CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Carbonate–silicate cycle - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"99b2e358-93fd-497e-8d97-5fd5ffe3649b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Carbonate–silicate_cycle","wgTitle":"Carbonate–silicate cycle","wgCurRevisionId":1254438212,"wgRevisionId":1254438212,"wgArticleId":21051206,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Geochemistry","History of climate variability and change","Climate forcing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Carbonate–silicate_cycle","wgRelevantArticleId":21051206,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q209890","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="884"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="589"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="471"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Carbonate–silicate cycle - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Carbonate–silicate_cycle rootpage-Carbonate–silicate_cycle skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_the_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_the_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview of the cycle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_of_the_cycle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview of the cycle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_the_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_chemical_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physical and chemical processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_chemical_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feedbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feedbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Feedbacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feedbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_through_Earth_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_through_Earth_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Changes through Earth history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_through_Earth_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_cycle_on_other_planets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_cycle_on_other_planets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The cycle on other planets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_cycle_on_other_planets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carbonate–silicate cycle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دورة كربونات-سيليكات الجيوكيميائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورة كربونات-سيليكات الجيوكيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonat-Silicat-Zyklus" title="Carbonat-Silicat-Zyklus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carbonat-Silicat-Zyklus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonat-silikat-ciklo" title="Karbonat-silikat-ciklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbonat-silikat-ciklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%93%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="چرخه کربنات–سیلیکات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه کربنات–سیلیکات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonaat-silicaat-cyclus" title="Carbonaat-silicaat-cyclus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carbonaat-silicaat-cyclus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cykl_w%C4%99glanowo-krzemianowy" title="Cykl węglanowo-krzemianowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cykl węglanowo-krzemianowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonaatti-silikaattikierto" title="Karbonaatti-silikaattikierto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karbonaatti-silikaattikierto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209890#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&oldid=1254438212" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&id=1254438212&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarbonate%25E2%2580%2593silicate_cycle"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCarbonate%25E2%2580%2593silicate_cycle"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q209890" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_(Carbon_Cycle_focus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg/440px-Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>This figure describes the geological aspects and processes of the carbonate silicate cycle, within the long-term carbon cycle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>carbonate–silicate <a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical cycle</a></b>, also known as the <b>inorganic carbon cycle</b>, describes the long-term transformation of <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> rocks to <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">carbonate</a> rocks by <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Urey_1952_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urey_1952-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1981_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> is removed from the atmosphere during burial of weathered minerals and returned to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> through <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>. On million-year time scales, the carbonate-silicate cycle is a key factor in controlling Earth's climate because it regulates <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels and therefore global temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1981_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rate of weathering is sensitive to factors that change how much land is exposed. These factors include <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, these geomorphic and chemical changes have worked in tandem with solar forcing, whether due to orbital changes or stellar evolution, to determine the <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global surface temperature</a>. Additionally, the carbonate-silicate cycle has been considered a possible solution to the <a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">faint young Sun paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker1981_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_the_cycle">Overview of the cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of the cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg/440px-Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg/660px-Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Carbon-Slicate_Cycle_Feedbacks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>This schematic shows the relationship between the different physical and chemical processes that make up the carbonate-silicate cycle.</figcaption></figure><p>The carbonate-silicate cycle is the primary control on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels over long timescales.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker1981_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker1981-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be seen as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">organic carbon cycle</a>, in which biological processes convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and oxygen via <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanBaross2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_chemical_processes">Physical and chemical processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical and chemical processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg/260px-MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg/390px-MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg/520px-MicroscopicShell_IceAge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Microscopic shells found in sediment cores may be used to determine past climate conditions including ocean temperatures and aspects of atmospheric chemistry.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Carbon cycle</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/160px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/240px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg/320px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">Terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">Atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">Deep carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost_carbon_cycle" title="Permafrost carbon cycle">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests" title="Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests">Boreal forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry_of_carbon" title="Geochemistry of carbon">Geochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">In the atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_measurements_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Space-based measurements of carbon dioxide">Satellite measurements</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of carbon">Forms of carbon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Total_carbon" title="Total carbon">Total carbon</a> (TC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_organic_carbon" title="Total organic carbon">Total organic carbon</a> (TOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_inorganic_carbon" title="Total inorganic carbon">Total inorganic carbon</a> (TIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_carbon" title="Dissolved organic carbon">Dissolved organic carbon</a> (DOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_inorganic_carbon" title="Dissolved inorganic carbon">Dissolved inorganic carbon</a> (DIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulate_organic_matter" title="Particulate organic matter">Particulate organic carbon</a> (POC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulate_inorganic_carbon" title="Particulate inorganic carbon">Particulate inorganic carbon</a> (PIC)</li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">Black carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_carbon" title="Blue carbon">Blue carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">Metabolic pathways</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Krebs_cycle" title="Reverse Krebs cycle">Reverse Krebs cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fixation">Carbon fixation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_respiration" title="Carbon respiration">Carbon respiration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_respiration" title="Ecosystem respiration">Ecosystem respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_ecosystem_production" title="Net ecosystem production">Net ecosystem production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">Soil respiration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon pump">Carbon pumps</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_curve" title="Martin curve">Martin curve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_pump" title="Solubility pump">Solubility pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_pump" title="Lipid pump">Lipid pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelly-falls" title="Jelly-falls">Jelly pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_feces" title="Whale feces">Whale pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_pump" title="Continental shelf pump">Continental shelf pump</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">Carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">pelagic sediment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanogenesis" title="Methanogenesis">Methanogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Wetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_methane_production" title="Aerobic methane production">Aerobic production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">Clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_clathrate" title="Carbon dioxide clathrate">Carbon dioxide clathrate</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_compensation_depth" title="Carbonate compensation depth">Carbonate compensation depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Calcite_Belt" title="Great Calcite Belt">Great Calcite Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_ratio" title="Redfield ratio">Redfield ratio</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_(climate)" title="Proxy (climate)">Climate reconstruction proxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-to-nitrogen_ratio" title="Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio">Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Carbon_Observatory" title="Deep Carbon Observatory">Deep Carbon Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Carbon_Project" title="Global Carbon Project">Global Carbon Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle_re-balancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cycle re-balancing">Carbon cycle re-balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorialisation_of_carbon_governance" title="Territorialisation of carbon governance">Territorialisation of carbon governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Carbon_Column_Observing_Network" title="Total Carbon Column Observing Network">Total Carbon Column Observing Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4MIP" title="C4MIP">C4MIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CO2SYS" title="CO2SYS">CO2SYS</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbon_cycle" title="Category:Carbon cycle">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbon_cycle" title="Template:Carbon cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Carbon_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Carbon cycle (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbon cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The inorganic cycle begins with the production of <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) from rainwater and gaseous carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonan2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonan2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this process, normal rain has a pH of around 5.6.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carbonic acid is a <a href="/wiki/Acid_strength#Weak_acids" title="Acid strength">weak acid</a>, but over long timescales, it can dissolve silicate rocks (as well as carbonate rocks). Most of the Earth's crust (and mantle) is composed of silicates.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSClimateToolkit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These substances break down into dissolved ions as a result. For example, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> (CaSiO<sub>3</sub>), or <a href="/wiki/Wollastonite" title="Wollastonite">wollastonite</a>, reacts with carbon dioxide and water to yield a calcium ion, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, a bicarbonate ion, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and dissolved silica. This reaction structure is representative of general silicate weathering of calcium silicate minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-CatlingKasting2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatlingKasting2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chemical pathway is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CO2 + H2O + CaSiO3 -> Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- + SiO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaSiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2CO2 + H2O + CaSiO3 -> Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- + SiO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/67efa185bdae2bd834ddc57ab4763baf93a1e815" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.06ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2CO2 + H2O + CaSiO3 -> Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- + SiO2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>River runoff carries these products to the ocean, where marine calcifying organisms use Ca<sup>2+</sup> and HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> to build their shells and skeletons, a process called <b>carbonate precipitation</b>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- -> CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>HCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- -> CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ec63397bd8554afd7bad6f0b1b67ffb1e4021f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.607ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Ca^2+ + 2HCO3- -> CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Two molecules of CO<sub>2</sub> are required for silicate rock weathering; marine calcification releases one molecule back to the atmosphere. The calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) contained in shells and skeletons sinks after the marine organism dies and is deposited on the ocean floor. </p><p>The final stage of the process involves the movement of the seafloor. At <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zones</a>, the carbonate sediments are buried and forced back into the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. Some carbonate may be carried deep into the mantle where high pressure and temperature conditions allow it to combine metamorphically with SiO<sub>2</sub> to form CaSiO<sub>3</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub>, which is released from the interior into the atmosphere via volcanism, thermal vents in the ocean, or <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">soda springs</a>, which are natural springs that contain carbon dioxide gas or soda water: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + SiO2 -> CaSiO3 + CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CaCO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CaSiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + SiO2 -> CaSiO3 + CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7f1b653509b2afa45695bf2f1b265bafdfea2044" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:35.142ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + SiO2 -> CaSiO3 + CO2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>This final step returns the second CO<sub>2</sub> molecule to the atmosphere and closes the inorganic <a href="/wiki/Emissions_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Emissions budget">carbon budget</a>. 99.6% of all carbon on Earth (equating to roughly 10<sup>8</sup> billion tons of carbon) is sequestered in the longterm rock reservoir. And essentially all carbon has spent time in the form of carbonate. By contrast, only 0.002% of carbon exists in the biosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSClimateToolkit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feedbacks">Feedbacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Feedbacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes to the surface of the planet, such as an absence of volcanoes or higher sea levels, which would reduce the amount of land surface exposed to weathering can change the rates at which different processes in this cycle take place.<sup id="cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACSClimateToolkit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere may vary due to natural perturbations in the cycle<sup id="cite_ref-Berner1991_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berner1991-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berner1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berner1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berner2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berner2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even more generally, it serves as a critical <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> loop between carbon dioxide levels and climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonan2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonan2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CatlingKasting2017_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatlingKasting2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if CO<sub>2</sub> builds up in the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect will serve to increase the surface temperature, which will in turn increase the rate of rainfall and silicate weathering, which will remove carbon from the atmosphere. In this way, over long timescales, the carbonate-silicate cycle has a stabilizing effect on the Earth's climate, which is why it has been called the Earth's thermostat.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanBaross2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DiVenere_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiVenere-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_through_Earth_history">Changes through Earth history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Changes through Earth history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/190px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/285px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Rock_cycle_nps_2.png/380px-Rock_cycle_nps_2.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="535" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">deep water cycle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Global</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_carbon_cycle" title="Atmospheric carbon cycle">atmospheric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_biological_carbon_cycle" title="Terrestrial biological carbon cycle">terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Sequestration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">mycorrhizal fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests" title="Fire and carbon cycling in boreal forests">Boreal forests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">human impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling" title="Lichens and nitrogen cycling">nitrogen and lichens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">Oxygen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">assimilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">assimilation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">Calcium cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">Silica cycle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methane_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane cycle">Methane cycle</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_methane" title="Atmospheric methane">Atmospheric methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Other cycles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_cycle" title="Aluminum cycle">aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_cycle" title="Arsenic cycle">arsenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_cycle" title="Boron cycle">boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_cycle" title="Bromine cycle">bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_cycle" title="Cadmium cycle">cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_cycle" title="Chlorine cycle">chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_cycle" title="Chromium cycle">chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_cycle" title="Copper cycle">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_cycle" title="Fluorine cycle">fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_cycle" title="Gold cycle">gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_cycle" title="Iodine cycle">iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_cycle" title="Lead cycle">lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_cycle" title="Lithium cycle">lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_cycle" title="Manganese cycle">manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone–oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vanadium_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vanadium Cycle">vanadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_cycle" title="Zinc cycle">zinc</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cycling" title="Chemical cycling">chemical cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">Biosequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_biosphere" title="Deep biosphere">Deep biosphere</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries#Biogeochemical" title="Planetary boundaries">Biogeochemical planetary boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_DAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC">DAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotraces" title="Geotraces">GEOTRACES</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IMBER" title="IMBER">IMBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBM" title="NOBM">NOBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Ocean_Lower_Atmosphere_Study" title="Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study">SOLAS</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Category:Biogeochemical cycle">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar" title="Template:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical cycle sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aspects of the carbonate-silicate cycle have changed through <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth history</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/Biological_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological evolution">biological evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the formation of carbonates has outpaced that of silicates, effectively removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The advent of carbonate <a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">biomineralization</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> boundary would have allowed more efficient removal of weathering products from the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological processes in soils can significantly increase weathering rates.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants produce <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a> that increase <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>. These acids are secreted by root and <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Decomposition#Plant_decomposition" title="Decomposition">microbial plant decay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration#root_respiration" title="Soil respiration">Root respiration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">organic soil matter</a> also produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which is converted to <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">carbonic acid</a>, which increases weathering.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tectonics can induce changes in the carbonate-silicate cycle. For example, the uplift of major mountain ranges, such as <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, is thought to have initiated the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Late Cenozoic Ice Age</a> due to increased rates of silicate weathering and draw down of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seafloor weather is linked both to solar luminosity and carbon dioxide concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady1997_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady1997-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it presented a challenge to modelers who have tried to relate the rate of outgassing and subduction to the related rates of seafloor change. Proper, uncomplicated proxy data is difficult to attain for such questions. For example, sediment cores, from which scientists can deduce past sea levels, are not ideal because sea levels change as a result of more than just seafloor adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-Berner1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berner1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent modeling studies have investigated the role of seafloor weathering on the early evolution of life, showing that relatively fast seafloor creation rates worked to draw down carbon dioxide levels to a moderate extent.<sup id="cite_ref-Krissansen2018_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krissansen2018-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observations of so-called <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a> indicate that Earth has a relatively insensitive rock weathering feedback, allowing for large temperature swings. With about twice as much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, paleoclimate records show that global temperatures reached up to 5 to 6 °C higher than current temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Krissansen2017_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krissansen2017-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other factors such as changes in <a href="/wiki/Orbital_forcing" title="Orbital forcing">orbital/solar forcing</a> contribute to global temperature change in the paleo-record. </p><p>Human emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> have been steadily increasing, and the consequent concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the Earth system has reached unprecedented levels in a very short amount of time.<sup id="cite_ref-IPCC2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPCC2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excess carbon in the atmosphere that is dissolved in seawater can alter the rates of carbonate-silicate cycle. Dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> may react with water to form bicarbonate ions, HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and hydrogen ions, H<sup>+</sup>. These hydrogen ions quickly react with carbonate, CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> to produce more bicarbonate ions and reduce the available carbonate ions, which presents an obstacle to the carbon carbonate precipitation process.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOI_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOI-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Put differently, 30% of excess carbon emitted into the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the oceans work to push the carbonate precipitation process in the opposite direction (to the left), producing less CaCO<sub>3</sub>. This process, which harms shell-building organisms, is called <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_EO_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_EO-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_cycle_on_other_planets">The cycle on other planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The cycle on other planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One should not assume that a carbonate-silicate cycle would appear on all <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>. To begin, the carbonate-silicate cycle requires the presence of a water cycle. It therefore breaks down at the inner edge of the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zone</a>. Even if a planet starts out with liquid water on the surface, if it becomes too warm, it will undergo a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse</a>, losing surface water. Without the requisite rainwater, no weathering will occur to produce carbonic acid from gaseous CO<sub>2</sub>. Furthermore, at the outer edge, CO<sub>2</sub> may condense, consequently reducing the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> and reducing the surface temperature. As a result, the atmosphere would collapse into polar caps.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanBaross2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> is such a planet. Located at the edge of the solar system's habitable zone, its surface is too cold for liquid water to form without a greenhouse effect. With its thin atmosphere, Mars' mean surface temperature is 210 K (−63 °C). In attempting to explain topographical features resembling fluvial channels, despite seemingly insufficient incoming solar radiation, some have suggested that a cycle similar to Earth's carbonate-silicate cycle could have existed – similar to a retreat from <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been shown using modeling studies that gaseous CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O acting as greenhouse gases could not have kept Mars warm during its early history when the Sun was fainter because CO<sub>2</sub> would condense out into clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though CO<sub>2</sub> clouds do not reflect in the same way that water clouds do on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-Forget1997_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forget1997-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it could not have had much of a carbonate-silicate cycle in the past. </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> is located at the inner edge of the habitable zone and has a mean surface temperature of 737 K (464 °C). After losing its water by <a href="/wiki/Photodissociation" title="Photodissociation">photodissociation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_escape#Jeans_escape" title="Atmospheric escape">hydrogen escape</a>, Venus stopped removing carbon dioxide from its atmosphere, and began instead to build it up, and experience a <a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">runaway greenhouse effect</a>. </p><p>On tidally locked <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, the location of the <a href="/wiki/Substellar_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Substellar point">substellar point</a> will dictate the release of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_weathering" title="Reverse weathering">Reverse weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisyworld" title="Daisyworld">Daisyworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_greenhouse_effect#Positive_feedback_and_runaway_greenhouse_effect" title="Runaway greenhouse effect">Runaway greenhouse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age#Major_ice_ages" title="Ice age">Major ice ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowball earth">Snowball earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Nyos" title="Lake Nyos">Lake Nyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_young_Sun_paradox" title="Faint young Sun paradox">Faint young Sun paradox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Urey_1952-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urey_1952_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Urey, H. C.</a> (1952). The planets: their origin and development. Mrs. Hepsa Ely Silliman Memorial Lectures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernerLasagaGarrels1983" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert; Lasaga, Antonio; Garrels, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.283.7.641">"The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years"</a>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>283</b> (7): 641–683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983AmJS..283..641B">1983AmJS..283..641B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.283.7.641">10.2475/ajs.283.7.641</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+carbonate-silicate+geochemical+cycle+and+its+effect+on+atmospheric+carbon+dioxide+over+the+past+100+million+years&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=641-683&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.283.7.641&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983AmJS..283..641B&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Lasaga%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Garrels%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2475%252Fajs.283.7.641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1981-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1981_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1981_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1981_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker1981_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerHaysKasting1981" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, James C. G.; Hays, P. B.; Kasting, J. F. (1981). "A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</i>. <b>86</b> (C10): 9776–9782. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGR....86.9776W">1981JGR....86.9776W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJC086iC10p09776">10.1029/JC086iC10p09776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202">2156-2202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Oceans&rft.atitle=A+negative+feedback+mechanism+for+the+long-term+stabilization+of+Earth%27s+surface+temperature&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=C10&rft.pages=9776-9782&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=2156-2202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FJC086iC10p09776&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JGR....86.9776W&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+C.+G.&rft.au=Hays%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Kasting%2C+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker1993_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1993" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James C. G. (1993). "Biogeochemical Cycles of Carbon on a Hierarchy of Timescales". <i>Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiatively Active Trace Gases Selected Papers from the Tenth International Symposium on Environmental Biogeochemistry</i>. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 3–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2812-8_1">10.1007/978-1-4615-2812-8_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-6215-9"><bdi>978-1-4613-6215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Biogeochemical+Cycles+of+Carbon+on+a+Hierarchy+of+Timescales&rft.btitle=Biogeochemistry+of+Global+Change%3A+Radiatively+Active+Trace+Gases+Selected+Papers+from+the+Tenth+International+Symposium+on+Environmental+Biogeochemistry&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=3-28&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4615-2812-8_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-6215-9&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanBaross2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanBaross2007_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanBaross2007" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Woodruff T.; Baross, John A. (2007). "Planetary Atmospheres and Life". <i>Planets and Life</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53102-3"><bdi>978-0-521-53102-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planetary+Atmospheres+and+Life&rft.btitle=Planets+and+Life&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=91-116&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53102-3&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Woodruff+T.&rft.au=Baross%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonan2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonan2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonan2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonan2013" class="citation book cs1">Bonan, Gordon (2013). <i>Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 105–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69319-6"><bdi>978-0-521-69319-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Climatology%3A+Concepts+and+Applications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105-128&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69319-6&rft.aulast=Bonan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironmental_Protection_Agency2016" class="citation web cs1">Environmental Protection Agency (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain">"What is Acid Rain?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Acid+Rain%3F&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.au=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Facidrain%2Fwhat-acid-rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACSClimateToolkit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACSClimateToolkit_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/oceansicerocks/geologyandclimate.html">"Geology and Climate: ACS Climate Science Toolkit"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Geology+and+Climate%3A+ACS+Climate+Science+Toolkit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Fclimatescience%2Foceansicerocks%2Fgeologyandclimate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatlingKasting2017-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatlingKasting2017_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatlingKasting2017_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlingKasting2017" class="citation book cs1">Catling, David C.; Kasting, James F. (2017). <i>Atmospheric Evolution on Inhabited and Lifeless Worlds</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84412-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84412-3"><bdi>978-0-521-84412-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atmospheric+Evolution+on+Inhabited+and+Lifeless+Worlds&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=299-326&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84412-3&rft.aulast=Catling&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft.au=Kasting%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berner1991-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berner1991_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert A. (April 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.291.4.339">"A model for atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> over Phanerozoic time"</a>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>291</b> (4): 339–376. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AmJS..291..339B">1991AmJS..291..339B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.291.4.339">10.2475/ajs.291.4.339</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=A+model+for+atmospheric+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+over+Phanerozoic+time&rft.volume=291&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339-376&rft.date=1991-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.291.4.339&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AmJS..291..339B&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2475%252Fajs.291.4.339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berner1998-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berner1998_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerner1998" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert A. (January 29, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692179">"The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over Phanerozoic time: the role of land plants"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>353</b> (1365): 75–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1998.0192">10.1098/rstb.1998.0192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1692179">1692179</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+carbon+cycle+and+carbon+dioxide+over+Phanerozoic+time%3A+the+role+of+land+plants&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=1365&rft.pages=75-82&rft.date=1998-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1998.0192&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1692179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berner2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berner2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernerBeerlingDudleyRobinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert A.; Beerling, David J.; Dudley, Robert; Robinson, Jennifer M.; Wildman, Jr., Richard A. (2003). "Phanerozoic Atmospheric Oxygen". <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>31</b> (31): 105–134. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AREPS..31..105B">2003AREPS..31..105B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.31.100901.141329">10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Phanerozoic+Atmospheric+Oxygen&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=105-134&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.31.100901.141329&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AREPS..31..105B&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Beerling%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Dudley%2C+Robert&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Jennifer+M.&rft.au=Wildman%2C+Jr.%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiVenere-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DiVenere_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiVenere" class="citation web cs1">DiVenere, Vic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~vjd1/carbon.htm">"The Carbon Cycle and Earth's Climate"</a>. Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Carbon+Cycle+and+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.aulast=DiVenere&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~vjd1%2Fcarbon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenmanCaves_RugensteinIbarraWinnick2020" class="citation journal cs1">Penman, Donald E.; Caves Rugenstein, Jeremy K.; Ibarra, Daniel E.; Winnick, Matthew J. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220303445">"Silicate weathering as a feedback and forcing in Earth's climate and carbon cycle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Earth-Science_Reviews" title="Earth-Science Reviews">Earth-Science Reviews</a></i>. <b>209</b>: 103298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2020.103298">10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103298</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Silicate+weathering+as+a+feedback+and+forcing+in+Earth%27s+climate+and+carbon+cycle&rft.volume=209&rft.pages=103298&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2020.103298&rft.aulast=Penman&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Caves+Rugenstein%2C+Jeremy+K.&rft.au=Ibarra%2C+Daniel+E.&rft.au=Winnick%2C+Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012825220303445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgewellZeebe2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ridgewell, A; Zeebe, R (2005). "The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>234</b> (3–4): 299–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2005.03.006">10.1016/j.epsl.2005.03.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-821X">0012-821X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+global+carbonate+cycle+in+the+regulation+and+evolution+of+the+Earth+system&rft.volume=234&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=299-315&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2005.03.006&rft.issn=0012-821X&rft.aulast=Ridgewell&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Zeebe%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorBanwartValdesLeake2012" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Lyla L.; Banwart, Steve A.; Valdes, Paul J.; Leake, Jonathan R.; Beerling, David J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248708">"Evaluating the effects of terrestrial ecosystems, climate and carbon dioxide on weathering over geological time: a global-scale process-based approach"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>367</b> (1588): 565–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0251">10.1098/rstb.2011.0251</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8436">0962-8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248708">3248708</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22232768">22232768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evaluating+the+effects+of+terrestrial+ecosystems%2C+climate+and+carbon+dioxide+on+weathering+over+geological+time%3A+a+global-scale+process-based+approach&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=1588&rft.pages=565-582&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3248708%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22232768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0251&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Lyla+L.&rft.au=Banwart%2C+Steve+A.&rft.au=Valdes%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Leake%2C+Jonathan+R.&rft.au=Beerling%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3248708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2892%2990300-8">"Weathering, plants, and the long-term carbon cycle"</a>. <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>56</b> (8): 3225–3231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992GeCoA..56.3225B">1992GeCoA..56.3225B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7037%2892%2990300-8">10.1016/0016-7037(92)90300-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7037">0016-7037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Weathering%2C+plants%2C+and+the+long-term+carbon+cycle&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3225-3231&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0016-7037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7037%2892%2990300-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992GeCoA..56.3225B&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0016-7037%252892%252990300-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymoRuddimanFroelich1988" class="citation journal cs1">Raymo, Maureen E.; Ruddiman, William F.; Froelich, Philip N. (1988). "Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles". <i>Geology</i>. <b>16</b> (7): 649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Geo....16..649R">1988Geo....16..649R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%281988%29016%3C0649%3Aiolcmb%3E2.3.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0649:iolcmb>2.3.co;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+late+Cenozoic+mountain+building+on+ocean+geochemical+cycles&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=649&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%281988%29016%3C0649%3Aiolcmb%3E2.3.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Geo....16..649R&rft.aulast=Raymo&rft.aufirst=Maureen+E.&rft.au=Ruddiman%2C+William+F.&rft.au=Froelich%2C+Philip+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady1997-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brady1997_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyGíslason1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brady, Patrick; Gíslason, Sigurdur R. (March 1997). "Seafloor weathering controls on atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> and global climate Author links open overlay panel". <i>Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta</i>. <b>61</b> (5): 965–973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2896%2900385-7">10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00385-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geochimica+et+Cosmochimica+Acta&rft.atitle=Seafloor+weathering+controls+on+atmospheric+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+global+climate+Author+links+open+overlay+panel&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=965-973&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7037%2896%2900385-7&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=G%C3%ADslason%2C+Sigurdur+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berner1989-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berner1989_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernerLasaga1989" class="citation journal cs1">Berner, Robert A.; Lasaga, Antonio C. (March 1989). "Modeling the Geochemical Carbon Cycle". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>260</b> (3): 74–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989SciAm.260c..74B">1989SciAm.260c..74B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0389-74">10.1038/scientificamerican0389-74</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Geochemical+Carbon+Cycle&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=74-81&rft.date=1989-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0389-74&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989SciAm.260c..74B&rft.aulast=Berner&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Lasaga%2C+Antonio+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krissansen2018-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krissansen2018_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrissansen-TottonArneyCatling2018" class="citation journal cs1">Krissansen-Totton, Joshua; Arney, Giada N.; Catling, David C. (April 17, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5910859">"Constraining the climate and ocean pH of the early Earth with a geological carbon cycle model"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>115</b> (16): 4105–4110. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.00763">1804.00763</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115.4105K">2018PNAS..115.4105K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1721296115">10.1073/pnas.1721296115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5910859">5910859</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29610313">29610313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Constraining+the+climate+and+ocean+pH+of+the+early+Earth+with+a+geological+carbon+cycle+model&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=4105-4110&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5910859%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PNAS..115.4105K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1804.00763&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29610313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1721296115&rft.aulast=Krissansen-Totton&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Arney%2C+Giada+N.&rft.au=Catling%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5910859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krissansen2017-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krissansen2017_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrissansen-TottonCatling2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krissansen-Totton, Joshua; Catling, David C. (22 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5458154">"Constraining climate sensitivity and continental versus seafloor weathering using an inverse geological carbon cycle model"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>8</b>: 15423. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatCo...815423K">2017NatCo...815423K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms15423">10.1038/ncomms15423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5458154">5458154</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28530231">28530231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Constraining+climate+sensitivity+and+continental+versus+seafloor+weathering+using+an+inverse+geological+carbon+cycle+model&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=15423&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5458154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28530231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms15423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatCo...815423K&rft.aulast=Krissansen-Totton&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Catling%2C+David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5458154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPCC2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IPCC2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCore_Writing_TeamR.K._PachauriL.A._Meyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Core Writing Team; R.K. Pachauri; L.A. Meyer, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/"><i>IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</i></a>. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IPCC%2C+2014%3A+Climate+Change+2014%3A+Synthesis+Report.+Contribution+of+Working+Groups+I%2C+II+and+III+to+the+Fifth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=IPCC&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Freport%2Far5%2Fsyr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOI-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHOI_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/OCB-OA/page.do?pid=112136">"Ocean Acidification"</a>. <i>Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry</i>. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ocean+Carbon+and+Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Ocean+Acidification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2FOCB-OA%2Fpage.do%3Fpid%3D112136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_EO-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_EO_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/CarbonCycle">"Carbon Cycle"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i>. NASA. 2011-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Carbon+Cycle&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Ffeatures%2FCarbonCycle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatalhaKopparapuHaqq-MisraKasting2016" class="citation journal cs1">Batalha, Natasha E.; Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar; Haqq-Misra, Jacob; Kasting, James F. (2016). "Climate cycling on early Mars caused by the carbonate-silicate cycle". <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>455</b>: 7–13. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00602">1609.00602</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016E&PSL.455....7B">2016E&PSL.455....7B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.08.044">10.1016/j.epsl.2016.08.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119257332">119257332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Climate+cycling+on+early+Mars+caused+by+the+carbonate-silicate+cycle&rft.volume=455&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1609.00602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119257332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2016.08.044&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016E%26PSL.455....7B&rft.aulast=Batalha&rft.aufirst=Natasha+E.&rft.au=Kopparapu%2C+Ravi+Kumar&rft.au=Haqq-Misra%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Kasting%2C+James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasting1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kasting, J. F. (1991). "CO<sub>2</sub> condensation and the climate of early Mars". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Icar...94....1K">1991Icar...94....1K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2891%2990137-I">10.1016/0019-1035(91)90137-I</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11538088">11538088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+condensation+and+the+climate+of+early+Mars&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11538088&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2891%2990137-I&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Icar...94....1K&rft.aulast=Kasting&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forget1997-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forget1997_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForgetPierrehumbert1997" class="citation journal cs1">Forget, François; Pierrehumbert, Raymond T. (1997). "Warming Early Mars with Carbon Dioxide Clouds that Scatter Infrared Radiation". <i>Science</i>. <b>278</b> (5341): 1273–1276. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.1273F">1997Sci...278.1273F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5341.1273">10.1126/science.278.5341.1273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9360920">9360920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Warming+Early+Mars+with+Carbon+Dioxide+Clouds+that+Scatter+Infrared+Radiation&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=5341&rft.pages=1273-1276&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9360920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.278.5341.1273&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Sci...278.1273F&rft.aulast=Forget&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Pierrehumbert%2C+Raymond+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsonKastingPollardLee2012" class="citation journal cs1">Edson, Adam R.; Kasting, James F.; Pollard, David; <a href="/wiki/Sukyoung_Lee" title="Sukyoung Lee">Lee, Sukyoung</a>; Bannon, Peter R. (2012). "The Carbonate-Silicate Cycle and CO<sub>2</sub>/Climate Feedbacks on Tidally Locked Terrestrial Planets". <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>12</b> (6): 562–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AsBio..12..562E">2012AsBio..12..562E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2011.0762">10.1089/ast.2011.0762</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-1074">1531-1074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22775488">22775488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=The+Carbonate-Silicate+Cycle+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%2FClimate+Feedbacks+on+Tidally+Locked+Terrestrial+Planets&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=562-571&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2011.0762&rft.issn=1531-1074&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22775488&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012AsBio..12..562E&rft.aulast=Edson&rft.aufirst=Adam+R.&rft.au=Kasting%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Pollard%2C+David&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sukyoung&rft.au=Bannon%2C+Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarbonate%E2%80%93silicate+cycle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalscience.com/weathering.html">Understanding the long-term carbon-cycle: Weathering of rocks – a vitally important carbon-sink</a> by John Mason, Skeptical Science</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biogeochemical_cycles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Template:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Template talk:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Biogeochemical cycle"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biogeochemical_cycles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">Carbon cycle</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">carbonate–silicate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_carbon_cycle" title="Deep carbon cycle">deep carbon cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_carbon_cycle" title="Oceanic carbon cycle">oceanic carbon cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_cycle" title="Chlorine cycle">Chlorine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cycle" title="Hydrogen cycle">Hydrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cycle" title="Iron cycle">Iron cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_cycle" title="Mercury cycle">Mercury cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral cycle">Mineral cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">Nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">Oxygen cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">ozone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">Phosphorus cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_cycle" title="Selenium cycle">Selenium cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">Silica cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_cycle" title="Sulfur cycle">Sulfur cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">Water cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_cycle" title="Deep water cycle">deep water cycle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogeochemical_cycles" title="Marine biogeochemical cycles">Marine biogeochemical cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory_DAAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory DAAC">DAAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotraces" title="Geotraces">GEOTRACES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMBER" title="IMBER">IMBER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBM" title="NOBM">NOBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Ocean_Lower_Atmosphere_Study" title="Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study">SOLAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_cycle" title="Geochemical cycle">geochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_cycling" title="Chemical cycling">chemical cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosequestration">Biosequestration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">viral shunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">mycorrhizal fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">Methane clathrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">clathrate gun hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions" title="Arctic methane emissions">Arctic methane emissions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle" title="Human impact on the nitrogen cycle">Human impact on the nitrogen cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling" title="Lichens and nitrogen cycling">Lichens and nitrogen cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">Nitrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">Nitrogen assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">Phosphorus assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries#Biogeochemical" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Category:Biogeochemical cycle">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate–silicate_cycle&oldid=1254438212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate–silicate_cycle&oldid=1254438212</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geochemistry" title="Category:Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_climate_variability_and_change" title="Category:History of climate variability and change">History of climate variability and change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Climate_forcing" title="Category:Climate forcing">Climate forcing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 00:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6dfcdd5ff5-8lfxb","wgBackendResponseTime":162,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.586","walltime":"0.811","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2643,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":117261,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9959,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":251721,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 612.984 1 -total"," 39.95% 244.892 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.60% 175.299 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.47% 143.870 1 Template:Carbon_cycle"," 13.04% 79.948 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.43% 51.664 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.28% 44.653 1 Template:Biogeochemical_cycle"," 6.70% 41.055 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.95% 36.457 1 Template:Not_to_be_confused_with"," 5.72% 35.076 23 Template:Flatlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.330","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8243856,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-v85qw","timestamp":"20241203073532","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Carbonate\u2013silicate cycle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q209890","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q209890","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-01-12T00:38:03Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T00:13:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ef\/Carbonate-Silicate_Cycle_%28Carbon_Cycle_focus%29.jpg","headline":"term in chemistry: long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism"}</script> </body> </html>