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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-colonial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_subsequent_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_subsequent_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Independence and subsequent wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_subsequent_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Late 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Democratic transition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1997–2002_General_Banzer_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997–2002_General_Banzer_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 1997–2002 General Banzer presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997–2002_General_Banzer_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002–2005_Sánchez_de_Lozada_/_Mesa_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002–2005_Sánchez_de_Lozada_/_Mesa_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 2002–2005 Sánchez de Lozada / Mesa presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002–2005_Sánchez_de_Lozada_/_Mesa_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005–2019_Morales_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005–2019_Morales_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 2005–2019 Morales presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005–2019_Morales_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim_government_2019–2020" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim_government_2019–2020"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Interim government 2019–2020 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim_government_2019–2020-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_of_Luis_Arce:_2020_-_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_of_Luis_Arce:_2020_-_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Government of Luis Arce: 2020 - present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_of_Luis_Arce:_2020_-_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état_attempt_of_Juan_José_Zúñiga:_2024-present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état_attempt_of_Juan_José_Zúñiga:_2024-present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.6 Coup d'état attempt of Juan José Zúñiga: 2024-present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état_attempt_of_Juan_José_Zúñiga:_2024-present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Issues with climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Environmental policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Capital </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mineral resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Technology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply_and_sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Water supply and sanitation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply_and_sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Largest cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Women's rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bolivia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 259 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-259" aria-hidden="true" > 259 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Боливие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Боливие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivi%C3%AB" title="Bolivië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bolivië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ቦሊቪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቦሊቪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलीविया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बोलीविया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolifia" title="Bolifia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bolifia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Боливиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Боливиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوليفيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوليفيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिविया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बोलिविया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol%C3%ADvia" title="Volívia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Volívia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuliwya" title="Wuliwya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Wuliwya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بولیوی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولیوی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বলিভিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলিভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Балівія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балівія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Балівія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балівія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलीविया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बोलीविया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibya" title="Bolibya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bolibya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷོ་ལི་ཝི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷོ་ལི་ཝི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivija" title="Bolivija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bolivija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibiya" title="Bolibiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bolibiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvie" title="Bolívie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bolívie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolifia" title="Bolifia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bolifia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوليڤيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوليڤيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ބޮލީވިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބޮލީވިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82hidadiik%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Ałhidadiikʼą́ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałhidadiikʼą́ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwiska" title="Boliwiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Boliwiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिभिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बोलिभिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A1" title="བོ་ལི་ཝིཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བོ་ལི་ཝིཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliivia" title="Boliivia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boliivia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βολιβία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βολιβία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivio" title="Bolivio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bolivio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بولیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بولیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivie" title="Bolivie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bolivie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwiya" title="Boliwiya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Boliwiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bholaiv" title="An Bholaiv – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bholaiv" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Volivia" title="Yn Volivia – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Volivia" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilibhia" title="Boilibhia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Boilibhia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="બોલીવિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બોલીવિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌹𐌱𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिव्हिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="बोलिव्हिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EB%A6%AC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="볼리비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="볼리비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibiya" title="Bolibiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bolibiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliwia" title="Poliwia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Poliwia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բոլիվիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոլիվիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोलिविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwiska" title="Boliwiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Boliwiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivija" title="Bolivija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bolivija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বলিভিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বলিভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3liv%C3%ADa" title="Bólivía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bólivía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="בוליביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוליביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polivi" title="Polivi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Polivi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬೊಲಿವಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೊಲಿವಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolibia" title="Bolibia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bolibia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბოლივია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოლივია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2liwi%C3%B4" title="Bòliwiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bòliwiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivi" title="Bolivi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bolivi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivi" title="Bolivi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bolivi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivi" title="Bolivi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Bolivi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%AEvya" title="Bolîvya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bolîvya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດໂບລີວີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂບລີວີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliveja" title="Boliveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Boliveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C4%ABvija" title="Bolīvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bolīvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivija" title="Bolivija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bolivija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivii" title="Bolivii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Bolivii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bolivias" title="bolivias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bolivias" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulivia" title="Bulivia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bulivia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Боливија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Боливија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4livia" title="Bôlivia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bôlivia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബൊളീവിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൊളീവിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivja" title="Bolivja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bolivja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poriwia" title="Poriwia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Poriwia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिव्हिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बोलिव्हिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბოლივია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოლივია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوليڤيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوليڤيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بولیوی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بولیوی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯕꯣꯂꯤꯚꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯣꯂꯤꯚꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADbia" title="Bolíbia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bolíbia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘိုလီးဗီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘိုလီးဗီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिभिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोलिभिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिभिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोलिभिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AA%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ボリビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボリビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Боливи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Боливи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliiwien" title="Boliiwien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Boliiwien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Боливий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Боливий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliiviyaa" title="Boliiviyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Boliiviyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੋਲੀਵੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਲੀਵੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिविया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बोलिविया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بولیویا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بولیویا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوليويا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوليويا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8" title="បូលីវី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បូលីវី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivie" title="Bolivie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Bolivie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwia" title="Boliwia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boliwia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviya" title="Boliviya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Boliviya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuliwya" title="Wuliwya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wuliwya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Болівія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Болівія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polevia" title="Polevia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polevia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलिविया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बोलिविया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ACvia" title="Bolìvia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bolìvia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivie" title="Bolivie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bolivie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivien" title="Bolivien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bolivien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බොලිවියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බොලිවියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بوليويا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بوليويا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBholiviya" title="IBholiviya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBholiviya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivija" title="Bolivija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bolivija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwijo" title="Boliwijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Boliwijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booliifiya" title="Booliifiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Booliifiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بۆلیڤیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆلیڤیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Боливија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Боливија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivija" title="Bolivija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bolivija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பொலிவியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொலிவியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulifya" title="Bulifya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulifya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလီးဝီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလီးဝီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బొలీవియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొలీవియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvia" title="Bolívia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bolívia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศโบลิเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโบลิเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A6%E1%88%8A%E1%89%AD%E1%8B%AB" title="ቦሊቭያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቦሊቭያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C4%ABvia" title="Polīvia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polīvia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏉᎵᏫᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎵᏫᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivya" title="Bolivya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bolivya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwi%C3%BDa" title="Boliwiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Boliwiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боливия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Боливия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Болівія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болівія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بولیویا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بولیویا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="بولىۋىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بولىۋىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohliveizya" title="Bohliveizya – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohliveizya" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%82%C3%ACvia" title="Bołìvia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bołìvia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivii" title="Bolivii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bolivii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliv%C3%A4n" title="Bolivän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bolivän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliivia" title="Boliivia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Boliivia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliveye" title="Boliveye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Boliveye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woliiwia" title="Woliiwia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Woliiwia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="玻利維亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivi%C3%AB" title="Bolivië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bolivië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliibi" title="Boliibi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Boliibi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="玻利维亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玻利维亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באליוויע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באליוויע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2l%C3%ADf%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bòlífíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bòlífíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玻利維亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivya" title="Bolivya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bolivya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buol%C4%97v%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Buolėvėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Buolėvėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玻利維亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Bolivia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliwi" title="Boliwi – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Boliwi" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivij%C9%99" title="Bolivijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Bolivijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⵉⴼⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolivia&params=16.712_S_64.666_W_region:BO">16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the South American country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bolivia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bolivia (disambiguation)">Bolivia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Plurinational State of Bolivia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:85%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Official names in indigenous languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Puliwya Achka Aylluska Mamallaqta (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>)</li><li>Wuliwya Walja Ayllunakana Marka (<a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>)</li><li>Tetã Hetate'ýigua Volívia (<a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bolivia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bolivia"><img alt="Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bolivia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/100px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/150px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg/200px-Escudo_de_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1529" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Himno Nacional de Bolivia (Spanish) "<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Bolivia">National Anthem of Bolivia</a>" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="101" data-mwtitle="Himno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Himno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Himno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg/Himno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=ay&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ay" label="Aymar aru ‪(ay)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=gn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gn" label="Avañe'ẽ ‪(gn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=qu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="qu" label="Runa Simi ‪(qu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHimno_Nacional_de_Bolivia_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Dual flag: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><a href="/wiki/Wiphala" title="Wiphala">Wiphala</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <div style="padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiphala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/100px-Wiphala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/150px-Wiphala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Wiphala.svg/200px-Wiphala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BOL_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bolivia (dark green) in South America (gray)"><img alt="Location of Bolivia (dark green) in South America (gray)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BOL_orthographic.svg/220px-BOL_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BOL_orthographic.svg/330px-BOL_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/BOL_orthographic.svg/440px-BOL_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Bolivia (dark green)in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (gray)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a><a href="#cite_note-central_cities-5">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a><a href="#cite_note-central_cities-5">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolivia&params=17_48_S_63_10_W_">17°48′S 63°10′W / 17.800°S 63.167°W / -17.800; -63.167</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Spanish" title="Bolivian Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Other Indigenous languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2009<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>68% <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> (mixed <a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Indigenous</a>)</li><li>20% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Indigenous</a></li><li>5% <a href="/wiki/White_Bolivians" title="White Bolivians">White</a></li><li>2% <a href="/wiki/Cholo#Bolivia" title="Cholo">Cholo</a></li><li>1% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivians" title="Afro-Bolivians">Black</a></li><li>1% other</li><li>3% unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>92.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>81.4% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Bolivia" title="Catholic Church in Bolivia">Catholicism</a></li> <li>11.4% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>6.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Latin_America" title="Irreligion in Latin America">no religion</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian people">Bolivian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bolivia" title="Vice President of Bolivia">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Choquehuanca" title="David Choquehuanca">David Choquehuanca</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Senators_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Senators of Bolivia">President of the Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%B3nico_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Andrónico Rodríguez">Andrónico Rodríguez</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Israel_Huaytari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israel Huaytari (page does not exist)">Israel Huaytari</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Plurinational Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Chamber of Senators</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bolivian Declaration of Independence">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 August 1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognized </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1847</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 February 2009</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,098,581 km2 (424,164 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.29</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bolivia" title="Demographics of Bolivia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,312,620<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10.4/km2 (26.9/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">224th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $125.428 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BO-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">94th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,340<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BO-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $46.796 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BO-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">96th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3,857<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BO-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 40.9<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.698<a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">Boliviano</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BOB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−4 (<a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204:00" title="UTC−04:00">BOT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bolivia" title="Telephone numbers in Bolivia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Bolivia" title="Telephone numbers in Bolivia">+591</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BO" title="ISO 3166-2:BO">BO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bo" title=".bo">.bo</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia,<a href="#cite_note-15">[d]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> located in central <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is a country with the largest geographic extension of Amazonian plains and lowlands, mountains and Chaco with a tropical climate, valleys with a warm climate, as well as being part of the Andes of South America and its high plateau areas with cold climates, hills and snow-capped mountains, with a wide biome in each city and region. It includes part of the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a>, the largest tropical wetland in the world, along its western border. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> to the north and east, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> to the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> is <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city and principal industrial center is <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Llanos Orientales</a> (eastern tropical lowlands), a mostly flat region in the east of the country with a diverse non-Andean culture. The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> of Bolivia is a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">constitutionally</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> divided into <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">nine departments</a>. Its geography varies as the elevation fluctuates, from the western snow-capped peaks of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> to the eastern lowlands, situated within the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a>. One-third of the country is within the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> mountain range. With an area of 1,098,581 km2 (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the fifth-largest country in South America after Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Colombia, and, alongside Paraguay, is one of two landlocked countries in the Americas. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">27th largest country in the world</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">seventh largest landlocked country</a> on earth, after Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Chad, Niger, Mali, and Ethiopia. The country's population, estimated at 12 million,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-16">[12]</a> is <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multiethnic</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Africans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and some other mixtures throughout. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">indigenous languages</a> also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are <a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guaraní</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>. Well before <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization">Spanish colonization</a>, The third part of the high region of Bolivia was Andean part of the great <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, among them was born the most important culture of America the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tihuanaco</a> culture in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz, Bolivia">La Paz-Bolivia</a> that converges the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pumapunku" title="Pumapunku">Pumapunko</a> that had a great commercial influence in the Andes of South America reaching Ecuador, Chile and Peru, while the largest territory of Bolivia on the eastern side of the lowlands of the north and east of the country were inhabited by independent non-Andean Amazonian tribes with their own civilization and language, cultures and ethnicities that prevail to this day. One of the best known archaeologies of the <a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A9" title="Chané">Chané-Guaraní</a> culture is found in <a href="/wiki/Samaipata,_Bolivia" title="Samaipata, Bolivia">Samaipata</a>, Bolivia. The largest carved stone in the world was later populated by the Incas and the Spanish, who found the carved archaeology known in Quechua as <a href="/wiki/El_Fuerte_de_Samaipata" title="El Fuerte de Samaipata">"El Fuerte."</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> This intervention by different ethnic groups outside their territories was a dispute between Amazonian and Andean cultures, and the Incas were later expelled by the Guaraní tribes in defense of their territories in the eastern plains of Bolivia. Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadores</a>, arriving from <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru, and <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay, forcibly took control of the region in the 16th century. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonial period</a>, Bolivia was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Real Audiencia of Charcas</a>. Spain built its empire, in large part, upon the silver that was extracted from <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bolivia" title="Mining in Bolivia">Bolivia's mines</a>, from there, the globalization of the world arose by creating the first silver coins, which were then stamped with the "<a href="/wiki/$" class="mw-redirect" title="$">$</a>" sign, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a> royalty. There, the saying was born: "You are worth a Potosí",<a href="#cite_note-19">[15]</a> which means innumerable wealth. In fact, Bolivia was the first territory where the First Libertarian Cry of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> arose in the city of <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> or city of the four names, now known as the city of <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre - Bolivia</a> on May 25, 1809, being the first region of rebellion against the Spanish empire of an entire continent based on the Creole law students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_Xavier" title="University of San Francisco Xavier">University San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca</a> who inspired by the French revolution arose the first uprising of America, which thanks to this revolution in Sucre, the other Ibero-American countries (Latin Americans) were able to revolt and become independent of the Spanish empire. Likewise Bolivia was born as a nation in the city of Sucre, considered by its history the constitutional and historical capital of the country since August 6, 1825 sixteen years of fighting would follow before the establishment of the Republic, named for <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries, such as Brazil's of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Acre" title="Republic of Acre">Acre</a> territory, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879), in which Chile seized the country's Pacific coastal region. Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian governments until <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a> led <a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">a US-backed coup d'état</a> in 1971, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a>. Banzer's regime cracked down on left-wing and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> opposition parties, and other perceived forms of dissent, resulting in the torturing and murders of countless Bolivian citizens. Banzer was ousted in 1978 and, twenty years later, returned as the democratically elected President of Bolivia (1997–2001). Under the 2006–2019 presidency of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, the country saw significant economic growth and political stability, but was also widely accused of democratic backsliding<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> and was described as a <a href="/wiki/Competitive_authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive authoritarian">competitive authoritarian</a> regime.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> classifies Bolivia as a partly-free democracy as of 2023, with a 66/100 score.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Modern Bolivia is a charter member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (NAM),<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a> (ACTO), <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a>, <a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">ALBA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a> (USAN). Bolivia remains a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, and the second-poorest in South America, though it has slashed poverty rates and now has one of the fastest-growing economies on the continent (in terms of GDP). Its main economic resources include agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, fishing, mining, and goods such as textiles and clothing, refined metals, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refined petroleum</a>. Bolivia is very <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Bolivia" title="Geology of Bolivia">geologically rich</a>, with mines producing <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, silver, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, and copper. The country is also known for its production of <a href="/wiki/Coca_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coca plant">coca plants</a> and refined <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>. In 2021, estimated coca cultivation and cocaine production was 39,700 hectares and 317 metric tons, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Bolivia is named after <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, a Venezuelan leader in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> The leader of Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, had been given the option by Bolívar to either unite <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Charcas</a> (present-day Bolivia) with the newly formed Republic of Peru, to unite with the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="United Provinces of the Río de la Plata">United Provinces of the Río de la Plata</a>, or to formally declare its independence from Spain as a wholly independent state. Sucre opted to create a brand new state and on 6 August 1825, with local support, named it in honor of Simón Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> The original name was Republic of Bolívar. Some days later, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz proposed: "If from <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>, Rome, then from <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a>, Bolivia" (Spanish: Si de Rómulo, Roma; de Bolívar, Bolivia). The name was approved by the Republic on 3 October 1825. In 2009, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">new constitution</a> changed the country's official name to "Plurinational State of Bolivia" to reflect the multi-ethnic nature of the country and the strengthened rights of Bolivia's indigenous peoples under the new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">History of Bolivia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial">Pre-colonial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/220px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/330px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg/440px-Map_of_Wari_and_Tiawaku.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empire</a> at its largest territorial extent, AD 950 (present-day boundaries shown).</figcaption></figure> The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> arrived; however, present-day Aymara associate themselves with the ancient civilization of the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empire</a>, which had its capital at <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a>, in Western Bolivia. The capital city of Tiwanaku dates-back as early as 1500 BC, when it was a small, agriculturally-based village.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFagan2001203-33">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> community grew to urban proportions between AD 600 and AD 800, becoming an important regional power in the southern <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>. According to early estimates,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] the city covered approximately 6.5 square kilometers (2.5 square miles) at its peak, and had between 15,000 and 30,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolata1993145-34">[30]</a> However, in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imaging</a> was used to map the extent of preserved suka kollus (<a href="/wiki/Raised_field" title="Raised field">flooded raised fields</a>) across the three primary valleys of Tiwanaku, with the results suggesting a population-carrying capacity of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolata1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-35">[31]</a> Around AD 400, Tiwanaku went from being a locally-dominant force to a 'predatory' state, aggressively expanding its reach into the <a href="/wiki/Yungas" title="Yungas">Yungas</a> and bringing its culture and ways to new peoples in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. Nonetheless, Tiwanaku was not a violent or domineering culture; to expand its reach, the state exercised great political astuteness, created colonies, fostered local trade agreements (which made other cultures rather dependent), and instituted state cults.<a href="#cite_note-McAndrews,_Timothy_L._1997-36">[32]</a> As rainfall gradually decreased, the stores of food supplies decreased, and thus the elites lost power. Tiwanaku disappeared around AD 1000. The area remained uninhabited for centuries thereafter.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolata1993[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2013]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-37">[33]</a> Between 1438 and 1527, <a href="/wiki/Incan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Incan Empire">Incan Empire</a> expanded from its capital at <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, gaining control over much of what is now the Bolivian Andes, and extending its control into the fringes of the Amazon basin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG/220px-Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG/330px-Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG/440px-Frontis_casademoneda_potosi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Mint_of_Bolivia" title="National Mint of Bolivia">colonial Mint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Spanish conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Inca empire</a> began in 1524 and was mostly completed by 1533. The territory now called Bolivia was known as Charcas, and was under the authority of Spain. Local government came from the <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Audiencia de Charcas</a> located in Chuquisaca (La Plata—modern <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>). Founded in 1545 as a mining town, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> soon produced fabulous wealth, becoming the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> with a population exceeding 150,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/200px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/300px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg/400px-Church_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Cathedral_of_Sucre" title="Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre">Metropolitan Cathedral of Sucre</a> in Sucre, a UNESCO World Heritage city.</figcaption></figure> By the late 16th century, Bolivian silver was an important source of revenue for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> A steady stream of natives served as labor force under the brutal, slave conditions of the Spanish version of the pre-Columbian draft system called the <a href="/wiki/Mita_(Inca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mita (Inca)">mita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Charcas was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> in 1776 and the people from Buenos Aires, the capital of the Viceroyalty, coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>" (Spanish: Alto Peru) as a popular reference to the Royal Audiencia of Charcas. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a> led the indigenous rebellion that laid siege to <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> in March 1781,<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> during which 20,000 people died.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> As Spanish royal authority weakened during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, sentiment against colonial rule grew. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_subsequent_wars">Independence and subsequent wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence and subsequent wars">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">History of Bolivia (1809–1920)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">struggle for independence</a> started in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a> on 25 May 1809 and the <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Revolution" title="Chuquisaca Revolution">Chuquisaca Revolution</a> (Chuquisaca was then the name of the city) is known as the first cry of Freedom in Latin America. That revolution was followed by the <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_revolution" title="La Paz revolution">La Paz revolution</a> on 16 July 1809. The La Paz revolution marked a complete split with the Spanish government, while the Chuquisaca Revolution established a local independent junta in the name of the Spanish King deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte. Both revolutions were short-lived and defeated by the Spanish authorities in the Viceroyalty of the Rio de La Plata, but the following year the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a> raged across the continent. Bolivia was captured and recaptured many times during the war by the <a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalist (Spanish American Revolution)">royalists</a> and patriots. Buenos Aires sent three military campaigns, all of which were defeated, and eventually limited itself to protecting the national borders at Salta. Bolivia was finally freed of Royalist dominion by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, with a military campaign coming from the North in support of the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>. After 16 years of war the Republic was <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bolivian Declaration of Independence">proclaimed</a> on 6 August 1825. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_(1825).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia_%281825%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>The first coat of arms of Bolivia, formerly named the Republic of Bolívar in honor of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a></figcaption></figure> In 1836, Bolivia, under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Santa_Cruz" title="Andrés de Santa Cruz">Andrés de Santa Cruz</a>, invaded Peru to reinstall the deposed president, General <a href="/wiki/Luis_Jos%C3%A9_de_Orbegoso" title="Luis José de Orbegoso">Luis José de Orbegoso</a>. Peru and Bolivia formed the <a href="/wiki/Peru-Bolivian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Peru-Bolivian Confederation">Peru-Bolivian Confederation</a>, with de Santa Cruz as the Supreme Protector. Following tension between the Confederation and Chile, Chile declared war on 28 December 1836. Argentina separately declared war on the Confederation on 9 May 1837. The Peruvian-Bolivian forces achieved several major victories during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a>: the defeat of the Argentine expedition and the defeat of the first Chilean expedition on the fields of <a href="/wiki/Paucarpata_District" title="Paucarpata District">Paucarpata</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Arequipa" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>. The Chilean army and its Peruvian rebel allies surrendered unconditionally and signed the Paucarpata Treaty. The treaty stipulated that Chile would withdraw from Peru-Bolivia, Chile would return captured Confederate ships, economic relations would be normalized, and the Confederation would pay Peruvian debt to Chile. However, the Chilean government and public rejected the peace treaty. Chile organized a second attack on the Confederation and defeated it in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yungay" title="Battle of Yungay">Battle of Yungay</a>. After this defeat, Santa Cruz resigned and went to exile in Ecuador and then Paris, and the Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation was dissolved. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia,_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Fachada_del_Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia%2C_Sucre_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1963" /></a><figcaption>Historic headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Bolivia" title="Banco Nacional de Bolivia">Banco Nacional de Bolivia</a> in Sucre</figcaption></figure> Following the renewed independence of Peru, Peruvian president General <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gamarra" title="Agustín Gamarra">Agustín Gamarra</a> invaded Bolivia. On 18 November 1841, the battle de Ingavi took place, in which the Bolivian Army defeated the Peruvian troops of Gamarra (killed in the battle). After the victory, Bolivia invaded Peru on several fronts. The eviction of the Bolivian troops from the south of Peru would be achieved by the greater availability of material and human resources of Peru; the Bolivian Army did not have enough troops to maintain an occupation. In the district of Locumba – Tacna, a column of Peruvian soldiers and peasants defeated a Bolivian regiment in the so-called Battle of Los Altos de Chipe (Locumba). In the district of Sama and in Arica, the Peruvian colonel José María Lavayén organized a troop that managed to defeat the Bolivian forces of Colonel Rodríguez Magariños and threaten the port of Arica. In the battle of Tarapacá on 7 January 1842, Peruvian militias formed by the commander Juan Buendía defeated a detachment led by Bolivian colonel José María García, who died in the confrontation. Bolivian troops left Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá in February 1842, retreating towards Moquegua and Puno.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> The battles of Motoni and Orurillo forced the withdrawal of Bolivian forces occupying Peruvian territory and exposed Bolivia to the threat of counter-invasion. The Treaty of Puno was signed on 7 June 1842, ending the war. However, the climate of tension between Lima and La Paz would continue until 1847, when the signing of a Peace and Trade Treaty became effective. A period of political and economic instability in the early-to-mid-19th century weakened Bolivia. In addition, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> (1879–83), Chile occupied vast territories rich in <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a> south west of Bolivia, including the Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a>. Chile took control of today's <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a> area, the adjoining rich salitre (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">saltpeter</a>) fields, and the port of <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a> among other Bolivian territories. Since independence, Bolivia has lost over half of its territory to neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Through diplomatic channels in 1909, it lost the basin of the Madre de Dios River and the territory of the Purus in the Amazon, yielding 250,000 km2 to Peru.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> It also lost the <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">state of Acre</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a>, important because this region was known for its production of rubber. Peasants and the Bolivian army fought briefly but after a few victories, and facing the prospect of a total war against Brazil, it was forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Treaty of Petrópolis">Treaty of Petrópolis</a> in 1903, in which Bolivia lost this rich territory. Popular myth has it that Bolivian president Mariano Melgarejo (1864–71) traded the land for what he called "a magnificent white horse" and Acre was subsequently flooded with Brazilians, which ultimately led to confrontation and fear of war with Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> In the late 19th century, an increase in the world price of silver brought Bolivia relative prosperity and political stability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">History of Bolivia (1920–1964)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg/220px-Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg/330px-Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg/440px-Map_Bolivia_territorial_loss-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Bolivia's territorial losses (1867–1938)</figcaption></figure> During the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> replaced silver as the country's most important source of wealth. A succession of governments controlled by the economic and social elite followed <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalist policies through the first 30 years of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> Living conditions of the native people, who constitute most of the population, remained deplorable. With work opportunities limited to primitive conditions in the mines and in large estates having nearly feudal status, they had no access to education, economic opportunity, and <a href="/wiki/Participation_(decision_making)" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation (decision making)">political participation</a>. Bolivia's defeat by Paraguay in the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a> (1932–1935), where Bolivia lost a great part of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</a> region in dispute, marked a turning-point.<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> On 7 April 1943, Bolivia entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, joining part of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, which caused president <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1aranda" title="Enrique Peñaranda">Enrique Peñaranda</a> to declare war on the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922-1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922-1943)">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. In 1945, Bolivia became a founding member of the United Nations. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Movement">Revolutionary Nationalist Movement</a> (MNR), the most historic political party, emerged as a broad-based party. Denied its victory in the 1951 presidential elections, the MNR led a successful revolution in 1952. Under President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a>, the MNR, having strong popular pressure, introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> into his political platform and carried out a sweeping land-reform promoting rural education and nationalization of the country's largest tin mines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Bolivia (1964–1982)">History of Bolivia (1964–1982)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg/170px-GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg/255px-GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg/340px-GralHugoBanzerSuarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2522" /></a><figcaption>In 1971 <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Banzer Suárez">Hugo Banzer Suárez</a>, supported by the CIA, <a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">forcibly ousted</a> President Torres in a coup.</figcaption></figure> Twelve years of tumultuous rule left the MNR divided. In 1964, a military <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">junta</a> overthrew President Estenssoro at the outset of his third term. The 1969 death of President <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barrientos_Ortu%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="René Barrientos Ortuño">René Barrientos Ortuño</a>, a former member of the junta who was elected president in 1966, led to a succession of weak governments. Alarmed by the rising Popular Assembly and the increase in the popularity of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Torres" title="Juan José Torres">Juan José Torres</a>, the military, the MNR, and others installed Colonel (later General) <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Banzer Suárez">Hugo Banzer Suárez</a> as president in 1971. He returned to the presidency in 1997 through 2001. Juan José Torres, who had fled Bolivia, was kidnapped and assassinated in 1976 as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, the U.S.-supported campaign of political repression by South American right-wing dictators.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> The United States' <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) financed and trained the Bolivian military dictatorship in the 1960s. The revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> was killed by a team of CIA officers and members of the Bolivian Army on 9 October 1967, in Bolivia. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Central_Intelligence_Agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Rodríguez (Central Intelligence Agency)">Félix Rodríguez</a> was a CIA officer on the team with the Bolivian Army that captured and shot Guevara.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-2007-10-8-52">[48]</a> Rodriguez said that after he received a Bolivian presidential execution order, he told "the soldier who pulled the trigger to aim carefully, to remain consistent with the Bolivian government's story that Che had been killed in action during a clash with the Bolivian army." Rodriguez said the US government had wanted Che in Panama, and "I could have tried to falsify the command to the troops, and got Che to Panama as the US government said they had wanted", but that he had chosen to "let history run its course" as desired by Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-XXXI-172-53">[49]</a> Elections in 1979 and 1981 were inconclusive and marked by fraud. There were <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups d'état</a>, counter-coups, and caretaker governments. In 1980, General <a href="/wiki/Luis_Garc%C3%ADa_Meza_Tejada" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis García Meza Tejada">Luis García Meza Tejada</a> carried out a ruthless and violent coup d'état that did not have popular support. The <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Workers%27_Center" title="Bolivian Workers' Center">Bolivian Workers' Center</a>, which tried to resist the putsch, was violently repressed. More than a thousand people were killed in less than a year. Cousin of one of the most important narco-trafficker of the country, Luis García Meza Tejada favors the production of cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> He pacified the people by promising to remain in power only for one year. At the end of the year, he staged a televised rally to claim popular support and announced, "Bueno, me quedo", or, "All right; I'll stay [in office]".<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> After a military rebellion forced out Meza in 1981, three other military governments in 14 months struggled with Bolivia's growing problems. Unrest forced the military to convoke the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Bolivia">Congress</a>, elected in 1980, and allow it to choose a new chief executive. In October 1982, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> again became president, 22 years after the end of his first term of office (1956–1960). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_transition">Democratic transition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Democratic transition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bolivia (1982–present)">History of Bolivia (1982–present)</a></div>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">president</a> in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Liberation_Movement_Tupaq_Katari" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Liberation Movement Tupaq Katari">Tupac Katari Revolutionary Liberation Movement</a>, which inspired indigenous-sensitive and multicultural-aware policies.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Sánchez de Lozada pursued an aggressive economic and social reform agenda. The most dramatic reform was privatization under the "capitalization" program, under which investors, typically foreign, acquired 50% ownership and management control of public enterprises in return for agreed upon capital investments.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> In 1993, Sanchez de Lozada introduced the Plan de Todos, which led to the decentralization of government, introduction of <a href="/wiki/Intercultural_bilingual_education" title="Intercultural bilingual education">intercultural bilingual education</a>, implementation of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a> legislation, and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state owned businesses. The plan explicitly stated that Bolivian citizens would own a minimum of 51% of enterprises; under the plan, most <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government-owned corporation">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs), though not mines, were sold.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> This privatization of SOEs led to a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> structuring.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> The reforms and economic restructuring were strongly opposed by certain segments of society, which instigated frequent and sometimes violent protests, particularly in La Paz and the Chapare <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>-growing region, from 1994 through 1996. The indigenous population of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> region was not able to benefit from government reforms.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> During this time, the umbrella labor-organization of Bolivia, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Obrera_Boliviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Obrera Boliviana">Central Obrera Boliviana</a> (COB), became increasingly unable to effectively challenge government policy. A teachers' strike in 1995 was defeated because the COB could not marshal the support of many of its members, including construction and factory workers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1997–2002_General_Banzer_presidency">1997–2002 General Banzer presidency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1997–2002 General Banzer presidency">edit</a>]</div> In the 1997 elections, General <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Banzer" title="Hugo Banzer">Hugo Banzer</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Action" title="Nationalist Democratic Action">Nationalist Democratic Action</a> party (ADN) and former dictator (1971–1978), won 22% of the vote, while the MNR candidate won 18%. At the outset of his government, President Banzer launched a policy of using special police-units to eradicate physically the illegal coca of the Chapare region. The <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Bolivia)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)">Revolutionary Left Movement</a> (MIR) of Jaime Paz Zamora remained a coalition-partner throughout the Banzer government, supporting this policy (called the Dignity Plan).<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> The Banzer government basically continued the free-market and privatization-policies of its predecessor. The relatively robust economic growth of the mid-1990s continued until about the third year of its term in office. After that, regional, global and domestic factors contributed to a decline in economic growth. Financial crises in Argentina and Brazil, lower world prices for export commodities, and reduced employment in the coca sector depressed the Bolivian economy. The public also perceived a significant amount of public sector corruption. These factors contributed to increasing social protests during the second half of Banzer's term. Between January 1999 and April 2000, large-scale <a href="/wiki/2000_Cochabamba_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Cochabamba protests">protests</a> erupted in <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, Bolivia's third largest city at the time, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">privatization of water</a> resources by foreign companies and a subsequent doubling of water prices. On 6 August 2001, Banzer resigned from office after being diagnosed with cancer. He died less than a year later. Vice President <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Quiroga" title="Jorge Quiroga">Jorge Fernando Quiroga Ramírez</a> completed the final year of his term. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2002–2005_Sánchez_de_Lozada_/_Mesa_presidency">2002–2005 Sánchez de Lozada / Mesa presidency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2002–2005 Sánchez de Lozada / Mesa presidency">edit</a>]</div> In the June 2002 national elections, former President <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> (MNR) placed first with 22.5% of the vote, followed by coca-advocate and native peasant-leader <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)">Movement Toward Socialism</a>, MAS) with 20.9%. A July agreement between the MNR and the fourth-place MIR, which had again been led in the election by former President Jaime Paz Zamora, virtually ensured the election of Sánchez de Lozada in the congressional run-off, and on 6 August he was sworn in for the second time. The MNR platform featured three overarching objectives: economic reactivation (and job creation), anti-corruption, and social inclusion. In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_gas_conflict" title="Bolivian gas conflict">Bolivian gas conflict</a> broke out. On 12 October 2003, the government imposed martial law in El Alto after 16 people were shot by the police and several dozen wounded in violent clashes. Faced with the option of resigning or more bloodshed, Sánchez de Lozada offered his resignation in a letter to an emergency session of Congress. After his resignation was accepted and his vice president, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos Mesa</a>, invested, he left on a commercially scheduled flight for the United States. The country's internal situation became unfavorable for such political action on the international stage. After a resurgence of gas protests in 2005, Carlos Mesa attempted to resign in January 2005, but his offer was refused by Congress. On 22 March 2005, after weeks of new street protests from organizations accusing Mesa of bowing to U.S. corporate interests, Mesa again offered his resignation to Congress, which was accepted on 10 June. The chief justice of the Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Rodríguez (politician)">Eduardo Rodríguez</a>, was sworn as interim president to succeed the outgoing Carlos Mesa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005–2019_Morales_presidency">2005–2019 Morales presidency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2005–2019 Morales presidency">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bolivia/Archive_2#NPOV" title="Talk:Bolivia/Archive 2">Talk:Bolivia/Archive 2</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (September 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_(36962597345)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Presidentes_del_Per%C3%BA_y_Bolivia_inauguran_Encuentro_Presidencial_y_III_Gabinete_Binacional_Per%C3%BA-Bolivia_%2836962597345%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Former President, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_presidential_election,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian presidential election, 2005">2005 presidential election</a> with 53.7% of the votes.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> On 1 May 2006, Morales announced his intent to <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_gas_conflict" title="Bolivian gas conflict">re-nationalize Bolivian hydrocarbon assets</a> following protests which demanded this action.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> Fulfilling a campaign promise, on 6 August 2006, Morales opened the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Constituent Assembly">Bolivian Constituent Assembly</a> to begin writing a new constitution aimed at giving more power to the indigenous majority.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> 2009 marked the creation of a new constitution and the renaming of the country to the Plurinational State of Bolivia. The previous constitution did not allow a consecutive reelection of a president, but the new constitution allowed for just one reelection, starting the dispute if Evo Morales was enabled to run for a second term arguing he was elected under the last constitution. This also triggered a new general election in which Evo Morales was re-elected with 61.36% of the vote. His party, <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)">Movement for Socialism</a>, also won a two-thirds majority in both houses of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Bolivia">National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> By 2013, after being reelected under the new constitution, Evo Morales and his party attempted a third term as President of Bolivia. The opposition argued that a third term would be unconstitutional, but the Bolivian Constitutional Court ruled that Morales' first term under the previous constitution did not count towards his term limit.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> This allowed Evo Morales to run for a third term in 2014, and he was re-elected with 64.22% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> During his third term, Evo Morales began to plan for a fourth, and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Bolivian_constitutional_referendum" title="2016 Bolivian constitutional referendum">2016 Bolivian constitutional referendum</a> asked voters to override the constitution and allow Evo Morales to run for an additional term in office. Morales narrowly lost the referendum;<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> however, in 2017 his party then petitioned the Bolivian Constitutional Court to override the constitution on the basis that the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a> made term limits a human rights violation.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> determined that term limits are not a human rights violation in 2018;<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> however, once again the Bolivian Constitutional Court ruled that Morales has permission to run for a fourth term in the 2019 elections, and this permission was not retracted. "[T]he country's highest court overruled the constitution, scrapping term limits altogether for every office. Morales can now run for a fourth term in 2019 – and for every election thereafter."<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> The revenues generated by the partial <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of hydrocarbons made it possible to finance several social measures: the Renta Dignidad (or old age minimum) for people over 60 years old; the Juana Azurduy voucher (named after the revolutionary Juana Azurduy de Padilla, 1780–1862), which ensures the complete coverage of medical expenses for pregnant women and their children in order to fight infant mortality; the Juancito Pinto voucher (named after a child hero of the Pacific War, 1879–1884), an aid paid until the end of secondary school to parents whose children are in school in order to combat school dropout, and the Single Health System, which since 2018 has offered all Bolivians free medical care.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The reforms adopted made the Bolivian economic system the most successful and stable in the region. Between 2006 and 2019, GDP grew from $9 billion to over $40 billion, real wages increased, GDP per capita tripled, foreign exchange reserves rose, inflation was essentially eliminated, and extreme poverty fell from 38% to 15%, a 23-point drop.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interim_government_2019–2020">Interim government 2019–2020</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interim government 2019–2020">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_general_election" title="2019 Bolivian general election">2019 Bolivian general election</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">2019 Bolivian political crisis</a></div> During the 2019 elections, the <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_general_election" title="2019 Bolivian general election">Transmisión de Resultados Electorales Preliminares (TREP)</a> (a quick count process used in Latin America as a transparency measure in electoral processes) was interrupted; at the time, Morales had a lead of 46.86 percent to Mesa's 36.72, after 95.63 percent of tally sheets were counted.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Two days after the interruption, the official count showed Morales fractionally clearing the 10-point margin he needed to avoid a runoff election, with the final official tally counted as 47.08 percent to Mesa's 36.51 percent, starting a wave of protests and tension in the country. Amidst allegations of fraud perpetrated by the Morales government, widespread <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_protests" title="2019 Bolivian protests">protests</a> were organized to dispute the election. On 10 November, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) released a preliminary report concluding several irregularities in the election,<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> though these findings were heavily disputed.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The New York Times reported on 7 June 2020 that the OAS analysis immediately after the 20 October election was flawed yet fuelled "a chain of events that changed the South American nation's history".<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg/220px-Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg/330px-Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg/440px-Mapa_Electoral_de_Bolivia_2020_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2020_Bolivian_general_election" title="2020 Bolivian general election">2020 Bolivian general election</a>, results by department</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia,_Luis_Arce,_y_al_Vicepresidente,_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg/220px-Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg/330px-Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg/440px-Canciller_Andr%C3%A9s_Allamand_participa_del_saludo_protocolar_al_Presidente_de_Bolivia%2C_Luis_Arce%2C_y_al_Vicepresidente%2C_David_Choquehuanca_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Choquehuanca" title="David Choquehuanca">David Choquehuanca</a> on 8 November 2020</figcaption></figure> After weeks of protests, Morales resigned on national television shortly after the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces General <a href="/wiki/Williams_Kaliman" title="Williams Kaliman">Williams Kaliman</a> had urged that he do so to restore "peace and stability".<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Opposition Senator <a href="/wiki/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Jeanine Áñez">Jeanine Áñez</a> declared herself interim president, claiming constitutional succession after the president, vice president and both head of the legislature chambers. She was confirmed as interim president by the constitutional court who declared her succession to be constitutional and automatic.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> International politicians, scholars and journalists are divided between describing the event as a coup or a spontaneous social uprising against an unconstitutional fourth term.<a href="#cite_note-BC2-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Protests to reinstate Morales as president continued becoming highly violent: burning public buses and private houses, destroying public infrastructure and harming pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> The protests were met with more violence by security forces against Morales supporters after Áñez exempted police and military from criminal responsibility in operations for "the restoration of order and public stability".<a href="#cite_note-Estes_20192-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> In April 2020, the interim government took out a loan of more than $327 million from the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> to meet the country's needs during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sopitas1802212-97">[93]</a> New elections were scheduled for 3 May 2020. In response to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a>, the Bolivian electoral body, the TSE, made an announcement postponing the election. MAS reluctantly agreed with the first delay only. A date for the new election was delayed twice more, in the face of massive protests and violence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> The final proposed date for the elections was 18 October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Observers from the OAS, UNIORE, and the UN all reported that they found no fraudulent actions in the 2020 elections.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Bolivian_general_election" title="2020 Bolivian general election">general election</a> had a record voter turnout of 88.4% and ended in a landslide win for MAS which took 55.1% of the votes compared to 28.8% for centrist former president Carlos Mesa. Both Mesa and Áñez conceded defeat.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_of_Luis_Arce:_2020_-_present">Government of Luis Arce: 2020 - present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government of Luis Arce: 2020 - present">edit</a>]</div> On 8 November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a> was sworn in as President of Bolivia alongside his Vice President <a href="/wiki/David_Choquehuanca" title="David Choquehuanca">David Choquehuanca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> In February 2021, the Arce government returned an amount of around $351 million to the IMF. This comprised a loan of $327 million taken out by the interim government in April 2020 and interest of around $24 million. The government said it returned the loan to protect Bolivia's economic sovereignty and because the conditions attached to the loan were unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-sopitas1802212-97">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coup_d'état_attempt_of_Juan_José_Zúñiga:_2024-present">Coup d'état attempt of Juan José Zúñiga: 2024-present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coup d'état attempt of Juan José Zúñiga: 2024-present">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Bolivian coup d'état attempt">2024 Bolivian coup d'état attempt</a></div> On 26 June 2024, a military coup attempt led by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Juan José Zúñiga">Juan José Zúñiga</a> ended after lasting only 5 hours. In the evening of 26 June, Bolivian police arrested Zúñiga.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Geography of Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bolivia_Topography.png/220px-Bolivia_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bolivia_Topography.png/330px-Bolivia_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bolivia_Topography.png/440px-Bolivia_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="1995" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of Bolivia</figcaption></figure> Bolivia is located in the central zone of South America, between 57°26'–69°38'W and 9°38'–22°53'S. With an area of 1,098,581 square kilometers (424,164 sq mi), Bolivia is the world's 28th-largest country, and the fifth largest country in South America,<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> extending from the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Central Andes</a> through part of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> and as far as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>. The geographic center of the country is the so-called Puerto Estrella ("Star Port") on the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Grande_(Bolivia)" title="Río Grande (Bolivia)">Río Grande</a>, in <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uflo_de_Ch%C3%A1vez_Province" title="Ñuflo de Chávez Province">Ñuflo de Chávez Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia">Santa Cruz Department</a>. The geography of the country exhibits a great variety of terrain and climates. Bolivia has a high level of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> considered one of the greatest in the world, as well as several <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a> with ecological sub-units such as the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>), dry <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chiquitania" title="Chiquitania">Chiquitania</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savanna</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These areas feature enormous variations in altitude, from an elevation of 6,542 meters (21,463 ft) above sea level in <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Nevado Sajama</a> to nearly 70 meters (230 ft) along the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a>. Although a country of great geographic diversity, Bolivia has remained a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> since the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Puerto Suárez">Puerto Suárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Mat%C3%ADas,_Santa_Cruz" title="San Matías, Santa Cruz">San Matías</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Quijarro" title="Puerto Quijarro">Puerto Quijarro</a> are located in the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Bolivian Pantanal</a>. In Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 47% of the total land area, equivalent to 50,833,760 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 57,804,720 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 50,771,160 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 62,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 24% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Bolivia can be divided into three <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographic</a> regions: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg/220px-Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg/330px-Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg/440px-Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sol_de_Ma%C3%B1ana" title="Sol de Mañana">Sol de Mañana</a> (Morning Sun in Spanish), a geothermal field in <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve" title="Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve">Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve</a>, southwestern Bolivia. The area, characterized by intense volcanic activity, with sulfur spring fields and mud lakes, has indeed no geysers but rather holes that emit pressurized steam up to 50 meters high.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada,_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg/220px-James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg/330px-James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg/440px-James%27s_Flamingoes_in_Laguna_Colorada%2C_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5145" data-file-height="3430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a> in the Puna de Lipez in Potosí</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Andean region in the southwest spans 28% of the national territory, extending over 307,603 square kilometers (118,766 sq mi). This area is located above 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) altitude and is located between two big Andean chains, the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Occidental_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordillera Occidental (Bolivia)">Cordillera Occidental</a> ("Western Range") and the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central_(Bolivia)" title="Cordillera Central (Bolivia)">Cordillera Central</a> ("Central Range"), with some of the highest spots in the Americas such as the <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Nevado Sajama</a>, with an altitude of 6,542 meters (21,463 ft), and the <a href="/wiki/Illimani" title="Illimani">Illimani</a>, at 6,462 meters (21,201 ft). Also located in the Cordillera Central is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>, the highest commercially navigable lake in the world and the largest lake in South America;<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> the lake is shared with Peru. Also in this region are the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Salt_pan_(geology)" title="Salt pan (geology)">salt flat</a> in the world and an important source of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>.</li> <li>The Sub-Andean region in the center and south of the country is an intermediate region between the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">llanos</a> (plain); this region comprises 13% of the territory of Bolivia, extending over 142,815 km2 (55,141 sq mi), and encompassing the Bolivian valleys and the Yungas region. It is distinguished by its farming activities and its temperate climate.</li> <li>The Llanos region in the northeast comprises 59% of the territory, with 648,163 km2 (250,257 sq mi). It is located to the north of the Cordillera Central and extends from the Andean foothills to the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a>. It is a region of flat land and small plateaus, all covered by extensive rain forests containing enormous biodiversity. The region is below 400 meters (1,300 ft) above sea level.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BOL_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Bolivia map of Köppen climate classification.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Bolivia" title="Geology of Bolivia">geology of Bolivia</a> comprises a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithologies</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic</a> and sedimentary environments. On a synoptic scale, geological units coincide with topographical units. Most elementally, the country is divided into a mountainous western area affected by the <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> processes in the Pacific and an eastern lowlands of stable <a href="/wiki/Platform_(geology)" title="Platform (geology)">platforms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shield_(geology)" title="Shield (geology)">shields</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chacaltaya,_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Chacaltaya%2C_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chacaltaya" title="Chacaltaya">Chacaltaya</a> ski resort, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">La Paz Department</a></figcaption></figure> The climate of Bolivia varies drastically from one eco-region to the other, from the tropics in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">llanos</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar climate</a> in the western Andes. The summers are warm, humid in the east and dry in the west, with rains that often modify temperatures, humidity, winds, <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> and evaporation, yielding very different climates in different areas. When the climatological phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> takes place, it causes great alterations in the weather. Winters are very cold in the west, and it snows in the mountain ranges, while in the western regions, windy days are more common. The autumn is dry in the non-tropical regions. <ul><li>Llanos. A <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical climate</a> with an average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). The wind coming from the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> causes significant rainfall. In May, there is low precipitation because of dry winds, and most days have clear skies. Even so, winds from the south, called surazos, can bring cooler temperatures lasting several days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">Desert</a>-<a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a> climates, with strong and cold winds. The average temperature ranges from 15 to 20 °C. At night, temperatures descend drastically to slightly above 0 °C, while during the day, the weather is dry and <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">solar radiation</a> is high. <a href="/wiki/Ground_frost" title="Ground frost">Ground frosts</a> occur every month, and snow is frequent.</li> <li>Valleys and Yungas. <a href="/wiki/Temperateness" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperateness">Temperate</a> climate. The humid northeastern winds are pushed to the mountains, making this region very humid and rainy. Temperatures are cooler at higher elevations. Snow occurs at altitudes of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Chaco</a>. <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">Subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>. Rainy and humid in January and the rest of the year, with warm days and cold nights.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_with_climate_change">Issues with climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Issues with climate change">edit</a>]</div> Bolivia is especially vulnerable to the negative consequences of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Twenty percent of the world's tropical <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> are located within the country,<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> and are more sensitive to change in temperature due to the tropical climate they are located in. Temperatures in the Andes increased by 0.1 °C per decade from 1939 to 1998, and more recently the rate of increase has tripled (to 0.33 °C per decade from 1980 to 2005),<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> causing glaciers to recede at an accelerated pace and create unforeseen water shortages in Andean agricultural towns. Farmers have taken to temporary city jobs when there is poor yield for their crops, while others have started permanently leaving the agricultural sector and are migrating to nearby towns for other forms of work;<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> some view these migrants as the first generation of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_migrant" title="Environmental migrant">climate refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Cities that are neighbouring agricultural land, like El Alto, face the challenge of providing services to the influx of new migrants; because there is no alternative water source, the city's water source is now being constricted. Bolivia's government and other agencies have acknowledged the need to instill new policies battling the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has provided funding through the <a href="/wiki/Climate_Investment_Funds" title="Climate Investment Funds">Climate Investment Funds</a> (CIF) and are using the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR II) to construct new <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems, protect riverbanks and basins, and work on building water resources with the help of indigenous communities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/220px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/330px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg/440px-Lama_glama_Laguna_Colorada_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bolivia's national animal,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Colorada" title="Laguna Colorada">Laguna Colorada</a>.</figcaption></figure> Bolivia, with an enormous variety of <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, is part of the "<a href="/wiki/Like-Minded_Megadiverse_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries">Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries</a>".<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Bolivia's variable altitudes, ranging from 90–6,542 meters (295–21,463 ft) above sea level, allow for a vast biologic diversity. The territory of Bolivia comprises four types of <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, 32 ecological regions, and 199 ecosystems. Within this geographic area there are several natural parks and reserves such as the <a href="/wiki/Noel_Kempff_Mercado_National_Park" title="Noel Kempff Mercado National Park">Noel Kempff Mercado National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Madidi_National_Park" title="Madidi National Park">Madidi National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tunari_National_Park" title="Tunari National Park">Tunari National Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Avaroa_Andean_Fauna_National_Reserve" title="Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve">Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kaa-Iya_del_Gran_Chaco_National_Park_and_Integrated_Management_Natural_Area" title="Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area">Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management Natural Area</a>, among others. Bolivia boasts over 17,000 species of seed plants, including over 1,200 species of <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>, 1,500 species of <a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">marchantiophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>, and at least 800 species of fungus. In addition, there are more than 3,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal plant">medicinal plants</a>. Bolivia is considered the place of origin for such species as <a href="/wiki/Capsicum_pubescens" title="Capsicum pubescens">peppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">chili peppers</a>, peanuts, the <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris" title="Phaseolus vulgaris">common beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">yucca</a>, and several species of palm. Bolivia also naturally produces over 4,000 kinds of potatoes. The country had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.47/10, ranking it 21st globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-123">[119]</a> Bolivia has more than 2,900 animal species, including 398 mammals, over 1,400 birds (about 14% of birds known in the world, being the sixth most diverse country in terms of bird species)<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>], 204 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, 277 reptiles, and 635 fish, all <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> fish as Bolivia is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a>. In addition, there are more than 3,000 types of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">butterfly</a>, and more than 60 <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestic animals</a>. In 2020 a new species of snake, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Fer-De-Lance_Viper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Fer-De-Lance Viper">Mountain Fer-De-Lance Viper</a>, was discovered in Bolivia.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_policy">Environmental policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Environmental policy">edit</a>]</div> A <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Water_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Water (Bolivia)">Ministry of Environment and Water</a> was created in 2006 after the election of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, who reversed the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of the water distribution sector in the 1990s by President <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian constitution">Constitution</a>, approved by <a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Bolivian constitutional referendum">referendum in 2009</a>, makes access to water a fundamental right. In July 2010, at the initiative of Bolivia, the United Nations passed a resolution recognizing as "fundamental" the "right to safe and clean drinking water."<a href="#cite_note-:2-126">[122]</a> In 2013, the '<a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Rights_of_Mother_Earth" title="Law of the Rights of Mother Earth">Law of the Rights of Mother Earth</a>' was passed, which accords nature the same rights as humans.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Politics of Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bolivia" title="Foreign relations of Bolivia">Foreign relations of Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/220px-New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/330px-New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg/440px-New_addition_to_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Building of the <a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Plurinational Legislative Assembly</a> in central <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></figcaption></figure> Bolivia has been governed by democratically elected governments since 1982; prior to that, it was governed by various dictatorships. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Siles_Zuazo" title="Hernán Siles Zuazo">Hernán Siles Zuazo</a> (1982–85) and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Paz_Estenssoro" title="Víctor Paz Estenssoro">Víctor Paz Estenssoro</a> (1985–89) began a tradition of ceding power peacefully which has continued, although three presidents have stepped down in the face of extraordinary circumstances: <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Lozada" title="Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada">Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada</a> in 2003, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos Mesa</a> in 2005, and <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> in 2019. Bolivia's multiparty democracy has seen a wide variety of parties in the presidency and parliament, although the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Movement">Revolutionary Nationalist Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Democratic_Action" title="Nationalist Democratic Action">Nationalist Democratic Action</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Left_Movement_(Bolivia)" title="Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)">Revolutionary Left Movement</a> predominated from 1985 to 2005. On 11 November 2019, all senior governmental positions were vacated following <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">the resignation of Evo Morales and his government</a>. On 13 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Jeanine Áñez">Jeanine Áñez</a>, a former senator representing Beni, declared herself acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arce" title="Luis Arce">Luis Arce</a> was elected on 23 October 2020; he took office as president on 8 November 2020. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg/220px-Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg/330px-Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg/440px-Interior_del_Palacio_de_Gobierno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Quemado" title="Palacio Quemado">Palacio Quemado</a>, the former residence and main office for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">constitution</a>, drafted in 2006–07 and approved in 2009, provides for balanced executive, legislative, judicial, and electoral powers, as well as several levels of autonomy. The traditionally strong executive branch tends to overshadow the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Congress of Bolivia">Congress</a>, whose role is generally limited to debating and approving legislation initiated by the executive. The judiciary, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Bolivia">Supreme Court</a> and departmental and lower courts, has long been riddled with corruption and inefficiency. Through revisions to the constitution in 1994, and subsequent laws, the government has initiated potentially far-reaching reforms in the judicial system as well as increasing decentralizing powers to departments, municipalities, and indigenous territories. The executive branch is headed by a president and vice president, and consists of a variable number (currently, 20) of government <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a>. The president is elected to a five-year term by <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">popular vote</a>, and governs from the Presidential Palace (popularly called the Burnt Palace, Palacio Quemado) in La Paz. In the case that no candidate receives an <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">absolute majority</a> of the popular vote or more than 40% of the vote with an advantage of more than 10% over the second-place finisher, a run-off is to be held among the two candidates most voted.<a href="#cite_note-presidencia.gob.bo-128">[124]</a> The Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional (<a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Plurinational Legislative Assembly</a> or National Congress) has <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a>. The Cámara de Diputados (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a>) has 130 members elected to five-year terms, 63 from single-member districts (circunscripciones), 60 by proportional representation, and seven by the minority indigenous peoples of seven departments. The Cámara de Senadores (<a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Chamber of Senators</a>) has 36 members (four per department). Members of the Assembly are elected to five-year terms. The body has its headquarters on the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Murillo" title="Plaza Murillo">Plaza Murillo</a> in La Paz, but also holds honorary sessions elsewhere in Bolivia. The Vice President serves as titular head of the combined Assembly. The judiciary consists of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Justice (Bolivia)">Supreme Court of Justice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurinational Constitutional Court">Plurinational Constitutional Court</a>, the Judiciary Council, Agrarian and Environmental Court, and District (departmental) and lower courts. In October 2011, Bolivia held its first judicial elections to choose members of the national courts by popular vote, a reform brought about by Evo Morales. The <a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ" title="Plurinational Electoral Organ">Plurinational Electoral Organ</a> is an independent branch of government which replaced the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Court_of_Bolivia" title="National Electoral Court of Bolivia">National Electoral Court</a> in 2010. The branch consists of the Supreme Electoral Courts, the nine Departmental Electoral Court, Electoral Judges, the anonymously selected Juries at Election Tables, and Electoral Notaries.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Wilfredo Ovando presides over the seven-member Supreme Electoral Court. Its operations are mandated by the Constitution and regulated by the Electoral Regime Law (Law 026, passed 2010). The Organ's first elections were the country's first <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_judicial_election,_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian judicial election, 2011">judicial election</a> in October 2011, and five municipal special elections held in 2011. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital">Capital</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Capital">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_(3777140400).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg/220px-Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg/330px-Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg/440px-Plaza_in_Historic_Center_-_Sucre_-_Bolivia_%283777140400%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a> is Bolivia's constitutional capital and retains the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial branch">judicial branch</a> of government.</figcaption></figure> Bolivia has its constitutionally recognized capital in <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>, while <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> is the seat of government. La Plata (now Sucre) was proclaimed the provisional capital of the newly independent Alto Peru (later, Bolivia) on 1 July 1826.<a href="#cite_note-DicGeo-130">[126]</a> On 12 July 1839, President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_de_Velasco" title="José Miguel de Velasco">José Miguel de Velasco</a> proclaimed a law naming the city as the capital of Bolivia, and renaming it in honor of the revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DicGeo-130">[126]</a> The Bolivian seat of government moved to La Paz at the start of the twentieth century as a consequence of Sucre's relative remoteness from economic activity after the decline of <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> and its silver industry and of the Liberal Party in the War of 1899. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">2009 Constitution</a> assigns the role of national capital to Sucre, not referring to La Paz in the text.<a href="#cite_note-presidencia.gob.bo-128">[124]</a> In addition to being the constitutional capital, the Supreme Court of Bolivia is located in Sucre, making it the judicial capital. Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_Quemado" title="Palacio Quemado">Palacio Quemado</a> (the Presidential Palace and seat of Bolivian <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a>) is located in La Paz, as are the National Congress and Plurinational Electoral Organ. La Paz thus continues to be the seat of government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bolivia" title="Foreign relations of Bolivia">Foreign relations of Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/220px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/330px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg/440px-El_Salvador_President_at_Maduro_inauguration_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The presidents of Cuba, Bolivia, and El Salvador (from l. to r.) greet <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> at his second inauguration as Venezuela's president, in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, on 10 January 2019</figcaption></figure> Despite losing its maritime coast, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Litoral Department</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, Bolivia has historically maintained, as a state policy, a maritime claim to that part of Chile; the claim asks for sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean and its maritime space. The issue has also been presented before the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>; in 1979, the OAS passed the 426 Resolution,<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> which declared that the Bolivian problem is a hemispheric problem. On 4 April 1884, a truce was signed with Chile, whereby Chile gave facilities of access to Bolivian products through <a href="/wiki/Antofagasta" title="Antofagasta">Antofagasta</a>, and freed the payment of export rights in the port of <a href="/wiki/Arica" title="Arica">Arica</a>. In October 1904, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_(1904)" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)">Treaty of Peace and Friendship</a> was signed, and Chile agreed to build a <a href="/wiki/Arica%E2%80%93La_Paz_railway" title="Arica–La Paz railway">railway between Arica and La Paz</a>, to improve access of Bolivian products to the ports. The Special Economical Zone for Bolivia in Ilo (ZEEBI) is a special economic area of 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) of maritime coast, and a total extension of 358 hectares (880 acres), called Mar Bolivia ("Sea Bolivia"), where Bolivia may maintain a free port near <a href="/wiki/Ilo,_Peru" title="Ilo, Peru">Ilo</a>, Peru under its administration and operation<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] for a period of 99 years starting in 1992; once that time has passed, all the construction and territory revert to the Peruvian government. Since 1964, Bolivia has had its own port facilities in the Bolivian Free Port in <a href="/wiki/Rosario" title="Rosario">Rosario</a>, Argentina. This port is located on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, which is directly connected to the Atlantic Ocean. In 2018, Bolivia signed the UN <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> The dispute with Chile was taken to the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. The court ruled in support of the Chilean position, and declared that although Chile may have held talks about a Bolivian corridor to the sea, the country was not required to negotiate one or to surrender its territory.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Bolivia is the 68th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Bolivia">Bolivian military</a> comprises three branches: <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Ejército (Army)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Naval Force">Naval (Navy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force" title="Bolivian Air Force">Fuerza Aérea (Air Force)</a>. The Bolivian army has around 31,500 men. There are six military regions (regiones militares—RMs) in the army. The army is organized into ten divisions. Although it is landlocked, Bolivia keeps a navy. The <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Naval_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Naval Force">Bolivian Naval Force</a> (Fuerza Naval Boliviana in Spanish) is a naval force about 5,000 strong in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force" title="Bolivian Air Force">Bolivian Air Force</a> ('Fuerza Aérea Boliviana' or "FAB") has nine air bases, located at La Paz, Cochabamba, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Puerto Suárez">Puerto Suárez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarija,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarija, Bolivia">Tarija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villamontes" title="Villamontes">Villamontes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobija" title="Cobija">Cobija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riberalta" title="Riberalta">Riberalta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robor%C3%A9" title="Roboré">Roboré</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_crime">Law and crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Law and crime">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Law enforcement in Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bolivia" title="Crime in Bolivia">Crime in Bolivia</a></div> There are 54 <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Bolivia" title="Prisons in Bolivia">prisons in Bolivia</a>, which incarcerate around 8,700 people as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit">[update]</a>. The prisons are managed by the Penitentiary Regime Directorate (Spanish: Dirección de Régimen Penitenciario). There are 17 prisons in <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">departmental</a> capital cities and 36 provincial prisons.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">Departments of Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bolivia" title="Provinces of Bolivia">Provinces of Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bolivia" title="Municipalities of Bolivia">Municipalities of Bolivia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantons_of_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantons of Bolivia (page does not exist)">Cantons of Bolivia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_Community_Lands" title="Native Community Lands">Native Community Lands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg/220px-La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg/330px-La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg/440px-La_Paz_al_tramonto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mount <a href="/wiki/Illimani" title="Illimani">Illimani</a> overlooking La Paz, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">La Paz Department</a> and the seat of government of Bolivia</figcaption></figure> Bolivia has nine departments—<a href="/wiki/Pando_Department" title="Pando Department">Pando</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a>. According to what is established by the Bolivian Political Constitution, the Law of Autonomies and Decentralization regulates the procedure for the elaboration of Statutes of Autonomy, the transfer and distribution of direct competences between the central government and the autonomous entities.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> There are four levels of decentralization: 1) Departmental government is constituted by the Departmental Assembly, with rights over the legislation of the department. The department governor is chosen by universal suffrage. 2) Municipal government is constituted by a Municipal Council which is responsible for legislation of the municipality. The municipality's mayor is chosen by universal suffrage. 3) Regional government is formed by several provinces or municipalities of geographical continuity within a department. It is constituted by a Regional Assembly. 4) Original indigenous government is constituted by <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a> of original indigenous people on the ancient territories where they live. <table border="0" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Department</th> <th>Capital</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pando_Department" title="Pando Department">Pando</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobija" title="Cobija">Cobija</a></td> <td rowspan="9"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolivia,_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/250px-Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/375px-Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg/500px-Bolivia%2C_administrative_divisions_-_Nmbrs_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Territorial division of Bolivia</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad, Bolivia">Trinidad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarija,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarija, Bolivia">Tarija</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg/220px-Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg/330px-Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg/440px-Protected_area_%22El_Palmar_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>El Palmar Nature Preserve, in northern Chuquisaca</figcaption></figure> While Bolivia's administrative divisions have similar status under governmental jurisprudence, each department varies in quantitative and qualitative factors. Generally speaking, Departments can be grouped either by geography or by political-cultural orientation. For example, Santa Cruz, Beni and Pando make up the low-lying "Camba" heartlands of the Amazon, Moxos and Chiquitanía. When considering political orientation, Beni, Pando, Santa Cruz, Tarija are generally grouped for regionalist autonomy movements; this region is known as the "Media Luna". Conversely, La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Cochabamba have been traditionally associated with Andean politics and culture. Today, Chuquisaca vacillates between the Andean cultural bloc and the Camba bloc.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Economy of Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_La_Paz,_Bolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg/220px-Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg/330px-Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg/440px-Centro_de_La_Paz%2C_Bolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>La Paz is Bolivia's main financial center</figcaption></figure> Driven largely by its natural resources Bolivia has become a regional leader in measures of economic growth, fiscal stability and foreign reserves,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-140">[136]</a> although it remains a historically poor country. Bolivia's estimated 2012 gross domestic product (GDP) totaled $27.43 billion at official exchange rate and $56.14 billion at purchasing power parity. Despite a series of mostly political setbacks, between 2006 and 2009 the Morales administration spurred growth higher than at any point in the preceding 30 years. The growth was accompanied by a moderate decrease in inequality.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Under Morales, per capita GDP doubled from US$1,182 in 2006 to US$2,238 in 2012. GDP growth under Morales averaged 5 percent a year, and in 2014 only Panama and the Dominican Republic performed better in all of Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[138]</a> Bolivia's nominal GDP increased from 11.5 billion in 2006 to 41 billion in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> Bolivia in 2014, before a strong decline, boasted the highest proportional rate of financial reserves of any nation in the world, with Bolivia's rainy day fund totaling some US$15 billion or nearly two-thirds of total annual GDP, up from a fifth of GDP in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivirgarzama,_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg/220px-Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg/330px-Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg/440px-Ivirgarzama%2C_Bol%C3%ADvia%C2%B4s_Puerto_Villarroel_county.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="2458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivirgarzama" title="Ivirgarzama">Ivirgarzama</a>, an important agricultural region for the cultivation of bananas, citrus fruits, pineapples and rice</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Agriculture is less relevant in the country's GDP compared to the rest of Latin America. The country produces close to 10 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> per year and is the 10th largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybean</a> in the world. It also has considerable yields of maize, potato, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, banana, rice, and wheat. The country's largest exports are based on soy (soybean meal and <a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">soybean oil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> The culture of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> was brought by Brazilians to the country: in 2006, almost 50% of soy producers in Bolivia were people from Brazil, or descendants of Brazilians. The first Brazilian producers began to arrive in the country in the 1990s. Before that, there was a lot of land in the country that was not used, or where only subsistence agriculture was practiced.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Bolivia's most lucrative agricultural product continues to be <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, of which Bolivia is the world's third largest cultivator.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_resources">Mineral resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mineral resources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerro_ricco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/220px-Cerro_ricco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/330px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cerro_ricco.jpg/440px-Cerro_ricco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Rico" title="Cerro Rico">Cerro Rico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, still an important mining site since the colonial times.</figcaption></figure> Bolivia, while historically renowned for its vast mineral wealth, is relatively under-explored in geological and mineralogical terms. The country is rich in various mineral and natural resources, sitting at the heart of South America in the Central Andes. Mining is a major sector of the economy, with most of the country's exports being dependent on it.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> In 2019, the country was the eighth largest world producer of silver;<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> fifth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>;<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> seventh largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> eighth largest producer of lead,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> fourth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>;<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> and the sixth largest world producer of <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> The country also has considerable gold production, which varies close to 25 tons/year, and also has <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a> extraction.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat,_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg/220px-Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg/330px-Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg/440px-Lithium_mine_at_Bolivia%C2%B4s_Uyuni_Salt_Flat%2C_on_a_CBERS4_MUX_yesterday%C2%B4s_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> mine in the <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>.</figcaption></figure>Bolivia has the world's largest lithium reserves, second largest antimony reserves, third largest iron ore reserves, sixth largest tin reserves, ninth largest lead, silver, and copper reserves, tenth largest zinc reserves, and undisclosed but productive reserves of gold and tungsten. Additionally, there is believed to be considerable reserves of uranium and nickel present in the country's largely under-explored eastern regions. Diamond reserves may also be present in some formations of the Serranías Chiquitanas in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz Department</a>. Bolivia has the second largest natural gas reserves in South America.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> Its natural gas exports bring in millions of dollars per day, in royalties, rents, and taxes.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-140">[136]</a> From 2007 to 2017, what is referred to as the "government take" on gas totaled approximately $22 billion.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-140">[136]</a> The government held a binding referendum in 2005 on the Hydrocarbon Law. Among other provisions, the law requires that companies sell their production to the state hydrocarbons company <a href="/wiki/YPFB" title="YPFB">Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos</a> (YPFB) and for domestic demand to be met before exporting hydrocarbons and increased the state's royalties from natural gas.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> The passage of the Hydrocarbon law in opposition to then-President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mesa" title="Carlos Mesa">Carlos Mesa</a> can be understood as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_gas_conflict" title="Bolivian gas conflict">Bolivian gas conflict</a> which ultimately resulted in election of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, Bolivia's first indigenous president.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">US Geological Service</a> estimates that Bolivia has 21 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, which represent at least 25% of world reserves – the largest in the world. However, to mine for it would involve disturbing the country's salt flats (called <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a>), an important natural feature which boosts tourism in the region. The government does not want to destroy this unique natural landscape to meet the rising world demand for lithium.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> On the other hand, sustainable extraction of lithium is attempted by the government. This project is carried out by the public company "Recursos Evaporíticos" subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Minera_de_Bolivia" title="Corporación Minera de Bolivia">COMIBOL</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salar_de_Uyuni,_Bolivia,_2016-02-04,_DD_45.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG/220px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG/330px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG/440px-Salar_de_Uyuni%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-02-04%2C_DD_45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8359" data-file-height="5573" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Salar_de_Uyuni" title="Salar de Uyuni">Salar de Uyuni</a> is the most visited site in Bolivia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bolivia" title="Tourism in Bolivia">Tourism in Bolivia</a></div> The income from tourism has become increasingly important. <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bolivia" title="Tourism in Bolivia">Bolivia's tourist industry</a> has placed an emphasis on attracting ethnic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Xie2011-161">[157]</a> The most visited places include <a href="/wiki/Nevado_Sajama" title="Nevado Sajama">Nevado Sajama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torotoro_National_Park" title="Torotoro National Park">Torotoro National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madidi_National_Park" title="Madidi National Park">Madidi National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>. The best known of the various festivals found in the country is the "<a href="/wiki/Carnaval_de_Oruro" title="Carnaval de Oruro">Carnaval de Oruro</a>", which was among the first 19 "<a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a>", as proclaimed by UNESCO in May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-protection-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bolivia" title="Transport in Bolivia">Transport in Bolivia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> Bolivia's <a href="/wiki/Yungas_Road" title="Yungas Road">Yungas Road</a> was called the "world's most dangerous road" by the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>, called (El Camino de la Muerte) in Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The northern portion of the road, much of it unpaved and without guardrails, was cut into the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Bolivia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Bolivia)">Cordillera Oriental Mountain</a> in the 1930s. The fall from the narrow 12 feet (3.7 m) path is as much as 2,000 feet (610 m) in some places and due to the humid weather from the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> there are often poor conditions like mudslides and falling rocks.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Each year over 25,000 bikers cycle along the 40 miles (64 km) road. In 2018, an Israeli woman was killed by a falling rock while cycling on the road.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apolo,_La_Paz" title="Apolo, La Paz">Apolo</a> road goes deep into <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>. Roads in this area were originally built to allow access to mines located near <a href="/wiki/Charazani" title="Charazani">Charazani</a>. Other noteworthy roads run to <a href="/wiki/Coroico" title="Coroico">Coroico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorata" title="Sorata">Sorata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zongo_Valley" title="Zongo Valley">Zongo Valley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Illimani" title="Illimani">Illimani</a> mountain), and along the <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> highway (carretera).<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> According to researchers with the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Forestry_Research" title="Center for International Forestry Research">Center for International Forestry Research</a> (CIFOR), Bolivia's road network was still underdeveloped as of 2014. In lowland areas of Bolivia there is less than 2,000 kilometers (2,000,000 m) of paved road. There have been some recent investments; <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> has expanded in <a href="/wiki/Guayaramer%C3%ADn" title="Guayaramerín">Guayaramerín</a>, which might be due to a new road connecting Guayaramerín with <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad, Bolivia">Trinidad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The country only opened its first <a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">duplicated highway</a> in 2015: a 203 km stretch between the capital La Paz and Oruro.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bolivia" title="List of airlines of Bolivia">List of airlines of Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bolivia" title="List of airports in Bolivia">List of airports in Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg/220px-Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg/330px-Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg/440px-Aviones_de_BoA_en_Cochabamba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boliviana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Boliviana de Aviación">Boliviana de Aviación</a> (BoA) is a state-owned company and the country's largest airline. Two BoA Boeing 737-300s parked at <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Wilstermann_International_Airport" title="Jorge Wilstermann International Airport">Jorge Wilstermann International Airport</a>.</figcaption></figure> The General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics (Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil—DGAC) formerly part of the FAB, administers a civil aeronautics school called the National Institute of Civil Aeronautics (Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil—INAC), and two commercial air transport services TAM and TAB. <a href="/wiki/TAM_%E2%80%93_Transporte_A%C3%A9reo_Militar" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM – Transporte Aéreo Militar">TAM – Transporte Aéreo Militar</a> (the Bolivian Military Airline) was an airline based in La Paz, Bolivia. It was the civilian wing of the 'Fuerza Aérea Boliviana' (the Bolivian Air Force), operating passenger services to remote towns and communities in the North and Northeast of Bolivia. TAM (a.k.a. TAM Group 71) has been a part of the FAB since 1945. The airline suspended its operations since September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-TAM-169">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boliviana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Boliviana de Aviación">Boliviana de Aviación</a>, often referred to as simply BoA, is the flag carrier airline of Bolivia and is wholly owned by the country's government.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> A private airline serving regional destinations is <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_A%C3%A9rea_Amaszonas" title="Línea Aérea Amaszonas">Línea Aérea Amaszonas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> with services including some international destinations. Although a civil transport airline, <a href="/wiki/TAB_%E2%80%93_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Bolivianos" class="mw-redirect" title="TAB – Transportes Aéreos Bolivianos">TAB – Transportes Aéreos Bolivianos</a>, was created as a subsidiary company of the FAB in 1977. It is subordinate to the Air Transport Management (Gerencia de Transportes Aéreos) and is headed by an FAB general. TAB, a charter heavy cargo airline, links Bolivia with most countries of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>; its inventory includes a fleet of Hercules C130 aircraft. TAB is headquartered adjacent to <a href="/wiki/El_Alto_International_Airport" title="El Alto International Airport">El Alto International Airport</a>. TAB flies to Miami and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, with a stop in Panama. The three largest, and main international airports in Bolivia are <a href="/wiki/El_Alto_International_Airport" title="El Alto International Airport">El Alto International Airport</a> in La Paz, <a href="/wiki/Viru_Viru_International_Airport" title="Viru Viru International Airport">Viru Viru International Airport</a> in Santa Cruz, and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Wilstermann_International_Airport" title="Jorge Wilstermann International Airport">Jorge Wilstermann International Airport</a> in Cochabamba. There are regional airports in other cities that connect to these three hubs.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> Bolivia owns a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> which was <a href="/wiki/Offshore_company" title="Offshore company">offshored/outsourced</a> and launched by China, named <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari_1" title="Túpac Katari 1">Túpac Katari 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> In 2015, it was announced that electrical power advancements include a planned $300 million nuclear reactor developed by the Russian nuclear company <a href="/wiki/Rosatom" title="Rosatom">Rosatom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> Bolivia was ranked 100th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply_and_sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Water supply and sanitation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bolivia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia">Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia</a></div> Bolivia's drinking water and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> coverage has greatly improved since 1990 due to a considerable increase in sectoral investment. However, the country has the continent's lowest coverage levels and services are of low quality. Political and institutional instability have contributed to the weakening of the sector's institutions at the national and local levels. Two concessions to foreign private companies in two of the three largest cities – <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>/<a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a> – were prematurely ended in 2000 and 2006 respectively. The country's second largest city, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>, manages its own water and sanitation system relatively successfully by way of cooperatives. The government of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> intends to strengthen citizen participation within the sector. Increasing coverage requires a substantial increase of investment financing. According to the government the main problems in the sector are low access to sanitation throughout the country; low access to water in rural areas; insufficient and ineffective investments; a low visibility of community service providers; a lack of respect of indigenous customs; "technical and institutional difficulties in the design and implementation of projects"; a lack of capacity to operate and maintain infrastructure; an institutional framework that is "not consistent with the political change in the country"; "ambiguities in the social participation schemes"; a reduction in the quantity and quality of water due to climate change; pollution and a lack of integrated water resources management; and the lack of policies and programs for the reuse of wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-PNSB-176">[172]</a> Only 27% of the population has access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a>, 80 to 88% has access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved water sources</a>. Coverage in urban areas is bigger than in rural ones.<a href="#cite_note-JMP-177">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture_2">Agriculture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bolivia" title="Agriculture in Bolivia">Agriculture in Bolivia</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian cuisine</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivian wine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya,_Bolivia,_Lake_Titicaca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG/220px-Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG/330px-Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG/440px-Chenopodium_quinoa_in_Cachilaya%2C_Bolivia%2C_Lake_Titicaca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a> field near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. Bolivia is the world's second largest producer of the crop.</figcaption></figure> The agrarian reform promised by Evo Morales – and approved in a referendum by nearly 80 per cent of the population – has never been implemented. Intended to abolish <a href="/wiki/Latifundium" title="Latifundium">latifundism</a> by reducing the maximum size of properties that do not have an "economic and social function" to 5,000 hectares, with the remainder to be distributed among small agricultural workers and landless indigenous people, it was strongly opposed by the Bolivian oligarchy. In 2009, the government gave in to the agribusiness sector, which in return committed to end the pressure it was exerting and jeopardizing until the new constitution was in place.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[174]</a> However, a series of economic reforms and projects have improved the condition of modest peasant families. They received farm machinery, tractors, fertilizers, seeds and breeding stock, while the state built irrigation systems, roads and bridges to make it easier for them to sell their produce in the markets. The situation of many indigenous people and small farmers was regularized through the granting of land titles for the land they were using.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[174]</a> In 2007, the government created a "Bank for Productive Development" through which small workers and agricultural producers can borrow easily, at low rates and with repayment terms adapted to agricultural cycles. As a result of improved banking supervision, borrowing rates have been reduced by a factor of three between 2014 and 2019 across all banking institutions for small and medium-sized agricultural producers. In addition, the law now requires banks to devote at least 60% of their resources to productive credits or to the construction of social housing.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[174]</a> With the creation of the Food Production Support Enterprise (Emapa), the government sought to stabilize the domestic market for agricultural products by buying the best prices for the production of small and medium-sized farmers, thus forcing agribusinesses to offer them fairer remuneration. According to Vice President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Àlvaro García Linera</a>, "by setting the rules of the game, the State establishes a new balance of power that gives more power to small producers. Wealth is better redistributed to balance the power of the agribusiness sector. This generates stability, which allows the economy to flourish and benefits everyone.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-178">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bolivia" title="Demographics of Bolivia">Demographics of Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG/220px-Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG/330px-Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG/440px-Centro_de_La_Paz_en_Bolivia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>People in La Paz city center</figcaption></figure> According to the last two censuses carried out by the Bolivian National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE), the population increased from 8,274,325 (from which 4,123,850 were men and 4,150,475 were women) in 2001 to 10,059,856 in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-Cen2012-179">[175]</a> In the last fifty years the Bolivian population has tripled, reaching a population growth rate of 2.25%. The growth of the population in the inter-census periods (1950–1976 and 1976–1992) was approximately 2.05%, while between the last period, 1992–2001, it reached 2.74% annually. Some 67.49% of Bolivians live in urban areas, while the remaining 32.51% in rural areas. The most part of the population (70%) is concentrated in the departments of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a> region the departments of La Paz and <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a> hold the largest percentage of population, in the valley region the largest percentage is held by the departments of Cochabamba and <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a>, while in the Llanos region by Santa Cruz and <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a>. At national level, the population density is 8.49, with variations marked between 0.8 (<a href="/wiki/Pando_Department" title="Pando Department">Pando Department</a>) and 26.2 (Cochabamba Department). The largest population center is located in the so-called "central axis" and in the Llanos region. Bolivia has a young population. According to the 2011 census, 59% of the population is between 15 and 59 years old, 39% is less than 15 years old. Almost 60% of the population is younger than 25 years of age. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macheteros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Macheteros.JPG/220px-Macheteros.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Macheteros.JPG/330px-Macheteros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Macheteros.JPG/440px-Macheteros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Danza de los macheteros, typical dance from <a href="/wiki/San_Ignacio_de_Moxos" title="San Ignacio de Moxos">San Ignacio de Moxos</a>, Bolivia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis)_-_Bolivia-133.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29_-_Bolivia-133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="6592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymara</a> man with a llama, near Lake Titicaca, Bolivia</figcaption></figure> The vast majority of Bolivians are <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> (with the indigenous component higher than the European one), although the government has not included the cultural self-identification "mestizo" in the November 2012 census.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> There are approximately three dozen native groups totaling approximately half of the Bolivian population – the largest proportion of indigenous people in the Americas. A 2018 estimate of racial classification put mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian) at 68%, indigenous at 20%, white at 5%, <a href="/wiki/Cholo#Bolivia" title="Cholo">cholo</a> at 2%, black at 1%, other at 4%, while 2% were unspecified; 44% attributed themselves to some indigenous group, predominantly the linguistic categories of <a href="/wiki/Quechuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuas">Quechuas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_Americans" title="White Latin Americans">White Bolivians</a> comprised about 14% of the population in 2006, and are usually concentrated in the largest cities: <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a>, but as well in some minor cities like <a href="/wiki/Tarija" title="Tarija">Tarija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a>. The ancestry of whites and the white ancestry of mestizos lies within Europe and the Middle East, most notably Spain, Italy, Germany, Croatia, Lebanon and Syria. In the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia">Santa Cruz Department</a>, there are several dozen colonies of German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites from Russia</a> totaling around 40,000 inhabitants (as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Bolivian">Afro-Bolivians</a>, descendants of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a> who arrived in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, inhabit the <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">department of La Paz</a>, and are located mainly in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Nor_Yungas_Province" title="Nor Yungas Province">Nor Yungas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sud_Yungas_Province" title="Sud Yungas Province">Sud Yungas</a>. Slavery was abolished in Bolivia in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> There are also important communities of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Bolivians" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Bolivians">Japanese</a> (14,000<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a>) and Lebanese (12,900<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a>). <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a>, also called "originarios" ("native" or "original") and less frequently, Amerindians, could be categorized by geographic area, such as <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechuas</a> (who formed the ancient <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>), who are concentrated in the western departments of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a>. There also are ethnic populations in the east, composed of the <a href="/wiki/Chiquitano" title="Chiquitano">Chiquitano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chan%C3%A9" title="Chané">Chané</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moxo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Moxo people">Moxos</a>, among others, who inhabit the departments of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia">Santa Cruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pando_Department" title="Pando Department">Pando</a>. There are small numbers of European citizens from Germany, France, Italy and Portugal, as well as from other countries of the Americas, as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, the United States, Paraguay, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela, among others. There are important Peruvian colonies in <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a>. There are around 140,000 <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Bolivia" title="Mennonites in Bolivia">Mennonites in Bolivia</a> of Friesian, Flemish and German ethnic origins.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Languages of Bolivia</a></div> Bolivia has great linguistic diversity as a result of its <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Constitution of Bolivia</a> recognizes 36 official languages besides Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Araona_language" title="Araona language">Araona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baure_language" title="Baure language">Baure</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9siro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bésiro language">Bésiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavine%C3%B1o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavineño language">Cavineño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1cobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chácobo language">Chácobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%A1n_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimán language">Chimán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ese_Ejja_language" title="Ese Ejja language">Ese Ejja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarasuawe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarasuawe language">Guarasu'we</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machajuyai-Kallawaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Machajuyai-Kallawaya">Machajuyai-Kallawaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machineri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machineri language">Machineri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maropa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maropa language">Maropa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moje%C3%B1o-Ignaciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojeño-Ignaciano">Mojeño-Ignaciano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moje%C3%B1o-Trinitario" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojeño-Trinitario">Mojeño-Trinitario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mor%C3%A9_language_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moré language (Bolivia)">Moré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moset%C3%A9n_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosetén language">Mosetén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacawara language">Pacawara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tacana_language" title="Tacana language">Tacana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapiet%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapieté language">Tapieté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toromona_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toromona language">Toromona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uru-Chipaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Uru-Chipaya">Uru-Chipaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weenhayek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Weenhayek language">Weenhayek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaminawa_language" title="Yaminawa language">Yaminawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuki_language_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuki language (Bolivia)">Yuki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zamuco_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamuco language">Zamuco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-languages-187">[183]</a> Spanish is the most spoken official language in the country, according to the 2001 census; as it is spoken by two-thirds of the population. All legal and official documents issued by the State, including the Constitution, the main private and public institutions, the media, and commercial activities, are in Spanish. The main indigenous languages are: <a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a> (21.2% of the population in the 2001 census), <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> (14.6%), <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a> (0.6%) and others (0.4%) including the <a href="/wiki/Moxos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moxos language">Moxos</a> in the department of Beni.<a href="#cite_note-cia-6">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialect</a>, is spoken by about 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Bolivia" title="Mennonites in Bolivia">Mennonites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a>. Portuguese is spoken mainly in the areas close to Brazil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Religion in Bolivia</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:White; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 212.51081731572px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 12.632937844611px; border-left-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Bolivia (2014)<a href="#cite_note-Religion_in_Latin_America-188">[184]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (77%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (4%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg/200px-Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg/300px-Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg/400px-Basilica_de_San_Francisco_La_Paz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francisco,_La_Paz" title="Basilica of San Francisco, La Paz">Basilica of San Francisco</a> in La Paz</figcaption></figure> Bolivia is a constitutionally <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> that guarantees the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and the independence of government from religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstitute_Assembly_of_Bolivia20072-189">[185]</a> According to the 2001 census conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_of_Bolivia" title="National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia">National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia</a>, 78% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a>, followed by 19% that are <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, as well as a small number of Bolivians that are <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a>, and 3% non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives" title="Association of Religion Data Archives">Association of Religion Data Archives</a> (relying on the World Christian Database) records that in 2010, 92.5% of Bolivians identified as Christian (of any denomination), 3.1% identified with indigenous religion, 2.2% identified as <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a>, 1.9% identified as agnostic, and all other groups constituted 0.1% or less.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> Much of the indigenous population adheres to different traditional beliefs marked by <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syncretic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretism</a> with Christianity. The cult of <a href="/wiki/Pachamama" title="Pachamama">Pachamama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> or "Mother Earth", is notable. The veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Virgen_de_Copacabana" title="Virgen de Copacabana">Virgin of Copacabana</a>, Virgin of Urkupiña and Virgin of Socavón, is also an important feature of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a>. There also are important <a href="/wiki/Aymara_people" title="Aymara people">Aymaran communities</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> that have a strong devotion to <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James the Apostle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Deities worshiped in Bolivia include <a href="/wiki/Ekeko" title="Ekeko">Ekeko</a>, the Aymaran god of abundance and prosperity, whose day is celebrated every 24 January, and <a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Tupá</a>, a god of the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaraní people</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_and_towns">Largest cities and towns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Largest cities and towns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Bolivia" title="List of cities and largest towns in Bolivia">List of cities and largest towns in Bolivia</a></div> Approximately 67% of Bolivians live in urban areas,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-195">[191]</a> among the lowest proportion in South America. Nevertheless, the rate of urbanization is growing steadily, at around 2.5% annually. According to the 2012 census, there are total of 3,158,691 households in Bolivia – an increase of 887,960 from 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Cen2012-179">[175]</a> In 2009, 75.4% of homes were classified as a house, hut, or Pahuichi; 3.3% were apartments; 21.1% were rental residences; and 0.1% were <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">mobile homes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a> Most of the country's largest cities are located in the highlands of the west and central regions. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Bolivia" title="Template:Largest cities of Bolivia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Bolivia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Bolivia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Bolivia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Bolivia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Bolivia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Census 2012, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia">INE</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">Department</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">Department</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Bolivia"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra"><img alt="Santa Cruz de la Sierra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg/120px-Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg/180px-Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg/240px-Northern_Skyline_Santa_Cruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a> <a href="/wiki/File:La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Alto"><img alt="El Alto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg/120px-La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg/180px-La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg/240px-La_Ceja_perspectiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="787" /></a> <a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz de la Sierra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,453,549</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Montero,_Bolivia" title="Montero, Bolivia">Montero</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">109,518 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Paz"><img alt="La Paz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg/120px-Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg/180px-Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg/240px-Centro_de_La_Paz_al_atardecer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a> <a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cochabamba"><img alt="Cochabamba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg/120px-Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg/180px-Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg/240px-Ciudad_de_Cochabamba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Alto" title="El Alto">El Alto</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">848,840</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinidad, Bolivia">Trinidad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">106,422 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz" title="La Paz">La Paz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">764,617</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warnes_(Santa_Cruz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warnes (Santa Cruz)">Warnes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,406 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba" title="Cochabamba">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">630,587</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yacu%C3%ADba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yacuíba">Yacuíba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oruro,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruro, Bolivia">Oruro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oruro_Department" title="Oruro Department">Oruro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">264,683</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Guardia,_Bolivia" title="La Guardia, Bolivia">La Guardia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre">Sucre</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Department" title="Chuquisaca Department">Chuquisaca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">259,388</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Riberalta" title="Riberalta">Riberalta</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,003 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarija,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarija, Bolivia">Tarija</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tarija_Department" title="Tarija Department">Tarija</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">205,346</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Viacha" title="Viacha">Viacha</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">80,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">189,652</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Villa_Tunari" title="Villa Tunari">Villa Tunari</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">72,623 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sacaba" title="Sacaba">Sacaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">169,494</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cobija" title="Cobija">Cobija</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pando_Department" title="Pando Department">Pando</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quillacollo" title="Quillacollo">Quillacollo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">137,029</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiquipaya" title="Tiquipaya">Tiquipaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,062 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bolivia" title="Culture of Bolivia">Culture of Bolivia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Music of Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bolivia" title="Public holidays in Bolivia">Public holidays in Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/220px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/330px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/440px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a>, 500–950 CE, <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a></figcaption></figure> Bolivian culture has been heavily influenced by the Spanish, the Aymara, the Quechua, as well as the popular cultures of Latin America as a whole. The cultural development is divided into three distinct periods: precolumbian, colonial, and republican. Important <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> ruins, gold and silver ornaments, stone monuments, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weavings</a> remain from several important pre-Columbian cultures. Major ruins include <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Fuerte_de_Samaipata" title="El Fuerte de Samaipata">El Fuerte de Samaipata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inkallaqta" title="Inkallaqta">Inkallaqta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iskanwaya" title="Iskanwaya">Iskanwaya</a>. The country abounds in other sites that are difficult to reach and have seen little archaeological exploration.<a href="#cite_note-BackgroundNote-198">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg/220px-DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg/330px-DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg/440px-DiabladaFerroviariadeOruroBolivia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2314" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Diablada_of_Oruro" class="mw-redirect" title="Diablada of Oruro">Diablada</a>, dance primeval, typical and main of <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_Oruro" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnival of Oruro">Carnival of Oruro</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> since 2001.</figcaption></figure> The Spanish brought their own tradition of religious art which, in the hands of local native, mestizo and some <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollo</a> builders and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, developed into a rich and distinctive style of architecture, painting, and sculpture known as <a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean Baroque</a>. The colonial period produced not only the paintings of Pérez de Holguín, Flores, Bitti, and others but also the works of skilled but unknown stonecutters, woodcarvers, goldsmiths, and silversmiths. An important body of Native Baroque religious music of the colonial period was recovered and has been performed internationally to wide acclaim since 1994.<a href="#cite_note-BackgroundNote-198">[194]</a> Bolivian artists of stature in the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Luisa_Pacheco" title="María Luisa Pacheco">María Luisa Pacheco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mamani_Mamani" title="Roberto Mamani Mamani">Roberto Mamani Mamani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mario_Yllanes" title="Alejandro Mario Yllanes">Alejandro Mario Yllanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Da_Silva" title="Alfredo Da Silva">Alfredo Da Silva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_del_Prado" title="Marina Núñez del Prado">Marina Núñez del Prado</a>. Bolivia has a rich <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>. Its regional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> is distinctive and varied. The "devil dances" at the annual carnival of Oruro are one of the great folkloric events of South America, as is the lesser known carnival at <a href="/wiki/Tarabuco" title="Tarabuco">Tarabuco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BackgroundNote-198">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Education in Bolivia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg/220px-Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg/330px-Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg/440px-Universidad_Mayor_Real_y_Pontificia_de_San_Francisco_Xavier_de_Chuquisaca1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco_Xavier" title="University of San Francisco Xavier">Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca</a>, Bolivia's oldest higher education institution.</figcaption></figure> In 2008, following <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> standards, Bolivia was declared free of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">illiteracy</a>, making it the fourth country in South America to attain this status.<a href="#cite_note-literacyBBC-199">[195]</a> Bolivia has public and private universities. Among them: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saint_Francis_Xavier" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Saint Francis Xavier">Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca</a> USFX – Sucre, founded in 1624; <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Mayor_de_San_Andr%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Mayor de San Andrés">Universidad Mayor de San Andrés</a> UMSA – La Paz, founded in 1830; <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Mayor_de_San_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Mayor de San Simon">Universidad Mayor de San Simon</a> UMSS – Cochabamba, founded in 1832; <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Gabriel_Ren%C3%A9_Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno">Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno</a> UAGRM – Santa Cruz de la Sierra, founded in 1880; <a href="/wiki/Universidad_T%C3%A9cnica_de_Oruro" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Técnica de Oruro">Universidad Técnica de Oruro</a> UTO – Oruro, founded in 1892; Universidad Evangélica Boliviana UEB – Santa Cruz de la Sierra, founded in 1980; and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Tom%C3%A1s_Fr%C3%ADas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías">Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías</a> UATF – Potosi, founded in 1892. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bolivia" title="Health in Bolivia">Health in Bolivia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refresh_Bolivia" title="Refresh Bolivia">Refresh Bolivia</a></div> According to UNICEF under-five mortality rate in 2006 was 52.7 per 1000 and was reduced to 26 per 1000 by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> The infant mortality rate was 40.7 per 1000 in 2006 and was reduced to 21.2 per 1000 in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Before Morales took office, nearly half of all infants were not vaccinated; now nearly all are vaccinated. Morales also put into place several supplemental nutrition programs, including an effort to supply free food in public health and social security offices, and his desnutrición cero (zero malnutrition) program provides free school lunches.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[138]</a> Between 2006 and 2016, extreme poverty in Bolivia fell from 38.2% to 16.8%. Chronic malnutrition in children under five years of age also went down by 14% and the child mortality rate was reduced by more than 50%, according to <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In 2019 the Bolivian government created a universal healthcare system which has been cited as a model for all by the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bolivia">Media of Bolivia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_rights">Women's rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Women's rights">edit</a>]</div> Bolivia has one of the highest rates of femicide and gender-based violence in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> In 2013, the Comprehensive Law to Guarantee Women a Life Free from Violence was passed, which codified sixteen types of gender-based violence and implemented measures for prevention of violence, protection for victims, and the punishment of aggressors. As of 2022, 46% of parliamentary seats are held by women.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> A 1997 law established quotas whereby candidates for public office fielded by political parties must be at least 30% women.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is popular. The national team is the <a href="/wiki/Bolivia_national_football_team" title="Bolivia national football team">Bolivia national football team</a>. <a href="/wiki/Racquetball" title="Racquetball">Racquetball</a> is the second most popular sport in Bolivia as for the results in the <a href="/wiki/2018_South_American_Games" title="2018 South American Games">Odesur 2018 Games</a> held in Cochabamba.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Bolivia at the Pan American Games">Bolivia has won 18 medals at the Pan American Games</a> and 15 of them came from racquetball events, including their only gold medals, won in the <a href="/wiki/Racquetball_at_the_2019_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team" title="Racquetball at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's team">Men's Team event in 2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racquetball_at_the_2023_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team" title="Racquetball at the 2023 Pan American Games – Men's team">2023</a>, plus a <a href="/wiki/Racquetball_at_the_2023_Pan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_singles" title="Racquetball at the 2023 Pan American Games – Men's singles">Men's Singles Gold in 2023</a> by world champion <a href="/wiki/Conrrado_Moscoso" title="Conrrado Moscoso">Conrrado Moscoso</a>. Basketball is especially popular and influential in the <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">Potosí Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bolivia" title="Portal:Bolivia">Bolivia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:South America">South America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bolivia" title="Outline of Bolivia">Outline of Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinku" title="Tinku">Tinku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camba" title="Camba">Camba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qulla" title="Qulla">Qulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestino" title="Clandestino">Clandestino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Charqui">Charqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticucho" title="Anticucho">Anticucho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">^</a> In Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">other languages</a> have been officially recognized as legitimate <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">autochthonous languages</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Puliwya Achka Aylluska Mamallaqta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>: Wuliwya Walja Suyunakana Marka</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-central_cities-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-central_cities_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_cities_5-1">b</a> Sucre is the constitutional capital and seat of the judicial branch of government, while the executive, legislative, and electoral branches are seated in La Paz. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈlɪviə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/39\/En-us-Bolivia.ogg\/En-us-Bolivia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Bolivia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/En-us-Bolivia.ogg/En-us-Bolivia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Bolivia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Bolivia.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[boˈliβja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/ES-pe_-_Bolivia.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Bolivia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Bolivia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/ES-pe_-_Bolivia.ogg/ES-pe_-_Bolivia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Bolivia.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Bolivia.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>: Mborivia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ᵐboˈɾiʋja]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a>: Wuliwya <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[wʊlɪwja]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: Puliwya <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">[pʊlɪwja]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/63\/ES-pe_-_Estado_Plurinacional_de_Bolivia.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Estado_Plurinacional_de_Bolivia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/63/ES-pe_-_Estado_Plurinacional_de_Bolivia.ogg/ES-pe_-_Estado_Plurinacional_de_Bolivia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Estado_Plurinacional_de_Bolivia.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLeónHerscher2021" class="citation book cs1">León, Ana María; Herscher, Andrew (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9BJEAAAQBAJ&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PA43">"Indigenous Modernities: The Tocapu and Other American Grids"</a>. In Hernández, Felipe; Lara, Fernando Luiz (eds.). Spatial Concepts for Decolonizing the Americas. Cambridge Scholars. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-7653-7"><bdi>978-1-5275-7653-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410184646/https://books.google.com/books?id=F9BJEAAAQBAJ&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Modernities%3A+The+Tocapu+and+Other+American+Grids&rft.btitle=Spatial+Concepts+for+Decolonizing+the+Americas&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-7653-7&rft.aulast=Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Ana+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Herscher%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9BJEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwiphala%2Bbolivian%2Bdual%2Bflag%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalván2011" class="citation book cs1">Galván, Javier A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RHY5j45GcAC&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PR23">Culture and Customs of Bolivia</a>. Abc-Clio. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38364-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38364-9"><bdi>978-0-313-38364-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405182429/https://books.google.com/books?id=7RHY5j45GcAC&dq=wiphala+bolivian+dual+flag&pg=PR23">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Bolivia&rft.pages=xxiii&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38364-9&rft.aulast=Galv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RHY5j45GcAC%26dq%3Dwiphala%2Bbolivian%2Bdual%2Bflag%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009.pdf">"Bolivia (Plurinational State of)'s Constitution of 2009, English translation"</a> (PDF). constituteproject.org. Constitute (Oxford University Press). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Bolivia_2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2022. <q>The symbols of the State are the red, yellow and green tri-color flag; the Bolivian national anthem; the coat of arms; the wiphala; the rosette; the kantuta flower and the patujú flower. (Art. 6 ii)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Bolivia+%28Plurinational+State+of%29%27s+Constitution+of+2009%2C+English+translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FBolivia_2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia">"Bolivia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bolivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbolivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2017.zip">(Archived 2017 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=27c">"National Profiles | World Religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312161315/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=27c">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Profiles+%26%23124%3B+World+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Fworld-religion%2Fnational-profiles%3Fu%3D27c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20231103/arcista-israel-huaytari-es-elegido-presidente-diputados-polemica-sesion">"El "arcista" Israel Huaytari es elegido presidente de Diputados en polémica sesión con división en las bancadas"</a>. Los Tiempos (in Spanish). 3 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224023945/https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20231103/arcista-israel-huaytari-es-elegido-presidente-diputados-polemica-sesion">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Tiempos&rft.atitle=El+%22arcista%22+Israel+Huaytari+es+elegido+presidente+de+Diputados+en+pol%C3%A9mica+sesi%C3%B3n+con+divisi%C3%B3n+en+las+bancadas&rft.date=2023-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lostiempos.com%2Factualidad%2Fpais%2F20231103%2Farcista-israel-huaytari-es-elegido-presidente-diputados-polemica-sesion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia">"Bolivia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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(Bolivia)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031200228/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=218,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Bolivia%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D218%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false">Gini index</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-12"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. 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Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bolivian+President+Evo+Morales+resigns&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-50370013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/10/bolivian-president-evo-morales-resigns-after-election-result-dispute">"Bolivian president Evo Morales resigns after election result dispute"</a>. The Guardian. 10 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111055233/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/10/bolivian-president-evo-morales-resigns-after-election-result-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bolivian+president+Evo+Morales+resigns+after+election+result+dispute&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F10%2Fbolivian-president-evo-morales-resigns-after-election-result-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-bolivia-idUSKBN1XL06O">"Nicaraguan government denounces "coup" in Bolivia: statement"</a>. Reuters. 11 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111222822/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nicaragua-bolivia-idUSKBN1XL06O">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nicaraguan+government+denounces+%22coup%22+in+Bolivia%3A+statement&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-nicaragua-bolivia-idUSKBN1XL06O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-mexico-minister/mexico-says-bolivia-suffered-coup-due-to-military-pressure-on-morales-idUSKBN1XL1S5">"Mexico says Bolivia suffered coup due to military pressure on Morales"</a>. Reuters. 11 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112013317/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bolivia-election-mexico-minister/mexico-says-bolivia-suffered-coup-due-to-military-pressure-on-morales-idUSKBN1XL1S5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Mexico+says+Bolivia+suffered+coup+due+to+military+pressure+on+Morales&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-bolivia-election-mexico-minister%2Fmexico-says-bolivia-suffered-coup-due-to-military-pressure-on-morales-idUSKBN1XL1S5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofia_Sanchez_ManzanaroMarta_Rodríguez2019" class="citation web cs1">Sofia Sanchez Manzanaro; Marta Rodríguez (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-is-bolivia-facing-a-coup-d-etat">"Evo Morales political asylum: Is Bolivia facing a coup d'etat?"</a>. Euronews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118233243/https://www.euronews.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-is-bolivia-facing-a-coup-d-etat">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=Evo+Morales+political+asylum%3A+Is+Bolivia+facing+a+coup+d%27etat%3F&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.au=Sofia+Sanchez+Manzanaro&rft.au=Marta+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fevo-morales-resigns-is-bolivia-facing-a-coup-d-etat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bowden2019" class="citation web cs1">John Bowden (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/international/469951-sanders-says-very-concerned-about-what-appear-to-be-a-coup-in-bolivia">"Sanders "very concerned about what appears to be a coup" in Bolivia"</a>. The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605062922/https://thehill.com/policy/international/469951-sanders-says-very-concerned-about-what-appear-to-be-a-coup-in-bolivia">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Sanders+%22very+concerned+about+what+appears+to+be+a+coup%22+in+Bolivia&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.au=John+Bowden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Finternational%2F469951-sanders-says-very-concerned-about-what-appear-to-be-a-coup-in-bolivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1">"AP Explains: Did a coup force Bolivia's Evo Morales out?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 11 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024092220/https://apnews.com/6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>Whether the events Sunday in Bolivia constitute a coup d'état is now the subject of debate in and outside the nation. ... Bolivia's "coup" is largely a question of semantics</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=AP+Explains%3A+Did+a+coup+force+Bolivia%27s+Evo+Morales+out%3F&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F6b2c94306089451d9761878c9f7ce2f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2019" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Max (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/world/americas/bolivia-evo-morales-coup.html">"Bolivia Crisis Shows the Blurry Line Between Coup and Uprising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/world/americas/bolivia-evo-morales-coup.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>But the Cold War-era language of coups and revolutions demands that such cases fit into clear narratives.... Experts on Bolivia and on coups joined forces on Monday to challenge the black-and-white characterizations, urging pundits and social media personalities to see the shades of gray.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bolivia+Crisis+Shows+the+Blurry+Line+Between+Coup+and+Uprising&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbolivia-evo-morales-coup.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Haldevang2019" class="citation web cs1">de Haldevang, Max (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1748281/experts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup/">"The world's as divided about Bolivia's alleged coup as Bolivians themselves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206124449/https://qz.com/1748281/experts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>So...was it a coup? Experts are as divided as everyone else on the question.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+as+divided+about+Bolivia%27s+alleged+coup+as+Bolivians+themselves&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.aulast=de+Haldevang&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1748281%2Fexperts-are-divided-on-evo-morales-and-bolivias-alleged-coup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2019" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Keith (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-president-bolivia/">"Why Is Evo Morales Suddenly No Longer President of Bolivia?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215120051/https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/11/evo-morales-resigns-president-bolivia/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>It's not a coup in any sense of the word, and Bolivia and Latin America have experience with actual coups. The army did not take charge of Bolivia. Morales, despite his protestations that police had an arrest warrant for him, is not in custody or even being sought.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Evo+Morales+Suddenly+No+Longer+President+of+Bolivia%3F&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fevo-morales-resigns-president-bolivia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/bolivia-reflects-the-deep-polarization-crisis-in-latin-america/">"Bolivia reflects the deep polarization crisis in Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145704/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/bolivia-reflects-the-deep-polarization-crisis-in-latin-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019. <q>Countries are debating why Evo Morales left power. Did he leave power of his own volition or was it a coup? There are two different responses to that question based on which country is speaking.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Bolivia+reflects+the+deep+polarization+crisis+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fnew-atlanticist%2Fbolivia-reflects-the-deep-polarization-crisis-in-latin-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2019" class="citation web cs1">Adams, David C. (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/coup-or-no-coup-bolivias-presidential-crisis">"Coup or not a coup? Bolivia's Evo Morales flees presidential crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204145422/https://www.univision.com/univision-news/latin-america/coup-or-no-coup-bolivias-presidential-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. <q>The discussion over whether it was a coup falls largely along ideological lines. Left wing supporters of Morales point like to point to a long history of military coups in Latin America, while critics of the former president point to the 14 years he spent in power, in violation of constitutional term limits. ... But political experts say the events hardly resemble a classic coup scenario. ... In a typical coup, the military usually take a more proactive role, taking up arms against the sitting ruler and installing one of their own in the presidential palace, at least temporarily.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coup+or+not+a+coup%3F+Bolivia%27s+Evo+Morales+flees+presidential+crisis&rft.pub=Univision&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univision.com%2Funivision-news%2Flatin-america%2Fcoup-or-no-coup-bolivias-presidential-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concejomunicipal.bo/2021/01/21/concejales-exigen-rigurosidad-en-la-investigacion-sobre-la-quema-de-los-66-buses-pumakatari/">"Concejales exigen rigurosidad en la investigación sobre la quema de los 66 buses PumaKatari"</a> (in Spanish). Concejo Municipal de La Paz. 21 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072523/https://www.concejomunicipal.bo/2021/01/21/concejales-exigen-rigurosidad-en-la-investigacion-sobre-la-quema-de-los-66-buses-pumakatari/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concejales+exigen+rigurosidad+en+la+investigaci%C3%B3n+sobre+la+quema+de+los+66+buses+PumaKatari&rft.pub=Concejo+Municipal+de+La+Paz&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concejomunicipal.bo%2F2021%2F01%2F21%2Fconcejales-exigen-rigurosidad-en-la-investigacion-sobre-la-quema-de-los-66-buses-pumakatari%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20201203_fiscalia-rechaza-investigar-la-quema-de-buses-pumakatari.html">"Fiscalía rechaza investigar la quema de buses Pumakatari"</a>. Correo del Sur (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072522/https://correodelsur.com/seguridad/20201203_fiscalia-rechaza-investigar-la-quema-de-buses-pumakatari.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Correo+del+Sur&rft.atitle=Fiscal%C3%ADa+rechaza+investigar+la+quema+de+buses+Pumakatari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorreodelsur.com%2Fseguridad%2F20201203_fiscalia-rechaza-investigar-la-quema-de-buses-pumakatari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anp-bolivia.com/interrumpen-declaracion-de-periodista-que-denunciaba-quema-de-su-casa-ante-la-cidh/">"Interrumpen declaración de periodista que denunciaba quema de su casa ante la CIDH"</a>. Asociación Nacional de Prensa Boliviana (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608150751/https://anp-bolivia.com/interrumpen-declaracion-de-periodista-que-denunciaba-quema-de-su-casa-ante-la-cidh/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asociaci%C3%B3n+Nacional+de+Prensa+Boliviana&rft.atitle=Interrumpen+declaraci%C3%B3n+de+periodista+que+denunciaba+quema+de+su+casa+ante+la+CIDH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanp-bolivia.com%2Finterrumpen-declaracion-de-periodista-que-denunciaba-quema-de-su-casa-ante-la-cidh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2020/01/24/imputan-por-tres-delitos-a-dos-implicados-en-la-quema-de-la-casa-de-waldo-albarracin/">"Imputan por tres delitos a dos implicados en la quema de la casa de Waldo Albarracín"</a>. La Razón. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072522/https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2020/01/24/imputan-por-tres-delitos-a-dos-implicados-en-la-quema-de-la-casa-de-waldo-albarracin/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Raz%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Imputan+por+tres+delitos+a+dos+implicados+en+la+quema+de+la+casa+de+Waldo+Albarrac%C3%ADn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-razon.com%2Fnacional%2F2020%2F01%2F24%2Fimputan-por-tres-delitos-a-dos-implicados-en-la-quema-de-la-casa-de-waldo-albarracin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50384460">"Las imágenes de una nueva jornada de violencia y tensión callejera en Bolivia tras la renuncia de Evo Morales"</a>. BBC News Mundo (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426072521/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-50384460">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. 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Duke University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1099-9"><bdi>978-1-4780-1099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia+in+the+Age+of+Gas&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1099-9&rft.aulast=Gustafson&rft.aufirst=Bret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7607624.stm">"Bolivia's lithium mining dilemma"</a>. BBC News. 10 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414021531/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7607624.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Bolivia%27s+lithium+mining+dilemma&rft.date=2008-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7607624.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xie2011-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Xie2011_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Feifan_Xie2011" class="citation book cs1">Philip Feifan Xie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi7XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Authenticating Ethnic Tourism</a>. Channel View Publications. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84541-157-2"><bdi>978-1-84541-157-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129011551/https://books.google.com/books?id=vi7XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authenticating+Ethnic+Tourism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84541-157-2&rft.au=Philip+Feifan+Xie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvi7XBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-protection-162"><a href="#cite_ref-protection_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2000/00-48e.shtml">"UNESCO to Protect Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity"</a>. UNESCO Press. 10 May 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094951/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2000/00-48e.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+to+Protect+Masterpieces+of+the+Oral+and+Intangible+Heritage+of+Humanity&rft.pub=UNESCO+Press&rft.date=2000-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fbpi%2Feng%2Funescopress%2F2000%2F00-48e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/14-people-killed-bolivia-landslides-190206084033483.html">"At least 14 people killed in Bolivia landslides"</a>. Al Jazeera. 6 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805180814/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/14-people-killed-bolivia-landslides-190206084033483.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=At+least+14+people+killed+in+Bolivia+landslides&rft.date=2019-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2F14-people-killed-bolivia-landslides-190206084033483.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2013/10/24/a_terrifying_tour_of_the_world_s_most_dangerous_road_north_yungas_in_bolivia.html">"A Terrifying Tour of the World's Most Dangerous Road, North Yungas"</a>. Slate. 24 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805171417/http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2013/10/24/a_terrifying_tour_of_the_world_s_most_dangerous_road_north_yungas_in_bolivia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Terrifying+Tour+of+the+World%27s+Most+Dangerous+Road%2C+North+Yungas&rft.date=2013-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fatlas_obscura%2F2013%2F10%2F24%2Fa_terrifying_tour_of_the_world_s_most_dangerous_road_north_yungas_in_bolivia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2018/11/15/global/falling-rock-kills-israeli-cyclist-riding-bolivias-death-road">"Falling rock kills Israeli cyclist on Bolivia's 'Death Road'"</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 15 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805171415/https://www.jta.org/2018/11/15/global/falling-rock-kills-israeli-cyclist-riding-bolivias-death-road">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Falling+rock+kills+Israeli+cyclist+on+Bolivia%27s+%27Death+Road%27&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2018%2F11%2F15%2Fglobal%2Ffalling-rock-kills-israeli-cyclist-riding-bolivias-death-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradt2002" class="citation book cs1">Bradt, Hilary (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RQuxpT2y-MC&pg=PA395">Peru and Bolivia</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-033-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-033-6"><bdi>978-1-84162-033-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129011449/https://books.google.com/books?id=2RQuxpT2y-MC&pg=PA395#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peru+and+Bolivia&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-033-6&rft.aulast=Bradt&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RQuxpT2y-MC%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerPachecoMontero2014" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Robert; Pacheco, Pablo; Montero, Juan Carlos (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRIbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">The context of deforestation and forest degradation in Bolivia</a>. CIFOR. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-1504-39-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-1504-39-0"><bdi>978-602-1504-39-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129011450/https://books.google.com/books?id=FRIbBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. 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Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bol%C3%ADvia+ganha+sua+primeira+rodovia+duplicada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomia.estadao.com.br%2Fblogs%2Fretratos-da-economia%2Fbolivia-ganha-sua-primeira-rodovia-duplicada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TAM-169"><a href="#cite_ref-TAM_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Coffey2019" class="citation web cs1">Helen Coffey (12 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/airlines-bankrupt-stop-flying-flight-thomas-cook-flybe-adria-a9242741.html">"The airlines that have stopped flying in 2019"</a>. independent.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513155218/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/airlines-bankrupt-stop-flying-flight-thomas-cook-flybe-adria-a9242741.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+airlines+that+have+stopped+flying+in+2019&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft.au=Helen+Coffey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fnews-and-advice%2Fairlines-bankrupt-stop-flying-flight-thomas-cook-flybe-adria-a9242741.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boa.bo/">"Boliviana de Aviación"</a>. Boliviana de Aviación. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205082025/https://www.boa.bo/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2019. 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A Concise History of Bolivia (Cambridge UP, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Bolivia-Cambridge-Histories-dp-1108844820/dp/1108844820/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709173311/https://www.amazon.com/Concise-History-Bolivia-Cambridge-Histories-dp-1108844820/dp/1108844820/">Archived</a> 9 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Morales, Waltraud Q. A brief history of Bolivia (Infobase Publishing, 2010).</li> <li>Rohan, Rebecca. Bolivia (Cavendish Square, 2021) 32pp; for middle schools.</li> <li>Thomson, Sinclair, et al., eds. The Bolivia Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Duke University Press, 2018).</li> <li>Young, Kevin A. Blood of the earth: resource nationalism, revolution, and empire in Bolivia (University of Texas Press, 2017).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitute_Assembly_of_Bolivia2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constitute Assembly of Bolivia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221158/http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/asamblea/nueva_cpe_aprobada_en_grande_en_detalle_y_en_revision.pdf">"Nueva Constitucion Politica del Estatdo"</a> [New State Constitution] (PDF) (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bolivia">Government of Bolivia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidencia.gob.bo/asamblea/nueva_cpe_aprobada_en_grande_en_detalle_y_en_revision.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 March 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nueva+Constitucion+Politica+del+Estatdo&rft.pub=Government+of+Bolivia&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Constitute+Assembly+of+Bolivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidencia.gob.bo%2Fasamblea%2Fnueva_cpe_aprobada_en_grande_en_detalle_y_en_revision.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2001" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seventygreatmyst00faga">The Seventy Great Mysteries of the Ancient World: Unlocking the Secrets of Past Civilizations</a>. Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51050-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-51050-6"><bdi>978-0-500-51050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventy+Great+Mysteries+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+Past+Civilizations&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51050-6&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseventygreatmyst00faga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata1993" class="citation book cs1">Kolata, Alan (1993). The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-183-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiwanaku%3A+Portrait+of+an+Andean+Civilization&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-183-2&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata1996" class="citation book cs1">Kolata, Alan (1996). Valley of the Spirits: A Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-47157-507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-47157-507-8"><bdi>978-0-47157-507-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valley+of+the+Spirits%3A+A+Journey+into+the+Lost+Realm+of+the+Aymara&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-47157-507-8&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg1987" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenberg, Daniel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240317233125/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52136358/The_Editors_Column_Bolivia__by_Daniel_Eisenberg-libre.pdf?1489417284=&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D1_Bolivia.pdf&Expires=1710720392&Signature=VV0HKvhoXExc-dK3qkQakWDer9sUj9URCF4Sn6Kcfb7ubL0S8cPWJhpPk7cM-JCbSwci-lIi5HkGiCEW3xlJHPZhXIT0MLG518N7APw975lslzjCa-q8qwll4uX701-BVvpcYL~x0j8DQ2Q5Y0Xpp6U5ijz0nEKEvp8rXBEa0iAAiSUZQ0MKQaRoH0nU30eVasPXxwsyOdTqg5EbPgGTWMlYpk1ZexgcEKHC0zfosVxFjQ65w~eqwfPpV0tQLfKYo79a7uJq9rX4Yu73P4lQw0jqhBXr2OUTm3cLCropgByuh7PQXbjjO8pxx1CzVSlRlj1LfJjmRqOYQZ6GMonOzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"Bolivia"</a> (PDF). Journal of Hispanic Philology. 11: 193–198. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52136358/The_Editors_Column_Bolivia__by_Daniel_Eisenberg-libre.pdf?1489417284=&response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D1_Bolivia.pdf&Expires=1710720392&Signature=VV0HKvhoXExc-dK3qkQakWDer9sUj9URCF4Sn6Kcfb7ubL0S8cPWJhpPk7cM-JCbSwci-lIi5HkGiCEW3xlJHPZhXIT0MLG518N7APw975lslzjCa-q8qwll4uX701-BVvpcYL~x0j8DQ2Q5Y0Xpp6U5ijz0nEKEvp8rXBEa0iAAiSUZQ0MKQaRoH0nU30eVasPXxwsyOdTqg5EbPgGTWMlYpk1ZexgcEKHC0zfosVxFjQ65w~eqwfPpV0tQLfKYo79a7uJq9rX4Yu73P4lQw0jqhBXr2OUTm3cLCropgByuh7PQXbjjO8pxx1CzVSlRlj1LfJjmRqOYQZ6GMonOzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hispanic+Philology&rft.atitle=Bolivia&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=193-198&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Eisenberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F52136358%2FThe_Editors_Column_Bolivia__by_Daniel_Eisenberg-libre.pdf%3F1489417284%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dattachment%253B%2Bfilename%253D1_Bolivia.pdf%26Expires%3D1710720392%26Signature%3DVV0HKvhoXExc-dK3qkQakWDer9sUj9URCF4Sn6Kcfb7ubL0S8cPWJhpPk7cM-JCbSwci-lIi5HkGiCEW3xlJHPZhXIT0MLG518N7APw975lslzjCa-q8qwll4uX701-BVvpcYL~x0j8DQ2Q5Y0Xpp6U5ijz0nEKEvp8rXBEa0iAAiSUZQ0MKQaRoH0nU30eVasPXxwsyOdTqg5EbPgGTWMlYpk1ZexgcEKHC0zfosVxFjQ65w~eqwfPpV0tQLfKYo79a7uJq9rX4Yu73P4lQw0jqhBXr2OUTm3cLCropgByuh7PQXbjjO8pxx1CzVSlRlj1LfJjmRqOYQZ6GMonOzQ__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Attribution: <ul><li><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudsonHanratty1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hudson, Rex A.; Hanratty, Dennis Michael, eds. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/90026427/">Bolivia: a country study</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425043834/https://www.loc.gov/item/90026427/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolivia%3A+a+country+study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2F90026427%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bolivia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bolivia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="c:Bolivia">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Bolivia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Bolivia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="q:Bolivia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Bolivia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Bolivia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Bolivia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bolivia" class="extiw" title="voy:Bolivia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750" class="extiw" title="d:Q750">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbardEdmundson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hubbard, Wilfranc; <a href="/wiki/George_Edmundson" title="George Edmundson">Edmundson, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bolivia">"Bolivia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 166–177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bolivia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=166-177&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Wilfranc&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABolivia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bolivia/">Bolivia</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bolivia/">Bolivia: A Country Study</a> (U.S. Library of Congress).</li> <li>BBC News: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/1210487.stm">Country Profile – Bolivia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Bolivia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Bolivia">Wikimedia Atlas of Bolivia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/252645">Bolivia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivia_topics" title="Template:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivia_topics" title="Template talk:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Pre-colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_to_1809" title="History of Bolivia to 1809">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Rebellion of Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Early Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_War_of_Independence" title="Bolivian War of Independence">Bolivian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuquisaca_Revolution" title="Chuquisaca Revolution">Chuquisaca Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_revolution" title="La Paz revolution">La Paz revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bolivian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Peru–Bolivian Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaverry-Santa_Cruz_War" title="Salaverry-Santa Cruz War">Salaverry-Santa Cruz War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_between_Argentina_and_Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Bolivia-Argentina War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Defensive_Alliance_(Bolivia%E2%80%93Peru)" title="Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru)">Treaty of Defensive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_Grande" title="Battle of Río Grande">Battle of Río Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litoral_Department" title="Litoral Department">Litoral Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_de_Atacama_dispute" title="Puna de Atacama dispute">Puna de Atacama dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)#Rise_of_Conservative_and_Liberal_parties" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Liberal Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiriguano_War" title="Chiriguano War">Chiriguano War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Civil_War" title="Bolivian Civil War">Federal War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Treaty of Petrópolis">Treaty of Petrópolis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Manuripi_region" title="Campaign of the Manuripi region">Manuripi campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1920%E2%80%931964)" title="History of Bolivia (1920–1964)">Revolutionary era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_Socialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military Socialism (page does not exist)">Military Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_National_Revolution" title="Bolivian National Revolution">Bolivian National Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of Bolivia (1964–1982)">Dictatorship era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91ancahuaz%C3%BA_Guerrilla" title="Ñancahuazú Guerrilla">Ñancahuazú Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teoponte_Guerrilla" title="Teoponte Guerrilla">Teoponte Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Bolivia (1982–present)">Contemporary era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochabamba_Water_War" title="Cochabamba Water War">Cochabamba Water War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_gas_conflict" title="Bolivian gas conflict">Gas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinational State Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Constituent_Assembly_of_2006%E2%80%932007" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Bolivian_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Bolivian constitutional referendum">2009 referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">2019 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bolivia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bolivia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Bolivia" title="Coups d'état in Bolivia">Coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-right:1.0em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1723" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bolivia" title="Geography of Bolivia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bolivian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bolivian cities by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Bolivia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia" title="Departments of Bolivia">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Bolivia" title="Environmental issues in Bolivia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extreme points of Bolivia (page does not exist)">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes of Bolivia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains of Bolivia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bolivia" title="Provinces of Bolivia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers of Bolivia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Bolivia" title="List of volcanoes in Bolivia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bolivia" title="Politics of Bolivia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bolivia" title="Cabinet of Bolivia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bolivia" title="President of Bolivia">President of Bolivia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bolivia" title="List of presidents of Bolivia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly" title="Plurinational Legislative Assembly">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Bolivia)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly#Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Current members of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies of Bolivia">Chamber President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Senators_(Bolivia)" title="Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)">Chamber of Senators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_members_of_the_Plurinational_Legislative_Assembly#Chamber_of_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Current members of the Plurinational Legislative Assembly">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Senators_of_Bolivia" title="President of the Chamber of Senators of Bolivia">Senate President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Bolivia" title="Vice President of Bolivia">Vice President of Bolivia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurinational Constitutional Court">Plurinational Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Tribunal_of_Justice_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Bolivia)">Supreme Tribunal of Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bolivia" title="Law of Bolivia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bolivia" title="Constitution of Bolivia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Bolivia" title="Constitutional history of Bolivia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bolivia" title="Law enforcement in Bolivia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bolivia" title="Human rights in Bolivia">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Bolivia" title="Armed Forces of Bolivia">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Army" title="Bolivian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Air_Force" title="Bolivian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Navy" title="Bolivian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plurinational_Electoral_Organ" title="Plurinational Electoral Organ">Plurinational Electoral Organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bolivia" title="Foreign relations of Bolivia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_border_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Atacama border dispute">Atacama border dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bolivia" title="List of political parties in Bolivia">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Bolivia)">Movement for Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Community" title="Civic Community">Civic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creemos" title="Creemos">Creemos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bolivia" title="Agriculture in Bolivia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_boliviano" title="Bolivian boliviano">Boliviano (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Bolivia" title="Central Bank of Bolivia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_industry_in_Bolivia" title="Cement industry in Bolivia">Cement Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Bolivia" title="List of companies of Bolivia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bolivia" title="Electricity sector in Bolivia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Bolivia" title="Natural gas in Bolivia">Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Bolivia" title="Mining in Bolivia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Stock_Exchange" title="Bolivian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bolivia" title="Tourism in Bolivia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bolivia" title="Transport in Bolivia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bolivia" title="Category:Society of Bolivia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bolivia" title="Crime in Bolivia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bolivia" title="Health in Bolivia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Bolivia" title="Irrigation in Bolivia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Languages</a></li> <li>People <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bolivia" title="Demographics of Bolivia">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bolivia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bolivia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bolivia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Bolivia" title="Water resources management in Bolivia">Water resources management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bolivia" title="Culture of Bolivia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bolivia" title="Architecture of Bolivia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bolivia" title="Cinema of Bolivia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia" title="Coat of arms of Bolivia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_literature" title="Bolivian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bolivia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Bolivia" title="National anthem of Bolivia">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bolivia" title="Public holidays in Bolivia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Bolivia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia_at_the_Olympics" title="Bolivia at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bolivia" title="Outline of Bolivia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivia" title="Category:Bolivia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bolivia" title="Portal:Bolivia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Template talk:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andean_Community_of_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andean Community of Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andean_Community_of_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Template talk:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas_(ALBA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Peoples_of_Our_America_-_Peoples’_Trade_Treaty_(ALBA-TCP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America - Peoples’ Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_ALBA" title="Member states of ALBA">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of ALBA"><img alt="Emblem of ALBA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/50px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/75px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png/100px-Emblem_of_the_Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_South_American_Defense" title="Council of South American Defense">Council of South American Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_Mercosur" title="President pro tempore of Mercosur">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121836059">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130756130">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140465642">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205549/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcGmxjC3YWfD9MqQ7hj4q">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007607-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066590">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985262t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985262t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560869">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV202249">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128785&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450652">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/357659">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1460961539528">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003533958&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000003054">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm132gb71klqcxl">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/36262">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564232205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616159306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a5aed4a3-8ce1-3ab3-bfee-b008cff6b857">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15558867?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/cbacb2f7-d5b1-4a08-9598-1058e4b7c69b">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/LynTyNOe">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027377067">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003392">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035703">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36744">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bolivia&params=16.712_S_64.666_W_region:BO">16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=1259068967">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivia&oldid=1259068967</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bolivia" title="Category:Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andean_Community" title="Category:Andean Community">Andean Community</a></li><li><a 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