawater-87Sr-86Sr-during-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperHammarlundRasmussen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Harper, D. A. T.; Hammarlund, E. U.; Rasmussen, C. M. Ø. (May 2014). "End Ordovician extinctions: A coincidence of causes". <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 1294–1307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GondR..25.1294H">2014GondR..25.1294H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.12.021">10.1016/j.gr.2012.12.021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=End+Ordovician+extinctions%3A+A+coincidence+of+causes&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1294-1307&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.12.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GondR..25.1294H&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=D.+A.+T.&rft.au=Hammarlund%2C+E.+U.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+C.+M.+%C3%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katian_Large_Igneous-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Katian_Large_Igneous_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefebvreServaisFrançoisAverbuch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lefebvre, Vincent; Servais, Thomas; François, Louis; Averbuch, Olivier (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018210002191">"Did a Katian large igneous province trigger the Late Ordovician glaciation? A hypothesis tested with a carbon cycle model"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>296</b> (3–4): 310–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.04.010">10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.010</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Did+a+Katian+large+igneous+province+trigger+the+Late+Ordovician+glaciation%3F+A+hypothesis+tested+with+a+carbon+cycle+model&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=310-319&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2010.04.010&rft.aulast=Lefebvre&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Servais%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Louis&rft.au=Averbuch%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018210002191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2012" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Pallab (2 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-16814669">"Humble moss 'brought on ice ages'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Humble+moss+%27brought+on+ice+ages%27&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pallab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-16814669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang1997-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang1997_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangChattertonWang1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, K.; Chatterton, B. D. E.; Wang, Y. (August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018297000461">"An organic carbon isotope record of Late Ordovician to Early Silurian marine sedimentary rocks, Yangtze Sea, South China: Implications for CO2 changes during the Hirnantian glaciation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>132</b> (1–4): 147–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PPP...132..147W">1997PPP...132..147W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2897%2900046-1">10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00046-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=An+organic+carbon+isotope+record+of+Late+Ordovician+to+Early+Silurian+marine+sedimentary+rocks%2C+Yangtze+Sea%2C+South+China%3A+Implications+for+CO2+changes+during+the+Hirnantian+glaciation&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=147-158&rft.date=1997-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0031-0182%2897%2900046-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PPP...132..147W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Chatterton%2C+B.+D.+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018297000461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Men2022-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Men2022_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Men2022_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenMouGe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Men, Xin; Mou, Chuanlong; Ge, Xiangying (1 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9343391">"Changes in palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment in the Upper Yangtze area (South China) during the Ordovician–Silurian transition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1): 13186. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1213186M">2022NatSR..1213186M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-17105-2">10.1038/s41598-022-17105-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9343391">9343391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35915216">35915216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Changes+in+palaeoclimate+and+palaeoenvironment+in+the+Upper+Yangtze+area+%28South+China%29+during+the+Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian+transition&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13186&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9343391%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35915216&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-022-17105-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..1213186M&rft.aulast=Men&rft.aufirst=Xin&rft.au=Mou%2C+Chuanlong&rft.au=Ge%2C+Xiangying&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9343391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesCreelRios2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, David S.; Creel, Roger C.; Rios, Bernardo A. (15 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018216000444">"Carbon isotope stratigraphy and correlation of depositional sequences in the Upper Ordovician Ely Springs Dolostone, eastern Great Basin, USA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>458</b>: 85–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PPP...458...85J">2016PPP...458...85J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.01.036">10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.01.036</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Carbon+isotope+stratigraphy+and+correlation+of+depositional+sequences+in+the+Upper+Ordovician+Ely+Springs+Dolostone%2C+eastern+Great+Basin%2C+USA&rft.volume=458&rft.pages=85-101&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2016.01.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PPP...458...85J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Creel%2C+Roger+C.&rft.au=Rios%2C+Bernardo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018216000444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchinHolmden2006" class="citation journal cs1">Melchin, Michael J.; Holmden, Chris (18 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018205005821">"Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada: Sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>234</b> (2–4): 186–200. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PPP...234..186M">2006PPP...234..186M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2005.10.009">10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.009</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Carbon+isotope+chemostratigraphy+in+Arctic+Canada%3A+Sea-level+forcing+of+carbonate+platform+weathering+and+implications+for+Hirnantian+global+correlation&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=186-200&rft.date=2006-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2005.10.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PPP...234..186M&rft.aulast=Melchin&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Holmden%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018205005821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorjanKaihoFikeXu2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gorjan, Paul; Kaiho, Kunio; Fike, David A.; Xu, Chen (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018212001617">"Carbon- and sulfur-isotope geochemistry of the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) Wangjiawan (Riverside) section, South China: Global correlation and environmental event interpretation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. 337–338: 14–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PPP...337...14G">2012PPP...337...14G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2012.03.021">10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.03.021</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=Carbon-+and+sulfur-isotope+geochemistry+of+the+Hirnantian+%28Late+Ordovician%29+Wangjiawan+%28Riverside%29+section%2C+South+China%3A+Global+correlation+and+environmental+event+interpretation&rft.volume=337-338&rft.pages=14-22&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2012.03.021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PPP...337...14G&rft.aulast=Gorjan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Kaiho%2C+Kunio&rft.au=Fike%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Xu%2C+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0031018212001617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GammaRayBurstLOME-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GammaRayBurstLOME_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelottLiebermanLairdMartin2004" class="citation journal cs1">Melott, Adrian L.; Lieberman, B. S.; Laird, Claude M.; Martin, L. D.; Medvedev, M. V.; Thomas, Brian C.; Cannizzo, John K.; Gehrels, Neil; Jackman, Charles H. (5 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-astrobiology/article/abs/did-a-gammaray-burst-initiate-the-late-ordovician-mass-extinction/F37A58C811EB82496CEF6CF989159807">"Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Astrobiology" title="International Journal of Astrobiology">International Journal of Astrobiology</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 55–61. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309415">astro-ph/0309415</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004IJAsB...3...55M">2004IJAsB...3...55M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1473550404001910">10.1017/S1473550404001910</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F9204">1808/9204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13124815">13124815</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Did+a+gamma-ray+burst+initiate+the+late+Ordovician+mass+extinction%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-61&rft.date=2004-08-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F9204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13124815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004IJAsB...3...55M&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0309415&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1473550404001910&rft.aulast=Melott&rft.aufirst=Adrian+L.&rft.au=Lieberman%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Laird%2C+Claude+M.&rft.au=Martin%2C+L.+D.&rft.au=Medvedev%2C+M.+V.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Brian+C.&rft.au=Cannizzo%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Gehrels%2C+Neil&rft.au=Jackman%2C+Charles+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-astrobiology%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdid-a-gammaray-burst-initiate-the-late-ordovician-mass-extinction%2FF37A58C811EB82496CEF6CF989159807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TerrestrialOzoneDepletion-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TerrestrialOzoneDepletion_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasJackmanMelottLaird2005" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Brian C.; Jackman, Charles H.; Melott, Adrian L.; Laird, Claude M.; Stolarski, Richard S.; Gehrels, Neil; Cannizzo, John K.; Hogan, Daniel P. (28 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/429799/meta">"Terrestrial Ozone Depletion due to a Milky Way Gamma-Ray Burst"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>. <b>622</b> (2): L153–L156. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0411284">astro-ph/0411284</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...622L.153T">2005ApJ...622L.153T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F429799">10.1086/429799</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20050179464">2060/20050179464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11199820">11199820</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+Ozone+Depletion+due+to+a+Milky+Way+Gamma-Ray+Burst&rft.volume=622&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L153-L156&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20050179464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11199820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApJ...622L.153T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0411284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F429799&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Brian+C.&rft.au=Jackman%2C+Charles+H.&rft.au=Melott%2C+Adrian+L.&rft.au=Laird%2C+Claude+M.&rft.au=Stolarski%2C+Richard+S.&rft.au=Gehrels%2C+Neil&rft.au=Cannizzo%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Daniel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1086%2F429799%2Fmeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitzFarleyGoderisHeck2019" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, Birger; Farley, Kenneth A.; Goderis, Steven; Heck, Philipp R.; Bergström, Stig M.; Boschi, Samuele; Claeys, Philippe; Debaille, Vinciane; Dronov, Andrei; Van Ginneken, Matthias; Harper, David A.T.; Iqbal, Faisal; Friberg, Johan; Liao, Shiyong; Martin, Ellinor; Meier, Matthias M. M.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Soens, Bastien; Wieler, Rainer; Terfelt, Fredrik (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6750910">"An extraterrestrial trigger for the mid-Ordovician ice age: Dust from the breakup of the L-chondrite parent body"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>5</b> (9): eaax4184. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019SciA....5.4184S">2019SciA....5.4184S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax4184">10.1126/sciadv.aax4184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6750910">6750910</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555741">31555741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=An+extraterrestrial+trigger+for+the+mid-Ordovician+ice+age%3A+Dust+from+the+breakup+of+the+L-chondrite+parent+body&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=eaax4184&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6750910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31555741&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax4184&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019SciA....5.4184S&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Birger&rft.au=Farley%2C+Kenneth+A.&rft.au=Goderis%2C+Steven&rft.au=Heck%2C+Philipp+R.&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Stig+M.&rft.au=Boschi%2C+Samuele&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Debaille%2C+Vinciane&rft.au=Dronov%2C+Andrei&rft.au=Van+Ginneken%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Harper%2C+David+A.T.&rft.au=Iqbal%2C+Faisal&rft.au=Friberg%2C+Johan&rft.au=Liao%2C+Shiyong&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ellinor&rft.au=Meier%2C+Matthias+M.+M.&rft.au=Peucker-Ehrenbrink%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Soens%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Wieler%2C+Rainer&rft.au=Terfelt%2C+Fredrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6750910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsteroidImpactOrigin-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsteroidImpactOrigin_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlikson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Glikson, Andrew Yoram (June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X23000655">"An asteroid impact origin of the Hirnantian (end-Ordovician) glaciation and mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a></i>. <b>118</b>: 153–159. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023GondR.118..153G">2023GondR.118..153G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2023.02.019">10.1016/j.gr.2023.02.019</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=An+asteroid+impact+origin+of+the+Hirnantian+%28end-Ordovician%29+glaciation+and+mass+extinction&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=153-159&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2023.02.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023GondR.118..153G&rft.aulast=Glikson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS1342937X23000655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomkinsMartinCawood2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tomkins, Andrew G.; Martin, Erin L.; Cawood, Peter A. (2024-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012821X24004230">"Evidence suggesting that earth had a ring in the Ordovician"</a>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>646</b>: 118991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2024.118991">10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118991</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Evidence+suggesting+that+earth+had+a+ring+in+the+Ordovician&rft.volume=646&rft.pages=118991&rft.date=2024-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2024.118991&rft.issn=0012-821X&rft.aulast=Tomkins&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Erin+L.&rft.au=Cawood%2C+Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012821X24004230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesMartiniFikeKaiho2017" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, David S.; Martini, Anna M.; Fike, David A.; Kaiho, Kunio (2017-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG38940.1">"A volcanic trigger for the Late Ordovician mass extinction? Mercury data from south China and Laurentia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>45</b> (7): 631–634. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Geo....45..631J">2017Geo....45..631J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG38940.1">10.1130/G38940.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=A+volcanic+trigger+for+the+Late+Ordovician+mass+extinction%3F+Mercury+data+from+south+China+and+Laurentia&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=631-634&rft.date=2017-07-01&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG38940.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Geo....45..631J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Martini%2C+Anna+M.&rft.au=Fike%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Kaiho%2C+Kunio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1130%252FG38940.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuLiZhangTurchyn2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Dongping; Li, Menghan; Zhang, Xiaolin; Turchyn, Alexandra V.; Gong, Yizhe; Shen, Yanan (2020-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7210970">"Large mass-independent sulphur isotope anomalies link stratospheric volcanism to the Late Ordovician mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 2297. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.2297H">2020NatCo..11.2297H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16228-2">10.1038/s41467-020-16228-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7210970">7210970</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32385286">32385286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218540475">218540475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Large+mass-independent+sulphur+isotope+anomalies+link+stratospheric+volcanism+to+the+Late+Ordovician+mass+extinction&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2297&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7210970%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218540475%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.2297H&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16228-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32385286&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Dongping&rft.au=Li%2C+Menghan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaolin&rft.au=Turchyn%2C+Alexandra+V.&rft.au=Gong%2C+Yizhe&rft.au=Shen%2C+Yanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7210970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuggischJoachimskiLehnertBergström2010" class="citation journal cs1">Buggisch, Werner; Joachimski, Michael M.; Lehnert, Oliver; Bergström, Stig M.; Repetski, John A.; Webers, Gerald F. (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/38/4/327/130212/Did-intense-volcanism-trigger-the-first-Late?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Did intense volcanism trigger the first Late Ordovician icehouse?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geology_(journal)" title="Geology (journal)">Geology</a></i>. <b>38</b> (4): 327–330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geo....38..327B">2010Geo....38..327B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG30577.1">10.1130/G30577.1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Did+intense+volcanism+trigger+the+first+Late+Ordovician+icehouse%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=327-330&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG30577.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geo....38..327B&rft.aulast=Buggisch&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Joachimski%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Lehnert%2C+Oliver&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2C+Stig+M.&rft.au=Repetski%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Webers%2C+Gerald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fgsa%2Fgeology%2Farticle-abstract%2F38%2F4%2F327%2F130212%2FDid-intense-volcanism-trigger-the-first-Late%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-revised_world_maps-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-revised_world_maps_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoteseMcKerrow,_W.S.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Scotese, C.R.; McKerrow, W.S. (1990). "Revised world maps and introduction. In: Scotese, C.R., McKerrow, W.S. (Eds.), Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography". <i>Geological Society of London Memoir</i>. <b>12</b>: 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsl.mem.1990.012.01.01">10.1144/gsl.mem.1990.012.01.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+London+Memoir&rft.atitle=Revised+world+maps+and+introduction.+In%3A+Scotese%2C+C.R.%2C+McKerrow%2C+W.S.+%28Eds.%29%2C+Palaeozoic+Palaeogeography+and+Biogeography&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2Fgsl.mem.1990.012.01.01&rft.aulast=Scotese&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=McKerrow%2C+W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJingYangMitchellTong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jing, Xianqing; Yang, Zhenyu; Mitchell, Ross N.; Tong, Yabo; Zhu, Min; Wan, Bo (26 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9792554">"Ordovician–Silurian true polar wander as a mechanism for severe glaciation and mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 7941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13.7941J">2022NatCo..13.7941J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-35609-3">10.1038/s41467-022-35609-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9792554">9792554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36572674">36572674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian+true+polar+wander+as+a+mechanism+for+severe+glaciation+and+mass+extinction&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7941&rft.date=2022-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9792554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36572674&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-35609-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13.7941J&rft.aulast=Jing&rft.aufirst=Xianqing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhenyu&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Ross+N.&rft.au=Tong%2C+Yabo&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Min&rft.au=Wan%2C+Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9792554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glaciation_under_high_CO2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glaciation_under_high_CO2_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glaciation_under_high_CO2_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoussartWeaver,_A.J.Bames,_C.R.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Poussart, P.F; Weaver, A.J.; Bames, C.R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999pa900021">"Late Ordovician glaciation under high atmospheric CO2; a coupled model analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Paleoceanography_and_Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology">Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology</a></i>. <b>14</b> (4): 542–558. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PalOc..14..542P">1999PalOc..14..542P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999pa900021">10.1029/1999pa900021</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleoceanography+and+Paleoclimatology&rft.atitle=Late+Ordovician+glaciation+under+high+atmospheric+CO2%3B+a+coupled+model+analysis&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=542-558&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999pa900021&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PalOc..14..542P&rft.aulast=Poussart&rft.aufirst=P.F&rft.au=Weaver%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Bames%2C+C.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F1999pa900021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deglaciation_sequence-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deglaciation_sequence_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deglaciation_sequence_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreau2011" class="citation journal cs1">Moreau, J. (2011). "The Late Ordovician deglaciation sequence of the SW". <i>Basin Research</i>. <b>23</b>: 449–477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2117.2010.00499.x">10.1111/j.1365-2117.2010.00499.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129897765">129897765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basin+Research&rft.atitle=The+Late+Ordovician+deglaciation+sequence+of+the+SW&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=449-477&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2117.2010.00499.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129897765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moreau&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParisBourahrouhHérissé2000" class="citation journal cs1">Paris, F.; Bourahrouh, A.; Hérissé, A. L. (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034666700000543">"The effects of the final stages of the Late Ordovician glaciation on marine palynomorphs (chitinozoans, acritarchs, leiospheres) in well Nl-2 (NE Algerian Sahara)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Palaeobotany_and_Palynology" title="Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology">Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</a></i>. <b>113</b> (1–3): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000RPaPa.113...87P">2000RPaPa.113...87P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0034-6667%2800%2900054-3">10.1016/S0034-6667(00)00054-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164214">11164214</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Palaeobotany+and+Palynology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+the+final+stages+of+the+Late+Ordovician+glaciation+on+marine+palynomorphs+%28chitinozoans%2C+acritarchs%2C+leiospheres%29+in+well+Nl-2+%28NE+Algerian+Sahara%29&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=87-104&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11164214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0034-6667%2800%2900054-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000RPaPa.113...87P&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Bourahrouh%2C+A.&rft.au=H%C3%A9riss%C3%A9%2C+A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0034666700000543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchabParis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Achab, Aïcha; Paris, Florentin (7 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003101820600335X">"The Ordovician chitinozoan biodiversification and its leading factors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography,_Palaeoclimatology,_Palaeoecology" title="Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology">Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</a></i>. <b>245</b> (1–2): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PPP...245....5A">2007PPP...245....5A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.030">10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.02.030</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=The+Ordovician+chitinozoan+biodiversification+and+its+leading+factors&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2006.02.030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PPP...245....5A&rft.aulast=Achab&rft.aufirst=A%C3%AFcha&rft.au=Paris%2C+Florentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS003101820600335X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sulfidic_driver-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sulfidic_driver_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarlund2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hammarlund, E. U. (2012). "A Sulfidic Driver for the End-Ordovician Mass Extinction". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. 331–332: 128–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E&PSL.331..128H">2012E&PSL.331..128H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.02.024">10.1016/j.epsl.2012.02.024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+Sulfidic+Driver+for+the+End-Ordovician+Mass+Extinction&rft.volume=331%E2%80%93332&rft.pages=128-139&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.02.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012E%26PSL.331..128H&rft.aulast=Hammarlund&rft.aufirst=E.+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SilurianPlantDynamics-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SilurianPlantDynamics_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPšeničkaBekFrýdaŽárský2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pšenička, Josef; Bek, Jiří; Frýda, Jiří; Žárský, Viktor; Uhlířová, Monika; Štorch, Petr (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470493">"Dynamics of Silurian Plants as Response to Climate Changes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(journal)" title="Life (journal)">Life</a></i>. <b>11</b> (9): 906. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife11090906">10.3390/life11090906</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8470493">8470493</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34575055">34575055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+Silurian+Plants+as+Response+to+Climate+Changes&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=906&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8470493%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34575055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife11090906&rft.aulast=P%C5%A1eni%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=Bek%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Fr%C3%BDda%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=%C5%BD%C3%A1rsk%C3%BD%2C+Viktor&rft.au=Uhl%C3%AD%C5%99ov%C3%A1%2C+Monika&rft.au=%C5%A0torch%2C+Petr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8470493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekŠtorchTonarováLibertín2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bek, Jiří; Štorch, Petr; Tonarová, Petra; Libertín, Milan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=12141119&AN=163982020&h=J4hndCjVAEf8HgMrCxVarnB4jXNouJXI2MLEt1KUW9fo%2bXOJzJ9XohMEXUpR8bihoJuQJOAQHCSTgI%2bEs3PATQ%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d12141119%26AN%3d163982020">"Early Silurian (mid-Sheinwoodian) palynomorphs from the Loděnice-Špičatý vrch, Prague Basin, Czech Republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Geosciences" title="Bulletin of Geosciences">Bulletin of Geosciences</a></i>. <b>97</b> (3): 385–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1831">10.3140/bull.geosci.1831</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Early+Silurian+%28mid-Sheinwoodian%29+palynomorphs+from+the+Lod%C4%9Bnice-%C5%A0pi%C4%8Dat%C3%BD+vrch%2C+Prague+Basin%2C+Czech+Republic.&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=385-396&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3140%2Fbull.geosci.1831&rft.aulast=Bek&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=%C5%A0torch%2C+Petr&rft.au=Tonarov%C3%A1%2C+Petra&rft.au=Libert%C3%ADn%2C+Milan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.p.ebscohost.com%2Fabstract%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26profile%3Dehost%26scope%3Dsite%26authtype%3Dcrawler%26jrnl%3D12141119%26AN%3D163982020%26h%3DJ4hndCjVAEf8HgMrCxVarnB4jXNouJXI2MLEt1KUW9fo%252bXOJzJ9XohMEXUpR8bihoJuQJOAQHCSTgI%252bEs3PATQ%253d%253d%26crl%3Dc%26resultNs%3DAdminWebAuth%26resultLocal%3DErrCrlNotAuth%26crlhashurl%3Dlogin.aspx%253fdirect%253dtrue%2526profile%253dehost%2526scope%253dsite%2526authtype%253dcrawler%2526jrnl%253d12141119%2526AN%253d163982020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHirnantian+glaciation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice_ages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbab85;;background:#abaa75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice_ages" title="Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice_ages" title="Template talk:Ice ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice_ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice_ages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary</a> / <br /> <a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Late Cenozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older</a> and <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>)</li> <li>1st: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian glaciation">Devensian</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlandian_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midlandian glaciation (page does not exist)">Midlandian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinedale_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinedale glaciation">Pinedale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fraser_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser glaciation">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merida_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida glaciation">Merida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_glaciation" title="Llanquihue glaciation">Llanquihue</a></li> <li>2nd: <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saale_glaciation" title="Saale glaciation">Saale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title="Wolstonian Stage">Wolstonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María glaciation">Santa María</a></li> <li>3rd–6th: <a href="/wiki/Mindel_glaciation" title="Mindel glaciation">Mindel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elster_glaciation" title="Elster glaciation">Elster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglian_stage" title="Anglian stage">Anglian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Llico_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Llico glaciation (page does not exist)">Rio Llico</a></li> <li>7th–8th: <a href="/wiki/Gunz_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunz glaciation">Günz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe glaciation">Elbe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Menapian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Menapian glaciation">Menapian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title="Beestonian stage">Beestonian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracol_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracol glaciation (page does not exist)">Caracol</a> (2.5 to 0 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Antarctic</a> (34 to 2.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hirnantian</a> (460 Mya to 430 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a> (360 Mya to 260 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaskiers_glaciation" title="Gaskiers glaciation">Gaskiers</a> (579.88 to 579.63 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykonurian_glaciation" title="Baykonurian glaciation">Baykonurian</a> (547 to 541.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturtian_glaciation" title="Sturtian glaciation">Sturtian</a> (717 to 660 Mya); <a href="/wiki/Marinoan_glaciation" title="Marinoan glaciation">Marinoan</a> (650 to 635 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian</a> (2.4 to 2.1 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola</a> (2.9 to 2.78 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">Greenhouse and icehouse Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">Stadial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbab85;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Timeline of glaciation</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&oldid=1256727305">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&oldid=1256727305</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciology" title="Category:Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ice_ages" title="Category:Ice ages">Ice ages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ordovician_events" title="Category:Ordovician events">Ordovician events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silurian_events" title="Category:Silurian events">Silurian events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ordovician_Africa" title="Category:Ordovician Africa">Ordovician Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silurian_Africa" title="Category:Silurian Africa">Silurian Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ordovician_South_America" title="Category:Ordovician South America">Ordovician South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silurian_South_America" title="Category:Silurian South America">Silurian South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aeronian" title="Category:Aeronian">Aeronian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telychian" title="Category:Telychian">Telychian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hirnantian" title="Category:Hirnantian">Hirnantian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Katian" title="Category:Katian">Katian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sandbian" title="Category:Sandbian">Sandbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darriwilian" title="Category:Darriwilian">Darriwilian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Ordovician_extinctions" title="Category:Late Ordovician extinctions">Late Ordovician extinctions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 08:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hirnantian_glaciation&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-j2bkd","wgBackendResponseTime":202,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.347","walltime":"1.460","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6196,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":339476,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":876,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":322613,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1267.434 1 -total"," 70.81% 897.503 1 Template:Reflist"," 59.08% 748.841 66 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.92% 125.778 1 Template:Life_timeline"," 9.63% 122.095 1 Template:Graphical_timeline"," 7.88% 99.898 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.70% 59.521 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.05% 51.348 1 Template:Ice_ages"," 3.86% 48.986 2 Template:Navbox"," 1.91% 24.167 3 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.919","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5866097,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-76dfdc59c8-ts6xs","timestamp":"20241126121333","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hirnantian glaciation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirnantian_glaciation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4753650","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4753650","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-04T06:07:38Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T08:25:33Z","headline":"glaciation"}</script> </body> </html>