CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Antarctica - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"adfd9127-20df-4b5e-8bc2-8893b62128cd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Antarctica","wgTitle":"Antarctica","wgCurRevisionId":1275317471,"wgRevisionId":1275317471,"wgArticleId":18959138,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Featured articles","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages", "Use dmy dates from November 2023","Use British English from March 2017","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Dutch-language text","Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles with excerpts","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","CS1 Latin-language sources (la)","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles", "Official website not in Wikidata","Coordinates on Wikidata","Articles containing video clips","Geographical articles missing image alternative text","Antarctica","Antarctic region","Continents","Demilitarized zones","Extreme points of Earth","Polar regions of the Earth"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Antarctica","wgRelevantArticleId":18959138,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample": false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-90,"lon":0},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q51","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/1200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1198"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/800px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/640px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="639"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Antarctica - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Antarctica rootpage-Antarctica skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antarctica" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antarctica" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antarctica" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antarctica" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geologic history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geologic_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geologic history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geologic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleozoic_era_(540–250_Ma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleozoic_era_(540–250_Ma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleozoic_era_(540–250_Ma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesozoic_era_(250–66_Ma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesozoic_era_(250–66_Ma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mesozoic era (250–66 Ma) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesozoic_era_(250–66_Ma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cenozoic_era_before_present_(66–10_Ma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cenozoic_era_before_present_(66–10_Ma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cenozoic era before present (66–10 Ma) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cenozoic_era_before_present_(66–10_Ma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Present day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Climate subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Regional differences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_depletion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_depletion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ozone depletion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_depletion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biodiversity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biodiversity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Other organisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_and_environmental_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_and_environmental_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Conservation and environmental protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_environmental_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History of exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Territorial claims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Economy and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Music and film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Antarctica</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 256 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-256" aria-hidden="true" > 256 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Антарктикэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Антарктикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="አንታርክቲካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንታርክቲካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्कटिका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंटार्कटिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القارة القطبية الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القارة القطبية الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctida" title="Antarctida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antarctida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܢܛܐܪܩܛܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Անթարքթիքա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անթարքթիքա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartica" title="Antartica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Antartica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এণ্টাৰ্কটিকা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="L'Antártida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="L'Antártida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्कटिका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अंटार्कटिका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Antártida" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="جنوبی قوطب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی قوطب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যান্টার্কটিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্টার্কটিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ke%CC%8Dk_T%C4%81i-lio%CC%8Dk" title="Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-ke̍k Tāi-lio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктыда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антарктыда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктыда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антарктыда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्कटिका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंटार्कटिका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antatik" title="Antatik – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Antatik" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷོ་མཐའི་གླིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷོ་མཐའི་གླིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktik" title="Antarktik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antarktik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rtida" title="Antàrtida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antàrtida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthakitika" title="Anthakitika – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Anthakitika" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarticu" title="Antarticu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Antarticu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Antarctig" title="Yr Antarctig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Antarctig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="أنطاركتيكا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنطاركتيكا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rktis" title="Antárktis – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Antárktis" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_k%C3%A9yah_yistin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Shádiʼááhjí kéyah yistinígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí kéyah yistinígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨེན་ཊཱག་ཊི་ཀ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨེན་ཊཱག་ཊི་ཀ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ανταρκτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανταρκτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antártida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkto" title="Antarkto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antarkto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Antártica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Antártica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctique" title="Antarctique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antarctique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartic" title="Antartic – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antartic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartaice" title="Antartaice – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antartaice" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Antarctagh" title="Yn Antarctagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Antarctagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Antartaig" title="An Antartaig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Antartaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antártida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" title="南極洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="南極洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%8A%DA%A9" title="نسا تۊک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نسا تۊک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE" title="ઍન્ટાર્કટિકા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઍન્ટાર્કટિકા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌽𐍄𐌰𐍂𐌺𐍄𐌹𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्क्टिका – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अंटार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m-khi%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BB" title="Nàm-khi̍t-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm-khi̍t-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антарктик – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Антарктик" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EA%B7%B9" title="남극 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남극" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antatika" title="Antatika – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Antatika" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAne%CA%BB%C4%81lika" title="ʻAneʻālika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAneʻālika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Անտարկտիդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտարկտիդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्कटिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंटार्कटिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এন্টার্কটিকা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এন্টার্কটিকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Antarctic" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartikaq" title="Antartikaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Antartikaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Антарктидæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Антарктидæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Antatika" title="I-Antatika – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Antatika" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urskautslandi%C3%B0" title="Suðurskautslandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðurskautslandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartide" title="Antartide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antartide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנטארקטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטארקטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antar%C9%A9tiki_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_wandamm" title="Antarɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Antarɩtiki tɛtʋ wandamm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಂಟಾರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂಟಾರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartida" title="Antartida – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Antartida" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ანტარქტიდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტარქტიდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarigitika" title="Antarigitika – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Antarigitika" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bara_la_Antaktiki" title="Bara la Antaktiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bara la Antaktiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antatik_(kontinan)" title="Antatik (kontinan) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Antatik (kontinan)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktik" title="Antarktik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Antarktik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkt%C3%AEka" title="Antarktîka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antarktîka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartida" title="Antartida – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antartida" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkt%C4%ABda" title="Antarktīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antarktīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartego" title="Antartego – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antartego" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartica" title="Antartica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Antartica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktidu" title="Antarktidu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Antarktidu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ziptu%27a" title="ziptu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ziptu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartid" title="Antartid – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antartid" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антарктик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антарктик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="അന്റാർട്ടിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്റാർട്ടിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiri_o_te_Moana" title="Tiri o te Moana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiri o te Moana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अंटार्क्टिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अंटार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ანტარქტიდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანტარქტიდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="انتاركتيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتاركتيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အန္တာတိက – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အန္တာတိက" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنوبگان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبگان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-g%C4%ADk-ci%C5%AD" title="Nàng-gĭk-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-gĭk-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Antártica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antártica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Антарктидась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антарктидась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Антарктид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антарктид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အန္တာတိက – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အန္တာတိက" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अन्टार्क्टिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अन्टार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्टार्टिका – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एन्टार्टिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="南極大陸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南極大陸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartide" title="Antartide – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Antartide" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktikaa" title="Antarktikaa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Antarktikaa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctique" title="Antarctique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Antarctique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartida" title="Antartida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antartida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Антарктиде – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Антарктиде" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଣ୍ଟର୍କଟିକା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଣ୍ଟର୍କଟିକା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaarkitikaa" title="Antaarkitikaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Antaarkitikaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਟਾਰਕਟਿਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انٹارکٹکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انٹارکٹکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80" title="အန်တာတိက – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အန်တာတိက" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtika" title="Antártika – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antártika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انتارکتيکا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انتارکتيکا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antaatika" title="Antaatika – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Antaatika" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="អង់តាកទិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង់តាកទិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intarctike" title="Intarctike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Intarctike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rtide" title="Antàrtide – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antàrtide" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktyda" title="Antarktyda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antarktyda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Ανταρκτικήν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ανταρκτικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antártida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktida" title="Antarktida – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Antarktida" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdpool" title="Süüdpool – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Süüdpool" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctida" title="Antarctida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antarctida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктіда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Антарктіда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антарктика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Антарктика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan-ci-cow" title="Nan-ci-cow – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nan-ci-cow" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anetatika" title="Anetatika – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Anetatika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अण्टार्क्टिका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अण्टार्क्टिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱚᱴᱤᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱱᱴᱟᱨᱠᱚᱴᱤᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انٹارکٹیکا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="انٹارکٹیکا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rticu" title="Antàrticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antàrticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticae" title="Antarcticae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antarcticae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktikoa" title="Antarktikoa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Antarktikoa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktiku" title="Antarktiku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antarktiku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rtidi" title="Antàrtidi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antàrtidi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ටාක්ටිකාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="انٽارڪٽيڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انٽارڪٽيڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkt%C3%ADda" title="Antarktída – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antarktída" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антарктїка – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Антарктїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktyda" title="Antarktyda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Antarktyda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئانتارکتیکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئانتارکتیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Антарктик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антарктик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktik" title="Antarktik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antarktik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4manner" title="Etelämanner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelämanner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அந்தாட்டிக்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்தாட்டிக்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antraktika" title="Antraktika – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Antraktika" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartide" title="Antartide – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Antartide" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%88" title="ဢႅၼ်ႇတၢၵ်ႈတီးၵႃႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢႅၼ်ႇတၢၵ်ႈတီးၵႃႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="అంటార్కిటికా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అంటార్కిటికా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rtida" title="Antártida – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Antártida" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAnet%C4%81tika" title="ʻAnetātika – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAnetātika" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B8" title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏁᏍᏓᎸ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ಅಂಟಾರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅಂಟಾರ್ಕ್ಟಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ntati%CC%B1ka" title="A̱ntati̱ka – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ntati̱ka" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Антарктида – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антарктида" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="انٹارکٹکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انٹارکٹکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="ئانتاركتىدا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئانتاركتىدا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namzgigcouh" title="Namzgigcouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Namzgigcouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A0rtide" title="Antàrtide – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antàrtide" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktid" title="Antarktid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Antarktid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_Nam_C%E1%BB%B1c" title="Châu Nam Cực – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châu Nam Cực" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktis" title="Antarktis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Antarktis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartike" title="Antartike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Antartike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" title="南極洲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="南極洲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goxub_Dottub_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Goxub Dottub Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Goxub Dottub Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" title="南極洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南極洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakthika" title="Antakthika – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Antakthika" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="אנטארקטיקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנטארקטיקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%A1rkt%C3%ACk%C3%A0" title="Antárktìkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Antárktìkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%A5%B5%E6%B4%B2" title="南極洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南極洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktika" title="Antarktika – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antarktika" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartica" title="Antartica – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Antartica" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarkt%C4%97da" title="Antarktėda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Antarktėda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南极洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benua_Kutub_Kidul" title="Benua Kutub Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Benua Kutub Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antartika" title="Antartika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Antartika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Antarctica" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9F%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%A2%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%90_%E1%A5%96%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥟᥦᥢᥱ ᥖᥣᥐ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥟᥦᥢᥱ ᥖᥣᥐ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarktid%C9%99" title="Antarktidə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Antarktidə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⴽⵜⵉⴽⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Antarctica" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Antarctica" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Antarctica" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1275317471" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Antarctica&id=1275317471&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntarctica">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntarctica">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antarctica&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Antarctica" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antarctica" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctica&params=90_S_0_E_region:AQ_scale:60000000">90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Antarctica-article.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earth's southernmost continent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the continent. For the region, see <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antarctica (disambiguation)">Antarctica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Antipodea" redirects here. For Australia and New Zealand, see <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Antarctica</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/360px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/480px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">14,200,000 km2 5,500,000 sq mi<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,300 to 5,100 (seasonal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">0.00009/km2 to 0.00036/km2 (seasonal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">7 territorial claims</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data">All time zones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Internet <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.aq" title=".aq">.aq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Other research stations</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>010</code></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/220px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/330px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg/440px-Antarctica_6400px_from_Blue_Marble.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="6400" /></a><figcaption>Composite satellite image of Antarctica (2002)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS4-1-410HR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AS4-1-410HR.jpg/220px-AS4-1-410HR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AS4-1-410HR.jpg/330px-AS4-1-410HR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/AS4-1-410HR.jpg/440px-AS4-1-410HR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11557" data-file-height="9006" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> photograph with Antarctica at top, 1967</figcaption></figure> Antarctica (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ænˈtɑːrktɪkə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/57\/En-us-Antarctica.ogg\/En-us-Antarctica.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Antarctica.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/En-us-Antarctica.ogg/En-us-Antarctica.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Antarctica.ogg" title="File:En-us-Antarctica.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a> is <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s southernmost and least-populated <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a>. Situated almost entirely south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> and surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> (also known as the Antarctic Ocean), it contains the geographic <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>. Antarctica is the fifth-largest continent, being about 40% larger than <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and has an area of 14,200,000 km2 (5,500,000 sq mi). Most of Antarctica is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>, with an average thickness of 1.9 km (1.2 mi). Antarctica is, on average, the coldest, driest, and windiest of the continents, and it has the highest average <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>. It is mainly a <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar desert</a>, with annual <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica#Precipitation" title="Climate of Antarctica">precipitation</a> of over 200 mm (8 in) along the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> and far less inland. About 70% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> reserves are frozen in Antarctica, which, if melted, would raise global <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea levels</a> by almost 60 metres (200 ft). Antarctica holds the record for the <a href="/wiki/Lowest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth" title="Lowest temperature recorded on Earth">lowest measured temperature on Earth</a>, −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F). The coastal regions can reach temperatures over 10 °C (50 °F) in the summer. Native <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">species of animals</a> include <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a>. Where <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">vegetation</a> occurs, it is mostly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">ice shelves of Antarctica</a> were probably first seen in 1820, during <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="First Russian Antarctic Expedition">a Russian expedition</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a>. The decades that followed saw further <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">exploration</a> by French, American, and British expeditions. The first confirmed landing was by a Norwegian team in 1895. In the early 20th century, there were a few expeditions into the interior of the continent. <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">British explorers</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> were the first to reach the <a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">magnetic South Pole</a> in 1909, and the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_south_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic south pole">geographic South Pole</a> was first reached in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Norwegian explorer</a> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Antarctica is <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">governed by about 30 countries</a>, all of which are parties of the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. According to the terms of the treaty, military activity, mining, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosion" title="Nuclear explosion">nuclear explosions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste disposal">nuclear waste disposal</a> are all prohibited in Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a>, fishing and research are the main human activities in and around Antarctica. During the summer months, about 5,000 people reside at <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research stations</a>, a figure that drops to around 1,000 in the winter. Despite the continent's remoteness, human activity has a significant effect on it via <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">climate change</a>. The melting of the potentially unstable <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="West Antarctic ice sheet">West Antarctic ice sheet</a> causes the most uncertainty in century-scale projections of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, and the same melting also affects the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation</a>, which can eventually lead to significant impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> climate and Southern Ocean productivity. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="17th century map of the Antarctic region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg/220px-1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg/330px-1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg/440px-1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4837" /></a><figcaption>A speculative representation of Antarctica labelled as 'Terra Australis Incognita' on <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janssonius" title="Jan Janssonius">Jan Janssonius</a>'s Zeekaart van het Zuidpoolgebied (1657), <a href="/wiki/Het_Scheepvaartmuseum" title="Het Scheepvaartmuseum">Het Scheepvaartmuseum</a></figcaption></figure> The name given to the continent <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">originates</a> from the word antarctic, which comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> antartique or antarctique ('opposite to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>') and, in turn, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> antarcticus ('opposite to the north'). Antarcticus is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἀντι- ('anti-') and ἀρκτικός (arktikos, 'of the Bear [<a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a>], northern').<a href="#cite_note-OED-6">[5]</a> The Greek philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a> about an "Antarctic region" in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 350 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELettinck2021158-7">[6]</a> The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre" title="Marinus of Tyre">Marinus of Tyre</a> reportedly used the name in his world map from the second century CE, now lost. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> authors <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> used for the South Pole the <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanised</a> Greek name polus antarcticus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyginus1992176-8">[7]</a> from which derived the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> pol antartik, found first in a <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> written by the English author <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-6">[5]</a> Belief by Europeans in the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africa—had existed as an intellectual concept since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. The belief in such a land lasted until the European <a href="/wiki/European_maritime_exploration_of_Australia" title="European maritime exploration of Australia">discovery of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottHiattMcIlroy20122–3-9">[8]</a> During the early 19th century, explorer <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Flinders" title="Matthew Flinders">Matthew Flinders</a> doubted the existence of a detached continent south of Australia (then called <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_(Australia)" title="New Holland (Australia)">New Holland</a>) and thus advocated for the "Terra Australis" name to be used for Australia instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawley2015130-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCroneMcPherson200975-11">[10]</a> In 1824, the colonial authorities in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> officially renamed the continent of New Holland to Australia, leaving the term "Terra Australis" unavailable as a reference to Antarctica. Over the following decades, geographers used phrases such as "the Antarctic Continent". They searched for a more poetic replacement, suggesting names such as Ultima and Antipodea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron-Ash201820-12">[11]</a> Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_George_Bartholomew" title="John George Bartholomew">John George Bartholomew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NLS-13">[12]</a> Antarctica has also been known by the moniker Great White South, after which British photographer <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ponting" title="Herbert Ponting">Herbert Ponting</a> named one of his books on Antarctic photography, possibly as a counterpart to the epithet Great White North for <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography of Antarctica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points of Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains in Antarctica">List of mountains in Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ultras_of_Antarctica" title="List of ultras of Antarctica">List of ultras of Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in Antarctica">List of places in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antarctica.svg/440px-Antarctica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antarctica.svg/660px-Antarctica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Antarctica.svg/880px-Antarctica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Antarctica">Eastern Antarctica</a> is to the right of the <a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Antarctica">Western Antarctica</a> is to the left.</figcaption></figure> Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a> (one of the five major <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">circles of latitude</a> that mark maps of the world), Antarctica is surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 2]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Antarctica">Rivers</a> exist in Antarctica; the longest is the <a href="/wiki/Onyx_River" title="Onyx River">Onyx</a>. Antarctica covers more than 14.2 million km2 (5,500,000 sq mi), almost double the area of Australia, making it the fifth-largest continent, and comparable to the surface area of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>. Its coastline is almost 18,000 km (11,200 mi) long:<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> as of 1983<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=edit">[update]</a>, of the four coastal types, 44% of the coast is floating ice in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelf</a>, 38% consists of ice walls that rest on rock, 13% is <a href="/wiki/Ice_stream" title="Ice stream">ice streams</a> or the edge of glaciers, and the remaining 5% is exposed rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry1983-17">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes">lakes</a> that lie at the base of the continental <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> occur mainly in the <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Dry_Valleys" title="McMurdo Dry Valleys">McMurdo Dry Valleys</a> or various <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_oasis" title="Antarctic oasis">oases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002115-18">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a>, discovered beneath Russia's <a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_lake" title="Subglacial lake">subglacial lake</a> globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. It was once believed that the lake had been sealed off for millions of years, but scientists now estimate its water is replaced by the slow melting and freezing of ice caps every 13,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2019Is_all_of_Antarctica_snow-covered?-19">[17]</a> During the summer, the ice at the edges of the lakes can melt, and liquid moats temporarily form. Antarctica has both <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">saline</a> and freshwater lakes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002115-18">[16]</a> Antarctica is divided into <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a>, which stretch from <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Land" title="Victoria Land">Victoria Land</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201999-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The vast majority of Antarctica is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>, which averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi) in thickness.<a href="#cite_note-Bedmap2-22">[20]</a> The ice sheet extends to all but a few <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>, which, with the exception of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, are located in coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> Several Antarctic ice streams flow to one of the many <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf#Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="Ice shelf">Antarctic ice shelves</a>, a process described by <a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet dynamics">ice-sheet dynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_(flickr).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of Vinson Massif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg/330px-Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg/440px-Mount_Vinson_from_NW_at_Vinson_Plateau_by_Christian_Stangl_%28flickr%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vinson_Massif" title="Vinson Massif">Vinson Massif</a> from the northwest, the highest peak in Antarctica</figcaption></figure> East Antarctica comprises <a href="/wiki/Coats_Land" title="Coats Land">Coats Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enderby_Land" title="Enderby Land">Enderby Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac._Robertson_Land" title="Mac. Robertson Land"><abbr title="Macpherson">Mac</abbr>. Robertson Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Land" title="Wilkes Land">Wilkes Land</a>, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of the region lies within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>. East Antarctica is largely covered by the <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegertFlorindo2008532-25">[23]</a> There are numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">islands</a> surrounding Antarctica, most of which are volcanic and very young by geological standards.<a href="#cite_note-O&E-26">[24]</a> The most prominent exceptions to this are the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a>, the earliest of which formed around 40 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O&E-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinson_Massif" title="Vinson Massif">Vinson Massif</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Mountains" title="Ellsworth Mountains">Ellsworth Mountains</a>, is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonteath1997135-28">[26]</a> Mount Erebus on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a> is the world's southernmost active <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">erupts</a> around 10 times each day. Ash from eruptions has been found 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">volcanic crater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200275-29">[27]</a> There is evidence of a large number of volcanoes under the ice, which could pose a risk to the ice sheet if activity levels were to rise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201938-30">[28]</a> The ice dome known as <a href="/wiki/Dome_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome Argus">Dome Argus</a> in East Antarctica is the highest Antarctic ice feature, at 4,091 metres (13,422 ft). It is one of the world's coldest and driest places—temperatures there may reach as low as −90 °C (−130 °F), and the annual precipitation is 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund2014362–363-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_history">Geologic history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology of Antarctica</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula">Geology of the Antarctic Peninsula</a></div> From the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> era to the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, Antarctica was part of the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Modern Antarctica was formed as Gondwana gradually broke apart beginning around 183 Ma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200292-33">[31]</a> For a large proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>, Antarctica had a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, and it was covered in forests.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleozoic_era_(540–250_Ma)">Paleozoic era (540–250 Ma)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glossopteris_sp._(fossil_leaf)_(Permian;_Antarctica)_1_(49063572172)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Glossopteris_sp._%28fossil_leaf%29_%28Permian%3B_Antarctica%29_1_%2849063572172%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a> sp. leaf from the Permian of Antarctica</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian period</a>, Gondwana had a mild climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201231-35">[33]</a> West Antarctica was partially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, and during the time, large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> were deposited. East Antarctica was at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, where seafloor <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a> flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian period</a> (416 <a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a>), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes, and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from then. Sand and <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silts</a> were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, <a href="/wiki/Horlick_Mountains" title="Horlick Mountains">Horlick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Mountains" title="Pensacola Mountains">Pensacola Mountains</a>. Antarctica became glaciated during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a> beginning at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), though glaciation would substantially increase during the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>. It drifted closer to the South Pole, and the climate cooled, though <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">flora</a> remained.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, the land became dominated by <a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">glossopterids</a> (an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently <a href="/wiki/Glossopteris" title="Glossopteris">Glossopteris</a>, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> deposits. Other plants found in Antarctica during the Permian include <a href="/wiki/Cordaitales" title="Cordaitales">Cordaitales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphenopsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenopsid">sphenopsids</a>, ferns, and <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201257–104"Collapsing_ice_sheets_and_evolving_polar_forests_of_the_middle_to_late_Paleozoic"-37">[35]</a> At the end of the Permian, the climate became drier and hotter over much of Gondwana, and the <a href="/wiki/Glossopteridales" title="Glossopteridales">glossopterid</a> forest ecosystems collapsed, as part of the <a href="/wiki/End-Permian_mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="End-Permian mass extinction">End-Permian mass extinction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201257–104"Collapsing_ice_sheets_and_evolving_polar_forests_of_the_middle_to_late_Paleozoic"-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> There is no evidence of any <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> having lived in Antarctica during the Paleozoic.<a href="#cite_note-Collinson-2007-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesozoic_era_(250–66_Ma)">Mesozoic era (250–66 Ma)</h3></div> The continued warming dried out much of Gondwana. During the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period, Antarctica was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Seed_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed fern">seed ferns</a> (pteridosperms) belonging to the genus <a href="/wiki/Dicroidium" title="Dicroidium">Dicroidium</a>, which grew as trees. Other associated Triassic flora included <a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyte">ginkgophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">cycadophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>, and sphenopsids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole2012105–160"Icehouse_to_hothouse:_floral_turnover,_the_Permian–Triassic_crisis_and_Triassic_vegetation"-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapods</a> first appeared in Antarctica during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a>, with the earliest known fossils found in the <a href="/wiki/Fremouw_Formation" title="Fremouw Formation">Fremouw Formation</a> of the Transantarctic Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Collinson-2007-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">Synapsids</a> (also known as "mammal-like reptiles") included species such as <a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a>, and were common during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasinoski2013139-41">[39]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a> began to form during the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=206–146">206 to 146</a> million years ago).<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic around 160 Ma, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma).<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a> trees, conifers, <a href="/wiki/Bennettitales" title="Bennettitales">Bennettitales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equisetum" title="Equisetum">horsetails</a>, ferns and cycads were plentiful during the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole20129,_35,_56,_71,_185,_314-44">[42]</a> In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech trees (<a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a>) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007413-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">Ammonites</a> were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only a few Antarctic dinosaur <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacialisaurus" title="Glacialisaurus">Glacialisaurus</a>, from the Early Jurassic <a href="/wiki/Hanson_Formation" title="Hanson Formation">Hanson Formation</a> of the Transantarctic Mountains,<a href="#cite_note-SmithPol2007-47">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctopelta" title="Antarctopelta">Antarctopelta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinisaura" title="Trinisaura">Trinisaura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrosaurus" title="Morrosaurus">Morrosaurus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperobator" title="Imperobator">Imperobator</a> from Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula) have been described.<a href="#cite_note-Trinisaura-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morrosaurus-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ely&Case2019-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:462px;max-width:462px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/150px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/225px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png/300px-Opening_of_western_Indian_Ocean_150_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="790" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png/150px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png/225px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png/300px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_126_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="798" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png/150px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png/225px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png/300px-Opening_of_South_Atlantic_83_Ma.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="798" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Breakup of Gondwana at <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 Ma (1st), c. 126 Ma (2nd) and at c. 83 Ma (3rd)<a href="#cite_note-52">[note 3]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cenozoic_era_before_present_(66–10_Ma)">Cenozoic era before present (66–10 Ma)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg/220px-Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg/330px-Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg/440px-Alsophila_tricolor_Ponga_Puketi_Forest_Trail_NZ_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The flora and fauna of Antarctica before the present was similar to the one from Southern America today, as well as Australia and New Zealand, which it spread to over Antarctica.</figcaption></figure> During the early <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, Antarctica remained connected to South America as well as to southeastern Australia. Fauna from the <a href="/wiki/La_Meseta_Formation" title="La Meseta Formation">La Meseta Formation</a> in the Antarctic Peninsula, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, is very similar to equivalent South American faunas; with <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenarthra" title="Xenarthra">xenarthrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litopterna" title="Litopterna">litoptern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrapotheria" title="Astrapotheria">astrapotherian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gondwanatheria" title="Gondwanatheria">gondwanatheres</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Meridiolestida" title="Meridiolestida">meridiolestidans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> Marsupials are thought to have dispersed into Australia via Antarctica by the early Eocene.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Around 53 Ma, Australia-<a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> separated from Antarctica, opening the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Passage" title="Tasmanian Passage">Tasmanian Passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> opened between Antarctica and South America around 30 Ma, resulting in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar Current</a> that completely isolated the continent.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Models of Antarctic geography suggest that this current, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback loop</a> caused by lowering <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> levels, caused the creation of small yet permanent polar ice caps. As CO2 levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-DeContoPollard2003-58">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a> ecosystems continued to exist on Antarctica until around 14–10 million years ago, when further cooling lead to their extermination.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of the tectonic plates of the southern hemisphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg/390px-The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg/585px-The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg/780px-The_Antarctic_tectonic_plate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plate</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> of Antarctica, largely obscured by the continental ice sheet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200288-60">[57]</a> is being revealed by techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">ground-penetrating radar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pou-61">[58]</a> Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the South American <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2002116-62">[59]</a> The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">geologic uplift</a> and the transformation of sea bed <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> into <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fel-63">[60]</a> West Antarctica was formed by the merging of several <a href="/wiki/Continental_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental plates">continental plates</a>, which created a number of mountain ranges in the region, the most prominent being the Ellsworth Mountains. The presence of the <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Rift_System" title="West Antarctic Rift System">West Antarctic Rift System</a> has resulted in <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a> along the border between West and East Antarctica, as well as the creation of the Transantarctic Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002144,_197–198-64">[61]</a> East Antarctica is geologically varied. Its formation began during the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> Eon (4,000 Ma–2,500 Ma), and stopped during the Cambrian Period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201028-65">[62]</a> It is built on a <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> of rock, which is the basis of the Precambrian <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">Shield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200271-66">[63]</a> On top of the base are coal and sandstones, limestones, and shales that were laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellClaridge1987-67">[64]</a> In coastal areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton_Range" title="Shackleton Range">Shackleton Range</a> and Victoria Land, some <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a> has occurred.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Coal was first recorded in Antarctica near the <a href="/wiki/Beardmore_Glacier" title="Beardmore Glacier">Beardmore Glacier</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> in 1907, and low-grade coal is known to exist across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002124-70">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains" title="Prince Charles Mountains">Prince Charles Mountains</a> contain deposits of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sul-71">[68]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Oil_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil field">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas field">natural gas fields</a> in the Ross Sea.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate of Antarctica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of blue ice on water in the foreground, with a snowy mountain in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg/288px-Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg/432px-Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg/576px-Fryxellsee_Opt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1083" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial)" title="Blue ice (glacial)">Blue ice</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Lake_Fryxell" title="Lake Fryxell">Lake Fryxell</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:AntarcticaSummer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men looking at a penguin on a sunny day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AntarcticaSummer.jpg/288px-AntarcticaSummer.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AntarcticaSummer.jpg/432px-AntarcticaSummer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/AntarcticaSummer.jpg/576px-AntarcticaSummer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Temperate conditions near the coast in December</div></div></div></div></div> Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest of Earth's continents.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> Near the coast, the temperature can exceed 10 °C in summer and fall to below −40 °C in winter. Over the elevated inland, it can rise to about −30 °C in summer but fall below −80 °C in winter. The lowest natural air temperature ever recorded on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at the Russian Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may have been influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 2 m (7 ft) above the surface as required for official air temperature records.<a href="#cite_note-Ric-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Antarctica is a <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar desert</a> with little <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a>; the continent receives an average equivalent to about 150 mm (6 in) of water per year, mostly in the form of snow. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50 mm (2 in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200 mm (8 in).<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> In a few <a href="/wiki/Blue-ice_area" title="Blue-ice area">blue-ice areas</a>, the wind and <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimation</a> remove more snow than is accumulated by precipitation.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a barren and <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> landscape.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> Antarctica is colder than the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> region, as much of Antarctica is over 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, where air temperatures are colder. The relative warmth of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> is transferred through the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic sea ice">Arctic sea ice</a> and moderates temperatures in the Arctic region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohliVega2018241-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3></div> East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. <a href="/wiki/Weather_front" title="Weather front">Weather fronts</a> rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. Heavy snowfalls are common on the coastal portion of Antarctica, where snowfalls of up to 1.22 m (48 in) in 48 hours have been recorded. At the continent's edge, strong <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic winds</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Polar_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar plateau">polar plateau</a> often blow at <a href="/wiki/Storm#Classification" title="Storm">storm force</a>. During the summer, more <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> reaches the surface at the South Pole than at the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> because of the 24 hours of sunlight received there each day.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg/330px-20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg/495px-20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg/660px-20201210_Antarctica_ice_mass_variation_-_NASA_GRACE-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption> Antarctica's average ice mass change since 2002 has been on the order of 100 billion metric tons per year.<a href="#cite_note-NASA_AntarcticaIceSheets_202012-80">[77]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change in Antarctica</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Antarctica&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg/220px-Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg/330px-Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg/440px-Antarctic_Temperature_Trend_1981-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Antarctic surface ice layer temperature trends between 1981 and 2007, based on thermal <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> observations made by a series of <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> satellite sensors.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Singh2020-81">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">climate change in Antarctica</a> has been observed. Since 1959, there has been an average temperature increase of >0.05 °C/decade since 1957 across the continent, although it had been uneven.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Steig2009-82">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> warmed by over 0.1 °C/decade from the 1950s to the 2000s, and the exposed <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a> has warmed by 3 °C (5.4 °F) since the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_DAImpacts-83">[80]</a> The colder, stabler <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> had been experiencing cooling until the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Clem2020-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Xin2023-85">[82]</a> Around Antarctica, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> has absorbed more <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">oceanic heat</a> than any other ocean,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bourgeois2022-86">[83]</a> and has seen strong warming at depths below 2,000 m (6,600 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-87">[84]</a>: 1230  Around the West Antarctic, the ocean has warmed by 1 °C (1.8 °F) since 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_DAImpacts-83">[80]</a> The warming of the Southern Ocean around Antarctica has caused the weakening or collapse of <a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">ice shelves</a>, which float just offshore of <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and stabilize them. Many coastal glaciers have been losing mass and retreating, causing net-annual ice loss across Antarctica,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-87">[84]</a>: 1264  although the <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="East Antarctic ice sheet">East Antarctic ice sheet</a> continues to gain ice inland. By 2100, net ice loss from Antarctica is expected to add about 11 cm (5 in) to global <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marine_ice_sheet_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine ice sheet instability">Marine ice sheet instability</a> may cause West Antarctica to contribute tens of centimeters more if it is triggered before 2100.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-87">[84]</a>: 1270  With higher warming, instability would be much more likely, and could double global, 21st-century sea-level rise.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Nauels2017-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bamber2019-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Horton2020-90">[87]</a> The fresh, 1100–1500 billion tons (GT) per year of <a href="/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> from the ice dilutes the saline <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_bottom_water" title="Antarctic bottom water">Antarctic bottom water</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Silvano2018-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2022-92">[89]</a> weakening the lower cell of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_overturning_circulation" title="Southern Ocean overturning circulation">Southern Ocean overturning circulation</a> (SOOC).<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-87">[84]</a>: 1240  According to some research, a full collapse of the SOOC may occur at between 1.7 °C (3.1 °F) and 3 °C (5.4 °F) of global warming,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_GTPR2023-93">[90]</a> although the full effects are expected to occur over multiple centuries; these include less precipitation in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> but more in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, an eventual decline of fisheries in the Southern Ocean and a potential <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_collapse" title="Ecosystem collapse">collapse</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Logan2023-94">[91]</a> While many Antarctic species remain undiscovered, there are documented increases in <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Antarctic flora</a>,<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">fauna</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> are already having difficulty retaining suitable habitat. On ice-free land, <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> thaws release <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> and formerly frozen pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Potapowicz2019-96">[93]</a> The West Antarctic ice sheet is likely to completely melt<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Carlson2018-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Lau2023-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Naughten2023-99">[96]</a> unless temperatures are reduced by 2 °C (3.6 °F) below 2020 levels.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Garbe2020-100">[97]</a> The loss of this ice sheet would take between 2,000 and 13,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer-102">[99]</a> although several centuries of high greenhouse emissions could shorten this time to 500 years.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021-103">[100]</a> A sea-level rise of 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) would occur if the ice sheet collapses, leaving ice caps on the mountains, and 4.3 m (14 ft 1 in) if those ice caps also melt.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_BEDMAP2-2013-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isostatic_rebound" class="mw-redirect" title="Isostatic rebound">Isostatic rebound</a> may contribute an additional 1 m (3 ft 3 in) to global sea levels over another 1,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021-103">[100]</a> The far-stabler East Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Crotti2022-105">[102]</a> With global warming of around 3 °C (5.4 °F), vulnerable areas like <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Basin" title="Wilkes Basin">Wilkes Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora Basin">Aurora Basin</a> may collapse over around 2,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer-102">[99]</a> potentially adding up to 6.4 m (21 ft 0 in) to sea levels.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021-103">[100]</a> The complete melting and disappearance of the East Antarctic ice sheet would require at least 10,000 years and would only occur if global warming reaches 5 °C (9.0 °F) to 10 °C (18 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer-102">[99]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ozone_depletion">Ozone depletion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozone hole">Ozone hole</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the ozone hole spanning almost all of Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/220px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/330px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png/440px-NASA_and_NOAA_Announce_Ozone_Hole_is_a_Double_Record_Breaker.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Image of the largest <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">hole in the ozone layer</a> recorded, in September 2006</figcaption></figure> Scientists have studied the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> above Antarctica since the 1970s. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at <a href="/wiki/Halley_Research_Station" title="Halley Research Station">Halley Research Station</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Brunt_Ice_Shelf" title="Brunt Ice Shelf">Brunt Ice Shelf</a>, discovered a large area of low <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> concentration over Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-schiermeier2009-107">[104]</a> The 'ozone hole' covers almost the whole continent and was at its largest in September 2006;<a href="#cite_note-Bates-2020-108">[105]</a> the longest-lasting event occurred in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> The depletion is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric emissions">emission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The extreme cold conditions of Antarctica allow <a href="/wiki/Polar_stratospheric_cloud" title="Polar stratospheric cloud">polar stratospheric clouds</a> to form. The clouds act as <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> for chemical reactions, which eventually lead to the destruction of ozone.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> The 1987 <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a> has restricted the emissions of ozone-depleting substances. The ozone hole above Antarctica is predicted to slowly disappear; by the 2060s, levels of ozone are expected to have returned to values last recorded in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-WMO-112">[109]</a> The ozone depletion can cause a cooling of around 6 °C (11 °F) in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>. The cooling strengthens the <a href="/wiki/Polar_vortex" title="Polar vortex">polar vortex</a> and so prevents the outflow of the cold air near the South Pole, which in turn cools the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet. The peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are then subjected to higher temperatures, which accelerate the melting of the ice.<a href="#cite_note-schiermeier2009-107">[104]</a> Models suggest that ozone depletion and the enhanced polar vortex effect may also account for the period of increasing sea ice extent, lasting from when observation started in the late 1970s until 2014. Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-40Year-113">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Antarctic realm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Antarctic microorganism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife of Antarctica</a></div> Most species in Antarctica seem to be the descendants of species that lived there millions of years ago. As such, they must have survived multiple <a href="/wiki/Glacial_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial cycle">glacial cycles</a>. The species survived the periods of extremely cold climate in <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">isolated warmer areas</a>, such as those with <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">geothermal heat</a> or areas that remained ice-free throughout the colder climate.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="penguins with young" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg/220px-Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg/330px-Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg/440px-Kaiserpinguine_mit_Jungen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">Emperor penguins</a> with juveniles</figcaption></figure> Invertebrate life of Antarctica includes species of microscopic <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alaskozetes_antarcticus" title="Alaskozetes antarcticus">Alaskozetes antarcticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">tardigrades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>. The few terrestrial invertebrates are limited to the sub-Antarctic islands.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> The flightless <a href="/wiki/Midge" title="Midge">midge</a> <a href="/wiki/Belgica_antarctica" title="Belgica antarctica">Belgica antarctica</a>, the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica, reaches <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 mm (1⁄4 in) in size.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a>, which congregates in large <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">schools</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">leopard seals</a>, fur seals, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notothenioidei" title="Notothenioidei">icefish</a>, and many bird species, such as penguins and <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002114-118">[115]</a> Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. Antarctic sea life includes <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anc-119">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a> was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">pelt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">seal hunters</a> from the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Leopard seals are <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a> in the Antarctic ecosystem and migrate across the Southern Ocean in search of food.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguins">penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormorants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cormorants">cormorants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulls">gulls</a>. Various other bird species visit the ocean around Antarctica, including some that normally reside in the Arctic.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguin</a> is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica; it and the <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguin</a> breed farther south than any other penguin.<a href="#cite_note-Anc-119">[116]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a> by some 500 researchers during the <a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">International Polar Year</a> was released in 2010. The research found that more than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> and birds make the round trip annually. Smaller forms of life, such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumbers">sea cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pteropoda" title="Pteropoda">free-swimming snails</a>, are also found in both polar oceans. Factors that may aid in their distribution include temperature differences between the deep ocean at the poles and the equator of no more than 5 °C (9 °F) and the major current systems or marine conveyor belts which are able to transport eggs and <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islas_Yalour_7,_l%C3%ADquen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="lichen photographed in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg/170px-Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg/255px-Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg/340px-Islas_Yalour_7%2C_l%C3%ADquen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4211" /></a><figcaption>An orange lichen (perhaps <a href="/wiki/Caloplaca" title="Caloplaca">Caloplaca</a>) growing on the <a href="/wiki/Yalour_Islands" title="Yalour Islands">Yalour Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Archipelago" title="Wilhelm Archipelago">Wilhelm Archipelago</a></figcaption></figure> About 1,150 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> have been recorded in the Antarctic region, of which about 750 are non-<a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>-forming.<a href="#cite_note-basplants-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> Some of the species, having evolved under extreme conditions, have <a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">colonised structural cavities within porous rocks</a> and have contributed to shaping the rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges.<a href="#cite_note-Selbmann-126">[123]</a> The simplified <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of such fungi, along with their similar <a href="/wiki/Structure#Biological" title="Structure">biological structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolism system">metabolism systems</a> capable of remaining active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles, make them well suited to such environments. Their thick-walled and strongly <a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanised</a> cells make them resistant to <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Selbmann-126">[123]</a> An Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species, the <a href="/wiki/Crustose_lichen" title="Crustose lichen">crust-like</a> lichen <a href="/wiki/Buellia_frigida" title="Buellia frigida">Buellia frigida</a>, has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-Backhaus,_Meeßen_et_al._2019-127">[124]</a> The same features can be observed in algae and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, suggesting that they are <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptations</a> to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a> might have been similar to Antarctic fungi, such as <a href="/wiki/Cryomyces_antarcticus" title="Cryomyces antarcticus">Cryomyces antarcticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryomyces_minteri" title="Cryomyces minteri">Cryomyces minteri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Selbmann-126">[123]</a> Some of the species of fungi, which are apparently endemic to Antarctica, live in bird dung, and have evolved so they can grow inside extremely cold dung, but can also pass through the intestines of warm-blooded animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Hoog2005vii-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Antarctica">Flora of Antarctica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flora_Antarctica" title="Flora Antarctica">Flora Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._antarctica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/D._antarctica.jpg/220px-D._antarctica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/D._antarctica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica" title="Deschampsia antarctica">Deschampsia antarctica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Collins_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Glacier">Collins Glacier</a>, Antarctica. This species is one of only two flowering plants native to Antarctica, the other one being Antarctic pearlwort (Colobanthus quitensis).</figcaption></figure> Throughout its history, Antarctica has seen a wide variety of plant life. In the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, it was dominated by a fern-<a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> ecosystem, which changed into a temperate <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> by the end of that period. During the colder <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> (17–2.5 Ma), a <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> ecosystem replaced the rainforests. The climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> A combination of freezing temperatures, poor <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a>, and a lack of moisture and sunlight inhibit plant growth, causing low <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a> and limited distribution. The <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> largely consists of <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> (25 species of <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">liverworts</a> and 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>). There are three species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: <a href="/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica" title="Deschampsia antarctica">Deschampsia antarctica</a> (Antarctic hair grass), <a href="/wiki/Colobanthus_quitensis" title="Colobanthus quitensis">Colobanthus quitensis</a> (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native <a href="/wiki/Poa_annua" title="Poa annua">Poa annua</a> (annual bluegrass).<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_organisms">Other organisms</h3></div> Of the 700 species of algae in Antarctica, around half are marine <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. Multicoloured <a href="/wiki/Snow_algae" title="Snow algae">snow algae</a> are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Even <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> can harbour unique ecological communities, as it expels all salt from the water when it freezes, which accumulates into pockets of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> that also harbour dormant microorganisms. When the ice begins to melt, brine pockets expand and can combine to form brine channels, and the <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> inside the pockets can reawaken and thrive until the next freeze.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> Bacteria have also been found as deep as 800 m (0.50 mi) under the ice.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130206-135">[132]</a> It is thought to be likely that there exists a native bacterial community within the subterranean water body of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The existence of life there is thought to strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, which may have water beneath its water-ice crust.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> There exists a community of <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophile</a> bacteria in the highly <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> waters of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Untersee" title="Lake Untersee">Lake Untersee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> The prevalence of highly resilient creatures in such inhospitable areas could further bolster the argument for <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> in cold, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>-rich environments.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-CloroxLake-140">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_and_environmental_protection">Conservation and environmental protection</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_pollution,_environment,_Russia,_Bellingshausen_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of refuse on an island in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG/220px-Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG/330px-Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG/440px-Antarctica%2C_pollution%2C_environment%2C_Russia%2C_Bellingshausen_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Refuse littering the shoreline at <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen Station</a> on <a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="King George Island (South Shetland Islands)">King George</a> Island, photographed in 1992</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Measures_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Fauna_and_Flora" title="Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora">first international agreement to protect Antarctica's biodiversity</a> was adopted in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Wauchope-2019-141">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> (an animal that plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem) led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a>, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> Despite these regulations, <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">illegal fishing</a>—particularly of the highly prized <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> which is marketed as Chilean sea bass in the U.S.—remains a problem.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> In analogy to the 1980 treaty on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainable fishing</a>, countries led by New Zealand and the United States negotiated a treaty on mining. This <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Regulation_of_Antarctic_Mineral_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources">Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities</a> was adopted in 1988. After a strong campaign from environmental organisations, first Australia and then France decided not to ratify the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2019The_Antarctic_Treaty_of_1959-143">[140]</a> Instead, countries adopted the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Environmental_Protection_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty">Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty</a> (the Madrid Protocol), which entered into force in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-AUgovAntartica-Madrid-144">[141]</a> The Madrid Protocol bans all mining, designating the continent as a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_(46421727295).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of a whale in the Southern Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg/220px-Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg/330px-Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg/440px-Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_Humpback_Whale_6_%2846421727295%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption>A whale in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a></figcaption></figure> The pressure group <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> established <a href="/wiki/World_Park_Base" title="World Park Base">a base on Ross Island</a> from 1987 to 1992 as part of its attempt to establish the continent as a <a href="/wiki/Transboundary_protected_area" title="Transboundary protected area">World Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean_Whale_Sanctuary" title="Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary">Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary</a> was established in 1994 by the <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">International Whaling Commission</a>. It covers 50 million km2 (19 million sq mi) and completely surrounds the Antarctic continent. All <a href="/wiki/Commercial_whaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial whaling">commercial whaling</a> is banned in the zone, though Japan has continued to hunt whales in the area, ostensibly for research purposes.<a href="#cite_note-ASOC-147">[144]</a> Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities. <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Specially_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Specially Protected Area">Specially protected areas</a> cover less than 2% of the area and provide better protection for <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic species">animals with popular appeal</a> than for less visible animals.<a href="#cite_note-Wauchope-2019-141">[138]</a> There are more terrestrial protected areas than <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> Ecosystems are impacted by local and global threats, notably <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasion of non-native species</a>, and the various <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">effects of climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wauchope-2019-141">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_exploration">History of exploration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization of Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farthest_south" class="mw-redirect" title="Farthest south">Farthest south</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">List of Antarctic expeditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women in Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_polar_explorers" title="List of polar explorers">List of polar explorers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg/290px-Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg/435px-Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg/580px-Antarctica_Farthest_Souths.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>Positions of <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> records: pre-1521 possibly by <a href="/wiki/Yaghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan people">Yaghan people</a> (B), 1521 by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> (A), 18th century by <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> (D/E), early 19th century by <a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">James Weddell</a> (F) and <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> (G) and around the turn to the 20th century from 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Carsten Borchgrevink</a> (H), after landing and setting up base for the first time on Antarctica, to <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> reaching the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> in 1911 (K).</figcaption></figure> Early world maps, like the <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">1513 Piri Reis map</a>, feature the hypothetical continent <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>. Much larger than and unrelated to Antarctica, Terra Australis was a landmass that <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> scholars presumed necessary to balance the known lands in the northern hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a>'s ships, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">Adventure</a>, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773, and again in January 1774.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007296-150">[147]</a> Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of <a href="/wiki/Field_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Field ice">field ice</a> in January 1773.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999250-151">[148]</a> In 1775, he called the existence of a polar continent "probable", and in another copy of his <a href="/wiki/General_journal" title="General journal">journal</a> he wrote: "[I] firmly believe it and it's more than probable that we have seen a part of it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaglehole1968643-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_and_Hut,_Antarctica,_Southern_Cross_Expedition,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/220px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/330px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg/440px-Camp_and_Hut%2C_Antarctica%2C_Southern_Cross_Expedition%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The first base on Antarctica of <a href="/wiki/Carstens_Borchgrevink" class="mw-redirect" title="Carstens Borchgrevink">Carstens Borchgrevink</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Expetition (1899)</a>. The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>, the cape where <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">in 1895</a> Borchgrevnik participated in the <a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">first documented landing</a> on Antarctica.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Sealers</a> were among the earliest to go closer to the Antarctic landmass, perhaps in the earlier part of the 19th century. The oldest known human remains in the Antarctic region was a skull, dated from 1819 to 1825, that belonged to a young woman on <a href="/wiki/Yamana_Beach" title="Yamana Beach">Yamana Beach</a> at the <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> expedition, was found in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The first person to see Antarctica or its ice shelf was long thought to have been the British sailor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Edward Bransfield</a>, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, who discovered the tip of the Antarctic peninsula on 30 January 1820. However, a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a>, recorded seeing an ice shelf on 27 January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200239-154">[151]</a> The American sealer <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Nathaniel Palmer</a>, whose sealing ship was in the region at this time, may also have been the first to sight the Antarctic Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002139-155">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Russian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="First Russian Antarctic Expedition">First Russian Antarctic Expedition</a>, led by Bellingshausen and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Mikhail Lazarev</a> on the 985-ton <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> <a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> and the 530-ton support vessel <a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a>, reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud%27s_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maud's Land">Queen Maud Land</a> and recorded sighting an ice shelf at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctica&params=69_21_28_S_2_14_50_W_">69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W / 69.35778°S 2.24722°W / -69.35778; -2.24722</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tam-156">[153]</a> on 27 January 1820.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[note 4]</a> The sighting happened three days before Bransfield sighted the land of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Peninsula" title="Trinity Peninsula">Trinity Peninsula</a> of Antarctica, as opposed to the ice of an ice shelf, and 10 months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the English-born American sealer <a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">John Davis</a>, apparently at <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Bay" title="Hughes Bay">Hughes Bay</a> on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim, as there is no evidence Davis landed on the Antarctic continent rather than an offshore island.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner19925-160">[156]</a> On 22 January 1840, two days after the discovery of the coast west of the <a href="/wiki/Balleny_Islands" title="Balleny Islands">Balleny Islands</a>, some members of the crew of the 1837–1840 expedition of the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> disembarked on the <a href="/wiki/Dumoulin_Islands" title="Dumoulin Islands">Dumoulin Islands</a>, off the coast of Adélie Land, where they took some mineral, algae, and animal samples, erected the French flag, and claimed French <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">sovereignty over the territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200267-161">[157]</a> The American captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Charles Wilkes</a> led an expedition in 1838–1839 and was the first to claim he had discovered the continent.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> The British naval officer <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> failed to realise that what he referred to as "the various patches of land recently discovered by the American, French and English navigators on the verge of the Antarctic Circle" were connected to form a single continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECawley2015131-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1847479-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[note 5]</a> The American explorer <a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Mercator Cooper</a> landed on East Antarctica on 26 January 1853.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay201388-169">[164]</a> The first confirmed landing on the continental mass of Antarctica occurred in 1895 when the Norwegian-Swedish <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a> ship <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Cape_Adare" title="Cape Adare">Cape Adare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007,_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/220px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/330px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG/440px-Operation_Deep_Freeze_2007%2C_McMurdo_Station_070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a> (1902) at <a href="/wiki/Hut_Point_Peninsula" title="Hut Point Peninsula">Hut Point Peninsula</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">base on Antarctica</a> today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV American Tern of Operation Deep Freeze 2007.</figcaption></figure> During the Nimrod Expedition led by the British explorer <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> in 1907, parties led by <a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">Edgeworth David</a> became the first to climb <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> and to reach the <a href="/wiki/South_Magnetic_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="South Magnetic Pole">south magnetic pole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a>, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, retired in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Between December 1908 and February 1909: Shackleton and three members of his expedition became the first humans to traverse the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>, the first to cross the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the <a href="/wiki/South_Polar_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="South Polar Plateau">south Polar Plateau</a>. On 14 December 1911, <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">an expedition</a> led by Norwegian explorer <a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a> from the ship <a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> became the first to reach the geographic South Pole, using a route from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Whales" title="Bay of Whales">Bay of Whales</a> and up the <a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Glacier" title="Axel Heiberg Glacier">Axel Heiberg Glacier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200730–32-172">[167]</a> One month later, the doomed <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a> reached the pole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002159-173">[168]</a> The American explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a> led four expeditions to Antarctica during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, using the first mechanised <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">tractors</a>. His expeditions conducted extensive geographical and scientific research, and he is credited with surveying a larger region of the continent than any other explorer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200244-174">[169]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Christensen" title="Ingrid Christensen">Ingrid Christensen</a> became the first woman to step onto the Antarctic mainland.<a href="#cite_note-Bla-175">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Mikkelsen" title="Caroline Mikkelsen">Caroline Mikkelsen</a> had landed on an island of Antarctica, earlier in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Cam-176">[171]</a> The South Pole was next reached on 31 October 1956, when a U.S. Navy group led by Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">George J. Dufek</a> successfully landed an aircraft there.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Roy-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[note 6]</a> In the summer of 1996–1997, Norwegian explorer <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rge_Ousland" title="Børge Ousland">Børge Ousland</a> became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Ousland holds the record for the fastest unsupported journey to the South Pole, taking 34 days.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics of Antarctica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion in Antarctica</a></div> The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia</a>, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of the island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadland1984238-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[note 7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of the South Pole research station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg/220px-AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg/330px-AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg/440px-AmundsenScottSuedpolStation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>The "ceremonial" <a href="/wiki/South_Pole#Ceremonial_South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott Station</a></figcaption></figure> Antarctica's population consists mostly of the staff of <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research stations</a> in Antarctica (which are continuously maintained despite the population decline in the winter), although there are 2 all-civilian bases in Antarctica: the <a href="/wiki/Esperanza_Base" title="Esperanza Base">Esperanza Base</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Las_Estrellas" title="Villa Las Estrellas">Villa Las Estrellas base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nat-184">[177]</a> The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,200 in winter to about 4,800 in the summer, with an additional 136 people in the winter to 266 people in the summer from the 2 civilian bases (as of 2017). Some of the <a href="/wiki/Research_station" title="Research station">research stations</a> are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Antarctica)" title="Trinity Church (Antarctica)">Holy Trinity Church</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen Station</a> on <a href="/wiki/King_George_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)" title="King George Island (South Shetland Islands)">King George Island</a> opened in 2004; it is staffed year-round by one or two <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, who are similarly rotated every year.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl, <a href="/wiki/Solveig_Gunbj%C3%B8rg_Jacobsen" title="Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen">Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a> on 8 October 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadland198412,_130-187">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Marcos_Palma" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Marcos Palma">Emilio Marcos Palma</a> was the first person born south of the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60th parallel south</a> and the first to be born on the Antarctic mainland at the Esperanza Base of the Argentine Army.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a> prohibits any <a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">military activity in Antarctica</a>, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. Military personnel or equipment are permitted only for scientific research or other peaceful purposes.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_90" title="Operación 90">Operation 90</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Argentina">Argentine military</a> in 1965 was conducted to strengthen Argentina's claim in Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a>, a distinct variety of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, has been found to be spoken by people living on Antarctica and the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Subantarctic islands">subantarctic islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-191">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_1960-img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of the US signing the Antarctic Treaty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_1960-img1.jpg/220px-Senate_1960-img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_1960-img1.jpg/330px-Senate_1960-img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Senate_1960-img1.jpg/440px-Senate_1960-img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. delegate <a href="/wiki/Herman_Phleger" title="Herman Phleger">Herman Phleger</a> signs the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> in December 1959.</figcaption></figure> Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the United Kingdom, Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, Australia, and the United States. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties#Signature,_ratification_and_accession" title="Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties">acceded</a> to the treaty. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&action=edit">[update]</a>, 29 countries have this 'consultative status'.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> Decisions are based on <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>, instead of a <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">vote</a>. The treaty set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_claims">Territorial claims</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_(1539-1555),_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg/220px-Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg/330px-Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg/440px-Governorate_of_Terra_Australis_%281539-1555%29%2C_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1219" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Governorate of Terra Australis</a> (1539–1555), the first territorial claim over the lands near the South Pole; later it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorate of Chile">Governorate of Chile</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1539, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">King of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, created the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Governorate of Terra Australis</a>, which encompassed lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> and thus theoretically Antarctica, the existence of which was only hypothesized at the time,<a href="#cite_note-Oscar-195">[188]</a> granting this Governorate to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sancho_de_la_Hoz" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Sancho de la Hoz">Pedro Sancho de la Hoz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> who in 1540 transferred the title to the conquistador <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a> Spain claimed all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, with eastern and western borders to these claims specified in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> respectively. In 1555 the claim was incorporated to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> In the present, sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven different countries.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_TigerstromLeane2005204-200">[193]</a> the validity of the claims is not recognised universally.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959, although in 2015, Norway formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> The Argentine, British, and Chilean claims overlap and have caused friction. In 2012, after the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_%26_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign & Commonwealth Office">Foreign & Commonwealth Office</a> designated a previously unnamed area <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Land" title="Queen Elizabeth Land">Queen Elizabeth Land</a> in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_&_Commonwealth_Office_Press_Release-202">[195]</a> the Argentine government protested against the claim.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News:_Argentine_Protest_Against_Queen_Elizabeth_Land-203">[196]</a> The UK passed some of the areas it claimed to Australia and New Zealand after they achieved independence. The claims by Britain, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Norway do not overlap and are recognised by each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_TigerstromLeane2005204-200">[193]</a> Other member nations of the Antarctic Treaty do not recognise any claim, yet have shown some form of territorial interest in the past.<a href="#cite_note-peecug2-204">[197]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Brazil has a designated "<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">zone of interest</a>" that is not considered an actual claim.<a href="#cite_note-Morris1988-205">[198]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Peru formally reserved its right to make a claim.<a href="#cite_note-peecug2-204">[197]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russia inherited the Soviet Union's right to claim territory under the original Antarctic Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-US-RusClaim-206">[199]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> South Africa formally reserved its right to make a claim.<a href="#cite_note-peecug2-204">[197]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> The United States reserved its right to make a claim in the original Antarctic Treaty.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-US-RusClaim-206">[199]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Date </th> <th scope="col">Claimant </th> <th scope="col">Territory </th> <th scope="col">Claim limits </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Map </th></tr> <tr> <td>1840 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /> <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="+136.11">Originally undefined; later specified to be 142°2′E to 136°11′E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_France_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_France_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> United Kingdom </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Antarctic_Territory.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-080.00">80°0′W to 20°0′W <ul><li>80°0′W to 74°0′W claimed by Chile (1940)</li> <li>74°0′W to 53°0′W claimed by Chile (1940) and Argentina (1943)</li> <li>53°0′W to 25°0′W claimed by Argentina (1943)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_United_Kingdom_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_(unofficial).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ross_Dependency_%28unofficial%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="+160.00">160°0′E to 150°0′W </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_New_Zealand_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-090.35"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctica&params=68_50_S_90_35_W_type:isle&title=Peter+I+Island">68°50′S 90°35′W / 68.833°S 90.583°W / -68.833; -90.583 (Peter I Island)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Norway_territorial_claim_(Peter_I_Island).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Peter_I_Island%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="+044.38">44°38′E to 136°11′E, and 142°2′E to 160°00′E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Australia_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_Australia_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-020.00">20°00′W to 44°38′E </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Norway_territorial_claim_(Queen_Maud_Land,_2015).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_Norway_territorial_claim_%28Queen_Maud_Land%2C_2015%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Magallanes_y_la_Ant%C3%A1rtica_Chilena%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Antarctic_Territory" title="Chilean Antarctic Territory">Chilean Antarctic Territory</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-090.00">90°0′W to 53°0′W <ul><li>80°00′W to 74°00′W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)</li> <li>74°00′W to 53°00′W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Argentina (1943)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Chile_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_Chile_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg/45px-Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Tierra_del_Fuego.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Antarctica" title="Argentine Antarctica">Argentine Antarctica</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-074.00">74°0′W to 25°0′W <ul><li>74°0′W to 53°0′W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908) and Chile (1940)</li> <li>53°0′W to 25°0′W claimed by the United Kingdom (1908)</li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_Argentina_territorial_claim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">(Unclaimed territory)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/23px-Blank_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/35px-Blank_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Blank_flag.svg/45px-Blank_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land" title="Marie Byrd Land">Marie Byrd Land</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="-150.00">150°0′W to 90°0′W (except <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctica,_unclaimed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg/90px-Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg/135px-Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg/180px-Antarctica%2C_unclaimed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="806" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_tourism">Economy and tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism in Antarctica</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications in Antarctica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport in Antarctica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_(47284124562).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a cruise ship off the Antarctic coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg/220px-Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg/330px-Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg/440px-Silversea_Silver_Cloud_Wilhelmina_Bay_Antarctica_2_%2847284124562%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ship</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Cloud_(ship)" title="Silver Cloud (ship)">Silver Cloud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Bay" title="Wilhelmina Bay">Wilhelmina Bay</a></figcaption></figure> Deposits of coal, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, iron ore, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, and other minerals have been found in Antarctica, but not in large enough quantities to extract.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, which came into effect in 1998 and is due to be reviewed in 2048, restricts the exploitation of Antarctic resources, including minerals.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourists</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">visiting Antarctica</a> since 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002187–188-209">[202]</a> Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol;<a href="#cite_note-IAATOTou-210">[203]</a> the self-regulatory body for the industry is the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Antarctica_Tour_Operators" title="International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators">International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002107-211">[204]</a> Tourists arrive by small or medium ship at specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002187–188-209">[202]</a> Over 74,000 tourists visited the region during the 2019–2020 season, of which 18,500 travelled on cruise ships but did not leave them to explore on land.<a href="#cite_note-IAATOTou2-212">[205]</a> The numbers of tourists fell rapidly after the start of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Some nature conservation groups have expressed concern over the potential adverse effects caused by the influx of visitors and have called for limits on the size of visiting <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> and a tourism quota.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> The primary response by Antarctic Treaty parties has been to develop guidelines that set landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites.<a href="#cite_note-Secr-214">[207]</a> Tourism in Antarctica is, in part, ecologically focused with expeditions being offered for bird watching tours due to the high numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">Gentoo penguins</a> – among other species. One site in particular – McDonald Beach – is known to be a high-traffic area for tourists watching the Adélie penguins who number more than 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> Overland sightseeing flights operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus_disaster" title="Mount Erebus disaster">Mount Erebus disaster</a> in 1979, when an <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> plane crashed into Mount Erebus, killing all of the 257 people on board. <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2013507–509-216">[209]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Antarctica" title="List of airports in Antarctica">airports</a> in Antarctica. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations in Antarctica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_(16481391425).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial photograph of McMurdo station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg/220px-McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg/330px-McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg/440px-McMurdo-Station_aus_der_Vogelperspektive_%2816481391425%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> An aerial view of <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">research station in Antarctica</a></figcaption></figure> In 2017, there were more than 4,400 scientists undertaking research in Antarctica, a number that fell to just over 1,100 in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> There are over 70 permanent and seasonal research stations on the continent; the largest, United States' <a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a>, is capable of housing more than 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund201441-217">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> has five major research stations on Antarctica, one of which is completely portable. The Belgian <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica" title="Princess Elisabeth Antarctica">Princess Elisabeth station</a> is one of the most modern stations and the first to be <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon-neutral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes2019160-219">[212]</a> Argentina, Australia, Chile, and Russia also have a large scientific presence on Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">Geologists</a> primarily study <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, and the breakup of Gondwana. <a href="/wiki/Glaciologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciologist">Glaciologists</a> study the history and dynamics of floating ice, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">seasonal snow</a>, glaciers, and ice sheets. <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a>, in addition to researching wildlife, are interested in how low temperatures and the presence of humans affect adaptation and survival strategies in organisms.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_scientist" title="Biomedical scientist">Biomedical scientists</a> have made discoveries concerning the spreading of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> and the body's response to extreme seasonal temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a meteorite found in Antarctica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg/220px-ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg/330px-ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/ALH84001_meteorite_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>An Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Museum of Natural History">Smithsonian Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> The high elevation of the interior, the low temperatures, and the length of polar nights during the winter months all allow for better <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">astronomical observations</a> at Antarctica than anywhere else on Earth. The view of space from Earth is improved by a thinner atmosphere at higher elevations and a lack of water vapour in the atmosphere caused by freezing temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Bur-222">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysicists</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a> study <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> from space.<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> The largest <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_detector" title="Neutrino detector">neutrino detector</a> in the world, the <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube Neutrino Observatory</a>, is at the Amundsen-Scott Station. It consists of around 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Optical_module" title="Optical module">digital optical modules</a>, some of which reach a depth of 2,450 m (8,040 ft), that are held in 1 km3 (0.24 cu mi) of ice.<a href="#cite_note-icecube-224">[217]</a> Scientists also observed higher radiation dose rates around the coast of Antarctica compared with the global average: this is attributed to cosmic rays going through the thinner atmosphere compared to equatorial latitudes.<a href="#cite_note-k910-225">[218]</a> Antarctica provides a unique environment for the study of meteorites: the dry polar desert preserves them well, and meteorites older than a million years have been found. They are relatively easy to find, as the dark stone meteorites stand out in a landscape of ice and snow, and the flow of ice accumulates them in certain areas. The <a href="/wiki/Adelie_Land_meteorite" title="Adelie Land meteorite">Adelie Land meteorite</a>, discovered in 1912, was the first to be found. Meteorites contain clues about the composition of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and its early development.<a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a> Most meteorites come from asteroids, but a few meteorites found in Antarctica came from the Moon and Mars.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[note 8]</a> Major scientific organizations in Antarctica have released strategy and action plans focused on advancing national interests and objectives in Antarctica, supporting cutting-edge research to understand the interactions between the Antarctic region and climate systems. The <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a> (BAS) released a 10-year (2023–2033) strategy report to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to focus on creating sustainable living on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> Environmental sustainability is named as one of the top focus areas by the BAS strategy, highlighting the main challenge and priority to embed environmental sustainability into everything.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Antarctic Program">Australian Antarctic Program</a> (AAP) released a new Strategy and 20-year Action Plan (2022–2036) to modernize its Antarctic program. The global climate system was highlighted as one of the main priorities that will be supported and studied through the AAP Strategy Plan. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the vital role of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in climate and weather to improve current knowledge and inform management responses.<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a> (USAP) released a Midterm Assessment on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research, stressing the prominent role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle and sea level rise.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> The USAP outlines the Changing Antarctic Ice Sheets Initiative as a top priority to enhance understanding of why ice sheets are changing now, and how they will change in the future.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg/220px-The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg/330px-The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg/440px-The_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet%27s_Changing_Height.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The Antarctic ice sheet's changing height</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic ice sheets">Antarctic ice sheets</a> are a central focus of contemporary climate research due to urgent questions about their stability and reaction to global warming. <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a> technology enables researchers to study the ice sheets both through on-site fieldwork and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, facilitating detailed analyses of ice dynamics to predict future changes in a warming world. The INStabilities & Thresholds in ANTarctica (INSTANT) Scientific Research Programme proposes three research themes, investigating the complex interactions between the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, and solid <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in Antarctica. Its aims include improving the understanding and predictions of these processes to aid decision makers in risk assessment, management, and mitigation related to Antarctic climate change. The Australian-led ICECAP project utilized advanced aerogeophysical techniques to map deep subglacial basins and <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a> that connect the ice sheet to the ocean.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_SHEETS_AND_SEA-LEVEL_RISE-235">[227]</a> This mapping improves predictions of ice sheet stability, the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> on the ice sheets, and their potential contributions to global <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICE_SHEETS_AND_SEA-LEVEL_RISE-235">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Attendees at the 2013 Icestock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg/220px-Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg/330px-Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg/440px-Women_at_2013_Icestock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption>Attendees at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Icestock" title="Icestock">Icestock</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_film">Music and film</h3></div> The southernmost music festival in the world, <a href="/wiki/Icestock" title="Icestock">Icestock</a>, has been held at McMurdo Station since 1989. The organizers, performers, and attendees of Icestock are all personnel working at McMurdo or nearby <a href="/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-236">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-o188-238">[230]</a> The Antarctic Film Festival is held annually between bases, with 48 stations registered to participate as of 2022. The festival is designed for <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short films</a> of 5 minutes or less.<a href="#cite_note-z325-239">[231]</a> In 2011, Australian classical <a href="/wiki/Harpist" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpist">harpist</a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Giles" title="Alice Giles">Alice Giles</a> became the first professional musician to perform in Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-k668-240">[232]</a> The first full-length fictional film to be shot in Antarctica was <a href="/wiki/South_of_Sanity" title="South of Sanity">South of Sanity</a>, a 2012 low budget British <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-241">[233]</a> An upcoming film directed by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cassavetes" title="Nick Cassavetes">Nick Cassavetes</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a>, Bruno Penguin and the Staten Island Princess, will be the first major <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> production to shoot in Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-b131-242">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> Sporting events held on Antarctica include the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Ice_Marathon_%26_100k_ultra_race" title="Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race">Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race</a>,<a href="#cite_note-w567-243">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Marathon" title="Antarctica Marathon">Antarctica Marathon</a><a href="#cite_note-g791-244">[236]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Cup_Yacht_Race" title="Antarctica Cup Yacht Race">Antarctica Cup Yacht Race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n623-245">[237]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Antarctica" title="Football in Antarctica">Association football</a> has been played since the early twentieth century, with teams representing bases or visiting ships.<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-y775-247">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> There are two principal holidays celebrated across Antarctica: <a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a> on the day of the southern <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> (June 20 or 21) and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a> on December 1, which commemorates the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-d838-248">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-f667-249">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index of Antarctica-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The word was originally pronounced with the first c silent in English, but the <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a> has become common and is often considered more correct. However, the pronunciation with a silent c, and even with the first t silent as well, is widespread and typical of many similar English words.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The c had ceased to be pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and was dropped from the spelling in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, but it was added back for etymological reasons in English in the 17th century and thereafter began to be pronounced, but (as with other spelling pronunciations) at first only by less educated people.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> For those who pronounce the first t, there is also variation between the pronunciations Ant-ar(c)tica and An-tar(c)tica. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> was recognised as a separate ocean, it was considered to be surrounded by the southern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Geographical features, such as ice caps, are shown as they are today for identification purposes, not as how they appeared at these times. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> The feature discovered by the Russians was the <a href="/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf" title="Fimbul Ice Shelf">Fimbul ice shelf</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Ross passed through what is now known as the Ross Sea and discovered Ross Island (both of which were named after him) in 1841. He sailed along a huge wall of ice that was later named the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Ice_Shelf" title="Ross Ice Shelf">Ross Ice Shelf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154-166">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Erebus" title="Mount Erebus">Mount Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Terror_(Antarctica)" title="Mount Terror (Antarctica)">Mount Terror</a> are named after two ships from his expedition: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">Terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154,_185-167">[163]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The women were <a href="/wiki/Pam_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Pam Young">Pam Young</a>, Jean Pearson, <a href="/wiki/Lois_Jones_(scientist)" title="Lois Jones (scientist)">Lois Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eileen_McSaveney" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen McSaveney">Eileen McSaveney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kay_Lindsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kay Lindsay (page does not exist)">Kay Lindsay</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_Tickhill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry Tickhill (page does not exist)">Terry Tickhill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roy-178">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> The first settlements included <a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Husvik" title="Husvik">Husvik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Harbour" title="Ocean Harbour">Ocean Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a>. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">Carl Anton Larsen</a>, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadland1984238-182">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Antarctician meteorites, particularly <a href="/wiki/ALH84001" class="mw-redirect" title="ALH84001">ALH84001</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/ANSMET" title="ANSMET">ANSMET</a>, were at the centre of the controversy about possible evidence of <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars#Meteorites" title="Life on Mars">life on Mars</a>. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be calculated.<a href="#cite_note-meteorite-228">[221]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAfactbook-People-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-People_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509192134/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/">"Antarctica"</a>. The World Factbook. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 3 May 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/">the original</a> on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Antarctica&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fantarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208004718/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Antarctica">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrystal2006">Crystal 2006</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2021" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Cynthia (21 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/maps/2021/09/reaching-the-south-pole-during-the-heroic-age-of-exploration">"Reaching the South Pole During the Heroic Age of Exploration | Worlds Revealed"</a>. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Reaching+the+South+Pole+During+the+Heroic+Age+of+Exploration+%7C+Worlds+Revealed&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fmaps%2F2021%2F09%2Freaching-the-south-pole-during-the-heroic-age-of-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Antarctic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Antarctic">"Antarctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. December 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antarctic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAntarctic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELettinck2021158-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELettinck2021158_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLettinck2021">Lettinck 2021</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyginus1992176-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyginus1992176_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHyginus1992">Hyginus 1992</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScottHiattMcIlroy20122–3-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScottHiattMcIlroy20122–3_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScottHiattMcIlroy2012">Scott, Hiatt & McIlroy 2012</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawley2015130-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawley2015130_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCawley2015">Cawley 2015</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCroneMcPherson200975-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCroneMcPherson200975_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCroneMcPherson2009">McCrone & McPherson 2009</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron-Ash201820-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron-Ash201820_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCameron-Ash2018">Cameron-Ash 2018</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-NLS-13"><a href="#cite_ref-NLS_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/bartholomew/highlights/antarctica.html#:~:text=Edinburgh%20geographer%20and%20mapmaker%20John,since%20the%20first%20century%20AD.">"Highlights from the Bartholomew Archive: The naming of Antarctica"</a>. The Bartholomew Archive. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218073511/https://digital.nls.uk/bartholomew/highlights/antarctica.html#:~:text=Edinburgh%20geographer%20and%20mapmaker%20John,since%20the%20first%20century%20AD.">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bartholomew+Archive&rft.atitle=Highlights+from+the+Bartholomew+Archive%3A+The+naming+of+Antarctica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.nls.uk%2Fbartholomew%2Fhighlights%2Fantarctica.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEdinburgh%2520geographer%2520and%2520mapmaker%2520John%2Csince%2520the%2520first%2520century%2520AD.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2012/06/16/in-person-adventurer-set-to-tackle-the-great-white-south/">"IN PERSON: Adventurer set to tackle the great white south"</a>. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IN+PERSON%3A+Adventurer+set+to+tackle+the+great+white+south&rft.date=2012-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2F2012%2F06%2F16%2Fin-person-adventurer-set-to-tackle-the-great-white-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/howmanyoceans.html">"How many oceans are there?"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820210308/https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/howmanyoceans.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.atitle=How+many+oceans+are+there%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanservice.noaa.gov%2Ffacts%2Fhowmanyoceans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewry1983-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrewry1983_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrewry1983">Drewry 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002115-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002115_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002115_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2019Is_all_of_Antarctica_snow-covered?-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2019Is_all_of_Antarctica_snow-covered?_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2019">Day 2019</a>, Is all of Antarctica snow-covered?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201999-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201999_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrollLopes2019">Carroll & Lopes 2019</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiGaoLiShen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ji, Fei; Gao, Jinyao; Li, Fei; Shen, Zhongyan; Zhang, Qiao; Li, Yongdong (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2017.07.011">"Variations of the effective elastic thickness over the Ross Sea and Transantarctic Mountains and implications for their structure and tectonics"</a>. Tectonophysics. 717: 127–138. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Tectp.717..127J">2017Tectp.717..127J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2017.07.011">10.1016/j.tecto.2017.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-1951">0040-1951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Variations+of+the+effective+elastic+thickness+over+the+Ross+Sea+and+Transantarctic+Mountains+and+implications+for+their+structure+and+tectonics&rft.volume=717&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=0040-1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2017.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Tectp.717..127J&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft.au=Gao%2C+Jinyao&rft.au=Li%2C+Fei&rft.au=Shen%2C+Zhongyan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiao&rft.au=Li%2C+Yongdong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.tecto.2017.07.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedmap2-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Bedmap2_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFretwellPritchardVaughanBamber2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fretwell, P.; Pritchard, H. D.; Vaughan, D. G.; Bamber, J. L.; Barrand, N. E.; Bell, R.; Bianchi, C.; Bingham, R. G.; Blankenship, D. D.; Casassa, G.; Catania, G.; Callens, D.; Conway, H.; Cook, A. J.; Corr, H. F. J.; Damaske, D.; Damm, V.; Ferraccioli, F.; Forsberg, R.; Fujita, S.; Gim, Y.; Gogineni, P.; Griggs, J. A.; Hindmarsh, R. C. A.; Holmlund, P.; Holt, J. W.; Jacobel, R. W.; Jenkins, A.; Jokat, W.; Jordan, T.; King, E. C.; Kohler, J.; Krabill, W.; Riger-Kusk, M.; Langley, K. A.; Leitchenkov, G.; Leuschen, C.; Luyendyk, B. P.; Matsuoka, K.; Mouginot, J.; Nitsche, F. O.; Nogi, Y.; Nost, O. A.; Popov, S. V.; Rignot, E.; Rippin, D. M.; Rivera, A.; Roberts, J.; Ross, N.; Siegert, M. J.; Smith, A. M.; Steinhage, D.; Studinger, M.; Sun, B.; Tinto, B. K.; Welch, B. C.; Wilson, D.; Young, D. A.; Xiangbin, C.; Zirizzotti, A. (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ftc-7-375-2013">"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"</a>. The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 375–393. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TCry....7..375F">2013TCry....7..375F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ftc-7-375-2013">10.5194/tc-7-375-2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F18763">1808/18763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13129041">13129041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cryosphere&rft.atitle=Bedmap2%3A+improved+ice+bed%2C+surface+and+thickness+datasets+for+Antarctica&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F18763&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13129041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Ftc-7-375-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013TCry....7..375F&rft.aulast=Fretwell&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+H.+D.&rft.au=Vaughan%2C+D.+G.&rft.au=Bamber%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Barrand%2C+N.+E.&rft.au=Bell%2C+R.&rft.au=Bianchi%2C+C.&rft.au=Bingham%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Blankenship%2C+D.+D.&rft.au=Casassa%2C+G.&rft.au=Catania%2C+G.&rft.au=Callens%2C+D.&rft.au=Conway%2C+H.&rft.au=Cook%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Corr%2C+H.+F.+J.&rft.au=Damaske%2C+D.&rft.au=Damm%2C+V.&rft.au=Ferraccioli%2C+F.&rft.au=Forsberg%2C+R.&rft.au=Fujita%2C+S.&rft.au=Gim%2C+Y.&rft.au=Gogineni%2C+P.&rft.au=Griggs%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Hindmarsh%2C+R.+C.+A.&rft.au=Holmlund%2C+P.&rft.au=Holt%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Jacobel%2C+R.+W.&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+A.&rft.au=Jokat%2C+W.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+T.&rft.au=King%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=Kohler%2C+J.&rft.au=Krabill%2C+W.&rft.au=Riger-Kusk%2C+M.&rft.au=Langley%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Leitchenkov%2C+G.&rft.au=Leuschen%2C+C.&rft.au=Luyendyk%2C+B.+P.&rft.au=Matsuoka%2C+K.&rft.au=Mouginot%2C+J.&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+F.+O.&rft.au=Nogi%2C+Y.&rft.au=Nost%2C+O.+A.&rft.au=Popov%2C+S.+V.&rft.au=Rignot%2C+E.&rft.au=Rippin%2C+D.+M.&rft.au=Rivera%2C+A.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.&rft.au=Ross%2C+N.&rft.au=Siegert%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Steinhage%2C+D.&rft.au=Studinger%2C+M.&rft.au=Sun%2C+B.&rft.au=Tinto%2C+B.+K.&rft.au=Welch%2C+B.+C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.&rft.au=Young%2C+D.+A.&rft.au=Xiangbin%2C+C.&rft.au=Zirizzotti%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Ftc-7-375-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucibella2015" class="citation web cs1">Lucibella, Michael (21 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/4184/">"The Lost Dry Valleys of the Polar Plateau"</a>. The Antarctic Sun. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Antarctic_Program" title="United States Antarctic Program">United States Antarctic Program</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115223943/https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/4184/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Antarctic+Sun&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Dry+Valleys+of+the+Polar+Plateau&rft.date=2015-10-21&rft.aulast=Lucibella&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantarcticsun.usap.gov%2Fscience%2F4184%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallbergSergienko2019" class="citation web cs1">Hallberg, Robert; Sergienko, Olga (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ice-sheet-dynamics/">"Ice Sheet Dynamics"</a>. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428015203/https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/ice-sheet-dynamics/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 7 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Fluid+Dynamics+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Ice+Sheet+Dynamics&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hallberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Sergienko%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfdl.noaa.gov%2Fice-sheet-dynamics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegertFlorindo2008532-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegertFlorindo2008532_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiegertFlorindo2008">Siegert & Florindo 2008</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-O&E-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O&E_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O&E_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuilty2007" class="citation journal cs1">Quilty, Pg (2007). "Origin and evolution of the sub-Antarctic islands: the foundation". Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania: 35–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26749%2Frstpp.141.1.35">10.26749/rstpp.141.1.35</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+and+Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Tasmania&rft.atitle=Origin+and+evolution+of+the+sub-Antarctic+islands%3A+the+foundation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26749%2Frstpp.141.1.35&rft.aulast=Quilty&rft.aufirst=Pg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlierookJourdanMerleTimms2016" class="citation journal cs1">Olierook, Hugo K.H.; Jourdan, Fred; Merle, Renaud E.; Timms, Nicholas E.; Kusznir, Nick; Muhling, Janet R. (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.008">"Bunbury Basalt: Gondwana breakup products or earliest vestiges of the Kerguelen mantle plume?"</a>. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 440: 20–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E&PSL.440...20O">2016E&PSL.440...20O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.008">10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F13606">20.500.11937/13606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Bunbury+Basalt%3A+Gondwana+breakup+products+or+earliest+vestiges+of+the+Kerguelen+mantle+plume%3F&rft.volume=440&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2016-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11937%2F13606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.02.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016E%26PSL.440...20O&rft.aulast=Olierook&rft.aufirst=Hugo+K.H.&rft.au=Jourdan%2C+Fred&rft.au=Merle%2C+Renaud+E.&rft.au=Timms%2C+Nicholas+E.&rft.au=Kusznir%2C+Nick&rft.au=Muhling%2C+Janet+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.epsl.2016.02.008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonteath1997135-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonteath1997135_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonteath1997">Monteath 1997</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200275-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200275_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201938-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes201938_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrollLopes2019">Carroll & Lopes 2019</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund2014362–363-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHund2014362–363_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHund2014">Hund 2014</a>, pp. 362–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Browne" title="Malcolm Browne">Browne, Malcolm W.</a>; et al. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcTrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109">Antarctic News Clips</a>. National Science Foundation. p. 109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814152352/https://books.google.com/books?id=HcTrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctic+News+Clips&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHcTrAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200292-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200292_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlagesSalzmannBickertHillenbrand2020" class="citation journal cs1">Klages, Johann P.; Salzmann, Ulrich; Bickert, Torsten; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Gohl, Karsten; Kuhn, Gerhard; Bohaty, Steven M.; Titschack, Jürgen; Müller, Juliane; Frederichs, Thomas; Bauersachs, Thorsten; Ehrmann, Werner; van de Flierdt, Tina; Pereira, Patric Simões; Larter, Robert D.; Lohmann, Gerrit; Niezgodzki, Igor; Uenzelmann-Neben, Gabriele; Zundel, Maximilian; Spiegel, Cornelia; Mark, Chris; Chew, David; Francis, Jane E.; Nehrke, Gernot; Schwarz, Florian; Smith, James A.; Freudenthal, Tim; Esper, Oliver; Pälike, Heiko; Ronge, Thomas A.; Dziadek, Ricarda (2 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/42650/1/Klages_Salzmann_etal_Nature2020.pdf">"Temperate rainforests near the South Pole during peak Cretaceous warmth"</a> (PDF). Nature. 580 (7801): 81–86. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.580...81K">2020Natur.580...81K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2148-5">10.1038/s41586-020-2148-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F76835">10044/1/76835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32238944">32238944</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214736648">214736648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Temperate+rainforests+near+the+South+Pole+during+peak+Cretaceous+warmth&rft.volume=580&rft.issue=7801&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F76835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214736648%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.580...81K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32238944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2148-5&rft.aulast=Klages&rft.aufirst=Johann+P.&rft.au=Salzmann%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Bickert%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Hillenbrand%2C+Claus-Dieter&rft.au=Gohl%2C+Karsten&rft.au=Kuhn%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Bohaty%2C+Steven+M.&rft.au=Titschack%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Juliane&rft.au=Frederichs%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bauersachs%2C+Thorsten&rft.au=Ehrmann%2C+Werner&rft.au=van+de+Flierdt%2C+Tina&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Patric+Sim%C3%B5es&rft.au=Larter%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Gerrit&rft.au=Niezgodzki%2C+Igor&rft.au=Uenzelmann-Neben%2C+Gabriele&rft.au=Zundel%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Mark%2C+Chris&rft.au=Chew%2C+David&rft.au=Francis%2C+Jane+E.&rft.au=Nehrke%2C+Gernot&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Florian&rft.au=Smith%2C+James+A.&rft.au=Freudenthal%2C+Tim&rft.au=Esper%2C+Oliver&rft.au=P%C3%A4like%2C+Heiko&rft.au=Ronge%2C+Thomas+A.&rft.au=Dziadek%2C+Ricarda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrl.northumbria.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F42650%2F1%2FKlages_Salzmann_etal_Nature2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201231-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201231_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantrillPoole2012">Cantrill & Poole 2012</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollandBernetvan_der_BeekGautheron2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rolland, Yann; Bernet, Matthias; van der Beek, Peter; Gautheron, Cécile; Duclaux, Guillaume; Bascou, Jérôme; Balvay, Mélanie; Héraudet, Laura; Sue, Christian; Ménot, René-Pierre (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01925658/file/papier_thermochro_Antarctique-EPSL.final.pdf">"Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape"</a> (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 506: 123–133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019E&PSL.506..123R">2019E&PSL.506..123R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.10.044">10.1016/j.epsl.2018.10.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134360219">134360219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Late+Paleozoic+Ice+Age+glaciers+shaped+East+Antarctica+landscape&rft.volume=506&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2019-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134360219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2018.10.044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019E%26PSL.506..123R&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Yann&rft.au=Bernet%2C+Matthias&rft.au=van+der+Beek%2C+Peter&rft.au=Gautheron%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rft.au=Duclaux%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Bascou%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft.au=Balvay%2C+M%C3%A9lanie&rft.au=H%C3%A9raudet%2C+Laura&rft.au=Sue%2C+Christian&rft.au=M%C3%A9not%2C+Ren%C3%A9-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01925658%2Ffile%2Fpapier_thermochro_Antarctique-EPSL.final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201257–104"Collapsing_ice_sheets_and_evolving_polar_forests_of_the_middle_to_late_Paleozoic"-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201257–104"Collapsing_ice_sheets_and_evolving_polar_forests_of_the_middle_to_late_Paleozoic"_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole201257–104"Collapsing_ice_sheets_and_evolving_polar_forests_of_the_middle_to_late_Paleozoic"_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantrillPoole2012">Cantrill & Poole 2012</a>, pp. 57–104, "Collapsing ice sheets and evolving polar forests of the middle to late Paleozoic". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139024990.003">10.1017/cbo9781139024990.003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVegaÁngel_Olalla-Tárraga2020" class="citation book cs1">Vega, Greta; Ángel Olalla-Tárraga, Miguel (2020). "Past changes on fauna and flora distribution". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.). Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change. London: Academic Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817925-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817925-3"><bdi>978-0-12-817925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Past+changes+on+fauna+and+flora+distribution&rft.btitle=Past+Antarctica%3A+paleoclimatology+and+climate+change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-12-817925-3&rft.aulast=Vega&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft.au=%C3%81ngel+Olalla-T%C3%A1rraga%2C+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collinson-2007-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson-2007_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collinson-2007_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsonWilliam_R.2007" class="citation conference cs1">Collinson, James; William R., Hammer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/ea/of2007-1047ea047.pdf">Migration of Triassic tetrapods to Antarctica</a> (PDF). 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Migration+of+Triassic+tetrapods+to+Antarctica&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Collinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=William+R.%2C+Hammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F2007%2F1047%2Fea%2Fof2007-1047ea047.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole2012105–160"Icehouse_to_hothouse:_floral_turnover,_the_Permian–Triassic_crisis_and_Triassic_vegetation"-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole2012105–160"Icehouse_to_hothouse:_floral_turnover,_the_Permian–Triassic_crisis_and_Triassic_vegetation"_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantrillPoole2012">Cantrill & Poole 2012</a>, pp. 105–160, "Icehouse to hothouse: floral turnover, the Permian–Triassic crisis and Triassic vegetation". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139024990.004">10.1017/cbo9781139024990.004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasinoski2013139-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasinoski2013139_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasinoski2013">Jasinoski 2013</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirkenmajer1994" class="citation journal cs1">Birkenmajer, K. (July 1994). "Evolution of the Pacific margin of the northern Antarctic Peninsula: an overview". Geologische Rundschau. 83 (2): 309–321. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994GeoRu..83..309B">1994GeoRu..83..309B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00210547">10.1007/BF00210547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologische+Rundschau&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Pacific+margin+of+the+northern+Antarctic+Peninsula%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00210547&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994GeoRu..83..309B&rft.aulast=Birkenmajer&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGainaMüllerBrownIshihara2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=-Carmen_Gaina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="-Carmen Gaina (page does not exist)">Gaina, Carmen</a>; Müller, R. Dietmar; Brown, Belinda; Ishihara, Takemi; Ivanov, Sergey (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x">"Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica"</a>. Geophysical Journal International. 170 (1): 151–169. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoJI.170..151G">2007GeoJI.170..151G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03450.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Breakup+and+early+seafloor+spreading+between+India+and+Antarctica&rft.volume=170&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoJI.170..151G&rft.aulast=Gaina&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+R.+Dietmar&rft.au=Brown%2C+Belinda&rft.au=Ishihara%2C+Takemi&rft.au=Ivanov%2C+Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.2007.03450.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole20129,_35,_56,_71,_185,_314-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECantrillPoole20129,_35,_56,_71,_185,_314_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCantrillPoole2012">Cantrill & Poole 2012</a>, pp. 9, 35, 56, 71, 185, 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrame1989" class="citation journal cs1">Crame, James Alistair (1989). "Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota". Special Publications. 47. <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a>: 90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1989.047.01.01">10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.047.01.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131433262">131433262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+Publications&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Evolution+of+the+Antarctic+Biota&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.SP.1989.047.01.01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131433262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crame&rft.aufirst=James+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007413-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007413_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2007">Riffenburgh 2007</a>, p. 413. </li> <li id="cite_note-SmithPol2007-47"><a href="#cite_ref-SmithPol2007_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithPol2007" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Nathan D.; Pol, Diego (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-657.pdf">"Anatomy of a basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica"</a> (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52 (4): 657–674. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304195051/http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app52/app52-657.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Palaeontologica+Polonica&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+a+basal+sauropodomorph+dinosaur+from+the+Early+Jurassic+Hanson+Formation+of+Antarctica&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E657-%3C%2Fspan%3E674&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nathan+D.&rft.au=Pol%2C+Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.pan.pl%2Farchive%2Fpublished%2Fapp52%2Fapp52-657.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trinisaura-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Trinisaura_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoriaMolyRegueroSantillana2013" class="citation journal cs1">Coria, R. A.; Moly, J. J.; Reguero, M.; Santillana, S.; Marenssi, S. (2013). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria; Ornithischia) from Antarctica". Cretaceous Research. 41: 186–193. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CrRes..41..186C">2013CrRes..41..186C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2012.12.004">10.1016/j.cretres.2012.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F76749">11336/76749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+ornithopod+%28Dinosauria%3B+Ornithischia%29+from+Antarctica&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F76749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2012.12.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013CrRes..41..186C&rft.aulast=Coria&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Moly%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Reguero%2C+M.&rft.au=Santillana%2C+S.&rft.au=Marenssi%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrosaurus-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrosaurus_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozadillaAgnolinNovasRolando2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolin, Federico L.; Novas, Novas; Rolando, Alexis M. Aranciaga; et al. (2016). "A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Cretaceous Research. 57: 311–324. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016CrRes..57..311R">2016CrRes..57..311R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2015.09.009">10.1016/j.cretres.2015.09.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F46572">11336/46572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=A+new+ornithopod+%28Dinosauria%2C+Ornithischia%29+from+the+Upper+Cretaceous+of+Antarctica+and+its+palaeobiogeographical+implications&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F46572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2015.09.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016CrRes..57..311R&rft.aulast=Rozadilla&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.au=Agnolin%2C+Federico+L.&rft.au=Novas%2C+Novas&rft.au=Rolando%2C+Alexis+M.+Aranciaga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ely&Case2019-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Ely&Case2019_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElyCase2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. (April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2019.04.003">"Phylogeny of A New Gigantic Paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) From The Upper Cretaceous Of James Ross Island, Antarctica"</a>. Cretaceous Research. 101: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CrRes.101....1E">2019CrRes.101....1E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2019.04.003">10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146325060">146325060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cretaceous+Research&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+A+New+Gigantic+Paravian+%28Theropoda%3B+Coelurosauria%3B+Maniraptora%29+From+The+Upper+Cretaceous+Of+James+Ross+Island%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146325060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2019.04.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CrRes.101....1E&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+C.&rft.au=Case%2C+Judd+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cretres.2019.04.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2007" class="citation web cs1">Leslie, Mitch (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080130062646/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/polar-dinosaurs-200712.html">"The Strange Lives of Polar Dinosaurs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/polar-dinosaurs-200712.html">the original</a> on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Lives+of+Polar+Dinosaurs&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Mitch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fpolar-dinosaurs-200712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDefler2019">Defler 2019</a>, pp. 185–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelfoGoinBauzáReguero2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gelfo, Javier Nicolás; Goin, Francisco Javier; Bauzá, Nicolás; Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337086325">"The Fossil Record of Antarctic Land Mammals: Commented Review and Hypotheses for Future Research"</a>. Advances in Polar Sciences. 30 (3): 274–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13679%2Fj.advps.2019.0021">10.13679/j.advps.2019.0021</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F154407">11336/154407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Polar+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Fossil+Record+of+Antarctic+Land+Mammals%3A+Commented+Review+and+Hypotheses+for+Future+Research&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F154407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13679%2Fj.advps.2019.0021&rft.aulast=Gelfo&rft.aufirst=Javier+Nicol%C3%A1s&rft.au=Goin%2C+Francisco+Javier&rft.au=Bauz%C3%A1%2C+Nicol%C3%A1s&rft.au=Reguero%2C+Marcelo+Alfredo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F337086325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldridgeBeckCroftTravouillon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Eldridge, Mark D B; Beck, Robin M D; Croft, Darin A; Travouillon, Kenny J; Fox, Barry J (23 May 2019). "An emerging consensus in the evolution, phylogeny, and systematics of marsupials and their fossil relatives (Metatheria)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (3): 802–837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyz018">10.1093/jmammal/gyz018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=An+emerging+consensus+in+the+evolution%2C+phylogeny%2C+and+systematics+of+marsupials+and+their+fossil+relatives+%28Metatheria%29&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E802-%3C%2Fspan%3E837&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjmammal%2Fgyz018&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Mark+D+B&rft.au=Beck%2C+Robin+M+D&rft.au=Croft%2C+Darin+A&rft.au=Travouillon%2C+Kenny+J&rft.au=Fox%2C+Barry+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallEaglesEbingerMcClay2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ball, Philip; Eagles, Graeme; Ebinger, Cynthia; McClay, Ken; Totterdell, Jennifer (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/33230/1/ggge20160.pdf">"The spatial and temporal evolution of strain during the separation of Australia and Antarctica"</a> (PDF). Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 14 (8): 2771–2799. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013GGG....14.2771B">2013GGG....14.2771B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fggge.20160">10.1002/ggge.20160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochemistry%2C+Geophysics%2C+Geosystems&rft.atitle=The+spatial+and+temporal+evolution+of+strain+during+the+separation+of+Australia+and+Antarctica&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2771-%3C%2Fspan%3E2799&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fggge.20160&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013GGG....14.2771B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Eagles%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Ebinger%2C+Cynthia&rft.au=McClay%2C+Ken&rft.au=Totterdell%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F33230%2F1%2Fggge20160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglandHutchinsonSantosoSijp2017" class="citation journal cs1">England, Matthew H.; Hutchinson, David K.; Santoso, Agus; Sijp, Willem P. (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-15-0554.1">"Ice–Atmosphere Feedbacks Dominate the Response of the Climate System to Drake Passage Closure"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Climate" title="Journal of Climate">Journal of Climate</a>. 30 (15). <a href="/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a>: 5775. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JCli...30.5775E">2017JCli...30.5775E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2FJCLI-D-15-0554.1">10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0554.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26388506">26388506</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133542067">133542067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&rft.atitle=Ice%E2%80%93Atmosphere+Feedbacks+Dominate+the+Response+of+the+Climate+System+to+Drake+Passage+Closure&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=5775&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2FJCLI-D-15-0554.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133542067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26388506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JCli...30.5775E&rft.aulast=England&rft.aufirst=Matthew+H.&rft.au=Hutchinson%2C+David+K.&rft.au=Santoso%2C+Agus&rft.au=Sijp%2C+Willem+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1175%252FJCLI-D-15-0554.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeContoPollard2003-58"><a href="#cite_ref-DeContoPollard2003_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeContoPollard2003" class="citation journal cs1">DeConto, Robert M.; Pollard, David (16 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/16546/files/PAL_E3220.pdf">"Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2"</a> (PDF). Nature. 421 (6920): 245–249. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.421..245D">2003Natur.421..245D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01290">10.1038/nature01290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529638">12529638</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4326971">4326971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rapid+Cenozoic+glaciation+of+Antarctica+induced+by+declining+atmospheric+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=421&rft.issue=6920&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2003-01-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01290&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4326971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12529638&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.421..245D&rft.aulast=DeConto&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Pollard%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F16546%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E3220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshworthErwin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ashworth, Allan C.; Erwin, Terry L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5126512">"Antarctotrechus balli sp. n. (Carabidae, Trechini): the first ground beetle from Antarctica"</a>. ZooKeys (635): 109–122. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ZooK..635..109A">2016ZooK..635..109A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.635.10535">10.3897/zookeys.635.10535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5126512">5126512</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27917060">27917060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=Antarctotrechus+balli+sp.+n.+%28Carabidae%2C+Trechini%29%3A+the+first+ground+beetle+from+Antarctica&rft.issue=635&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5126512%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27917060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.635.10535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016ZooK..635..109A&rft.aulast=Ashworth&rft.aufirst=Allan+C.&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Terry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5126512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200288-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200288_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pou-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Pou_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPourParkParkHong2018" class="citation journal cs1">Pour, Amin Beiranvand; Park, Yongcheol; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Hong, Jong Kuk; Hashim, Mazlan; Woo, Jusun; Ayoobi, Iman (June 2018). "Regional geology mapping using satellite-based remote sensing approach in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica". Polar Science. 16: 23–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PolSc..16...23P">2018PolSc..16...23P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polar.2018.02.004">10.1016/j.polar.2018.02.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Science&rft.atitle=Regional+geology+mapping+using+satellite-based+remote+sensing+approach+in+Northern+Victoria+Land%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polar.2018.02.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PolSc..16...23P&rft.aulast=Pour&rft.aufirst=Amin+Beiranvand&rft.au=Park%2C+Yongcheol&rft.au=Park%2C+Tae-Yoon+S.&rft.au=Hong%2C+Jong+Kuk&rft.au=Hashim%2C+Mazlan&rft.au=Woo%2C+Jusun&rft.au=Ayoobi%2C+Iman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2002116-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStonehouse2002116_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStonehouse2002">Stonehouse 2002</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fel-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Fel_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmannWoodburne1988" class="citation journal cs1">Feldmann, Michael O.; Woodburne, Rodney M., eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OznBf9AhHzQC">"Geology and Paleontology of Seymour Island, Antarctic Peninsula"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin" title="Geological Society of America Bulletin">Geological Society of America Bulletin</a> (169). Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America" title="Geological Society of America">Geological Society of America</a>: 551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813711690" title="Special:BookSources/9780813711690"><bdi>9780813711690</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606">0016-7606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230814144138/https://books.google.com/books?id=OznBf9AhHzQC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society+of+America+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Geology+and+Paleontology+of+Seymour+Island%2C+Antarctic+Peninsula&rft.issue=169&rft.pages=551&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0016-7606&rft.isbn=9780813711690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOznBf9AhHzQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002144,_197–198-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002144,_197–198_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, pp. 144, 197–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson201028-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson201028_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2010">Anderson 2010</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200271-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200271_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbellClaridge1987-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbellClaridge1987_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbellClaridge1987">Campbell & Claridge 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxmanJamiesonFerraccioliBentley2017" class="citation journal cs1">Paxman, Guy J. G.; Jamieson, Stewart S. R.; Ferraccioli, Fausto; Bentley, Michael J.; Forsberg, Rene; Ross, Neil; Watts, Anthony B.; Corr, Hugh F. J.; Jordan, Tom A. (March 2017). "Uplift and tilting of the Shackleton Range in East Antarctica driven by glacial erosion and normal faulting". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 122 (3): 2390–2408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRB..122.2390P">2017JGRB..122.2390P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2016JB013841">10.1002/2016JB013841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Uplift+and+tilting+of+the+Shackleton+Range+in+East+Antarctica+driven+by+glacial+erosion+and+normal+faulting&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2390-%3C%2Fspan%3E2408&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2016JB013841&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JGRB..122.2390P&rft.aulast=Paxman&rft.aufirst=Guy+J.+G.&rft.au=Jamieson%2C+Stewart+S.+R.&rft.au=Ferraccioli%2C+Fausto&rft.au=Bentley%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Forsberg%2C+Rene&rft.au=Ross%2C+Neil&rft.au=Watts%2C+Anthony+B.&rft.au=Corr%2C+Hugh+F.+J.&rft.au=Jordan%2C+Tom+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvini1997" class="citation journal cs1">Salvini, Francesco; et al. (10 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97JB01643">"Cenozoic geodynamics of the Ross Sea region, Antarctica: Crustal extension, intraplate strike-slip faulting, and tectonic inheritance"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 102 (B11): 24669–24696. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JGR...10224669S">1997JGR...10224669S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F97JB01643">10.1029/97JB01643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Cenozoic+geodynamics+of+the+Ross+Sea+region%2C+Antarctica%3A+Crustal+extension%2C+intraplate+strike-slip+faulting%2C+and+tectonic+inheritance&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=B11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24669-%3C%2Fspan%3E24696&rft.date=1997-11-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F97JB01643&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JGR...10224669S&rft.aulast=Salvini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F97JB01643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002124-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002124_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sul-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Sul_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1976" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Walter (19 December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/19/archives/soviet-team-finds-a-mountain-of-iron-in-antarctica.html">"Soviet Team Finds a 'Mountain of Iron' in Antarctica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314143021/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/19/archives/soviet-team-finds-a-mountain-of-iron-in-antarctica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Soviet+Team+Finds+a+%27Mountain+of+Iron%27+in+Antarctica&rft.date=1976-12-19&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F12%2F19%2Farchives%2Fsoviet-team-finds-a-mountain-of-iron-in-antarctica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston1991" class="citation web cs1">Kingston, John (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0597/report.pdf">"The Undiscovered Oil and Gas of Antarctica"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geographical_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Geographical Survey">United States Geographical Survey</a>. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107091439/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1991/0597/report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geographical+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Undiscovered+Oil+and+Gas+of+Antarctica&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1991%2F0597%2Freport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, John; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009JD012104">"Record low surface air temperature at Vostok station, Antarctica"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 114 (D24): D24102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11424102T">2009JGRD..11424102T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009JD012104">10.1029/2009JD012104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202">2156-2202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&rft.atitle=Record+low+surface+air+temperature+at+Vostok+station%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=D24&rft.pages=D24102&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009JD012104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JGRD..11424102T&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2009JD012104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ric-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Ric_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice2013" class="citation news cs1">Rice, Doyle (10 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/12/10/antarctica-cold-record/3950019/">"Antarctica records unofficial coldest temperature ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207142824/https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2013/12/10/antarctica-cold-record/3950019/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Antarctica+records+unofficial+coldest+temperature+ever&rft.date=2013-12-10&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fweather%2F2013%2F12%2F10%2Fantarctica-cold-record%2F3950019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/weather/">"Antarctic Weather"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Antarctic Program">Australian Antarctic Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a>. 18 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113130703/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/weather/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Program&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Weather&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fweather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/weather/">"Antarctic weather"</a>. Australian Antarctic Program. 18 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113130703/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/weather/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Program&rft.atitle=Antarctic+weather&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fweather%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuiCiChengScambo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hui, Fengming; Ci, Tianyu; Cheng, Xiao; Scambo, Ted A.; Liu, Yan; Zhang, Yanmei; Chi, Zhaohui; Huang, Huabing; Wang, Xianwei; Wang, Fang; Zhao, Chen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3189%2F2014AoG66A069">"Mapping blue-ice areas in Antarctica using ETM+ and MODIS data"</a>. Annals of Glaciology. 55 (66): 129–137. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AnGla..55..129H">2014AnGla..55..129H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3189%2F2014AoG66A069">10.3189/2014AoG66A069</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F180875">1969.1/180875</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-3055">0260-3055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22195720">22195720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Glaciology&rft.atitle=Mapping+blue-ice+areas+in+Antarctica+using+ETM%2B+and+MODIS+data&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1969.1%2F180875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22195720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AnGla..55..129H&rft.issn=0260-3055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3189%2F2014AoG66A069&rft.aulast=Hui&rft.aufirst=Fengming&rft.au=Ci%2C+Tianyu&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Scambo%2C+Ted+A.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yanmei&rft.au=Chi%2C+Zhaohui&rft.au=Huang%2C+Huabing&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xianwei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Fang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Chen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3189%252F2014AoG66A069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountainNylenMonaghanBasagic2010" class="citation journal cs1">Fountain, Andrew G.; Nylen, Thomas H.; Monaghan, Andrew; Basagic, Hassan J.; Bromwich, David (April 2010). "Snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica". International Journal of Climatology. 30 (5): 633–642. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJCli..30..633F">2010IJCli..30..633F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjoc.1933">10.1002/joc.1933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Climatology&rft.atitle=Snow+in+the+McMurdo+Dry+Valleys%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E633-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjoc.1933&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IJCli..30..633F&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rft.au=Nylen%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Basagic%2C+Hassan+J.&rft.au=Bromwich%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERohliVega2018241-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERohliVega2018241_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohliVega2018">Rohli & Vega 2018</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_AntarcticaIceSheets_202012-80"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_AntarcticaIceSheets_202012_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets/">"Facts / Vital signs / Ice Sheets / Antarctica Mass Variation Since 2002"</a>. climate.NASA.gov. NASA. January 2025. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250123233821/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ice-sheets/?intent=121">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climate.NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Facts+%2F+Vital+signs+%2F+Ice+Sheets+%2F+Antarctica+Mass+Variation+Since+2002&rft.date=2025-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimate.nasa.gov%2Fvital-signs%2Fice-sheets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> (Time between NASA's <a href="/wiki/GRACE_and_GRACE-FO" title="GRACE and GRACE-FO">GRACE and GRACE Follow-On</a> satellite projects caused gap in data. Publication lags most recent charted data by a few months.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Singh2020-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Singh2020_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghPolvani2020" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Hansi A.; Polvani, Lorenzo M. (10 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41612-020-00143-w">"Low Antarctic continental climate sensitivity due to high ice sheet orography"</a>. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 3 (1): 39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020npCAS...3...39S">2020npCAS...3...39S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41612-020-00143-w">10.1038/s41612-020-00143-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222179485">222179485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Climate+and+Atmospheric+Science&rft.atitle=Low+Antarctic+continental+climate+sensitivity+due+to+high+ice+sheet+orography&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2020-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222179485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41612-020-00143-w&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020npCAS...3...39S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Hansi+A.&rft.au=Polvani%2C+Lorenzo+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41612-020-00143-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Steig2009-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Steig2009_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteigSchneiderRutherfordMann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Steig, Eric; Schneider, David; Rutherford, Scott; Mann, Michael E.; Comiso, Josefino; Shindell, Drew (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.rwu.edu/fcas_fp/313">"Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year"</a>. Arts & Sciences Faculty Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+%26+Sciences+Faculty+Publications&rft.atitle=Warming+of+the+Antarctic+ice-sheet+surface+since+the+1957+International+Geophysical+Year&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Steig&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Schneider%2C+David&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+Scott&rft.au=Mann%2C+Michael+E.&rft.au=Comiso%2C+Josefino&rft.au=Shindell%2C+Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.rwu.edu%2Ffcas_fp%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_DAImpacts-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_DAImpacts_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_DAImpacts_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoveringantarctica.org.uk/challenges/sustainability/impacts-of-climate-change/">"Impacts of climate change"</a>. Discovering Antarctica. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discovering+Antarctica&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+climate+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveringantarctica.org.uk%2Fchallenges%2Fsustainability%2Fimpacts-of-climate-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Clem2020-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Clem2020_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemFogtTurnerLintner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Clem, Kyle R.; Fogt, Ryan L.; Turner, John; Lintner, Benjamin R.; Marshall, Gareth J.; Miller, James R.; Renwick, James A. (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0815-z">"Record warming at the South Pole during the past three decades"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 10 (8): 762–770. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCC..10..762C">2020NatCC..10..762C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-020-0815-z">10.1038/s41558-020-0815-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798">1758-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220261150">220261150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Record+warming+at+the+South+Pole+during+the+past+three+decades&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E762-%3C%2Fspan%3E770&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-020-0815-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220261150%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCC..10..762C&rft.aulast=Clem&rft.aufirst=Kyle+R.&rft.au=Fogt%2C+Ryan+L.&rft.au=Turner%2C+John&rft.au=Lintner%2C+Benjamin+R.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Gareth+J.&rft.au=Miller%2C+James+R.&rft.au=Renwick%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41558-020-0815-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Xin2023-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Xin2023_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinClemTurnerStammerjohn2023" class="citation journal cs1">Xin, Meijiao; Clem, Kyle R; Turner, John; Stammerjohn, Sharon E; Zhu, Jiang; Cai, Wenju; Li, Xichen (2 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facd8d4">"West-warming East-cooling trend over Antarctica reversed since early 21st century driven by large-scale circulation variation"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 18 (6): 064034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facd8d4">10.1088/1748-9326/acd8d4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=West-warming+East-cooling+trend+over+Antarctica+reversed+since+early+21st+century+driven+by+large-scale+circulation+variation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=064034&rft.date=2023-06-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Facd8d4&rft.aulast=Xin&rft.aufirst=Meijiao&rft.au=Clem%2C+Kyle+R&rft.au=Turner%2C+John&rft.au=Stammerjohn%2C+Sharon+E&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Jiang&rft.au=Cai%2C+Wenju&rft.au=Li%2C+Xichen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252Facd8d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bourgeois2022-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bourgeois2022_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgeoisGorisSchwingerTjiputra2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgeois, Timothée; Goris, Nadine; Schwinger, Jörg; Tjiputra, Jerry F. (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764023">"Stratification constrains future heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean between 30°S and 55°S"</a>. Nature Communications. 13 (1): 340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13..340B">2022NatCo..13..340B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-27979-5">10.1038/s41467-022-27979-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764023">8764023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35039511">35039511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Stratification+constrains+future+heat+and+carbon+uptake+in+the+Southern+Ocean+between+30%C2%B0S+and+55%C2%B0S&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=340&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8764023%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35039511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-27979-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13..340B&rft.aulast=Bourgeois&rft.aufirst=Timoth%C3%A9e&rft.au=Goris%2C+Nadine&rft.au=Schwinger%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Tjiputra%2C+Jerry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8764023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_87-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fox-Kemper, B.; <a href="/wiki/Helene_Hewitt" title="Helene Hewitt">Hewitt, H.T.</a>; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"</a> (PDF). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA: 1270–1272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+2021%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Sixth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Ocean%2C+Cryosphere+and+Sea+Level+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1270-%3C%2Fspan%3E1272&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Fox-Kemper&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hewitt%2C+H.T.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+C.&rft.au=A%C3%B0algeirsd%C3%B3ttir%2C+G.&rft.au=Drijfhout%2C+S.S.&rft.au=Edwards%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Golledge%2C+N.R.&rft.au=Hemer%2C+M.&rft.au=Kopp%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Krinner%2C+G.&rft.au=Mix%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far6%2Fwg1%2Fdownloads%2Freport%2FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Nauels2017-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Nauels2017_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauelsRogeljSchleussnerMeinshausen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Nauels, Alexander; <a href="/wiki/Joeri_Rogelj" title="Joeri Rogelj">Rogelj, Joeri</a>; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Meinshausen, Malte; Mengel, Matthias (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa92b6">"Linking sea level rise and socioeconomic indicators under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways"</a>. Environmental Research Letters. 12 (11): 114002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017ERL....12k4002N">2017ERL....12k4002N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa92b6">10.1088/1748-9326/aa92b6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F230713">20.500.11850/230713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Linking+sea+level+rise+and+socioeconomic+indicators+under+the+Shared+Socioeconomic+Pathways&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=114002&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F230713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Faa92b6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017ERL....12k4002N&rft.aulast=Nauels&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Rogelj%2C+Joeri&rft.au=Schleussner%2C+Carl-Friedrich&rft.au=Meinshausen%2C+Malte&rft.au=Mengel%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1748-9326%252Faa92b6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bamber2019-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Bamber2019_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._BamberOppenheimerE._KoppP._Aspinall2019" class="citation journal cs1">L. Bamber, Jonathan; Oppenheimer, Michael; E. Kopp, Robert; P. Aspinall, Willy; M. Cooke, Roger (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561295">"Ice sheet contributions to future sea-level rise from structured expert judgment"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (23): 11195–11200. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11611195B">2019PNAS..11611195B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1817205116">10.1073/pnas.1817205116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561295">6561295</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31110015">31110015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ice+sheet+contributions+to+future+sea-level+rise+from+structured+expert+judgment&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11195-%3C%2Fspan%3E11200&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6561295%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31110015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1817205116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11611195B&rft.aulast=L.+Bamber&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Michael&rft.au=E.+Kopp%2C+Robert&rft.au=P.+Aspinall%2C+Willy&rft.au=M.+Cooke%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6561295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Horton2020-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Horton2020_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHortonKhanCahillLee2020" class="citation journal cs1">Horton, Benjamin P.; Khan, Nicole S.; Cahill, Niamh; Lee, Janice S. H.; Shaw, Timothy A.; Garner, Andra J.; Kemp, Andrew C.; Engelhart, Simon E.; Rahmstorf, Stefan (8 May 2020). "Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey". npj Climate and Atmospheric Science. 3 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020npCAS...3...18H">2020npCAS...3...18H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41612-020-0121-5">10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10356%2F143900">10356/143900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218541055">218541055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Climate+and+Atmospheric+Science&rft.atitle=Estimating+global+mean+sea-level+rise+and+its+uncertainties+by+2100+and+2300+from+an+expert+survey&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2020-05-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10356%2F143900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218541055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41612-020-0121-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020npCAS...3...18H&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft.au=Khan%2C+Nicole+S.&rft.au=Cahill%2C+Niamh&rft.au=Lee%2C+Janice+S.+H.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Timothy+A.&rft.au=Garner%2C+Andra+J.&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Engelhart%2C+Simon+E.&rft.au=Rahmstorf%2C+Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Silvano2018-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Silvano2018_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvanoRintoulPeña-MolinoHobbs2018" class="citation journal cs1">Silvano, Alessandro; Rintoul, Stephen Rich; Peña-Molino, Beatriz; Hobbs, William Richard; van Wijk, Esmee; Aoki, Shigeru; Tamura, Takeshi; Williams, Guy Darvall (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5906079">"Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances the melting of ice shelves and reduces the formation of Antarctic Bottom Water"</a>. Science Advances. 4 (4): eaap9467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aap9467">10.1126/sciadv.aap9467</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5906079">5906079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675467">29675467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Freshening+by+glacial+meltwater+enhances+the+melting+of+ice+shelves+and+reduces+the+formation+of+Antarctic+Bottom+Water&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=eaap9467&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5906079%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29675467&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aap9467&rft.aulast=Silvano&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft.au=Rintoul%2C+Stephen+Rich&rft.au=Pe%C3%B1a-Molino%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+William+Richard&rft.au=van+Wijk%2C+Esmee&rft.au=Aoki%2C+Shigeru&rft.au=Tamura%2C+Takeshi&rft.au=Williams%2C+Guy+Darvall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5906079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2022-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2022_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanLiWatanabe2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pan, Xianliang L.; Li, Bofeng F.; Watanabe, Yutaka W. (10 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8748732">"Intense ocean freshening from melting glacier around the Antarctica during early twenty-first century"</a>. Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..12..383P">2022NatSR..12..383P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04231-6">10.1038/s41598-021-04231-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8748732">8748732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35013425">35013425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Intense+ocean+freshening+from+melting+glacier+around+the+Antarctica+during+early+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=383&rft.date=2022-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8748732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatSR..12..383P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35013425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-021-04231-6&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Xianliang+L.&rft.au=Li%2C+Bofeng+F.&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+Yutaka+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8748732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_GTPR2023-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_GTPR2023_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentonArmstrong_McKayLorianiAbrams2023" class="citation report cs1">Lenton, T. M.; Armstrong McKay, D.I.; Loriani, S.; Abrams, J.F.; Lade, S.J.; Donges, J.F.; Milkoreit, M.; Powell, T.; Smith, S.R.; Zimm, C.; Buxton, J.E.; Daube, Bruce C.; Krummel, Paul B.; Loh, Zoë; Luijkx, Ingrid T. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global-tipping-points.org/download/4608/">The Global Tipping Points Report 2023</a> (Report). University of Exeter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Global+Tipping+Points+Report+2023&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Lenton&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rft.au=Armstrong+McKay%2C+D.I.&rft.au=Loriani%2C+S.&rft.au=Abrams%2C+J.F.&rft.au=Lade%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Donges%2C+J.F.&rft.au=Milkoreit%2C+M.&rft.au=Powell%2C+T.&rft.au=Smith%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Zimm%2C+C.&rft.au=Buxton%2C+J.E.&rft.au=Daube%2C+Bruce+C.&rft.au=Krummel%2C+Paul+B.&rft.au=Loh%2C+Zo%C3%AB&rft.au=Luijkx%2C+Ingrid+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal-tipping-points.org%2Fdownload%2F4608%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Logan2023-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Logan2023_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2023" class="citation web cs1">Logan, Tyne (29 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-30/dramatic-south-ocean-circulation-changes-study/102154690">"Landmark study projects 'dramatic' changes to Southern Ocean by 2050"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landmark+study+projects+%27dramatic%27+changes+to+Southern+Ocean+by+2050&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Tyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-03-30%2Fdramatic-south-ocean-circulation-changes-study%2F102154690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolandBartlettCharmanAnderson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Roland, Thomas P.; Bartlett, Oliver T.; Charman, Dan J.; Anderson, Karen; Hodgson, Dominic A.; Amesbury, Matthew J.; Maclean, Ilya; Fretwell, Peter T.; Fleming, Andrew (4 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01564-5">"Sustained greening of the Antarctic Peninsula observed from satellites"</a>. Nature Geoscience: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41561-024-01564-5">10.1038/s41561-024-01564-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0908">1752-0908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Sustained+greening+of+the+Antarctic+Peninsula+observed+from+satellites&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2024-10-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41561-024-01564-5&rft.issn=1752-0908&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Oliver+T.&rft.au=Charman%2C+Dan+J.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Karen&rft.au=Hodgson%2C+Dominic+A.&rft.au=Amesbury%2C+Matthew+J.&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Ilya&rft.au=Fretwell%2C+Peter+T.&rft.au=Fleming%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41561-024-01564-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Potapowicz2019-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Potapowicz2019_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotapowiczSzumińskaSzopińskaPolkowska2019" class="citation journal cs1">Potapowicz, Joanna; Szumińska, Danuta; Szopińska, Małgorzata; Polkowska, Żaneta (15 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971833612X">"The influence of global climate change on the environmental fate of anthropogenic pollution released from the permafrost: Part I. Case study of Antarctica"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 651 (Pt 1): 1534–1548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.09.168">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30360282">30360282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53093132">53093132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+global+climate+change+on+the+environmental+fate+of+anthropogenic+pollution+released+from+the+permafrost%3A+Part+I.+Case+study+of+Antarctica&rft.volume=651&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1534-%3C%2Fspan%3E1548&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53093132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30360282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.09.168&rft.aulast=Potapowicz&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft.au=Szumi%C5%84ska%2C+Danuta&rft.au=Szopi%C5%84ska%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Polkowska%2C+%C5%BBaneta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS004896971833612X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Carlson2018-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Carlson2018_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonWalczakBeardLaffin2018" class="citation conference cs1">Carlson, Anders E; Walczak, Maureen H; Beard, Brian L; Laffin, Matthew K; Stoner, Joseph S; Hatfield, Robert G (10 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm18/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/421418">Absence of the West Antarctic ice sheet during the last interglaciation</a>. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Absence+of+the+West+Antarctic+ice+sheet+during+the+last+interglaciation&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Anders+E&rft.au=Walczak%2C+Maureen+H&rft.au=Beard%2C+Brian+L&rft.au=Laffin%2C+Matthew+K&rft.au=Stoner%2C+Joseph+S&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+Robert+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagu.confex.com%2Fagu%2Ffm18%2Fmeetingapp.cgi%2FPaper%2F421418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Lau2023-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Lau2023_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauWilsonGolledgeNaish2023" class="citation journal cs1">Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/58369/1/science.ade0664%281%29.pdf">"Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial"</a> (PDF). Science. 382 (6677): 1384–1389. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382.1384L">2023Sci...382.1384L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ade0664">10.1126/science.ade0664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38127761">38127761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266436146">266436146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genomic+evidence+for+West+Antarctic+Ice+Sheet+collapse+during+the+Last+Interglacial&rft.volume=382&rft.issue=6677&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1384-%3C%2Fspan%3E1389&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ade0664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266436146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38127761&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Sci...382.1384L&rft.aulast=Lau&rft.aufirst=Sally+C.+Y.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Nerida+G.&rft.au=Golledge%2C+Nicholas+R.&rft.au=Naish%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Watts%2C+Phillip+C.&rft.au=Silva%2C+Catarina+N.+S.&rft.au=Cooke%2C+Ira+R.&rft.au=Allcock%2C+A.+Louise&rft.au=Mark%2C+Felix+C.&rft.au=Linse%2C+Katrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F58369%2F1%2Fscience.ade0664%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Naughten2023-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Naughten2023_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._NaughtenR._HollandDe_Rydt2023" class="citation journal cs1">A. Naughten, Kaitlin; R. Holland, Paul; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-023-01818-x">"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 13 (11): 1222–1228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13.1222N">2023NatCC..13.1222N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-023-01818-x">10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264476246">264476246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Unavoidable+future+increase+in+West+Antarctic+ice-shelf+melting+over+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1222-%3C%2Fspan%3E1228&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264476246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-023-01818-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NatCC..13.1222N&rft.aulast=A.+Naughten&rft.aufirst=Kaitlin&rft.au=R.+Holland%2C+Paul&rft.au=De+Rydt%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41558-023-01818-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Garbe2020-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Garbe2020_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarbeAlbrechtLevermannDonges2020" class="citation journal cs1">Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders; Donges, Jonathan F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.pik-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_24368">"The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet"</a>. Nature. 585 (7826): 538–544. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.585..538G">2020Natur.585..538G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2727-5">10.1038/s41586-020-2727-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32968257">32968257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221885420">221885420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+hysteresis+of+the+Antarctic+Ice+Sheet&rft.volume=585&rft.issue=7826&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E544&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2727-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221885420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32968257&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.585..538G&rft.aulast=Garbe&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Albrecht%2C+Torsten&rft.au=Levermann%2C+Anders&rft.au=Donges%2C+Jonathan+F.&rft.au=Winkelmann%2C+Ricarda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.pik-potsdam.de%2Fpubman%2Fitem%2Fitem_24368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKay2022_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong_McKayAbramsWinkelmannSakschewski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong McKay, David; Abrams, Jesse; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah; Rockström, Johan; Staal, Arie; Lenton, Timothy (9 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn7950">"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points"</a>. Science. 377 (6611): eabn7950. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abn7950">10.1126/science.abn7950</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F131584">10871/131584</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074831">36074831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252161375">252161375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Exceeding+1.5+%C2%B0C+global+warming+could+trigger+multiple+climate+tipping+points&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6611&rft.pages=eabn7950&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F131584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252161375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abn7950&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36074831&rft.aulast=Armstrong+McKay&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Jesse&rft.au=Winkelmann%2C+Ricarda&rft.au=Sakschewski%2C+Boris&rft.au=Loriani%2C+Sina&rft.au=Fetzer%2C+Ingo&rft.au=Cornell%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Rockstr%C3%B6m%2C+Johan&rft.au=Staal%2C+Arie&rft.au=Lenton%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abn7950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_ArmstrongMcKayExplainer_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong_McKay2022" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong McKay, David (9 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatetippingpoints.info/2022/09/09/climate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer/">"Exceeding 1.5 °C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points – paper explainer"</a>. climatetippingpoints.info. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatetippingpoints.info&rft.atitle=Exceeding+1.5+%C2%B0C+global+warming+could+trigger+multiple+climate+tipping+points+%E2%80%93+paper+explainer&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft.aulast=Armstrong+McKay&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatetippingpoints.info%2F2022%2F09%2F09%2Fclimate-tipping-points-reassessment-explainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Pan2021_103-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanPowellLatychevMitrovica2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pan, Linda; Powell, Evelyn M.; Latychev, Konstantin; Mitrovica, Jerry X.; Creveling, Jessica R.; Gomez, Natalya; Hoggard, Mark J.; Clark, Peter U. (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087405">"Rapid postglacial rebound amplifies global sea level rise following West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse"</a>. Science Advances. 7 (18). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021SciA....7.7787P">2021SciA....7.7787P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf7787">10.1126/sciadv.abf7787</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8087405">8087405</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33931453">33931453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Rapid+postglacial+rebound+amplifies+global+sea+level+rise+following+West+Antarctic+Ice+Sheet+collapse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8087405%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33931453&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abf7787&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021SciA....7.7787P&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Powell%2C+Evelyn+M.&rft.au=Latychev%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Mitrovica%2C+Jerry+X.&rft.au=Creveling%2C+Jessica+R.&rft.au=Gomez%2C+Natalya&rft.au=Hoggard%2C+Mark+J.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Peter+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8087405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_BEDMAP2-2013-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_BEDMAP2-2013_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFretwell2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fretwell, P.; et al. (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/375/2013/tc-7-375-2013.pdf">"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica"</a> (PDF). The Cryosphere. 7 (1): 390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013TCry....7..375F">2013TCry....7..375F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Ftc-7-375-2013">10.5194/tc-7-375-2013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13129041">13129041</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216072841/https://www.the-cryosphere.net/7/375/2013/tc-7-375-2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cryosphere&rft.atitle=Bedmap2%3A+improved+ice+bed%2C+surface+and+thickness+datasets+for+Antarctica&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=390&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13129041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Ftc-7-375-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013TCry....7..375F&rft.aulast=Fretwell&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-cryosphere.net%2F7%2F375%2F2013%2Ftc-7-375-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Crotti2022-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_change_in_Antarctica_Crotti2022_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrottiQuiquetLandaisStenni2022" class="citation journal cs1">Crotti, Ilaria; Quiquet, Aurélien; Landais, Amaelle; Stenni, Barbara; Wilson, David J.; Severi, Mirko; Mulvaney, Robert; Wilhelms, Frank; Barbante, Carlo; Frezzotti, Massimo (10 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464198">"Wilkes subglacial basin ice sheet response to Southern Ocean warming during late Pleistocene interglacials"</a>. Nature Communications. 13 (1): 5328. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCo..13.5328C">2022NatCo..13.5328C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32847-3">10.1038/s41467-022-32847-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9464198">9464198</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36088458">36088458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Wilkes+subglacial+basin+ice+sheet+response+to+Southern+Ocean+warming+during+late+Pleistocene+interglacials&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5328&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9464198%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36088458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32847-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCo..13.5328C&rft.aulast=Crotti&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft.au=Quiquet%2C+Aur%C3%A9lien&rft.au=Landais%2C+Amaelle&rft.au=Stenni%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Severi%2C+Mirko&rft.au=Mulvaney%2C+Robert&rft.au=Wilhelms%2C+Frank&rft.au=Barbante%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Frezzotti%2C+Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9464198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglassNewmanSolomon2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_R._Douglass" title="Anne R. Douglass">Douglass, Anne R.</a>; Newman, Paul A.; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Solomon, Susan</a> (1 July 2014). "The Antarctic ozone hole: An update". <a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a>. 67 (7). <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>: 42–48. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhT....67g..42D">2014PhT....67g..42D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2449">10.1063/PT.3.2449</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F99159">1721.1/99159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+ozone+hole%3A+An+update&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F99159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhT....67g..42D&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Anne+R.&rft.au=Newman%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Solomon%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schiermeier2009-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schiermeier2009_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schiermeier2009_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiermeier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schiermeier, Quirin (12 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F460792a">"Atmospheric science: Fixing the sky"</a>. Nature. 460 (7257): 792–795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F460792a">10.1038/460792a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19675624">19675624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+science%3A+Fixing+the+sky&rft.volume=460&rft.issue=7257&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E792-%3C%2Fspan%3E795&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F460792a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19675624&rft.aulast=Schiermeier&rft.aufirst=Quirin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F460792a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bates-2020-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Bates-2020_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2020" class="citation web cs1">Bates, Sofie (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031115924/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/large-deep-antarctic-ozone-hole-persisting-into-november">"Large, Deep Antarctic Ozone Hole Persisting into November"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/large-deep-antarctic-ozone-hole-persisting-into-november">the original</a> on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Large%2C+Deep+Antarctic+Ozone+Hole+Persisting+into+November&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2020%2Flarge-deep-antarctic-ozone-hole-persisting-into-november&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.int/media/news/record-breaking-2020-ozone-hole-closes">"Record-breaking 2020 ozone hole closes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.atitle=Record-breaking+2020+ozone+hole+closes&rft.date=2021-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.int%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Frecord-breaking-2020-ozone-hole-closes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/the-ozone-layer/">"The Ozone Hole"</a>. British Antarctic Survey. 1 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220304065222/https://www.bas.ac.uk/data/our-data/publication/the-ozone-layer/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Ozone+Hole&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Four-data%2Fpublication%2Fthe-ozone-layer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csl.noaa.gov/assessments/ozone/2010/twentyquestions/Q10.pdf">"Q10: Why has an "ozone hole" appeared over Antarctica when ozone-depleting substances are present throughout the stratosphere?"</a> (PDF). 20 Questions: 2010 Update. NOAA. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423203609/https://csl.noaa.gov/assessments/ozone/2010/twentyquestions/Q10.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=20+Questions%3A+2010+Update&rft.atitle=Q10%3A+Why+has+an+%22ozone+hole%22+appeared+over+Antarctica+when+ozone-depleting+substances+are+present+throughout+the+stratosphere%3F&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsl.noaa.gov%2Fassessments%2Fozone%2F2010%2Ftwentyquestions%2FQ10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-112"><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/SAP-2018-Assessment-report.pdf">"World Meteorological Organization Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project—Report No. 58: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2018"</a> (PDF). Scientific Assessment Panel (SAP). <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a>. ES.3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209040718/https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-05/SAP-2018-Assessment-report.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Assessment+Panel+%28SAP%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Global+Ozone+Research+and+Monitoring+Project%E2%80%94Report+No.+58%3A+Scientific+Assessment+of+Ozone+Depletion+2018&rft.pages=ES.3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fozone.unep.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2019-05%2FSAP-2018-Assessment-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40Year-113"><a href="#cite_ref-40Year_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkinson2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claire_Parkinson" title="Claire Parkinson">Parkinson, Claire L.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6642375">"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 116 (29): 14414–14423. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PNAS..11614414P">2019PNAS..11614414P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1906556116">10.1073/pnas.1906556116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6642375">6642375</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31262810">31262810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+40-y+record+reveals+gradual+Antarctic+sea+ice+increases+followed+by+decreases+at+rates+far+exceeding+the+rates+seen+in+the+Arctic&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14414-%3C%2Fspan%3E14423&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6642375%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31262810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1906556116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PNAS..11614414P&rft.aulast=Parkinson&rft.aufirst=Claire+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6642375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungKimTimmermannHa2022" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Eui-Seok; Kim, Seong-Joong; Timmermann, Axel; <a href="/wiki/Kyung-Ja_Ha" title="Kyung-Ja Ha">Ha, Kyung-Ja</a>; Lee, Sang-Ki; Stuecker, Malte F.; Rodgers, Keith B.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Huang, Lei (May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/40960">"Antarctic sea-ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 12 (5): 461–468. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCC..12..461C">2022NatCC..12..461C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01339-z">10.1038/s41558-022-01339-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248151959">248151959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Antarctic+sea-ice+expansion+and+Southern+Ocean+cooling+linked+to+tropical+variability&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.date=2022-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248151959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01339-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCC..12..461C&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Eui-Seok&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seong-Joong&rft.au=Timmermann%2C+Axel&rft.au=Ha%2C+Kyung-Ja&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sang-Ki&rft.au=Stuecker%2C+Malte+F.&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Keith+B.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sun-Seon&rft.au=Huang%2C+Lei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.noaa.gov%2Fview%2Fnoaa%2F40960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConveyBiersmaCasanova-KatnyMaturana2020" class="citation book cs1">Convey, Peter; Biersma, Elisabeth; Casanova-Katny, Angelica; Maturana, Claudia S. (2020). "Refuges of Antarctic diversity". In Oliva, Marc; Ruiz Fernandez, Jesus (eds.). Past Antarctica: paleoclimatology and climate change. London: Academic Press. pp. 182, 187–188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817925-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-817925-3"><bdi>978-0-12-817925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Refuges+of+Antarctic+diversity&rft.btitle=Past+Antarctica%3A+paleoclimatology+and+climate+change&rft.place=London&rft.pages=182%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-12-817925-3&rft.aulast=Convey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Biersma%2C+Elisabeth&rft.au=Casanova-Katny%2C+Angelica&rft.au=Maturana%2C+Claudia+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/land-animals/index.php">"Land Animals of Antarctica"</a>. British Antarctic Survey. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007225336/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/land_animals/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft.atitle=Land+Animals+of+Antarctica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.ac.uk%2Fabout_antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fland-animals%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandroConstible" class="citation web cs1">Sandro, Luke; Constible, Juanita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.units.muohio.edu/cryolab/education/antarcticbestiary_terrestrial.htm#Belgica">"Antarctic Bestiary – Terrestrial Animals"</a>. Laboratory for Ecophysiological Cryobiology. <a href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190504002908/http://www.units.miamioh.edu/cryolab/education/antarcticbestiary_terrestrial.htm#Belgica">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+for+Ecophysiological+Cryobiology&rft.atitle=Antarctic+Bestiary+%E2%80%93+Terrestrial+Animals&rft.aulast=Sandro&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Constible%2C+Juanita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.units.muohio.edu%2Fcryolab%2Feducation%2Fantarcticbestiary_terrestrial.htm%23Belgica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002114-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002114_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anc-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anc_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anc_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAncelBeaulieuGilbert2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ancel, André; Beaulieu, Michaël; Gilbert, Caroline (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.002/">"The different breeding strategies of penguins: A review"</a>. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 336 (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2013.02.002">10.1016/j.crvi.2013.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23537764">23537764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Biologies&rft.atitle=The+different+breeding+strategies+of+penguins%3A+A+review&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2013.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23537764&rft.aulast=Ancel&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Beaulieu%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr%2Fbiologies%2Farticles%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2013.02.002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStromberg1991">Stromberg 1991</a>, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanilandRatcliffeTrathanForcada2018" class="citation journal cs1">Staniland, Iain J.; Ratcliffe, Norman; Trathan, Philip N.; Forcada, Jaume (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988266">"Long term movements and activity patterns of an Antarctic marine apex predator: The leopard seal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 13 (6): e0197767. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1397767S">2018PLoSO..1397767S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0197767">10.1371/journal.pone.0197767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5988266">5988266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29870541">29870541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Long+term+movements+and+activity+patterns+of+an+Antarctic+marine+apex+predator%3A+The+leopard+seal&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0197767&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5988266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29870541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0197767&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1397767S&rft.aulast=Staniland&rft.aufirst=Iain+J.&rft.au=Ratcliffe%2C+Norman&rft.au=Trathan%2C+Philip+N.&rft.au=Forcada%2C+Jaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5988266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodsJonesWattsMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Woods, R.; Jones, H. I.; Watts, J.; Miller, G. D.; Shellam, G. R. (2009). "Diseases of Antarctic Seabirds". Health of Antarctic Wildlife. Springer. pp. 35–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-93923-8_3">10.1007/978-3-540-93923-8_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-93922-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-93922-1"><bdi>978-3-540-93922-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diseases+of+Antarctic+Seabirds&rft.btitle=Health+of+Antarctic+Wildlife&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-93923-8_3&rft.isbn=978-3-540-93922-1&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+H.+I.&rft.au=Watts%2C+J.&rft.au=Miller%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Shellam%2C+G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinver2009" class="citation news cs1">Kinver, Mark (15 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7888558.stm">"Ice oceans 'are not poles apart'"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416235703/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7888558.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ice+oceans+%27are+not+poles+apart%27&rft.date=2009-02-15&rft.aulast=Kinver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7888558.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-basplants-124"><a href="#cite_ref-basplants_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/index.php">"Plants of Antarctica"</a>. British Antarctic Survey. Natural Environment Research Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607115623/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk//about_antarctica/wildlife/plants/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft.atitle=Plants+of+Antarctica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.ac.uk%2Fabout_antarctica%2Fwildlife%2Fplants%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgeSpoonerRoberts,_Peter_J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bridge, Paul D.; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Spooner_(mycologist)" title="Brian Spooner (mycologist)">Spooner, Brian M.</a>; Roberts, Peter J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811210358/http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0106/0485.htm">"Non-lichenized fungi from the Antarctic region"</a>. Mycotaxon. 106: 485–490. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0106/0485.htm">the original</a> on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycotaxon&rft.atitle=Non-lichenized+fungi+from+the+Antarctic+region&rft.volume=106&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E490&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bridge&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft.au=Spooner%2C+Brian+M.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cybertruffle.org.uk%2Fcyberliber%2F59575%2F0106%2F0485.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selbmann-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selbmann_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selbmann_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selbmann_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelbmann,_Lde_Hoog,_G_SMazzaglia,_AFriedmann2005" class="citation journal cs1">Selbmann, L; de Hoog, G S; Mazzaglia, A; <a href="/wiki/Imre_Friedmann" title="Imre Friedmann">Friedmann, E. I.</a>; Onofri, S (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wi.knaw.nl/images/ResearchGroups/Publications/2005Selbmann0001.pdf">"Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert"</a> (PDF). Studies in Mycology. 51: 1–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429172010/https://wi.knaw.nl/images/ResearchGroups/Publications/2005Selbmann0001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mycology&rft.atitle=Fungi+at+the+edge+of+life%3A+cryptoendolithic+black+fungi+from+Antarctic+desert&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Selbmann%2C+L&rft.au=de+Hoog%2C+G+S&rft.au=Mazzaglia%2C+A&rft.au=Friedmann%2C+E.+I.&rft.au=Onofri%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwi.knaw.nl%2Fimages%2FResearchGroups%2FPublications%2F2005Selbmann0001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backhaus,_Meeßen_et_al._2019-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Backhaus,_Meeßen_et_al._2019_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhausMeeßenDemetsde_Vera2019" class="citation journal cs1">Backhaus, Theresa; Meeßen, Joachim; Demets, René; de Vera, Jean-Pierre; Ott, Sieglinde (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2018.1894">"Characterization of viability of the lichen Buellia frigida after 1.5 years in space on the International Space Station"</a>. Astrobiology. 19 (2): 233–241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AsBio..19..233B">2019AsBio..19..233B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2018.1894">10.1089/ast.2018.1894</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30742495">30742495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73420634">73420634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+viability+of+the+lichen+Buellia+frigida+after+1.5+years+in+space+on+the+International+Space+Station&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2018.1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73420634%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30742495&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AsBio..19..233B&rft.aulast=Backhaus&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft.au=Mee%C3%9Fen%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Demets%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=de+Vera%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Ott%2C+Sieglinde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1089%252Fast.2018.1894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Hoog2005vii-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Hoog2005vii_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Hoog2005">de Hoog 2005</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodinho2013" class="citation journal cs1">Godinho, Valeria M. (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695302">"Diversity and bioprospecting of fungal communities associated with endemic and cold-adapted macroalgae in Antarctica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_ISME_Journal" title="The ISME Journal">The ISME Journal</a>. 7 (7). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>: 1434–1451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ISMEJ...7.1434G">2013ISMEJ...7.1434G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2013.77">10.1038/ismej.2013.77</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3695302">3695302</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23702515">23702515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+ISME+Journal&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+bioprospecting+of+fungal+communities+associated+with+endemic+and+cold-adapted+macroalgae+in+Antarctica&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1434-%3C%2Fspan%3E1451&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3695302%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23702515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fismej.2013.77&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ISMEJ...7.1434G&rft.aulast=Godinho&rft.aufirst=Valeria+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3695302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees-OwenGillNewtonIvanović2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rees-Owen, Rhian L.; Gill, Fiona L.; Newton, Robert J.; Ivanović, Ruza F.; Francis, Jane E.; Riding, James B.; Vane, Christopher H.; Lopes dos Santos, Raquel A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001">"The last forests on Antarctica: Reconstructing flora and temperature from the Neogene Sirius Group, Transantarctic Mountains"</a>. Organic Geochemistry. 118: 4–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018OrGeo.118....4R">2018OrGeo.118....4R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001">10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F12701">10023/12701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-6380">0146-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46651929">46651929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=The+last+forests+on+Antarctica%3A+Reconstructing+flora+and+temperature+from+the+Neogene+Sirius+Group%2C+Transantarctic+Mountains&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F12701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46651929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018OrGeo.118....4R&rft.issn=0146-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001&rft.aulast=Rees-Owen&rft.aufirst=Rhian+L.&rft.au=Gill%2C+Fiona+L.&rft.au=Newton%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Ivanovi%C4%87%2C+Ruza+F.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Jane+E.&rft.au=Riding%2C+James+B.&rft.au=Vane%2C+Christopher+H.&rft.au=Lopes+dos+Santos%2C+Raquel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.orggeochem.2018.01.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwedorzewskaGiełwanowskaOlechMolina-Montenegro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chwedorzewska, K.J.; Giełwanowska, I.; Olech, M.; Molina-Montenegro, M.A.; Wódkiewicz, M.; Galera, H. (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247414000916">"Poa annua L. in the maritime Antarctic: an overview"</a>. Polar Record. 51 (6): 637–643. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PoRec..51..637C">2015PoRec..51..637C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247414000916">10.1017/S0032247414000916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84747627">84747627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Poa+annua+L.+in+the+maritime+Antarctic%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84747627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247414000916&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PoRec..51..637C&rft.aulast=Chwedorzewska&rft.aufirst=K.J.&rft.au=Gie%C5%82wanowska%2C+I.&rft.au=Olech%2C+M.&rft.au=Molina-Montenegro%2C+M.A.&rft.au=W%C3%B3dkiewicz%2C+M.&rft.au=Galera%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0032247414000916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/plants/algae/">"Algae"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Antarctic Program">Australian Antarctic Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Government of Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819181845/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/plants/algae/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Program&rft.atitle=Algae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fplants%2Falgae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorawetzThomsKutschan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Morawetz, Klaus; Thoms, Silke; Kutschan, Bernd (3 March 2017). "Formation of brine channels in sea ice". The European Physical Journal E. 40 (3): 25. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.5031">1406.5031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepje%2Fi2017-11512-x">10.1140/epje/i2017-11512-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1292-895X">1292-895X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28255919">28255919</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3759495">3759495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+E&rft.atitle=Formation+of+brine+channels+in+sea+ice&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2017-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3759495%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepje%2Fi2017-11512-x&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1406.5031&rft.issn=1292-895X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28255919&rft.aulast=Morawetz&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Thoms%2C+Silke&rft.au=Kutschan%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkazilek2014" class="citation web cs1">kazilek (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://askabiologist.asu.edu/brine-channels">"Brine Channels"</a>. askabiologist.asu.edu. Retrieved 25 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=askabiologist.asu.edu&rft.atitle=Brine+Channels&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.au=kazilek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faskabiologist.asu.edu%2Fbrine-channels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20130206-135"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20130206_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2013" class="citation news cs1">Gorman, James (6 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/science/living-bacteria-found-deep-under-antarctic-ice-scientists-say.html">"Bacteria Found Deep Under Antarctic Ice, Scientists Say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/07/science/living-bacteria-found-deep-under-antarctic-ice-scientists-say.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bacteria+Found+Deep+Under+Antarctic+Ice%2C+Scientists+Say&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F07%2Fscience%2Fliving-bacteria-found-deep-under-antarctic-ice-scientists-say.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulat2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bulat, Sergey A. (28 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0292">"Microbiology of the subglacial Lake Vostok: first results of borehole-frozen lake water analysis and prospects for searching for lake inhabitants"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 374 (2059). <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society">The Royal Society</a>. Abstract. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPTA.37440292B">2016RSPTA.37440292B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0292">10.1098/rsta.2014.0292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26667905">26667905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8399775">8399775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Microbiology+of+the+subglacial+Lake+Vostok%3A+first+results+of+borehole-frozen+lake+water+analysis+and+prospects+for+searching+for+lake+inhabitants&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=2059&rft.pages=Abstract&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2014.0292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8399775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26667905&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSPTA.37440292B&rft.aulast=Bulat&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsta.2014.0292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaha2013" class="citation journal cs1">Raha, Bipasa (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260246127">"The Search for Earth-Like Habitable Planet: Antarctica Lake Vostok May be Jupiter's Europa"</a>. Science and Culture (79): 120–122. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8156">0036-8156</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220402184107/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260246127_The_Search_for_Earth-Like_Habitable_Planet_Antarctica_Lake_Vostok_May_be_Jupiter%27s_Europa">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Earth-Like+Habitable+Planet%3A+Antarctica+Lake+Vostok+May+be+Jupiter%27s+Europa&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0036-8156&rft.aulast=Raha&rft.aufirst=Bipasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F260246127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisleitner2019" class="citation journal cs1">Weisleitner, Klemens; et al. (10 May 2019). Pierre Amato (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524460">"Source Environments of the Microbiome in Perennially Ice-Covered Lake Untersee, Antarctica"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.01019">10.3389/fmicb.2019.01019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524460">6524460</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31134036">31134036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Source+Environments+of+the+Microbiome+in+Perennially+Ice-Covered+Lake+Untersee%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=1019&rft.date=2019-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6524460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31134036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.01019&rft.aulast=Weisleitner&rft.aufirst=Klemens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6524460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooverPikuta2010" class="citation report cs1">Hoover, Richard Brice; Pikuta, Elena V. (January 2010). "5.4: Microbial Extremophiles from Lake Untersee". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100002095/downloads/20100002095.pdf">Psychrophilic and Psychrotolerant Microbial Extremophiles in Polar Environments</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. pp. 25–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130082402/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20100002095/downloads/20100002095.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Psychrophilic+and+Psychrotolerant+Microbial+Extremophiles+in+Polar+Environments&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=Richard+Brice&rft.au=Pikuta%2C+Elena+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fapi%2Fcitations%2F20100002095%2Fdownloads%2F20100002095.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-CloroxLake-140"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-CloroxLake_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulter" class="citation web cs1">Coulter, Dana. Tony Phillips (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323002712/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/07feb_cloroxlake.htm">"Extremophile Hunt Begins"</a>. Science News. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/07feb_cloroxlake.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2010. Retrieved 22 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=Extremophile+Hunt+Begins&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Dana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2008%2F07feb_cloroxlake.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wauchope-2019-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wauchope-2019_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wauchope-2019_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wauchope-2019_141-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWauchopeShawTerauds2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wauchope, Hannah S.; Shaw, Justine D.; Terauds, Aleks (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6391489">"A snapshot of biodiversity protection in Antarctica"</a>. Nature Communications. 10 (1): 946. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatCo..10..946W">2019NatCo..10..946W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-08915-6">10.1038/s41467-019-08915-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6391489">6391489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30808907">30808907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=A+snapshot+of+biodiversity+protection+in+Antarctica&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=946&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6391489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatCo..10..946W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30808907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-019-08915-6&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Wauchope&rft.aufirst=Hannah+S.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Justine+D.&rft.au=Terauds%2C+Aleks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6391489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccamlr.org/en/fisheries/toothfish-fisheries">"Toothfish fisheries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a>. 2 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111026/https://www.ccamlr.org/en/fisheries/toothfish-fisheries">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Convention+for+the+Conservation+of+Antarctic+Marine+Living+Resources&rft.atitle=Toothfish+fisheries&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccamlr.org%2Fen%2Ffisheries%2Ftoothfish-fisheries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2019The_Antarctic_Treaty_of_1959-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2019The_Antarctic_Treaty_of_1959_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2019">Day 2019</a>, The Antarctic Treaty of 1959. </li> <li id="cite_note-AUgovAntartica-Madrid-144"><a href="#cite_ref-AUgovAntartica-Madrid_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/">"The Madrid Protocol"</a>. Australian Antarctic Division. 17 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815120424/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Madrid+Protocol&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Flaw-and-treaty%2Fthe-madrid-protocol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/">"Protocol on Environmental Protection To The Antarctic Treaty (The Madrid Protocol)"</a>. Australian Antarctic Programme. 17 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200815120424/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/law-and-treaty/the-madrid-protocol/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Programme&rft.atitle=Protocol+on+Environmental+Protection+To+The+Antarctic+Treaty+%28The+Madrid+Protocol%29&rft.date=2019-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Flaw-and-treaty%2Fthe-madrid-protocol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220201352/https://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/ECOs/1992/lxxxii.3_atcm.pdf">"Now you see it now you don't!"</a> (PDF). ECO. Vol. 82, no. 3. November 1992. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/ECOs/1992/lxxxii.3_atcm.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECO&rft.atitle=Now+you+see+it+now+you+don%27t%21&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1992-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asoc.org%2Fstorage%2Fdocuments%2FECOs%2F1992%2Flxxxii.3_atcm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASOC-147"><a href="#cite_ref-ASOC_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113124807/https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/wildlife-conservation/southern-ocean-whale-sanctuary">"Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary"</a>. Antarctic and Southern Coalition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asoc.org/advocacy/wildlife-conservation/southern-ocean-whale-sanctuary">the original</a> on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antarctic+and+Southern+Coalition&rft.atitle=Southern+Ocean+Whale+Sanctuary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asoc.org%2Fadvocacy%2Fwildlife-conservation%2Fsouthern-ocean-whale-sanctuary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoetzeeConveyChown2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coetzee, Bernard W.T.; Convey, Peter; Chown, Steven L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12342">"Expanding the Protected Area Network in Antarctica is Urgent and Readily Achievable: Expanding Antarctica's protected areas"</a>. Conservation Letters. 10 (6): 670–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fconl.12342">10.1111/conl.12342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89943276">89943276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Letters&rft.atitle=Expanding+the+Protected+Area+Network+in+Antarctica+is+Urgent+and+Readily+Achievable%3A+Expanding+Antarctica%27s+protected+areas&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E670-%3C%2Fspan%3E680&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fconl.12342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A89943276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coetzee&rft.aufirst=Bernard+W.T.&rft.au=Convey%2C+Peter&rft.au=Chown%2C+Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fconl.12342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2000" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gregory-c.-mc-intosh-the-piri-reis-map-of-1513">The Piri Reis Map of 1513</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820343594" title="Special:BookSources/9780820343594"><bdi>9780820343594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1513&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780820343594&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgregory-c.-mc-intosh-the-piri-reis-map-of-1513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007296-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh2007296_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2007">Riffenburgh 2007</a>, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999250-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards1999250_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1999">Edwards 1999</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaglehole1968643-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaglehole1968643_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeaglehole1968">Beaglehole 1968</a>, p. 643. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriques2018" class="citation web cs1">Henriques, Martha (22 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181019-the-bones-that-could-shape-antarcticas-future">"The bones that could shape Antarctica's fate"</a>. BBC Future. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722120344/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181019-the-bones-that-could-shape-antarcticas-future">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Future&rft.atitle=The+bones+that+could+shape+Antarctica%27s+fate&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft.aulast=Henriques&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Farticle%2F20181019-the-bones-that-could-shape-antarcticas-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200239-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200239_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002139-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002139_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tam-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Tam_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammiksaar2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tammiksaar, Erki (14 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leht.postimees.ee/2631146/punane-bellingshausen">"Punane Bellingshausen"</a> [Red Bellingshausen]. <a href="/wiki/Postimees" title="Postimees">Postimees</a> (in Estonian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213153336/https://leht.postimees.ee/2631146/punane-bellingshausen">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postimees&rft.atitle=Punane+Bellingshausen&rft.date=2013-12-14&rft.aulast=Tammiksaar&rft.aufirst=Erki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleht.postimees.ee%2F2631146%2Fpunane-bellingshausen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1971" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Edward_Armstrong" title="Terence Edward Armstrong">Armstrong, Terence E.</a> (September 1971). "Bellingshausen and the discovery of Antarctica". Polar Record. 15 (99): 887–889. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971PoRec..15..887A">1971PoRec..15..887A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400062112">10.1017/S0032247400062112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129664580">129664580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Bellingshausen+and+the+discovery+of+Antarctica&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=99&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E887-%3C%2Fspan%3E889&rft.date=1971-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129664580%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247400062112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971PoRec..15..887A&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Terence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaughmann1994">Baughmann 1994</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner19925-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner19925_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyner1992">Joyner 1992</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200267-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200267_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTammiksaar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tammiksaar, E. (September 2016). "The Russian Antarctic Expedition under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and its reception in Russia and the world". Polar Record. 52 (5): 578–600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PoRec..52..578T">2016PoRec..52..578T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247416000449">10.1017/S0032247416000449</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132425113">132425113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Antarctic+Expedition+under+the+command+of+Fabian+Gottlieb+von+Bellingshausen+and+its+reception+in+Russia+and+the+world&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E600&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132425113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247416000449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PoRec..52..578T&rft.aulast=Tammiksaar&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECawley2015131-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECawley2015131_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCawley2015">Cawley 2015</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1847479-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAinsworth1847479_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAinsworth1847">Ainsworth 1847</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbs1932" class="citation journal cs1">Hobbs, William H. (October 1932). "Wilkes Land Rediscovered". Geographical Review. 22 (4): 640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932GeoRv..22..632H">1932GeoRv..22..632H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F208819">10.2307/208819</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/208819">208819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Wilkes+Land+Rediscovered&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=640&rft.date=1932-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F208819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F208819&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932GeoRv..22..632H&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154,_185-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002154,_185_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, pp. 154, 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay201388-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay201388_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2013">Day 2013</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPyne2017">Pyne 2017</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/history/people/tannatt-edgeworth-david/">"Tannatt William Edgeworth David"</a>. Australian Antarctic Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929041848/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/history/people-of-antarctic-history/tannatt-edgeworth-david">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tannatt+William+Edgeworth+David&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Ftannatt-edgeworth-david%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200730–32-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiffenburgh200730–32_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiffenburgh2007">Riffenburgh 2007</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002159-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002159_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby200244-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby200244_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bla-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Bla_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackadder2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Blackadder" title="Jesse Blackadder">Blackadder, Jesse</a> (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/2011-2015/issue-23-december-2012/antarctic-arts-fellowship/the-first-woman-in-antarctica">"The first woman in Antarctica"</a>. Australian Antarctic Program. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Division" title="Australian Antarctic Division">Australian Antarctic Division</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074855/http://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/2011-2015/issue-23-december-2012/antarctic-arts-fellowship/the-first-woman-in-antarctica">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Program&rft.atitle=The+first+woman+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2012-12&rft.aulast=Blackadder&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fmagazine%2F2011-2015%2Fissue-23-december-2012%2Fantarctic-arts-fellowship%2Fthe-first-woman-in-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cam-176"><a href="#cite_ref-Cam_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormanGibsonBurgess1998" class="citation journal cs1">Norman, F. I.; Gibson, J. A. E.; Burgess, J. S. (October 1998). "Klarius Mikkelsen's 1935 landing in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica: some fiction and some facts". Polar Record. 34 (191): 293–304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PoRec..34..293N">1998PoRec..34..293N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247400025985">10.1017/S0032247400025985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131433193">131433193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=Klarius+Mikkelsen%27s+1935+landing+in+the+Vestfold+Hills%2C+East+Antarctica%3A+some+fiction+and+some+facts&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=191&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E304&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131433193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247400025985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PoRec..34..293N&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=F.+I.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+J.+A.+E.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040626080052/http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/datesoct.htm">"Dates in American Naval History: October"</a>. Naval History and Heritage Command. United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/datesoct.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2004. Retrieved 12 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Dates+in+American+Naval+History%3A+October&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fwars%2Fdatesoct.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/150th-anniversary/150-women-in-150-words/1968-2017/pamela-young/">"Pamela Young"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_Te_Ap%C4%81rangi" title="Royal Society Te Apārangi">Royal Society Te Apārangi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221124451/https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/150th-anniversary/150-women-in-150-words/1968-2017/pamela-young/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pamela+Young&rft.pub=Royal+Society+Te+Ap%C4%81rangi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsociety.org.nz%2F150th-anniversary%2F150-women-in-150-words%2F1968-2017%2Fpamela-young%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusland2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8rge_Ousland" title="Børge Ousland">Ousland, Børge</a> (13 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/dec/13/borge-ousland-how-i-crossed-antarctica">"Børge Ousland: How I crossed Antarctica alone"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010224616/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/dec/13/borge-ousland-how-i-crossed-antarctica">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=B%C3%B8rge+Ousland%3A+How+I+crossed+Antarctica+alone&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Ousland&rft.aufirst=B%C3%B8rge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2013%2Fdec%2F13%2Fborge-ousland-how-i-crossed-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-unsupported-%28kite-assisted%29-journey-to-the-south-pole">"Fastest unsupported (kite assisted) journey to the South Pole taking just 34 days"</a>. Guinness World Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225021710/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/fastest-unsupported-(kite-assisted)-journey-to-the-south-pole">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=Fastest+unsupported+%28kite+assisted%29+journey+to+the+South+Pole+taking+just+34+days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Ffastest-unsupported-%2528kite-assisted%2529-journey-to-the-south-pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadland1984238-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadland1984238_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadland1984238_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeadland1984">Headland 1984</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nat-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Nat_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/antarctica/">"Antarctica"</a>. Resource Library. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 4 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302011100/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/antarctica/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resource+Library&rft.atitle=Antarctica&rft.date=2012-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fantarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826083133/http://www.spc.rs/eng/flock_antarcticas_orthodox_temple_celebrates_holy_trinity_day">"Flock of Antarctica's Orthodox temple celebrates Holy Trinity Day"</a>. Serbian Orthodox Church. 24 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.rs/eng/flock_antarcticas_orthodox_temple_celebrates_holy_trinity_day">the original</a> on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flock+of+Antarctica%27s+Orthodox+temple+celebrates+Holy+Trinity+Day&rft.pub=Serbian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.rs%2Feng%2Fflock_antarcticas_orthodox_temple_celebrates_holy_trinity_day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravoslavye.org.ua/index.php?action=fullinfo&r_type=&id=22495"><bdi lang="ru">Владимир Петраков: 'Антарктика – это особая атмосфера, где живут очень интересные люди'</bdi></a> [Vladimir Petrakov: "Antarctic is a special world, full of very interesting people"]. Pravoslavye (in Russian). 28 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052654/http://pravoslavye.org.ua/index.php?action=fullinfo&r_type=&id=22495">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravoslavye&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%3A+%27%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%27&rft.date=2021-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravoslavye.org.ua%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dfullinfo%26r_type%3D%26id%3D22495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeadland198412,_130-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeadland198412,_130_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeadland1984">Headland 1984</a>, pp. 12, 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1986">Russell 1986</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206193457/http://www.scar.org/treaty/">"Antarctic Treaty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scar.org/treaty/">the original</a> on 6 February 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Treaty&rft.pub=Scientific+Committee+on+Antarctic+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scar.org%2Ftreaty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306211514/http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/ARGANT.HTM">"Argentina in Antarctica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Institute_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctica Institute of Argentina">Antarctica Institute of Argentina</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dna.gov.ar/INGLES/DIVULGAC/ARGANT.HTM">the original</a> on 6 March 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentina+in+Antarctica&rft.pub=Antarctica+Institute+of+Argentina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dna.gov.ar%2FINGLES%2FDIVULGAC%2FARGANT.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-191"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHince2000" class="citation book cs1">Hince, Bernadette (2000). "Introduction". The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English. Collingwood, Victoria: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. pp. vii–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0957747111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0957747111"><bdi>978-0957747111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+Dictionary%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Antarctic+English&rft.place=Collingwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Ex&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0957747111&rft.aulast=Hince&rft.aufirst=Bernadette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Parties?lang=e">"Parties"</a>. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223060031/https://www.ats.aq/devAS/Parties?lang=e">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secretariat+of+the+Antarctic+Treaty&rft.atitle=Parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2FdevAS%2FParties%3Flang%3De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYermakova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yermakova, Yelena (3 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2154896X.2021.1977048">"Legitimacy of the Antarctic Treaty System: is it time for a reform?"</a>. The Polar Journal. 11 (2): 342–359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2154896X.2021.1977048">10.1080/2154896X.2021.1977048</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F93248">10852/93248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239218549">239218549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Polar+Journal&rft.atitle=Legitimacy+of+the+Antarctic+Treaty+System%3A+is+it+time+for+a+reform%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=2021-07-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F93248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239218549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2154896X.2021.1977048&rft.aulast=Yermakova&rft.aufirst=Yelena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F2154896X.2021.1977048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> M. Wright, Note, "The Ownership of Antarctica, its Living and Mineral Resources", Journal of Law and the Environment Vol. 4, 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oscar-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Oscar_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinochet_de_la_Barra,_Óscar1944" class="citation book cs1">Pinochet de la Barra, Óscar (November 1944). La Antártica Chilena. Editorial Andrés Bello.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Ant%C3%A1rtica+Chilena&rft.pub=Editorial+Andr%C3%A9s+Bello&rft.date=1944-11&rft.au=Pinochet+de+la+Barra%2C+%C3%93scar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalamari,_Andrea2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Calamari, Andrea (June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jotdown.es/2022/06/el-conjurado-que-goberno-la-antartida/">"El conjurado que gobernó la Antártida"</a> (in Spanish). Jot Down. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171548/https://www.jotdown.es/2022/06/el-conjurado-que-goberno-la-antartida/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+conjurado+que+gobern%C3%B3+la+Ant%C3%A1rtida&rft.pub=Jot+Down&rft.date=2022-06&rft.au=Calamari%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jotdown.es%2F2022%2F06%2Fel-conjurado-que-goberno-la-antartida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/7380/pedro-sancho-de-la-hoz">"Pedro Sancho de la Hoz"</a> (in Spanish). Real Academia de la Historia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171823/https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/7380/pedro-sancho-de-la-hoz">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pedro+Sancho+de+la+Hoz&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbe.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F7380%2Fpedro-sancho-de-la-hoz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=827&IdCategoria=40&IdArea=191&status=S&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile&pos=30">"1544"</a> (in Spanish). Biografía de Chile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819190503/http://www.biografiadechile.cl/detalle.php?IdContenido=827&IdCategoria=40&IdArea=191&status=S&TituloPagina=Historia%20de%20Chile&pos=30">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1544&rft.pub=Biograf%C3%ADa+de+Chile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografiadechile.cl%2Fdetalle.php%3FIdContenido%3D827%26IdCategoria%3D40%26IdArea%3D191%26status%3DS%26TituloPagina%3DHistoria%2520de%2520Chile%26pos%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco_Orrego_VicuñaAugusto_Salinas_Araya1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francisco Orrego Vicuña; Augusto Salinas Araya (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/328/submission/proof/38/">Desarrollo de la Antártica</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a>: Instituto de Estudios Internacionales, Universidad de Chile; Editorial Universitaria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819190501/https://libros.uchile.cl/files/presses/1/monographs/328/submission/proof/38/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desarrollo+de+la+Ant%C3%A1rtica&rft.place=Santiago+de+Chile&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Internacionales%2C+Universidad+de+Chile%3B+Editorial+Universitaria.&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Francisco+Orrego+Vicu%C3%B1a&rft.au=Augusto+Salinas+Araya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibros.uchile.cl%2Ffiles%2Fpresses%2F1%2Fmonographs%2F328%2Fsubmission%2Fproof%2F38%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_TigerstromLeane2005204-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_TigerstromLeane2005204_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_TigerstromLeane2005204_200-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVon_TigerstromLeane2005">Von Tigerstrom & Leane 2005</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRapp2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/dw1q/norge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen">"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aftenposten" title="Aftenposten">Aftenposten</a> (in Norwegian). Oslo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221161018/https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/dw1q/norge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=Norge+utvider+Dronning+Maud+Land+helt+frem+til+Sydpolen&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Rapp&rft.aufirst=Ole+Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fnorge%2Fi%2Fdw1q%2Fnorge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreign_&_Commonwealth_Office_Press_Release-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Foreign_&_Commonwealth_Office_Press_Release_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/queen-elizabeth-land">"The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land"</a>. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. HM Government. 18 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707184550/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/queen-elizabeth-land">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+%26+Commonwealth+Office&rft.atitle=The+Foreign+Secretary+has+announced+that+the+southern+part+of+British+Antarctic+Territory+has+been+named+Queen+Elizabeth+Land&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fqueen-elizabeth-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News:_Argentine_Protest_Against_Queen_Elizabeth_Land-203"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News:_Argentine_Protest_Against_Queen_Elizabeth_Land_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20822582">"Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen"</a>. BBC News. 22 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115192632/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-20822582">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Argentina+angry+after+Antarctic+territory+named+after+Queen&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-20822582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peecug2-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peecug2_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peecug2_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peecug2_204-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibadeneira1988" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ribadeneira, Diego (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707092226/http://www.afese.com/img/revistas/revista40/laantartida.pdf">"La Antartida"</a> (PDF). AFESE (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afese.com/img/revistas/revista40/laantartida.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFESE&rft.atitle=La+Antartida&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ribadeneira&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afese.com%2Fimg%2Frevistas%2Frevista40%2Flaantartida.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris1988-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris1988_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris1988">Morris 1988</a>, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAfactbook-US-RusClaim-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-US-RusClaim_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactbook-US-RusClaim_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915211616/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2070.html">"Disputes – international"</a>. The World Factbook. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2070.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2011. <q>... the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Disputes+%E2%80%93+international&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2Fprint_2070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-resources/">"Natural Resources"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403171729/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-resources/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Natural+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fnatural-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2016" class="citation web cs1">Press, Tony (5 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/antarctica-the-montreal-protocol-25-years-on/">"Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_International_Affairs" title="Australian Institute of International Affairs">Australian Institute of International Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118232426/https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/antarctica-the-montreal-protocol-25-years-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Antarctica%3A+The+Madrid+Protocol+25+Years+On&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalaffairs.org.au%2Faustralianoutlook%2Fantarctica-the-montreal-protocol-25-years-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002187–188-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002187–188_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002187–188_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-IAATOTou-210"><a href="#cite_ref-IAATOTou_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iaato.org/visiting-antarctica/during-your-visit/">"During Your Visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Antarctica_Tour_Operators" title="International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators">International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607133821/https://iaato.org/visiting-antarctica/during-your-visit/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=During+Your+Visit&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Antarctica+Tour+Operators&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiaato.org%2Fvisiting-antarctica%2Fduring-your-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewby2002107-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewby2002107_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrewby2002">Trewby 2002</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-IAATOTou2-212"><a href="#cite_ref-IAATOTou2_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iaato.org/information-resources/data-statistics/">"IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 2019–2020"</a>. Data & Statistics. <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Antarctica_Tour_Operators" title="International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators">International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators</a>. July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609114607/https://iaato.org/information-resources/data-statistics/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data+%26+Statistics&rft.atitle=IAATO+Antarctic+visitor+figures+2019%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiaato.org%2Finformation-resources%2Fdata-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2006" class="citation news cs1">Rowe, Mark (11 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080224214327/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/734551/Tourism-%27threatens-Antarctic%27.html">"Tourism threatens the Antarctic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/734551/Tourism-%27threatens-Antarctic%27.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tourism+threatens+the+Antarctic&rft.date=2006-02-11&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2F734551%2FTourism-%2527threatens-Antarctic%2527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secr-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Secr_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ats.aq/e/tourism.html">"Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities"</a>. Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190930150027/https://www.ats.aq/e/tourism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+and+Non-Governmental+Activities&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Antarctic+Treaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ats.aq%2Fe%2Ftourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mcdonald-beach-cape-bird-iba-antarctica">"BirdLife Data Zone"</a>. datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 21 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=datazone.birdlife.org&rft.atitle=BirdLife+Data+Zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatazone.birdlife.org%2Fsite%2Ffactsheet%2Fmcdonald-beach-cape-bird-iba-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay2013507–509-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay2013507–509_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDay2013">Day 2013</a>, pp. 507–509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHund201441-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHund201441_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHund2014">Hund 2014</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Georgina (30 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247416000747">"A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture"</a>. Polar Record. 53 (2). Cambridge University Press: 167–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PoRec..53..167D">2017PoRec..53..167D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0032247416000747">10.1017/S0032247416000747</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132258248">132258248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=A+history+of+McMurdo+Station+through+its+architecture&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=2017-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132258248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0032247416000747&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PoRec..53..167D&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0032247416000747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes2019160-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarrollLopes2019160_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarrollLopes2019">Carroll & Lopes 2019</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart2010" class="citation journal cs1">Stoddart, Michael (August 2010). "'Antarctic biology in the 21st century – Advances in, and beyond the international polar year 2007–2008'". Polar Science. 4 (2): 97–101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PolSc...4...97S">2010PolSc...4...97S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polar.2010.04.004">10.1016/j.polar.2010.04.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Science&rft.atitle=%27Antarctic+biology+in+the+21st+century+%E2%80%93+Advances+in%2C+and+beyond+the+international+polar+year+2007%E2%80%932008%27&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polar.2010.04.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PolSc...4...97S&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/science/technology-innovation/human-biology-and-medicine/">"Human Biology and Medicine"</a>. Australian Antarctic Programme. 16 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822181126/https://www.antarctica.gov.au/science/technology-innovation/human-biology-and-medicine/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Antarctic+Programme&rft.atitle=Human+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fscience%2Ftechnology-innovation%2Fhuman-biology-and-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bur-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Bur_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Burton" title="Michael G. Burton">Burton, Michael G.</a> (2010). "Astronomy in Antarctica". <a href="/wiki/The_Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astronomy & Astrophysics Review">The Astronomy & Astrophysics Review</a>. 18 (4): 417–469. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.2225">1007.2225</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010A&ARv..18..417B">2010A&ARv..18..417B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00159-010-0032-2">10.1007/s00159-010-0032-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16843819">16843819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics+Review&rft.atitle=Astronomy+in+Antarctica&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1007.2225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16843819%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00159-010-0032-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010A%26ARv..18..417B&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/livingsouthpole/sciencegoals.jsp">"Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration"</a>. National Science Foundation. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071229073352/https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/livingsouthpole/sciencegoals.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2007. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Science+Goals%3A+Celebrating+a+Century+of+Science+and+Exploration&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fspecial_reports%2Flivingsouthpole%2Fsciencegoals.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icecube-224"><a href="#cite_ref-icecube_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icecube.wisc.edu/about-us/facts/">"IceCube Quick Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IceCube_Neutrino_Observatory" title="IceCube Neutrino Observatory">IceCube Neutrino Observatory</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213095824/https://icecube.wisc.edu/about-us/facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IceCube+Neutrino+Observatory&rft.atitle=IceCube+Quick+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficecube.wisc.edu%2Fabout-us%2Ffacts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k910-225"><a href="#cite_ref-k910_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDługosz-LisieckaKrystekKoperGrala2021" class="citation journal cs1">Długosz-Lisiecka, Magdalena; Krystek, Marcin; Koper, Mariusz; Grala, Tomasz; Leniec-Koper, Hanna; Barasiński, Michał; Talar, Magdalena; Kamiński, Ireneusz; Kibart, Robert; Małecki, Wojciech; Kukliński, Piotr (30 December 2021). "Natural gamma radiation at the sea level around the Antarctic continent recorded south of the 62° parallel". Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Physica (20): 7–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18778%2F1427-9711.20.01">10.18778/1427-9711.20.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11089%2F41341">11089/41341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2353-6063">2353-6063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Universitatis+Lodziensis.+Folia+Geographica+Physica&rft.atitle=Natural+gamma+radiation+at+the+sea+level+around+the+Antarctic+continent+recorded+south+of+the+62%C2%B0+parallel&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11089%2F41341&rft.issn=2353-6063&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18778%2F1427-9711.20.01&rft.aulast=D%C5%82ugosz-Lisiecka&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rft.au=Krystek%2C+Marcin&rft.au=Koper%2C+Mariusz&rft.au=Grala%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Leniec-Koper%2C+Hanna&rft.au=Barasi%C5%84ski%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Talar%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Kami%C5%84ski%2C+Ireneusz&rft.au=Kibart%2C+Robert&rft.au=Ma%C5%82ecki%2C+Wojciech&rft.au=Kukli%C5%84ski%2C+Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149554/finding-meteorite-hotspots-in-antarctica">"Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica"</a>. Earth Observatory. NASA. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309063851/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149554/finding-meteorite-hotspots-in-antarctica">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Finding+Meteorite+Hotspots+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fimages%2F149554%2Ffinding-meteorite-hotspots-in-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2016" class="citation web cs1">Talbert, Tricia (14 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119174401/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/science-from-the-sky-nasa-renews-search-for-antarctic-meteorites">"Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/science-from-the-sky-nasa-renews-search-for-antarctic-meteorites">the original</a> on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Science+from+the+Sky%3A+NASA+Renews+Search+for+Antarctic+Meteorites&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fscience-from-the-sky-nasa-renews-search-for-antarctic-meteorites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteorite-228"><a href="#cite_ref-meteorite_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306122117/http://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/index.cfm">"Meteorites from Antarctica"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/index.cfm">the original</a> on 6 March 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteorites+from+Antarctica&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-curator.jsc.nasa.gov%2Fantmet%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf">"British Antarctic Survey"</a> (PDF). bas.ac.uk. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2F2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf">"British Antarctic Survey"</a> (PDF). bas.ac.uk. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2F2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/site/assets/files/53908/australian-antarctic-science-strategic-plan.pdf">"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"</a> (PDF). Australian Antarctic Science Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Antarctic+Science+Strategic+Plan&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Science+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F53908%2Faustralian-antarctic-science-strategic-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26338/mid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research">Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research</a>. The National Academies Press. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26338">10.17226/26338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9"><bdi>978-0-309-26818-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-Term+Assessment+of+Progress+on+the+2015+Strategic+Vision+for+Antarctic+and+Southern+Ocean+Research&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F26338&rft.isbn=978-0-309-26818-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F26338%2Fmid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26338/mid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research">Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research</a>. The National Academies Press. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26338">10.17226/26338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9"><bdi>978-0-309-26818-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-Term+Assessment+of+Progress+on+the+2015+Strategic+Vision+for+Antarctic+and+Southern+Ocean+Research&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F26338&rft.isbn=978-0-309-26818-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F26338%2Fmid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICE_SHEETS_AND_SEA-LEVEL_RISE-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICE_SHEETS_AND_SEA-LEVEL_RISE_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICE_SHEETS_AND_SEA-LEVEL_RISE_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/climate-change/ice-sheets-and-sea-level-rise/">"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"</a>. antarctica.gov.au. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antarctica.gov.au&rft.atitle=ICE+SHEETS+AND+SEA-LEVEL+RISE&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fclimate-change%2Fice-sheets-and-sea-level-rise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-236"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/4202/">"The Antarctic Sun: News about Antarctica - Icestock Rings in the New Year"</a>. antarcticsun.usap.gov. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antarcticsun.usap.gov&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+Sun%3A+News+about+Antarctica+-+Icestock+Rings+in+the+New+Year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fantarcticsun.usap.gov%2Ffeatures%2F4202%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colorado.edu/aerospace/2020/01/14/24-hours-sunlight-life-and-aerospace-research-antarctica">"24 hours of sunlight — life and aerospace research in Antarctica"</a>. Ann and H.J. Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ann+and+H.J.+Smead+Aerospace+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=24+hours+of+sunlight+%E2%80%94+life+and+aerospace+research+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2020-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Faerospace%2F2020%2F01%2F14%2F24-hours-sunlight-life-and-aerospace-research-antarctica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-o188-238"><a href="#cite_ref-o188_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriggs2019" class="citation web cs1">Griggs, Kim (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192815/https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/02/41756">"Antarctica Rocks Out on Ice"</a>. archive.wired.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2001/02/41756">the original</a> on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.wired.com&rft.atitle=Antarctica+Rocks+Out+on+Ice&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Griggs&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.wired.com%2Fculture%2Flifestyle%2Fnews%2F2001%2F02%2F41756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-z325-239"><a href="#cite_ref-z325_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubny2022" class="citation web cs1">Kubny, Heiner (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarjournal.ch/en/2022/08/31/freddie-mercury-in-antarctica/">"Freddie Mercury in Antarctica"</a>. Polar Journal. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polar+Journal&rft.atitle=Freddie+Mercury+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft.aulast=Kubny&rft.aufirst=Heiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolarjournal.ch%2Fen%2F2022%2F08%2F31%2Ffreddie-mercury-in-antarctica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-k668-240"><a href="#cite_ref-k668_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2012" class="citation web cs1">Macdonald, Emma (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6163985/redundancy-forced-on-acclaimed-musicians/">"Redundancy forced on acclaimed musicians"</a>. The Canberra Times. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Redundancy+forced+on+acclaimed+musicians&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6163985%2Fredundancy-forced-on-acclaimed-musicians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-241"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-19980602">"Scot shoots first fictional feature in Antarctica"</a>. BBC News. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Scot+shoots+first+fictional+feature+in+Antarctica&rft.date=2012-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-scotland-highlands-islands-19980602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-b131-242"><a href="#cite_ref-b131_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2024/05/anthony-hopkins-to-star-in-bruno-penguin-and-the-staten-island-princess-1235915736/amp/">"Anthony Hopkins To Star In Nick Cassavetes' 'Bruno Penguin And The Staten Island Princess'; Shia LaBeouf In Talks"</a>. Deadline. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Anthony+Hopkins+To+Star+In+Nick+Cassavetes%27+%27Bruno+Penguin+And+The+Staten+Island+Princess%27%3B+Shia+LaBeouf+In+Talks&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2024%2F05%2Fanthony-hopkins-to-star-in-bruno-penguin-and-the-staten-island-princess-1235915736%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w567-243"><a href="#cite_ref-w567_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2010" class="citation web cs1">Roman, Benjamin (3 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/espn/thelife/news/story?id=5761185">"Serious about sports at end of the Earth"</a>. ESPN.com. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Serious+about+sports+at+end+of+the+Earth&rft.date=2010-11-03&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Fthelife%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D5761185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-g791-244"><a href="#cite_ref-g791_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2012" class="citation news cs1">Bernstein, Lenny (2 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/wellness/alexandrias-brooke-curran-on-winning-the-antarctica-marathon/2012/04/02/gIQAfhWbrS_story.html">"Alexandria's Brooke Curran on winning the Antarctica Marathon"</a>. Washington Post. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Alexandria%27s+Brooke+Curran+on+winning+the+Antarctica+Marathon&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fwellness%2Falexandrias-brooke-curran-on-winning-the-antarctica-marathon%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2FgIQAfhWbrS_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n623-245"><a href="#cite_ref-n623_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sail-world.com/Australia/Antarctica-Cup-Yacht-Race/-36654">"Antarctica Cup Yacht Race"</a>. Sail-World.com. 16 August 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sail-World.com&rft.atitle=Antarctica+Cup+Yacht+Race&rft.date=2007-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sail-world.com%2FAustralia%2FAntarctica-Cup-Yacht-Race%2F-36654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asifuch.cl/futbol-en-la-antartica/">"Fútbol en la Antártica"</a>. Association of Chilean Football Researchers. 20 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Chilean+Football+Researchers&rft.atitle=F%C3%BAtbol+en+la+Ant%C3%A1rtica&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasifuch.cl%2Ffutbol-en-la-antartica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y775-247"><a href="#cite_ref-y775_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/zuidpool.html">"Antarctica - football/soccer matches"</a>. RSSSF. 19 May 1911. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSSSF&rft.atitle=Antarctica+-+football%2Fsoccer+matches&rft.date=1911-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsssf.org%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fzuidpool.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d838-248"><a href="#cite_ref-d838_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolantarctica.com/Community/midwinter_antarctica.php">"Midwinter in Antarctica"</a>. Cool Antarctica. 21 June 1986. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cool+Antarctica&rft.atitle=Midwinter+in+Antarctica&rft.date=1986-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coolantarctica.com%2FCommunity%2Fmidwinter_antarctica.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-f667-249"><a href="#cite_ref-f667_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcus.org/events/arctic-calendar/33711">"Celebrate Antarctica Day on December 1st"</a>. Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. 1 December 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arctic+Research+Consortium+of+the+U.S.&rft.atitle=Celebrate+Antarctica+Day+on+December+1st&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcus.org%2Fevents%2Farctic-calendar%2F33711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Antarctica" title="Bibliography of Antarctica">Bibliography of Antarctica</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAinsworth1847" class="citation book cs1">Ainsworth, William Harrison, ed. (1847). "The Antarctic Voyage of Discovery". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTUaAQAAIAAJ">The New Monthly Magazine and Humourist</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Antarctic+Voyage+of+Discovery&rft.btitle=The+New+Monthly+Magazine+and+Humourist&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTUaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, John B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9YqF73oe4IC">Antarctic Marine Geology</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05211-3-168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-05211-3-168-1"><bdi>978-05211-3-168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Marine+Geology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-05211-3-168-1&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9YqF73oe4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughmann1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._H._Baughman" title="T. H. Baughman">Baughmann, T. H.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeheroescame0000baug/page/n5/mode/2up">Before the Heroes Came</a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1228-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1228-2"><bdi>978-0-8032-1228-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Heroes+Came&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1228-2&rft.aulast=Baughmann&rft.aufirst=T.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeheroescame0000baug%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaglehole1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaglehole" title="John Beaglehole">Beaglehole, John C.</a> (1968). The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery. Vol. 2. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-5324-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-5324-2"><bdi>978-1-4724-5324-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journals+of+Captain+James+Cook+on+his+Voyages+of+Discovery&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-5324-2&rft.aulast=Beaglehole&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron-Ash2018" class="citation book cs1">Cameron-Ash, Margaret (2018). Lying for the Admiralty. Sydney: Rosenberg Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-06480-4-396-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-06480-4-396-6"><bdi>978-06480-4-396-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lying+for+the+Admiralty&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Rosenberg+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-06480-4-396-6&rft.aulast=Cameron-Ash&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellClaridge1987" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, I.B.; Claridge, G.G.C., eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166248108701508">"Chapter 2 the Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica"</a>. Antarctica: Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment. Developments in Soil Science. Vol. 16. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 7–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0166-2481%2808%2970150-8">10.1016/S0166-2481(08)70150-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-42784-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-42784-7"><bdi>978-0-444-42784-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-2481">0166-2481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+the+Geology+and+Geomorphology+of+Antarctica&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Soils%2C+Weathering+Processes+and+Environment&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Developments+in+Soil+Science&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0166-2481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0166-2481%2808%2970150-8&rft.isbn=978-0-444-42784-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0166248108701508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantrillPoole2012" class="citation book cs1">Cantrill, David J.; Poole, Imogen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOGH4xaioRUC">The Vegetation of Antarctica through Geological Time</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-56028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-56028-3"><bdi>978-1-139-56028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vegetation+of+Antarctica+through+Geological+Time&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-56028-3&rft.aulast=Cantrill&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Poole%2C+Imogen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOGH4xaioRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrollLopes2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Carroll_(space_artist)" title="Michael Carroll (space artist)">Carroll, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosaly_Lopes" title="Rosaly Lopes">Lopes, Rosaly</a> (2019). Antarctica : Earth's Own Ice World. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Praxis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74623-4"><bdi>978-3-319-74623-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica+%3A+Earth%27s+Own+Ice+World&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Praxis+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74623-4&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Rosaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawley2015" class="citation book cs1">Cawley, Charles (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXnWCgAAQBAJ">Colonies in Conflict: The History of the British Overseas Territories</a>. Newcastle: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-14438-8-128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-14438-8-128-9"><bdi>978-14438-8-128-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonies+in+Conflict%3A+The+History+of+the+British+Overseas+Territories&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-14438-8-128-9&rft.aulast=Cawley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTXnWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightforenglishh00crys/page/172">The Fight for English</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920764-0"><bdi>978-0-19-920764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+English&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920764-0&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightforenglishh00crys%2Fpage%2F172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">Day, David</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maNBDJD2OfQC">Antarctica: A Biography</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967055-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967055-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmaNBDJD2OfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2019" class="citation book cs1">Day, David (2019). Antarctica. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780190641320.001.0001">10.1093/wentk/9780190641320.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064132-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064132-0"><bdi>978-0-19-064132-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwentk%2F9780190641320.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064132-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefler2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Defler" title="Thomas Defler">Defler, Thomas</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HWADwAAQBAJ">History of Terrestrial Mammals in South America</a>. Topics in Geobiology. Cham: <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-98448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-98448-3"><bdi>978-3-319-98448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Terrestrial+Mammals+in+South+America&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Topics+in+Geobiology&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-319-98448-3&rft.aulast=Defler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HWADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewry1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Drewry" title="David Drewry">Drewry, D.J.</a>, ed. (1983). Antarctica: Glaciological and Geophysical Folio. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-04-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-901021-04-5"><bdi>978-0-901021-04-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Glaciological+and+Geophysical+Folio&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-901021-04-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Edwards_(academic)" title="Philip Edwards (academic)">Edwards, Philip</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsofcaptai00jame/page/n3/mode/2up">The Journals of James Cook</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192808-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-192808-1"><bdi>978-0-14-192808-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journals+of+James+Cook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-192808-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalsofcaptai00jame%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadland1984" class="citation book cs1">Headland, Robert (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238">The Island of South Georgia</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25274-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25274-4"><bdi>978-0-521-25274-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island+of+South+Georgia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25274-4&rft.aulast=Headland&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZ04AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hoog2005" class="citation journal cs1">de Hoog, G.S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studiesinmycology.org/sim/Sim51/SIM_51_Preface.pdf">"Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Mycology" title="Studies in Mycology">Studies in Mycology</a>. 51. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789070351557" title="Special:BookSources/9789070351557"><bdi>9789070351557</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mycology&rft.atitle=Fungi+of+the+Antarctic%3A+evolution+under+extreme+conditions&rft.volume=51&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789070351557&rft.aulast=de+Hoog&rft.aufirst=G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiesinmycology.org%2Fsim%2FSim51%2FSIM_51_Preface.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHund2014" class="citation book cs1">Hund, Andrew J., ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antarctica-and-the-arctic-circle-2-volumes-a-geographic-encyclopedia-of-the-earths-polar-regions/page/n3/mode/2up?q=">Antarctica And The Arctic Circle: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-392-9"><bdi>978-1-61069-392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica+And+The+Arctic+Circle%3A+A+Geographic+Encyclopedia+of+the+Earth%27s+Polar+Regions&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO%2C+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-392-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantarctica-and-the-arctic-circle-2-volumes-a-geographic-encyclopedia-of-the-earths-polar-regions%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyginus1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Caius Julius</a> (1992) [1482]. Viré, Ghislaine (ed.). Hygini de astronomia (in Latin). Stuttgart: <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Teubneriana" title="Bibliotheca Teubneriana">Bibliotheca Teubneriana</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-35190-1-438-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-35190-1-438-6"><bdi>978-35190-1-438-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hygini+de+astronomia&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Teubneriana&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-35190-1-438-6&rft.aulast=Hyginus&rft.aufirst=Caius+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasinoski2013" class="citation book cs1">Jasinoski, Sandra C.; et al. (2013). "Anatomical Plasticity in the Snout of Lystrosaurus". In Kammerer, Christian F.; Frobisch, Jörg; Angielczyk, Kenneth D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_RDHBAAAQBAJ">Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Netherlands">Springer Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-6841-3"><bdi>978-94-007-6841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomical+Plasticity+in+the+Snout+of+Lystrosaurus&rft.btitle=Early+Evolutionary+History+of+the+Synapsida&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-6841-3&rft.aulast=Jasinoski&rft.aufirst=Sandra+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_RDHBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoyner1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Joyner" title="Christopher C. Joyner">Joyner, Christopher C.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y6JAr747H60C">Antarctica and the Law of the Sea</a>. Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1823-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1823-1"><bdi>978-0-7923-1823-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica+and+the+Law+of+the+Sea&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-1823-1&rft.aulast=Joyner&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy6JAr747H60C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLettinck2021" class="citation book cs1">Lettinck, Paul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lB0QKKodRzYC">Aristotle's Meteorology and Its Reception in the Arab World</a>. Leiden; Boston (Massachusetts): <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44917-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-44917-6"><bdi>978-90-04-44917-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Meteorology+and+Its+Reception+in+the+Arab+World&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston+%28Massachusetts%29&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-44917-6&rft.aulast=Lettinck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlB0QKKodRzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCroneMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1">McCrone, David; McPherson, Gayle, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationaldayscons0000unse/page/n5/mode/2up">National Days: Constructing and Mobilising National Identity</a>. Basingstoke, UK: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02302-5-117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-02302-5-117-5"><bdi>978-02302-5-117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Days%3A+Constructing+and+Mobilising+National+Identity&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+UK&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-02302-5-117-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationaldayscons0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonteath1997" class="citation book cs1">Monteath, Colin (1997). Hall & Ball Kiwi Mountaineers: from Mount Cook to Everest. Christchurch: Cloudcap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938567-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938567-42-4"><bdi>978-0-938567-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hall+%26+Ball+Kiwi+Mountaineers%3A+from+Mount+Cook+to+Everest&rft.place=Christchurch&rft.pub=Cloudcap&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-938567-42-4&rft.aulast=Monteath&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OS-3VdihoooC">The Strait of Magellan</a>. Dordrecht; London: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers#Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-0181-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-0181-3"><bdi>978-0-7923-0181-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strait+of+Magellan&rft.place=Dordrecht%3B+London&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-0181-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOS-3VdihoooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyne2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Pyne" title="Stephen J. Pyne">Pyne, Stephen J.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WnwzDAAAQBAJ">The Ice: A Journey to Antarctica</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80523-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80523-8"><bdi>978-0-295-80523-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ice%3A+A+Journey+to+Antarctica&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80523-8&rft.aulast=Pyne&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWnwzDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiffenburgh2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beau_Riffenburgh" title="Beau Riffenburgh">Riffenburgh, Beau</a>, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mUPEAAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of the Antarctic</a>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-7866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-7866-5"><bdi>978-1-1358-7866-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-1358-7866-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mUPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohliVega2018" class="citation book cs1">Rohli, Robert V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umokDwAAQBAJ">Climatology</a> (4th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-12656-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-12656-3"><bdi>978-1-284-12656-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climatology&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-284-12656-3&rft.aulast=Rohli&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft.au=Vega%2C+Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumokDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1986" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Alan (1986). <a href="/wiki/Norris_McWhirter" title="Norris McWhirter">McWhirter, Norris</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1986guinnessbook00mcwh/page/n3/mode/2up">1986 Guinness Book of Records</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing" title="Sterling Publishing">Sterling Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-4768-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8069-4768-6"><bdi>978-0-8069-4768-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1986+Guinness+Book+of+Records&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8069-4768-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1986guinnessbook00mcwh%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottHiattMcIlroy2012" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Anne W.; Hiatt, Alfred; McIlroy, Claire, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Qe9vX4nbUC">European Perceptions of Terra Australis</a>. Farnham, UK: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3941-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-3941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Perceptions+of+Terra+Australis&rft.place=Farnham%2C+UK&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-3941-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4Qe9vX4nbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegertFlorindo2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Siegert" title="Martin Siegert">Siegert, Martin</a>; Florindo, Fabio, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUu-x70CZEcC">Antarctic Climate Evolution</a>. Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-093161-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-093161-6"><bdi>978-0-08-093161-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Climate+Evolution&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-093161-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUu-x70CZEcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Stromberg, O.; et al. (1991). Nemoto, Takahisa; Mauchline, John (eds.). Marine Biology: Its Accomplishment and Future Prospect. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-98696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-98696-2"><bdi>978-0-444-98696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marine+Biology%3A+Its+Accomplishment+and+Future+Prospect&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-444-98696-2&rft.aulast=Stromberg&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStonehouse2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stonehouse" title="Bernard Stonehouse">Stonehouse, Bernard</a>, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the Southern Oceans. Chichester: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98665-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98665-2"><bdi>978-0-471-98665-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antarctica+and+the+Southern+Oceans&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-471-98665-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2007" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David Neville (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/survivingantarct0000thom/page/n1/mode/2up">Surviving Antarctica</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-565-09217-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-565-09217-7"><bdi>978-0-565-09217-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Antarctica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-565-09217-7&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurvivingantarct0000thom%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_TigerstromLeane2005" class="citation book cs1">Von Tigerstrom, Barbara; Leane, Geoffrey W. G., eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_dADwAAQBAJ">International Law Issues in the South Pacific</a>. Aldershot, UK; Burlington, Vermont: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4419-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4419-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-4419-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+Issues+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK%3B+Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4419-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_dADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewby2002" class="citation book cs1">Trewby, Mary, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116404808481/page/n5/mode/2up">Antarctica: An Encyclopedia from Abbott Ice Shelf to Zooplankton</a>. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55297-590-9"><bdi>978-1-55297-590-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+An+Encyclopedia+from+Abbott+Ice+Shelf+to+Zooplankton&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55297-590-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116404808481%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf">"British Antarctic Survey"</a> (PDF). bas.ac.uk. British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=British+Antarctic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bas.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F03%2F2239182604BAS-Strategy-2024-2034-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/site/assets/files/53908/australian-antarctic-science-strategic-plan.pdf">"Australian Antarctic Science Strategic Plan"</a> (PDF). Australian Antarctic Science Council. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+Antarctic+Science+Strategic+Plan&rft.pub=Australian+Antarctic+Science+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fsite%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2F53908%2Faustralian-antarctic-science-strategic-plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26338/mid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research">Mid-Term Assessment of Progress on the 2015 Strategic Vision for Antarctic and Southern Ocean Research</a>. The National Academies Press. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F26338">10.17226/26338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-26818-9"><bdi>978-0-309-26818-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-Term+Assessment+of+Progress+on+the+2015+Strategic+Vision+for+Antarctic+and+Southern+Ocean+Research&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F26338&rft.isbn=978-0-309-26818-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fcatalog%2F26338%2Fmid-term-assessment-of-progress-on-the-2015-strategic-vision-for-antarctic-and-southern-ocean-research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/weather-and-climate/climate-change/ice-sheets-and-sea-level-rise/">"ICE SHEETS AND SEA-LEVEL RISE"</a>. antarctica.gov.au. Australian Antarctic Program. 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=antarctica.gov.au&rft.atitle=ICE+SHEETS+AND+SEA-LEVEL+RISE&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.gov.au%2Fabout-antarctica%2Fweather-and-climate%2Fclimate-change%2Fice-sheets-and-sea-level-rise%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>De Pomereu, Jean; and McCahey, Daniella. Antarctica: A History in 100 Objects (Conway, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58558">online book review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt2021" class="citation book cs1">Kleinschmidt, Georg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783443110345/Kleinschmidt_ed_The_Geology_of_the_A">The geology of the Antarctic continent</a>. Stuttgart: Bornträger Science Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-443-11034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-443-11034-5"><bdi>978-3-443-11034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+geology+of+the+Antarctic+continent&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Borntr%C3%A4ger+Science+Publisher&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-443-11034-5&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweizerbart.de%2Fpublications%2Fdetail%2Fisbn%2F9783443110345%2FKleinschmidt_ed_The_Geology_of_the_A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Mike (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antarctica0000luca/page/n5/mode/2up">Antarctica</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Publishers" title="New Holland Publishers">New Holland Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85368-743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85368-743-3"><bdi>978-1-85368-743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85368-743-3&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantarctica0000luca%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Mardon" title="Austin Mardon">Mardon, Austin Albert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Mardon" title="Catherine Mardon">Mardon, Catherine</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/useofgeographicr0000mard/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater">The use of geographic remote sensing, mapping and aerial photography to aid in the recovery of blue ice surficial meteorites in Antarctica</a>. Edmonton: Golden Meteorite Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18974-7-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-18974-7-235-4"><bdi>978-18974-7-235-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+use+of+geographic+remote+sensing%2C+mapping+and+aerial+photography+to+aid+in+the+recovery+of+blue+ice+surficial+meteorites+in+Antarctica&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Golden+Meteorite+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-18974-7-235-4&rft.aulast=Mardon&rft.aufirst=Austin+Albert&rft.au=Mardon%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuseofgeographicr0000mard%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.tips/antarctica-an-encyclopedia-2-volume-set-second-edition.html">Antarctica: An Encyclopedia</a>. Jefferson, N.C. and London: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3590-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3590-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-3590-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.+and+London&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3590-6&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.tips%2Fantarctica-an-encyclopedia-2-volume-set-second-edition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntarctica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ivanov, Lyubomir; Ivanova, Nusha (2022). The World of Antarctica. Generis Publishing. 241 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-88676-403-1">979-8-88676-403-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 3 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="3788" data-mwtitle="En-Antarctica-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/En-Antarctica-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/52/En-Antarctica-article.ogg/En-Antarctica-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Antarctica-article.ogg" title="File:En-Antarctica-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 16 December 2023 (2023-12-16), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Antarctica at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Antarctica" class="extiw" title="c:Antarctica">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Antarctica">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antarctica" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Antarctica">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antarctica" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Antarctica">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Antarctica" class="extiw" title="voy:Antarctica">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ats.aq/">Official website</a> of the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat (de facto government)</li> <li>High resolution map (2022) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rema.apps.pgc.umn.edu/">Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reference_Elevation_Model_of_Antarctica" title="Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica">REMA</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00ss2th">Antarctica.</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey (BAS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usap.gov/">U.S. Antarctic Program Portal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antarctica392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antarctica_topics" title="Template talk:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antarctica topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antarctica392" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctica</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Antarctica" title="Geography of Antarctica">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica" title="Climate of Antarctica">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Antarctica" title="Climate change in Antarctica">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Antarctica_heat_wave" title="2024 Antarctica heat wave">Heat waves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves" title="List of Antarctic ice shelves">Ice shelves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Antarctica" title="Geology of Antarctica">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic" title="List of glaciers in the Antarctic">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ultras_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ultras of Antarctica">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica" title="List of volcanoes in Antarctica">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_realm" title="Antarctic realm">Biogeographic realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">shield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Antarctica" title="Extreme points of Antarctica">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Floristic_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Floristic Kingdom">Floristic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">ice sheet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies of Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_CECs" title="Lake CECs">Lake CECs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Lake_(Antarctica)" title="Mercer Lake (Antarctica)">Lake Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Antarctica" title="List of rivers of Antarctica">List of rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Sound" title="McMurdo Sound">McMurdo Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_flora" title="Antarctic flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_microorganism" title="Antarctic microorganism">Microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Antarctica" title="Wildlife of Antarctica">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Antarctica" title="List of birds of Antarctica">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Antarctica" title="List of mammals of Antarctica">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Krill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica" title="Colonization of Antarctica">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Antarctica" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Antarctica">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Antarctica" title="List of years in Antarctica">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Managers_of_National_Antarctic_Programs" title="Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs">Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_activity_in_the_Antarctic" title="Military activity in the Antarctic">Military activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Antarctic_Program" title="National Antarctic Program">National programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Territorial claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Treaty System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_Day" title="Antarctica Day">Antarctica Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Antarctica" title="Crime in Antarctica">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antarctica" title="Demographics of Antarctica">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Antarctica">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_field_camps" title="Antarctic field camps">Field camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_in_Antarctica" title="Firefighting in Antarctica">Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Antarctica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Antarctica">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_gateway_cities" title="Antarctic gateway cities">Gateway cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwinter_Day" title="Midwinter Day">Midwinter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Protected_Area" title="Antarctic Protected Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antarctica" title="Religion in Antarctica">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Research stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antarctica" title="Telecommunications in Antarctica">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Antarctica" title="Time in Antarctica">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Antarctica" title="Tourism in Antarctica">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Antarctica" title="Transport in Antarctica">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Antarctica" title="Women in Antarctica">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Famous explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Roald Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Richard E. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Douglas Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ui-te-Rangiora" title="Ui-te-Rangiora">Ui-te-Rangiora</a> (legendary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Robert Falcon Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antarctica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Antarctica">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Antarctica-related_articles" title="Index of Antarctica-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continents_of_Earth513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continents_of_Earth513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctica</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li>Other prehistoric continents <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>Possible future supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_deserts534" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deserts" title="Template:Deserts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deserts" title="Template talk:Deserts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deserts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_deserts534" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts" title="List of deserts">List of deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts_by_area" title="List of deserts by area">List of deserts by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_exploration" title="Desert exploration">Desert exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Africa" title="List of deserts">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayuda_Desert" title="Bayuda Desert">Bayuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Desert_(Egypt)" title="Black Desert (Egypt)">Black Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Desert" title="Blue Desert">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalbi_Desert" title="Chalbi Desert">Chalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danakil_Desert" title="Danakil Desert">Danakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djurab_Desert" title="Djurab Desert">Djurab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferlo_Desert" title="Ferlo Desert">Ferlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farafra,_Egypt" title="Farafra, Egypt">Farafra (White)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes_Desert" title="Moçâmedes Desert">Moçâmedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiri_Desert" title="Nyiri Desert">Nyiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaine_des_Sables" title="Plaine des Sables">Plaine des Sables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richtersveld" title="Richtersveld">Richtersveld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezrouft" title="Tanezrouft">Tanezrouft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Ténéré">Ténéré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert" title="Western Desert">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Asia" title="List of deserts">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad-Dahna_Desert" title="Ad-Dahna Desert">Ad-Dahna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Nafud" class="mw-redirect" title="An Nafud">Nefud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlat_al-Sab%27atayn" title="Ramlat al-Sab'atayn">Ramlat al-Sab'atayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiba_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahiba Sands">Wahiba Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Karakum_Desert" title="Aral Karakum Desert">Aral Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsuki_Desert" title="Barsuki Desert">Barsuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betpak-Dala" title="Betpak-Dala">Betpak-Dala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Dasht-e Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiynkum_Desert" title="Moiynkum Desert">Moiynkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryn_Desert" title="Ryn Desert">Ryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saryesik-Atyrau_Desert" title="Saryesik-Atyrau Desert">Saryesik-Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarykum" title="Sarykum">Sarykum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukum" title="Taukum">Taukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustyurt_Plateau" title="Ustyurt Plateau">Ustyurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hami_Desert" title="Hami Desert">Hami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_Desert" title="Lop Desert">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Desert" title="Ordos Desert">Ordos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kubuqi_Desert" title="Kubuqi Desert">Kubuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_Us_Desert" title="Mu Us Desert">Mu Us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaidam_Basin" title="Qaidam Basin">Qaidam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholistan_Desert" title="Cholistan Desert">Cholistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katpana_Desert" title="Katpana Desert">Katpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thal_Desert" title="Thal Desert">Thal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Khash" title="Dasht-e Khash">Khash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Leili" title="Dasht-e Leili">Leili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Lut" title="Dasht-e Lut">Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Margo" title="Dasht-e Margo">Margo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Naomid" title="Dasht-e Naomid">Naomid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polond_Desert" title="Polond Desert">Polond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan_Desert" title="Registan Desert">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Sand_Dunes" title="La Paz Sand Dunes">La Paz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Europe" title="List of deserts">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardenas_Reales" title="Bardenas Reales">Bardenas Reales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_de_Gata-N%C3%ADjar_Natural_Park" title="Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park">Cabo de Gata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegros_Desert" title="Monegros Desert">Monegros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleshky_Sands" title="Oleshky Sands">Oleshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernas_Desert" title="Tabernas Desert">Tabernas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliblatska_Pe%C5%A1%C4%8Dara" title="Deliblatska Peščara">Deliblato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#North_America" title="List of deserts">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvord_Desert" title="Alvord Desert">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amargosa_Desert" title="Amargosa Desert">Amargosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_desert" title="Baja California desert">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock_Desert" title="Black Rock Desert">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcross_Desert" title="Carcross Desert">Carcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Desert" title="Carson Desert">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channeled_Scablands" title="Channeled Scablands">Channeled scablands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Desert" title="Colorado Desert">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_Desert" title="Escalante Desert">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Mile_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty Mile Desert">Forty Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Desierto_de_Altar" title="Gran Desierto de Altar">Gran Desierto de Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake_Desert" title="Great Salt Lake Desert">Great Salt Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Desert_(Oregon)" title="High Desert (Oregon)">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jornada_del_Muerto" title="Jornada del Muerto">Jornada del Muerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechuguilla_Desert" title="Lechuguilla Desert">Lechuguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owyhee_Desert" title="Owyhee Desert">Owyhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevier_Desert" title="Sevier Desert">Sevier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_Creek_Desert" title="Smoke Creek Desert">Smoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah_Desert" title="Tonopah Desert">Tonopah Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Tule Desert (Arizona)">Tule (Arizona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Desert_(Nevada)" title="Tule Desert (Nevada)">Tule (Nevada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuha_Desert" title="Yuha Desert">Yuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_Desert" title="Yuma Desert">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Oceania" title="List of deserts">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Australia" title="List of deserts">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Desert" title="Gibson Desert">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sandy_Desert" title="Great Sandy Desert">Great Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Desert" title="Great Victoria Desert">Great Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sandy_Desert" title="Little Sandy Desert">Little Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Plain" title="Nullarbor Plain">Nullarbor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(South_Australia)" title="Painted Desert (South Australia)">Painted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedirka_Desert" title="Pedirka Desert">Pedirka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_Desert" title="Simpson Desert">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Desert" title="Strzelecki Desert">Strzelecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturt_Stony_Desert" title="Sturt Stony Desert">Sturt Stony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanami_Desert" title="Tanami Desert">Tanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirari_Desert" title="Tirari Desert">Tirari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#New_Zealand" title="List of deserts">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rangipo_Desert" title="Rangipo Desert">Rangipo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#South_America" title="List of deserts">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Guajira_Desert" title="La Guajira Desert">La Guajira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9danos_de_Coro_National_Park" title="Médanos de Coro National Park">Los Médanos de Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Desert" title="Monte Desert">Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Desert" title="Patagonian Desert">Patagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechura_Desert" title="Sechura Desert">Sechura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatacoa_Desert" title="Tatacoa Desert">Tatacoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Polar_regions" title="List of deserts">Polar regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Antarctic" title="List of deserts">Antarctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Desert" title="Meyer Desert">Meyer Desert</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_deserts#Arctic" title="List of deserts">Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Arctic" title="North American Arctic">North American Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deserts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deserts">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts" title="Category:Deserts">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deserts" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Deserts">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polar_exploration21" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polar_exploration" title="Template talk:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polar_exploration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polar exploration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polar_exploration21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polar_exploration" title="Polar exploration">Polar exploration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">Arctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Ocean_*_History_*_Expeditions_*_Research_stations364"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_exploration" title="Arctic exploration">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arctic_expeditions" title="List of Arctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic" title="List of research stations in the Arctic">Research stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_North" title="Farthest North">Farthest North</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marmaduke" title="Thomas Marmaduke">Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Carolus" title="Joris Carolus">Carolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_magnetic_pole" title="North magnetic pole">North magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israel_Hayes" title="Isaac Israel Hayes">Hayes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaris_expedition" title="Polaris expedition">Polaris expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Polaris_(1871)" title="USS Polaris (1871)">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Hall" title="Charles Francis Hall">C. F. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Bessels" title="Emil Bessels">Bessels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Expedition" title="British Arctic Expedition">British Arctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alert_(1856)" title="HMS Alert (1856)">HMS Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1874)" title="HMS Discovery (1874)">HMS Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick_Stephenson" title="Henry Frederick Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hastings_Markham" title="Albert Hastings Markham">Markham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Franklin_Bay_Expedition" title="Lady Franklin Bay Expedition">Lady Franklin Bay Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Greely" title="Adolphus Greely">Greely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockwood" title="James B. Lockwood">Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Brainard" title="David L. Brainard">Brainard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen%27s_Fram_expedition" title="Nansen's Fram expedition">Nansen's Fram expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Johansen" title="Hjalmar Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Amedeo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_balloon_expedition" title="Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition">Andrée's balloon expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_August_Andr%C3%A9e" title="Salomon August Andrée">S. A. Andrée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">F. Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henson" title="Matthew Henson">Henson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norge_(airship)" title="Norge (airship)">Norge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Nobile" title="Umberto Nobile">Nobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Riiser-Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ellsworth" title="Lincoln Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italia_(airship)" title="Italia (airship)">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_O-12_(SS-73)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS O-12 (SS-73)">Nautilus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Wilkins" title="Hubert Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-25" title="Tupolev ANT-25">ANT-25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Chkalov" title="Valery Chkalov">Chkalov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Baydukov" title="Georgy Baydukov">Baydukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasilyevich_Belyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov">Belyakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_ice_station" title="Drifting ice station">Drifting ice stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-1" title="North Pole-1">NP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Papanin" title="Ivan Papanin">Papanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Shirshov" title="Pyotr Shirshov">Shirshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Fyodorov_(scientist)" title="Yevgeny Fyodorov (scientist)">E. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krenkel" title="Ernst Krenkel">Krenkel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-36" title="North Pole-36">NP-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole-37" title="North Pole-37">NP-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiy_Sedov_(1908_icebreaker)" title="Georgiy Sedov (1908 icebreaker)">Georgiy Sedov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Badygin" title="Konstantin Badygin">Badygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)" title="USS Nautilus (SSN-571)">USS Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Skate_(SSN-578)" title="USS Skate (SSN-578)">USS Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Plaisted" title="Ralph Plaisted">Plaisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Herbert" title="Wally Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_(1972_icebreaker)" title="Arktika (1972 icebreaker)">NS Arktika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barneo" title="Barneo">Barneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika_2007" title="Arktika 2007">Arktika 2007</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)">Mir submersibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sagalevich" title="Anatoly Sagalevich">Sagalevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov" title="Artur Chilingarov">Chilingarov</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papar" title="Papar">Papar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnbj%C3%B6rn_Ulfsson" title="Gunnbjörn Ulfsson">Gunnbjörn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6bj%C3%B6rn_galti" title="Snæbjörn galti">Snæbjörn galti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_IV%27s_expeditions_to_Greenland" title="Christian IV's expeditions to Greenland">Christian IV's expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Hall_(explorer)" title="James Hall (explorer)">J. Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cunningham_(explorer)" title="John Cunningham (explorer)">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godske_Lindenov" title="Godske Lindenov">Lindenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Richardson" title="Carsten Richardson">C. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Egede" title="Hans Egede">Egede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">Scoresby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">G. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">M. Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Gilbert" title="Humphrey Gilbert">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(explorer)" title="John Davis (explorer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_(1602_ship)" title="Discovery (1602 ship)">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bylot" title="Robert Bylot">Bylot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baffin" title="William Baffin">Baffin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Munk" title="Jens Munk">Munk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)" title="Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)">I. Fyodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Discovery_(1774)" title="HMS Discovery (1774)">HMS Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clerke" title="Charles Clerke">Clerke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Kotzebue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Ross (Royal Navy officer)">J. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Griper_(1813)" title="HMS Griper (1813)">HMS Griper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Parry" title="William Edward Parry">Parry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Hecla_(1815)" title="HMS Hecla (1815)">HMS Hecla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Lyon" title="George Francis Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Fury_(1814)" title="HMS Fury (1814)">HMS Fury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Parkyns_Hoppner" title="Henry Parkyns Hoppner">Hoppner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppermine_expedition" title="Coppermine expedition">Coppermine expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Back" title="George Back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Warren_Dease" title="Peter Warren Dease">Dease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Simpson_(explorer)" title="Thomas Simpson (explorer)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Blossom_(1806)" title="HMS Blossom (1806)">HMS Blossom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Beechey" title="Frederick William Beechey">Beechey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition" title="Franklin's lost expedition">Franklin's lost expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Collinson" title="Richard Collinson">Collinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae%E2%80%93Richardson_Arctic_expedition" title="Rae–Richardson Arctic expedition">Rae–Richardson expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rae_(explorer)" title="John Rae (explorer)">Rae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" title="John Richardson (naturalist)">J. Richardson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Thomas_Austin" title="Horatio Thomas Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClure_Arctic_expedition" title="McClure Arctic expedition">McClure expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Investigator_(1848)" title="HMS Investigator (1848)">HMS Investigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClure" title="Robert McClure">McClure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolute_(1850)" title="HMS Resolute (1850)">HMS Resolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kellett" title="Henry Kellett">Kellett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Belcher" title="Edward Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(explorer)" title="William Kennedy (explorer)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ren%C3%A9_Bellot" title="Joseph René Bellot">Bellot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_(1850_ship)" title="Isabel (1850 ship)">Isabel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Inglefield" title="Edward Augustus Inglefield">Inglefield</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Grinnell_expedition" title="Second Grinnell expedition">2nd Grinnell expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Advance_(1847)" title="USS Advance (1847)">USS Advance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Kent_Kane" title="Elisha Kent Kane">Kane</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_(ship)" title="Fox (ship)">Fox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_McClintock" title="Leopold McClintock">McClintock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">HMS Pandora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Young" title="Allen Young">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sverdrup" title="Otto Sverdrup">Sverdrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B8a" title="Gjøa">Gjøa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Rasmussen" title="Knud Rasmussen">Rasmussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_voyage_of_the_Karluk" title="Last voyage of the Karluk">Karluk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson" title="Vilhjalmur Stefansson">Stefansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(explorer)" title="Robert Bartlett (explorer)">Bartlett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Roch_(ship)" title="St. Roch (ship)">St. Roch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Larsen_(explorer)" title="Henry Larsen (explorer)">H. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scott_Cowper" title="David Scott Cowper">Cowper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">North East Passage</a> <a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Russian Arctic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomors" title="Pomors">Pomors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_(boat)" title="Koch (boat)">Koch boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Barentsz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Heemskerck" title="Jacob van Heemskerck">Heemskerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangazeya" title="Mangazeya">Mangazeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Poole" title="Jonas Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Cossacks" title="Siberian Cossacks">Siberian Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Perfilyev" title="Ilya Perfilyev">Perfilyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Stadukhin" title="Mikhail Stadukhin">Stadukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnev" title="Semyon Dezhnev">Dezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedot_Alekseyevich_Popov" title="Fedot Alekseyevich Popov">Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov" title="Kurbat Ivanov">Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkury_Vagin" title="Merkury Vagin">Vagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Permyakov" title="Yakov Permyakov">Permyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition" title="Great Northern Expedition">Great Northern Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitus_Bering" title="Vitus Bering">Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Chirikov" title="Aleksei Chirikov">Chirikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Malygin" title="Stepan Malygin">Malygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn" title="Dmitry Ovtsyn">Ovtsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Minin" title="Fyodor Minin">Minin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Pronchishchev" title="Vasili Pronchishchev">V. Pronchishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pronchishcheva" title="Maria Pronchishcheva">M. Pronchishcheva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin" title="Semyon Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khariton_Laptev" title="Khariton Laptev">Kh. Laptev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev" title="Dmitry Laptev">D. Laptev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Chichagov" title="Vasily Chichagov">Chichagov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lyakhov" title="Ivan Lyakhov">Lyakhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Billings" title="Joseph Billings">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sannikov" title="Yakov Sannikov">Sannikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Gedenshtrom" title="Matvei Gedenshtrom">Gedenshtrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Wrangel" title="Ferdinand von Wrangel">Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matyushkin" title="Fyodor Matyushkin">Matyushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Anjou" title="Pyotr Anjou">Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Benjamin_von_L%C3%BCtke" title="Friedrich Benjamin von Lütke">Litke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lavrov" title="Mikhail Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pakhtusov" title="Pyotr Pakhtusov">Pakhtusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avgust_Tsivolko" title="Avgust Tsivolko">Tsivolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Middendorff" title="Alexander von Middendorff">Middendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_North_Pole_expedition" title="Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition">Austro-Hungarian Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weyprecht" title="Karl Weyprecht">Weyprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Payer" title="Julius von Payer">Payer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_Expedition" title="Vega Expedition">Vega Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Erik_Nordenski%C3%B6ld" title="Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld">A. E. Nordenskiöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Palander" title="Louis Palander">Palander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_expedition" title="Jeannette expedition">Jeannette expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Jeannette_(1878)" title="USS Jeannette (1878)">USS Jeannette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._De_Long" title="George W. De Long">De Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">Melville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermak_(1898_icebreaker)" title="Yermak (1898 icebreaker)">Yermak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Makarov" title="Stepan Makarov">Makarov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(polar_ship)" title="Zarya (polar ship)">Zarya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Toll" title="Eduard von Toll">Toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Kolomeitsev" title="Nikolai Kolomeitsev">Kolomeitsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Matisen" title="Fyodor Matisen">Matisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Kolchak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Sedov" title="Georgy Sedov">Sedov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusanov_expedition" title="Rusanov expedition">Rusanov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov" title="Vladimir Rusanov">Rusanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kuchin" title="Alexander Kuchin">Kuchin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_expedition" title="Brusilov expedition">Brusilov expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svyataya_Anna" title="Svyataya Anna">Sv. Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov" title="Georgy Brusilov">Brusilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Albanov" title="Valerian Albanov">Albanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Konrad" title="Alexander Konrad">Konrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Wiese" title="Vladimir Wiese">Wiese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nag%C3%B3rski" title="Jan Nagórski">Nagórski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymyr_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Taymyr (1909 icebreaker)">Taymyr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_(1909_icebreaker)" title="Vaygach (1909 icebreaker)">Vaygach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky" title="Boris Vilkitsky">Vilkitsky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_(ship)" title="Maud (ship)">Maud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_and_Antarctic_Research_Institute" title="Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute">AARI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Samoylovich" title="Rudolf Samoylovich">Samoylovich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikifor_Begichev" title="Nikifor Begichev">Begichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev" title="Nikolay Urvantsev">Urvantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko_(1913_icebreaker)" title="Sadko (1913 icebreaker)">Sadko</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov" title="Georgy Ushakov">Ushakov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route" title="Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route">Glavsevmorput</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schmidt" title="Otto Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviaarktika" title="Aviaarktika">Aviaarktika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Shevelev" title="Mark Shevelev">Shevelev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Sibiryakov_(icebreaker)" title="A. Sibiryakov (icebreaker)">A. Sibiryakov</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Voronin_(captain)" title="Vladimir Voronin (captain)">Voronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Chelyuskin" title="SS Chelyuskin">Chelyuskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krassin_(1916_icebreaker)" title="Krassin (1916 icebreaker)">Krassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gakkel" title="Yakov Gakkel">Gakkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear-powered_icebreaker" title="Nuclear-powered icebreaker">Nuclear-powered icebreakers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_(1957_icebreaker)" title="Lenin (1957 icebreaker)">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arktika-class_icebreaker" title="Arktika-class icebreaker">Arktika-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">icebreaker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctic21" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic exploration">Antarctic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Continent_*_History_*_Expeditions520"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Antarctica" title="History of Antarctica">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_expeditions" title="List of Antarctic expeditions">Expeditions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_la_Roch%C3%A9" title="Anthony de la Roché">Roché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Bouvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Joseph_de_Kerguelen-Tr%C3%A9marec" title="Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(mariner)" title="William Smith (mariner)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Telmo_(Spanish_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Telmo (Spanish ship)">San Telmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)" title="Vostok (sloop-of-war)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)" title="Mirny (sloop-of-war)">Mirny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev" title="Mikhail Lazarev">Lazarev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bransfield" title="Edward Bransfield">Bransfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(sealer)" title="John Davis (sealer)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Morrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Dumont d'Urville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Vincennes_(1826)" title="USS Vincennes (1826)">USS Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Wilkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(1836)" title="USS Porpoise (1836)">USS Porpoise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadwalader_Ringgold" title="Cadwalader Ringgold">Ringgold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_expedition" title="Ross expedition">Ross expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abernethy_(explorer)" title="Thomas Abernethy (explorer)">Abernethy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercator_Cooper" title="Mercator Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition">Challenger expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)" title="HMS Challenger (1858)">HMS Challenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nares" title="George Nares">Nares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(oceanographer)" title="John Murray (oceanographer)">Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(1881_ship)" title="Jason (1881 ship)">Jason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Heroic_Age_of_Antarctic_Exploration" title="Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration">Heroic Age</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Belgian Antarctic Expedition">Belgian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RV_Belgica_(1884)" title="RV Belgica (1884)">Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_de_Gerlache" title="Adrien de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lecointe_(explorer)" title="Georges Lecointe (explorer)">Lecointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Cook" title="Frederick Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Arctowski" title="Henryk Arctowski">Arctowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Boles%C5%82aw_Dobrowolski" title="Antoni Bolesław Dobrowolski">Dobrowolski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Southern_Cross_(1886)" title="SS Southern Cross (1886)">Southern Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRS_Discovery" title="RRS Discovery">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Hut" title="Discovery Hut">Discovery Hut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_expedition" title="Gauss expedition">Gauss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauss_(ship)" title="Gauss (ship)">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Drygalski" title="Erich von Drygalski">Drygalski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Swedish Antarctic Expedition">Swedish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_(ship)" title="Antarctic (ship)">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Nordenskj%C3%B6ld" title="Otto Nordenskjöld">O. Nordenskjöld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Larsen" title="Carl Anton Larsen">C. A. Larsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Scottish National Antarctic Expedition">Scottish Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_(barque)" title="Scotia (barque)">Scotia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadas_Base" title="Orcadas Base">Orcadas Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(1867_ship)" title="Nimrod (1867 ship)">Nimrod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Antarctic_Expedition" title="French Antarctic Expedition">French Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pourquoi-Pas_(1908)" title="Pourquoi-Pas (1908)">Pourquoi-Pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charcot" title="Jean-Baptiste Charcot">Charcot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Japanese Antarctic Expedition">Japanese Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobu_Shirase" title="Nobu Shirase">Shirase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framheim" title="Framheim">Framheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_(ship)" title="Terra Nova (ship)">Terra Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">E. R. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Crean_(explorer)" title="Tom Crean (explorer)">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lashly" title="William Lashly">Lashly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Filchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Australasian Antarctic Expedition">Australasian Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SY_Aurora" title="SY Aurora">SY Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party" title="Far Eastern Party">Far Eastern Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird" title="Voyage of the James Caird">James Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea_party" title="Ross Sea party">Ross Sea party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh" title="Aeneas Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest_(ship)" title="Quest (ship)">Quest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Polar_Year" title="International Polar Year">IPY</a> · <a href="/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year" title="International Geophysical Year">IGY</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Modern research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Australian_and_New_Zealand_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="British Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition">BANZARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Graham_Land_expedition" title="British Graham Land expedition">BGLE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rymill" title="John Rymill">Rymill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ritscher" title="Alfred Ritscher">Ritscher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tabarin" title="Operation Tabarin">Operation Tabarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(biologist)" title="James Marr (biologist)">Marr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Highjump" title="Operation Highjump">Operation Highjump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Arturo_Prat_Base" title="Captain Arturo Prat Base">Captain Arturo Prat Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Survey" title="British Antarctic Survey">British Antarctic Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windmill" title="Operation Windmill">Operation Windmill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ketchum" title="Gerald Ketchum">Ketchum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronne_Antarctic_Research_Expedition" title="Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition">Ronne Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finn_Ronne" title="Finn Ronne">F. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Ronne" title="Jackie Ronne">E. Ronne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Schlossbach" title="Isaac Schlossbach">Schlossbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deep_Freeze" title="Operation Deep Freeze">Operation Deep Freeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_Station" title="McMurdo Station">McMurdo Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition" title="Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition">Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Soviet Antarctic Expedition">Soviet Antarctic Expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition">1st</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Somov" title="Mikhail Somov">Somov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Klenova" title="Maria Klenova">Klenova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirny_Station" title="Mirny Station">Mirny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">2nd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Tryoshnikov" title="Alexey Tryoshnikov">Tryoshnikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition" title="3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition">3rd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transglobe_Expedition" title="Transglobe Expedition">Transglobe Expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Fiennes" title="Ranulph Fiennes">Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Burton" title="Charles R. Burton">Burton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Vostok" title="Lake Vostok">Lake Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kapitsa" title="Andrey Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farthest_South" title="Farthest South">Farthest South</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Resolution_(1771)" title="HMS Resolution (1771)">HMS Resolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">J. Cook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Adventure_(1771)" title="HMS Adventure (1771)">HMS Adventure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Furneaux" title="Tobias Furneaux">Furneaux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">Weddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Erebus_(1826)" title="HMS Erebus (1826)">HMS Erebus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">J. C. Ross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Terror_(1813)" title="HMS Terror (1813)">HMS Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crozier" title="Francis Crozier">Crozier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Expedition" title="Southern Cross Expedition">Southern Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Borchgrevink" title="Carsten Borchgrevink">Borchgrevink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Expedition" title="Discovery Expedition">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barne" title="Michael Barne">Barne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod_Expedition" title="Nimrod Expedition">Nimrod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Marshall" title="Eric Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameson_Adams" title="Jameson Adams">Adams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_magnetic_pole" title="South magnetic pole">South magnetic pole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mawson" title="Douglas Mawson">Mawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeworth_David" title="Edgeworth David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Mackay" title="Alistair Mackay">Mackay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition" title="Amundsen's South Pole expedition">Amundsen's South Pole expedition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(ship)" title="Fram (ship)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roald_Amundsen" title="Roald Amundsen">Amundsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Bjaaland" title="Olav Bjaaland">Bjaaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmer_Hanssen" title="Helmer Hanssen">Helmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverre_Hassel" title="Sverre Hassel">Hassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wisting" title="Oscar Wisting">Wisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polheim" title="Polheim">Polheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Evans" title="Edgar Evans">E. Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Oates" title="Lawrence Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Robertson_Bowers" title="Henry Robertson Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsley_Cherry-Garrard" title="Apsley Cherry-Garrard">Cherry-Garrard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd" title="Richard E. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernt_Balchen" title="Bernt Balchen">Balchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Chadbourne_McKinley" title="Ashley Chadbourne McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Dufek" title="George J. Dufek">Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen%E2%80%93Scott_South_Pole_Station" title="Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station">Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs" title="Vivian Fuchs">V. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Cold" title="Pole of Cold">Pole of Cold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_Station" title="Vostok Station">Vostok Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility" title="Pole of inaccessibility">Pole of inaccessibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pole_of_Inaccessibility_research_station" title="Pole of Inaccessibility research station">Pole of Inaccessibility research station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov" title="Yevgeny Tolstikov">Tolstikov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Crary" title="Albert P. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arved_Fuchs" title="Arved Fuchs">A. Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Messner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/21px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/32px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/42px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Argentina" title="Portal:Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Cercophonius_squama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/21px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/32px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Cercophonius_squama.jpg/42px-Cercophonius_squama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1606" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Arthropods" title="Portal:Arthropods">Arthropods</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/16px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/24px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/32px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/21px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/42px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/21px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/42px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/21px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/32px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/42px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Fish" title="Portal:Fish">Fish</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/21px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/32px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/42px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="2986" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Maps" title="Portal:Maps">Maps</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/21px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/32px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yellow.tang.arp.jpg/42px-Yellow.tang.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1039" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Marine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/42px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/21px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/42px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/19px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/29px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png/38px-Pleuroceras_ammonite_with_no_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2839" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/21px-Lizardicon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/32px-Lizardicon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lizardicon.svg/42px-Lizardicon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="60" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Reptiles" title="Portal:Reptiles">Reptiles</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/21px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/42px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Africa" title="Portal:South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/19px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Drinking_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/12px-Drinking_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/19px-Drinking_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Drinking_water.jpg/25px-Drinking_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Water" title="Portal:Water">Water</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/19px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/29px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2085" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2085" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3449154260907624480002">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1239992/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3MgKfJkXRcGFdpVMHG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4192069-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005490">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128383&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000135268&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cbnhh0cvc58m">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295597305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/c193183a-7b51-40c9-919b-37d33efe5b96">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041753">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035701">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42863">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Antarctica&params=90_S_0_E_region:AQ_scale:60000000">90°S 0°E / 90°S 0°E / -90; 0</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1275317471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1275317471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctica" title="Category:Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctic_region" title="Category:Antarctic region">Antarctic region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Continents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demilitarized_zones" title="Category:Demilitarized zones">Demilitarized zones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extreme_points_of_Earth" title="Category:Extreme points of Earth">Extreme points of Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polar_regions_of_the_Earth" title="Category:Polar regions of the Earth">Polar regions of the Earth</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Estonian-language_sources_(et)" title="Category:CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)">CS1 Estonian-language sources (et)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_March_2017" title="Category:Use British English from March 2017">Use British English from March 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Dutch-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text">Articles containing Dutch-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_French_(ca._1400-1600)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text">Articles containing Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_English_(1100-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_before_1990" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990">Articles containing potentially dated statements from before 1990</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la)" title="Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)">CS1 Latin-language sources (la)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Official website not in Wikidata">Official website not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_articles_missing_image_alternative_text" title="Category:Geographical articles missing image alternative text">Geographical articles missing image alternative text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 February 2025, at 08:58 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Antarctica</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 256 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-nls2h","wgBackendResponseTime":183,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.187","walltime":"3.803","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25913,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":813909,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18475,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":73,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":901448,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3212.016 1 -total"," 32.35% 1039.033 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.95% 415.832 74 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.48% 336.606 9 Template:Navbox"," 9.58% 307.625 79 Template:Cite_web"," 9.33% 299.655 61 Template:Sfn"," 8.27% 265.493 1 Template:Excerpt"," 7.12% 228.558 1 Template:Polar_exploration"," 7.01% 225.303 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 6.64% 213.210 50 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.118","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22184835,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAinsworth1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAncelBeaulieuGilbert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshworthErwin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBackhausMeeßenDemetsde_Vera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallEaglesEbingerMcClay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBates2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaughmann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaglehole1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirkenmajer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackadder2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBridgeSpoonerRoberts,_Peter_J.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulat2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamari,_Andrea2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron-Ash2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellClaridge1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantrillPoole2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollLopes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChungKimTimmermannHa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChwedorzewskaGiełwanowskaOlechMolina-Montenegro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoetzeeConveyChown2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsonWilliam_R.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConveyBiersmaCasanova-KatnyMaturana2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoriaMolyRegueroSantillana2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrame1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeContoPollard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDefler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglassNewmanSolomon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrewry1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDługosz-LisieckaKrystekKoperGrala2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEldridgeBeckCroftTravouillon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElyCase2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglandHutchinsonSantosoSijp2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldmannWoodburne1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFountainNylenMonaghanBasagic2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancisco_Orrego_VicuñaAugusto_Salinas_Araya1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFretwellPritchardVaughanBamber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGainaMüllerBrownIshihara2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelfoGoinBauzáReguero2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodinho2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriggs2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallbergSergienko2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeadland1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenriques2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHince2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobbs1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooverPikuta2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuiCiChengScambo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHund2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyginus1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasinoski2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiGaoLiShen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingston1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinver2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlagesSalzmannBickertHillenbrand2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinschmidt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKubny2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLettinck2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucibella2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacdonald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCroneMcPherson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonteath1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorawetzThomsKutschan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNormanGibsonBurgess1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlierookJourdanMerleTimms2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOusland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxmanJamiesonFerraccioliBentley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinochet_de_la_Barra,_Óscar1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPourParkParkHong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPress2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPyne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuilty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees-OwenGillNewtonIvanović2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibadeneira1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiffenburgh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohliVega2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollandBernetvan_der_BeekGautheron2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozadillaAgnolinNovasRolando2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvini1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandroConstible\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiermeier2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottHiattMcIlroy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelbmann,_Lde_Hoog,_G_SMazzaglia,_AFriedmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegertFlorindo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithPol2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanilandRatcliffeTrathanForcada2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddart2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStonehouse2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStromberg1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTammiksaar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTammiksaar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrewby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVegaÁngel_Olalla-Tárraga2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_TigerstromLeane2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWauchopeShawTerauds2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisleitner2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodsJonesWattsMiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYermakova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Hoog2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkazilek2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Antarctica\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Bracket\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 76,\n [\"Continents of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 27,\n [\"Coord\"] = 3,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 6,\n [\"Deserts\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 3,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 13,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 5,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 4,\n [\"HMS\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 14,\n [\"Ma\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 13,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Polar exploration\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime\"] = 32,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 61,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 3,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Translit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","600","28.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","260","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::redirectTarget","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.8"],["[others]","500","23.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-j9nb4","timestamp":"20250216141232","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antarctica","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antarctica","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-03T18:49:44Z","dateModified":"2025-02-12T08:58:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f2\/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg","headline":"polar continent"}</script> </body> </html>