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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1920–1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1930–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945–1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945–1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1945–1960</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945–1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960–1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960–1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1960–1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960–1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Giacosa_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giacosa_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Giacosa innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giacosa_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1975–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1975–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1975–1990</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1975–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>1990–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motordryfuitleg#Voorwielaandrywing" title="Motordryfuitleg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Motordryfuitleg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="دفع أمامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دفع أمامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FWD" title="FWD – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FWD" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracci%C3%B3_al_davant" title="Tracció al davant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tracció al davant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99edn%C3%AD_pohon" title="Přední pohon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přední pohon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forhjulstr%C3%A6k" title="Forhjulstræk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forhjulstræk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontantrieb" title="Frontantrieb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frontantrieb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracci%C3%B3n_delantera" title="Tracción delantera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tracción delantera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C5%ADa_stirado" title="Antaŭa stirado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antaŭa stirado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurreko_trakzio" title="Aurreko trakzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aurreko trakzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88" title="خودروی محور جلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودروی محور جلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_(automobile)" title="Traction (automobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traction (automobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A5%9C%EA%B5%AC%EB%8F%99" title="전륜구동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전륜구동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggerak_roda_depan" title="Penggerak roda depan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggerak roda depan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazione_anteriore" title="Trazione anteriore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trazione anteriore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הנעה קדמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנעה קדמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FF_(i%C5%A1d%C4%97stymas)" title="FF (išdėstymas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="FF (išdėstymas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorwielaandrijving" title="Voorwielaandrijving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Voorwielaandrijving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%BC%AA%E9%A7%86%E5%8B%95" title="前輪駆動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="前輪駆動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forhjulsdrift" title="Forhjulsdrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forhjulsdrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C4%99d_przedni" title="Napęd przedni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napęd przedni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dianteira" title="Tração dianteira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tração dianteira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Передний привод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Передний привод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Front-wheel drive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1hon" title="Predný náhon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predný náhon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etuveto" title="Etuveto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etuveto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framhjulsdrift" title="Framhjulsdrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Framhjulsdrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nden_%C3%A7eki%C5%9F" title="Önden çekiş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önden çekiş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Передній привід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Передній привід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%BD%AE%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8" title="前轮驱动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前轮驱动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Automotive transmission where the engine drives the front wheels only</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of "FWD", see <a href="/wiki/FWD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="FWD (disambiguation)">FWD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Front-wheel_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Front-wheel drive">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Front-wheel+drive%22">"Front-wheel drive"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Front-wheel+drive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Front-wheel+drive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Front-wheel+drive%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Front-wheel+drive%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Front-wheel+drive%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traction_avant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Traction_avant.jpg/220px-Traction_avant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Traction_avant.jpg/330px-Traction_avant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Traction_avant.jpg/440px-Traction_avant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>The historic 1934 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a>. Its model name literally means front-wheel-drive, one of the car's break-through innovations.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Front-wheel drive</b> (<b>FWD</b>) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (mechanics)">transmission</a> layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transverse engine</a>, rather than the conventional <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_engine" title="Longitudinal engine">longitudinal engine</a> arrangement generally found in <a href="/wiki/Automobile_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile layout">rear-wheel-drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel-drive</a> vehicles. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_of_engine_and_transmission">Location of engine and transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location of engine and transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Car_layout#Front-wheel-drive_layouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Car layout">Car layout § Front-wheel-drive layouts</a></div> <p>By far the most common layout for a front-wheel-drive car is with the engine and transmission at the front of the car, mounted transversely.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other layouts of front-wheel drive that have been occasionally produced are a front-engine mounted longitudinally, a mid-engine layout and a rear-engine layout. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Front-wheel_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Front-wheel drive">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_1900">Prior to 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prior to 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png/220px-Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png/330px-Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png/440px-Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas Cugnot's 1769 steam-powered gun-tractor</figcaption></figure> <p>Experiments with front-wheel-drive cars date to the early days of the automobile. The world's first self-propelled vehicle, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot</a>'s 1769/1770 <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Joseph_Cugnot#First_self-propelled_vehicle" title="Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot">"fardier à vapeur"</a>, was a front-wheel-driven<sup id="cite_ref-Jalopnik_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalopnik-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> three-wheeled steam-tractor. It then took at least a century for the first experiments with mobile internal combustion engines to gain traction. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG/220px-Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG/330px-Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG/440px-Gr%C3%A4f_Front_1898.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>1898 Gräf car</figcaption></figure> <p>Sometime between 1895 and 1898 the Austrian brothers and bicycle producers Franz, Heinrich and Karl Gräf (see <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A4f_%26_Stift" title="Gräf & Stift">Gräf & Stift</a>) commissioned the technician Josef Kainz to build a <i><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">voiturette</a></i> with a one-cylinder <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a> engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>. It is possibly the world's first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw series production, with just one prototype made. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Sutton_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Henry_Sutton_car.jpg/220px-Henry_Sutton_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Henry_Sutton_car.jpg/330px-Henry_Sutton_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Henry_Sutton_car.jpg/440px-Henry_Sutton_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>1899 Sutton Autocar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voiture_Latil_de_1899,_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg/220px-Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg/330px-Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg/440px-Voiture_Latil_de_1899%2C_%C3%A0_moteur_avant_et_freins_aux_quatre_roues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>1899 Latil</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, <a href="/wiki/Latil" title="Latil">Latil</a>, in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts. </p><p>In 1899 the inventor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a> designed and built one of Australia's first cars, called The Sutton Autocar. This car may have been the first front-wheel-drive car in the world. Henry's car was reported in the English press at the time and featured in the English magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)" title="Autocar (magazine)">Autocar</a></i>, after which the car was named. Two prototypes of the Autocar were built and the Austral Otis Company was going to go into business with Henry to manufacture Henry's car but the cost of the car was too prohibitive as it could not compete with the cost of imported cars. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg/220px-C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg/330px-C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg/440px-C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>1898–1901 Victoria Combination</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898–99, the French manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne" title="Société Parisienne">Société Parisienne</a> patented their front-wheel-drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne" title="Société Parisienne">Victoria Combination</a>. It was variously powered by 1.75 or 2.5 horsepower (1.30 or 1.86 kW) <a href="/wiki/De_Dion-Bouton" title="De Dion-Bouton">De Dion-Bouton</a> engine or a water cooled 3.5 horsepower (2.6 kW) <a href="/wiki/Ateliers_de_Construction_Mecanique_l%27Aster" title="Ateliers de Construction Mecanique l'Aster">Aster</a> engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering.<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graces_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graces-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams_Orig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Victoria Combination described the lightweight, two-seater trailer commonly known as a Victoria, combined with the rear axle and drive mechanism from a motor tricycle that was placed in front to achieve front wheel drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Graces_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graces-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams_Orig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also known as the <i>Eureka</i>. By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the 371 km (231 mi) Paris–<a href="/wiki/St_Malo" class="mw-redirect" title="St Malo">St Malo</a> race, finishing 23rd overall and second(last) in the class.<sup id="cite_ref-Unique_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unique-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100-kilometre course at 26 km/h (16 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams_Orig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900 it completed 240 kilometres (150 mi) non-stop at 29 km/h (18 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-Georgano_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Georgano-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 units had been sold for 3,000 Francs (circa $600) each.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonhams_Orig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg/220px-TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg/330px-TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg/440px-TMW_1428_Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>1900 Lohner–Porsche</figcaption></figure> <p>A different concept was the <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a> of 1897 with an electric motor in each front wheel, produced by <a href="/wiki/Lohner-Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohner-Werke">Lohner-Werke</a> in Vienna. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> in 1897 based on a concept developed by American inventor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wellington_Adams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wellington Adams (page does not exist)">Wellington Adams</a>. Porsche also raced it in 1897. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1900–1920"><span id="1900.E2.80.931920"></span>1900–1920</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1900–1920"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._Walter_Christie" title="J. Walter Christie">J. Walter Christie</a> of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car, the first prototype of which he built in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted and demonstrated several such vehicles, notably with <i>transversely</i> mounted engines, by racing at various speedways in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Jalopnik_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jalopnik-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even competed in the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Cup" title="Vanderbilt Cup">Vanderbilt Cup</a><sup id="cite_ref-vanderbiltcupraces_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanderbiltcupraces-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Grand_Prix" title="French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a>. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, but due to lack of sales this venture failed. </p><p>In Australia in 1915 G.J. Hoskins designed and was granted a patent for his front-wheel-drive system. Based in Burwood NSW Mr Hoskins was a prominent member of the Sydney motoring industry and invented a system that used a "spherical radial gear" that was fitted to what is believed to have been a Standard (built by the Standard Motor Company of England). A photo of the car with the system fitted is available from the Mitchell Library and the patent design drawing is still available from the Australian Patent Office. reference; "Gilltraps Australian Cars from 1879 – A history of cars built in Australia" (authors Gilltrap T and M) ISBN 0 85558 936 1 (Golden Press Pty Ltd) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1930"><span id="1920.E2.80.931930"></span>1920–1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1920–1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_Miller_122.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1925_Miller_122.JPG/220px-1925_Miller_122.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1925_Miller_122.JPG/330px-1925_Miller_122.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1925_Miller_122.JPG/440px-1925_Miller_122.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption>1925 Miller 122 Indianapolis 500 front-wheel-drive racer</figcaption></figure> <p>The next application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged <a href="/wiki/Alvis_12/50" title="Alvis 12/50">Alvis 12/50</a> racing car designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Thomas_Smith-Clarke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Thomas Smith-Clarke (page does not exist)">George Thomas Smith-Clarke</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_M._Dunn_(draughtsman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William M. Dunn (draughtsman) (page does not exist)">William M. Dunn</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvis Cars">Alvis Cars</a> of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 <a href="/wiki/Kop_Hill_Climb" title="Kop Hill Climb">Kop Hill Climb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Princes_Risborough" title="Princes Risborough">Princes Risborough</a> in Buckinghamshire on 28 March 1925. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Miller_(auto_racing)" title="Harry Miller (auto racing)">Harry Arminius Miller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Menomonie,_Wisconsin" title="Menomonie, Wisconsin">Menomonie, Wisconsin</a> designed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miller_122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miller 122 (page does not exist)">Miller 122</a> front-wheel drive race-car that was entered in the <a href="/wiki/1925_Indianapolis_500" title="1925 Indianapolis 500">1925 Indianapolis 500</a>, which was held at the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a> on Saturday, 30 May 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-DayPartII_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DayPartII-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside the motor racing arena as few manufacturers attempted the same for production automobiles. Alvis Cars did introduce a commercial model of the front-wheel drive 12/50 racer in 1928, but it was not a success.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Albert_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Jean-Albert Grégoire">Jean-Albert Grégoire</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Fenaille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Fenaille (page does not exist)">Pierre Fenaille</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Tracta" title="Tracta">Tracta</a> <a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">constant-velocity joint</a> in 1926. In October 1928 a sensation at the 22nd <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Bucciali" title="Bucciali">Bucciali</a> TAV-6.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1929_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1929-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years before the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Citroën Traction Avant</a> and more than two years before the launch of the DKW F1, the Bucciali TAV-6 featured front-wheel drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1929_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1929-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both German makers <a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a> in 1931 and <a href="/wiki/Adler_(cars_and_motorcycle)" title="Adler (cars and motorcycle)">Adler</a> in 1933 bought Tracta licenses for their first front-wheel-drive cars. <a href="/wiki/Imperia" title="Imperia">Imperia</a> in Belgium and <a href="/wiki/Automobiles_L._Rosengart" title="Automobiles L. Rosengart">Rosengart</a> in France manufactured the Adler under the licenses using the Tracta CV joints. During the second World War, all British vehicles, U.S. Jeeps made by Ford and Dodge command cars used Tracta CV joints. Russia and Germany also used the Tracta CV joints, but without the licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929_Cord.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1929_Cord.jpg/220px-1929_Cord.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1929_Cord.jpg/330px-1929_Cord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/1929_Cord.jpg/440px-1929_Cord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The 1929 Cord L-29 (Phaeton) was the US's first front-wheel-drive production car, as well as the world's first to sport <a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">constant-velocity joints</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States only saw a few limited production experiments like the <a href="/wiki/Cord_Automobile#Cord_L-29" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord Automobile">Cord L-29</a> of 1929, the first American front-wheel-drive car to be offered to the public,<sup id="cite_ref-catalog_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catalog-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a few months later the <a href="/wiki/Ruxton_(automobile)" title="Ruxton (automobile)">Ruxton automobile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cord L-29's drive system was again inspired by racing, copying from the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a>-dominating racers, using the same <a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">de Dion</a> layout and inboard brakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelenk-welle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/220px-Gelenk-welle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/330px-Gelenk-welle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/440px-Gelenk-welle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Constant-velocity joints allow a drive shaft to smoothly transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Moreover, the Auburn (Indiana) built Cord was the first ever front-wheel drive production car to use <a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">constant-velocity joints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These very specific components allow motive power to be delivered to steered wheels more seamlessly than <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joints</a>, and have become common on almost every front-wheel-drive car, including on the front axles of almost every <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel</a> or <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a> vehicle. </p><p>Neither automobile was particularly successful in the open market. In spite of the Cord's hallmark innovation, using CV joints, and being competitively priced against contemporaneous alternatives, the buyers demographic were expecting more than the car's 80 mph (130 km/h) top speed, and combined with the effect of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, by 1932 the Cord L-29 was discontinued, with just 4,400 sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Wise1_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1929 Ruxton sold just 200 cars built that year. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png/220px-Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png/330px-Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png/440px-Automotive_diagrams_07_En.png 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Front-wheel-drive MF layout with engine behind the transmission in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> widely used this configuration into the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1930–1945"><span id="1930.E2.80.931945"></span>1930–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1930–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first successful consumer application came in 1929. The <a href="/wiki/BSA_cars" title="BSA cars">BSA</a> (Birmingham Small Arms Company) produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available. In 1931 the <a href="/wiki/DKW_F1" title="DKW F1">DKW F1</a> from Germany made its debut, with a transverse-mounted engine behind the front axle.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design would continue for 3 decades in Germany. <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a> adopted rear-engine, front-wheel drive for his three <a href="/wiki/Dymaxion_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Dymaxion Car">Dymaxion Car</a> prototypes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg/220px-18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg/330px-18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg/440px-18-06-23-Roadrunners_Race_61_Finowfurt_RRK5245.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>In 1932, Adler (German) launched Trumpf Junior, the earliest front-wheel drive car of which 100,000 units were sold, reaching that in 1939.</figcaption></figure> <p>Other German car producers followed: <a href="/wiki/Stoewer" title="Stoewer">Stoewer</a> offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, <a href="/wiki/Adler_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adler (automobile)">Adler</a> in 1932 and <a href="/wiki/Audi_Front" title="Audi Front">Audi</a> in 1933. Versions of the <a href="/wiki/Adler_Trumpf" title="Adler Trumpf">Adler Trumpf</a> sold five-figure numbers from 1932 to 1938, totalling over 25,600 units. In 1934, Adler added a cheaper, and even more successful <a href="/wiki/Adler_Trumpf_Junior" title="Adler Trumpf Junior">Trumpf Junior</a> model, which sold over 100,000 in August 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the same year <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> introduced the very successful <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant">Traction Avant</a> models in France, over time selling them in the hundred thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hupmobile" title="Hupmobile">Hupmobile</a> made 2 experimental models with front-wheel drive in 1932<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but neither came into production </p><p>In the late 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/Cord_Automobile#Cord_Model_810" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord Automobile">Cord 810/812</a> of the United States managed a bit better than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, running "backwards," (save for the Cord, which drove the transmission from the front of the engine). The basic front-wheel-drive layout provides sharp turning, and better weight distribution creates "positive handling characteristics" due to its low <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polar_inertia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polar inertia (page does not exist)">polar inertia</a> and relatively favourable weight distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The heaviest component is near the centre of the car, making the main component of its <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia" title="Moment of inertia">moment of inertia</a> relatively low). Another result of this design is a lengthened chassis. </p><p>Except for Citroën, after the 1930s, front-wheel drive would largely be abandoned for the following twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Save the interruption of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Citroën built some <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> million Traction Avants through 1957; adding their cheap 2CV people's car in 1948, and introducing an equally front-wheel driven successor for the TA, the DS model, in 1955. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945–1960"><span id="1945.E2.80.931960"></span>1945–1960</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1945–1960"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1965_Austin_Mini,_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre,_Gaydon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/220px-1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/330px-1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg/440px-1965_Austin_Mini%2C_Sectioned_Heritage_Motor_Centre%2C_Gaydon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The 1959 <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> with a transverse engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png/220px-Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png/330px-Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png/440px-Automotive_diagrams_10_En.png 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Transverse front-wheel-drive FF layout as pioneered in the <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> is today the most common in mass-market passenger cars.</figcaption></figure> <p>Front-wheel drive continued with the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">Citroën 2CV</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-cooled">air-cooled</a> lightweight aluminium <a href="/wiki/Flat_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat twin">flat twin</a> engine was mounted ahead of the front wheels, but used Hooke type <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> driveshaft joints, and 1955 <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>, featuring the <a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">mid-engine</a> layout. <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a> of France, <a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a> of Germany and <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a> of Sweden offered exclusively front-wheel-drive cars, starting with the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Saab_92" title="Saab 92">Saab 92</a>. </p><p>In 1946, English car company <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd cars">Lloyd cars</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_cars#Lloyd_650" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd cars">Lloyd 650</a>, a front-wheel-drive roadster. The two-stroke, two-cylinder motor was mounted transversely in the front and connected to the front wheels through a four-speed synchronised gearbox. The high price and lacklustre performance doomed its production. Only 600 units were produced from 1946 to 1950. </p><p>In 1946 in Italy, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Fessia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Fessia (page does not exist)">Antonio Fessia</a> created his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemsa_Caproni_F11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cemsa Caproni F11 (page does not exist)">Cemsa Caproni F11</a>, with 7 examples produced. His innovation was to create the happy combination of a low centre of gravity boxer engine (flat four) with a special frame. Due to post-war financial problems Cemsa could not continue production, but the project was resumed when taken on by <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> in the 50s. In 1954, Alfa-Romeo had experimented with its first front-wheel-drive compact car named "33" (not related to the sports car similarly named "33"). It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as modern front-wheel-drive automobiles. It even resembled the smaller version of its popular <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Giulia" title="Alfa Romeo Giulia">Alfa Romeo Giulia</a>. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the 33 never saw production. Had Alfa-Romeo succeed in producing 33, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" European front-wheel-drive compact car. </p><p>The German car industry resumed from WW2 in 1949/1950. In East Germany (DDR), the pre-war DKW F8 and F9 reappeared as the <a href="/wiki/IFA_F8" class="mw-redirect" title="IFA F8">IFA F8</a> and <a href="/wiki/IFA_F9" title="IFA F9">IFA F9</a> in 1949, followed by the <a href="/wiki/AWZ_P70_Zwickau" title="AWZ P70 Zwickau">AWZ P70</a> in 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Wartburg_311" title="Wartburg 311">Wartburg 311</a> in 1956 and the <a href="/wiki/Trabant" title="Trabant">Trabant</a> in 1958, all with front-wheel drive. The P70 and Trabant had <a href="/wiki/Duroplast" title="Duroplast">Duroplast</a> bodies, and the Trabant had both a monocoque body and a transversely mounted engine, a modern design in some ways.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950 West German makers also reintroduced front-wheel-drive cars: DKW had lost its production facilities in Eisenach (now in DDR) and reestablished itself in Ingolstadt. A version of the pre-war F9 was introduced as the DKW F89. Borgward introduced 2 new makes with front-wheel drive, the <a href="/wiki/Goliath" title="Goliath">Goliath</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Motoren_Werke_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Motoren Werke GmbH">Lloyd</a> in 1950. <a href="/wiki/Gutbrod" title="Gutbrod">Gutbrod</a> also came with a car in 1950; the Superior, but withdrew the car in 1954 and concentrated on other products. This car is best remembered for its Bosch <a href="/wiki/Fuel-injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel-injection">fuel-injection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, one of the first Japanese manufacturers to utilize front-wheel drive with a transversely installed engine was the <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Suzulight" title="Suzuki Suzulight">Suzuki Suzulight</a>, which was a small "city" car, called a <a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car"><i>kei</i> car</a> in Japanese. </p><p>In 1955, the Polish producer <a href="/wiki/Fabryka_Samochod%C3%B3w_Osobowych" title="Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych">FSO</a> in Warsaw introduced the front-wheel-driven <a href="/wiki/Syrena" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrena">Syrena</a> of its own design. </p><p>In 1959 <a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a> was launched by the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a> as a response to the first oil crisis, the 1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, and the boom in <a href="/wiki/Bubble_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble cars">bubble cars</a> that followed. It was the first production front-wheel-drive car with a <a href="/wiki/Watercooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercooled">watercooled</a> inline four-cylinder engine mounted transversely. This allowed eighty percent of the floor plan for the use of passengers and luggage. The majority of modern cars use this configuration. Its progressive rate rubber sprung independent suspension, low centre of gravity, and wheel at each corner with radial tyres, gave a massive increase in grip and handling over all but the most expensive cars on the market. It initially used flexing rubber instead of needle rollers at the inboard universal joints of the driveshafts but later changed to needle rollers, and <a href="/wiki/GKN" title="GKN">GKN</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">constant-velocity joint</a> at each outboard end of the drive shafts to allow for steering movement. The Mini revived the use of front-wheel drive which had been largely abandoned since the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960–1975"><span id="1960.E2.80.931975"></span>1960–1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960–1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassisroulant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chassisroulant.JPG/220px-Chassisroulant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chassisroulant.JPG/330px-Chassisroulant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chassisroulant.JPG/440px-Chassisroulant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>1960's <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">rolling chassis</a> with gearbox ahead of engine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png/220px-Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png/330px-Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png/440px-Automotive_diagrams_08_En.png 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="1863" /></a><figcaption>Front-wheel-drive FF layout as used by <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The transversely mounted engine combined with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>; there the transmission was built into the <a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">sump</a> of the engine, and drive was transferred to it via a set of primary <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gears</a>. Another variant transmission concept was used by <a href="/wiki/Simca" title="Simca">Simca</a> in the 1960s keeping the engine and transmission in line, but transverse mounted and with unequal length driveshafts. This has proven itself to be the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now based. <a href="/wiki/Peugeot" title="Peugeot">Peugeot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> on their jointly developed small car engine of the 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted over to reduce the overall height of the engine with the transmission mounted on the side of the crankcase in what became popularly known as the "suitcase" arrangement (<a href="/wiki/PSA_X_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA X engine">PSA X engine</a>). The tendency of this layout to generate unwanted transmission "whine" has seen it fall out of favour. Also, clutch changes required engine removal. In Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Motor_Company" title="Prince Motor Company">Prince Motor Company</a> also developed a transmission-in-sump type layout for its first front wheel drive model, which after the company's takeover by <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a>, emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Datsun_100A" class="mw-redirect" title="Datsun 100A">Datsun 100A (Cherry)</a> in 1971. </p><p>In 1960 <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> could evolve the project CemsaF11 of Antonio Fessia with the innovative <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Flavia" title="Lancia Flavia">Lancia Flavia</a> for first time with motor Boxer on auxiliary frame for low centre of gravity. This scheme continued in <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> until 1984 with the end production of <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Gamma" title="Lancia Gamma">Lancia Gamma</a> and successfully cloned until today by <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a>. Lancia, however also made front-wheel drive its flagship even in sport cars as the winner of the Rally, <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Fulvia" title="Lancia Fulvia">Lancia Fulvia</a>, and then with large-scale models with excellent road qualities and performances including <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Beta" title="Lancia Beta">Lancia Beta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Delta" title="Lancia Delta">Lancia Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Thema" title="Lancia Thema">Lancia Thema</a> including the powerful Lancia Thema 8.32 with engine <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> and all subsequent models. Ford introduced front-wheel drive to its European customers in 1962 with the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taunus_P4" title="Ford Taunus P4">Taunus<span class="nowrap"> </span>P4</a>. The 1965 <a href="/wiki/Triumph_1300" title="Triumph 1300">Triumph 1300</a> was designed for a longitudinal engine with the transmission underneath. <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> has also used a longitudinally mounted engine overhung over the front wheels since the 1970s. Audi is one of the few manufacturers which still uses this particular configuration. It allows the use of equal-length <a href="/wiki/Half_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Half shaft">half shafts</a> and the easy addition of <a href="/wiki/All-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="All-wheel drive">all-wheel drive</a>, but has the disadvantage that it makes it difficult to achieve 50/50 weight distribution (although they remedy this in four-wheel-drive models by mounting the gearbox at the rear of the <a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">transaxle</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Subaru_1000" title="Subaru 1000">Subaru 1000</a> appeared in 1966 using front-wheel drive mated to a <a href="/wiki/Flat-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat-4">flat-4</a> engine, with the driveshafts of equal length extending from the transmission, which addressed some of the issues of the powertrain being somewhat complex and unbalanced in the engine compartment – the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Alfasud" title="Alfa Romeo Alfasud">Alfa Romeo Alfasud</a> (and its replacement, the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Alfa_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfa 33">Alfa 33</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_145_and_146" title="Alfa Romeo 145 and 146">Alfa 145/146</a> up to the late 1990s) also used the same layout. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a> also introduced several small front-wheel drive vehicles, with the <a href="/wiki/Honda_N360" title="Honda N360">N360 and N600</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Z360" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Z360">Z360 and Z600</a> in 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Honda_1300" title="Honda 1300">Honda 1300</a> in 1969, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Honda Civic</a> in 1972 and the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord</a> in 1976. </p><p>Also in the 1970s and 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Douvrin_engine" title="Douvrin engine">Douvrin engines</a> used in the larger <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renaults</a> (20, 21, 25 and 30) used this longitudinal "forward" layout. The Saab <a href="/wiki/Saab_99" title="Saab 99">Saab 99</a>, launched in 1968, also used a longitudinal engine with a transmission underneath with helical gears. The 1966 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado" title="Oldsmobile Toronado">Oldsmobile Toronado</a> was the first U.S. front-wheel-drive car since the <a href="/wiki/Cord_Automobile#Cord_Model_810" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord Automobile">Cord 810</a>. It used a longitudinal engine placement for its V8, coupled with an unusual "split" transmission, which turned the engine power 180 degrees. Power then went to a differential mounted to the transmission case, from which half-shafts took it to the wheels. The driveline was set fairly at centre-point of the wheels for better weight distribution, though this raised the engine, requiring lowered intake systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Giacosa_innovation">Giacosa innovation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Giacosa innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Little known outside of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula">Primula</a> is today primarily known for innovating the modern economy-car layout. <br /><small>– <i><a href="/wiki/Hemmings_Motor_News" title="Hemmings Motor News">Hemmings Motor News</a></i>, August 2011<sup id="cite_ref-hemmings_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemmings-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small></p></blockquote> <p>Front-wheel-drive layout had been highly impacted by the success of small, inexpensive cars, especially the British <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>. As engineered by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Issigonis" title="Alec Issigonis">Alec Issigonis</a>, the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump – despite disparate lubricating requirements – and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine be removed to service the clutch.<sup id="cite_ref-dante1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dante1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1023981488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>This Active Tourer MPV wants to be more stable than a BMW M3, and using the Dante Giacosa-pattern front-wheel-drive layout compacts the mechanicals and saves space for people in the reduced overall length of what will surely become a production 1-series tall-sedan crossover. <br /><small>– <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cumberford" title="Robert Cumberford">Robert Cumberford</a>, <i>Automobile Magazine</i>, March 2013<sup id="cite_ref-autmobile01_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autmobile01-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_(1969)_Front-view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG/220px-Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG/330px-Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG/440px-Fiat_128-Sedan-4dr_%281969%29_Front-view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a>'s designed <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As engineered by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a> featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal-length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism – an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula">Primula</a>, from its less market-critical subsidiary, <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a>. </p><p>Ready for production in 1964, the Primula featured a <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gear train</a> offset from the <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential (mechanics)">differential</a> and final drive with unequal length <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">drive shafts</a>. The layout enabled the engine and gearbox to be located side by side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting the cooling fan toward fresh air flow. By using the Primula as a test-bed, Fiat was able to sufficiently resolve the layout's disadvantages, including uneven side-to-side power transmission, uneven tire wear and potential <a href="/wiki/Torque_steer" title="Torque steer">torque steer</a>, the tendency for the power of the engine alone to steer the car under heavy acceleration. The problem was largely solved by making the shorter driveshaft solid, and the longer one hollow, to ensure both shafts experienced elastic twist which was roughly the same. </p><p>After the 128, Fiat further demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configurating the 128 drive train as a mid-engined layout for the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_X1/9" title="Fiat X1/9">Fiat X1/9</a>. The compact, efficient Giacosa layout – a transversely-mounted engine with transmission mounted beside the engine driving the front wheels through an offset final drive and unequal-length driveshafts, combined with <a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson struts</a> and an independently located radiator – subsequently became common with competitors<sup id="cite_ref-lampredi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lampredi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arguably an industry standard.<sup id="cite_ref-octane_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-octane-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1975–1990"><span id="1975.E2.80.931990"></span>1975–1990</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1975–1990"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Average_Fuel_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate Average Fuel Economy">Corporate Average Fuel Economy</a> standard drove a mass changeover of cars in the U.S. to front-wheel drive. The change began in 1978, with the introduction of the first American-built transverse-engined cars, the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Plymouth Horizon">Plymouth Horizon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Omni" title="Dodge Omni">Dodge Omni</a> (based on the European designed <a href="/wiki/Simca_Horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Simca Horizon">Simca Horizon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Nicalek_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicalek-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Citation" title="Chevrolet Citation">Chevrolet Citation</a> and numerous other vehicles. Meanwhile, European car makers, that had moved to front-wheel drive decades before, began to homogenize their engine arrangement only in this decade, leaving <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>) as the only manufacturers offering a front-drive longitudinal engine layout. Years before this was the most common layout in Europe, with examples like <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_25" title="Renault 25">Renault 25</a> (a Chrysler LH ancestor) <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_33" title="Alfa Romeo 33">Alfa Romeo 33</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a>, etc. This transition can be exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Renault_21" title="Renault 21">Renault 21</a> that was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7-litre version featured an "east–west" (transversely) mounted engine, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted (north–south) engines. </p><p>Despite these developments, however, by the end of the 1980s, almost all major European and Japanese manufacturers had converged around the Fiat-pioneered system of a transversely mounted engine with an "end-on" transmission with unequal length driveshafts. For example, Renault dropped the transmission-in-sump "<a href="/wiki/PSA-Renault_X-Type_engine" title="PSA-Renault X-Type engine">Suitcase</a>" engine that it had co-developed with Peugeot in the 1970s for its compact models, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Renault_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Renault 9">Renault 9</a> in 1982. Peugeot-Citroen themselves also moved over to the end-on gearbox solution when it phased out the Suitcase unit in favour of the <a href="/wiki/PSA_TU_engine" title="PSA TU engine">TU-series</a> engine in 1986. Nissan also abandoned the transmission-in-sump concept for its <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Pulsar#N12_(1982)" title="Nissan Pulsar">N12-series Cherry/Pulsar</a> in 1982. Perhaps symbolically, <a href="/wiki/British_Leyland" title="British Leyland">British Leyland</a> themselves, heirs to the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation</a> – moved over to the industry-standard solution for the <a href="/wiki/Austin_Maestro" title="Austin Maestro">Austin Maestro</a> in 1983, and all its subsequent front-wheel-drive models. </p><p>By reducing drivetrain weight and space needs, vehicles could be made smaller and more efficient without sacrificing acceleration. Integrating the powertrain with a transverse as opposed to a longitudinal layout, along with unibody construction and the use of constant velocity jointed drive axles, along with front wheel drive has evolved into the modern-day mass-market automobile. Some suggest that the introduction of the modern <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Volkswagen Golf</a> in 1974, from a traditional U.S. competitor, and the introduction of the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic" title="Honda Civic">Honda Civic</a>, and the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Accord" title="Honda Accord">Honda Accord</a> served as a wake-up call for the "Big Three" (only Chrysler already produced front-wheel-drive vehicles in their operations outside North America). GM was even later with the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Astra" title="Vauxhall Astra">Vauxhall Astra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opel_Kadett" title="Opel Kadett">Opel Kadett</a>. <a href="/wiki/Captive_imports" class="mw-redirect" title="Captive imports">Captive imports</a> were the US car makers initial response to the increased demand for <a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">economy cars</a>. The popularity of front-wheel drive began to gain momentum, with the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Escort_(North_America)" title="Ford Escort (North America)">Ford Escort</a>, the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Sentra" title="Nissan Sentra">Nissan Sentra</a>, and the 1983 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Corolla" title="Toyota Corolla">Toyota Corolla</a>. Front-wheel drive became the norm for mid-sized cars starting with the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Celebrity" title="Chevrolet Celebrity">Chevrolet Celebrity</a>, 1982 <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a>, 1983 <a href="/wiki/Dodge_600" title="Dodge 600">Dodge 600</a>, 1985 <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Maxima" title="Nissan Maxima">Nissan Maxima</a>, 1986 <a href="/wiki/Honda_Legend" title="Honda Legend">Honda Legend</a>, and the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Taurus" title="Ford Taurus">Ford Taurus</a>. By the mid-1980s, most formerly rear-wheel-drive Japanese models were front-wheel drive, and by the mid-1990s, most American brands only sold a handful of rear-wheel-drive models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–present"><span id="1990.E2.80.93present"></span>1990–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg/220px-2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg/330px-2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg/440px-2018_Ford_Focus_Titanium_X_1.0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4338" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_Focus_(fourth_generation)" title="Ford Focus (fourth generation)">Ford Focus MK4</a>, a popular example of a front-wheel-drive vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>The vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transversely mounted engine</a> with "end-on" mounted transmission, driving the front wheels via driveshafts linked via <a href="/wiki/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Constant-velocity joint">constant velocity (CV) joints</a>, and a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This configuration was pioneered by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a> in the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula">Autobianchi Primula</a> and popularized with the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brick01_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brick01-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiat promoted in its advertising that mechanical features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's volume and that <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a> drove a 128 as his personal vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-lampredi_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lampredi-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1959 Mini used a substantially different arrangement with the transmission in the sump, and the cooling fan drawing hot air from its side-facing location. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Volvo_Cars" title="Volvo Cars">Volvo Cars</a> has switched its entire lineup after the 900 series to front-wheel drive. Swedish engineers at the company have said that transversely mounted engines allow for more crumple zone area in a head-on collision. American auto manufacturers are now shifting larger models (such as the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_300" title="Chrysler 300">Chrysler 300</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> lineup) back to rear-wheel drive.<sup id="cite_ref-Allpar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allpar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cadillac_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cadillac-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were relatively few rear-wheel-drive cars marketed in North America by the early 1990s; <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>'s car line-up was entirely front-wheel drive by 1990. GM followed suit in 1996 where its <a href="/wiki/B-body" class="mw-redirect" title="B-body">B-body</a> line was phased out, where its sports cars (Camaro, Firebird, Corvette) were the only RWDs marketed; by the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette" title="Chevrolet Corvette">Chevrolet Corvette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Catera" title="Cadillac Catera">Cadillac Catera</a> were the only RWD cars offered by General Motors until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/GM_Sigma_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Sigma platform">Sigma platform</a>. After the phaseout of the Ford Panther platform (except for the Mustang), Ford automobiles (including the Transit Connect van) manufactured for the 2012 model year to present are front-wheel drive; its D3 platform (based on a Volvo platform) has optional all-wheel drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_(18860958202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg/220px-Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg/330px-Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg/440px-Nissan_Motorsports_-_Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo_-23_%2818860958202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo" title="Nissan GT-R LM Nismo">Nissan GT-R LM Nismo</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nissan_GT-R_LM_Nismo" title="Nissan GT-R LM Nismo">Nissan GT-R LM Nismo</a> race car holds the record for being the most-powerful front-wheel-drive car, with its combustion engine outputs approximately 500 hp (370 kW; 510 PS) while the flywheel system is intended to have an additional output of approximately 750 hp (560 kW; 760 PS). This accounts for a total of 1,250 hp (930 kW; 1,270 PS). Power from the flywheel was intended to be split between the front and rear wheels, making the car all-wheel drive in this configuration. However, due to unreliability the car was raced without the flywheel and with 500<span class="nowrap"> </span>hp driving the front wheels only. <ul><li>However, the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Oldsmobile_Toronado" title="Oldsmobile Toronado">Oldsmobile Toronado</a> remains the most-powerful street-legal front-wheel-drive production car, with W-34 option producing 400 hp (298 kW).</li></ul></li> <li>A production <a href="/wiki/Dodge_Neon_SRT-4" title="Dodge Neon SRT-4">Dodge Neon SRT-4</a> from RaceDeck Racing broke the land speed record for its class at <a href="/wiki/Bonneville_Salt_Flats" title="Bonneville Salt Flats">Bonneville Salt Flats</a> in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> on 16 August 2006. Driven by Jorgen Moller Jr., the record was set at 221 mph (356 km/h) average speed for both runs on the five-mile (8 km) course.</li> <li>On 3 April 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Civic_Type_R#FK8_(2017;_based_on_tenth_generation_Civic)" title="Honda Civic Type R">5th generation Honda Civic Type R</a> achieved a lap time of 7:43.80 on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, almost 7 seconds faster than its predecessor, setting a new record for front-wheel-drive cars. The car also set new front-wheel drive lap records at the Magny-Cours, Spa-Francorchamps, Silverstone, Estoril, Hungaroring and Mount Panorama circuits. The Nürburgring record was broken by the Renault Mégane RS Trophy-R in July 2019 which set a time of 7:40.10, but in 2020 the Limited Edition Civic Type R broke the Mégane's front-wheel drive lap record at the Suzuka Circuit by one and a half seconds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile layout">Automobile layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual-wheel drive">Individual-wheel drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel_drive_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout">Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">Rear-wheel drive</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Front-wheel_drive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-automobile">"History Of The Automobile"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609112042/https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-automobile">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+Automobile&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fautomobile%2FHistory-of-the-automobile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jalopnik-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jalopnik_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jalopnik_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/a-brief-history-of-front-wheel-drive-5511620">"A Brief History Of Front-Wheel Drive – Jalopnik"</a>. 7 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612125055/https://jalopnik.com/a-brief-history-of-front-wheel-drive-5511620">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+Of+Front-Wheel+Drive+%E2%80%93+Jalopnik&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fa-brief-history-of-front-wheel-drive-5511620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgano-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Georgano_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Georgano_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgano1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G.N._Georgano" class="mw-redirect" title="G.N. Georgano">Georgano, G.N (Nick)</a> (1973). <i>The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the present day</i>. London: Ebury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Motorcars%2C+1885+to+the+present+day.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Georgano&rft.aufirst=G.N+%28Nick%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graces-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Graces_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Graces_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/La_Societe_Parisienne">"Grace's Guide to Industrial History. Profile of La Societe Parisienne"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630072818/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/La_Societe_Parisienne">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grace%27s+Guide+to+Industrial+History.+Profile+of+La+Societe+Parisienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracesguide.co.uk%2FLa_Societe_Parisienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonhams-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_rear.jpg">"Bonhams Auctioneers, Profile description of Parisienne at Wikimedia Commons"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418224042/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_rear.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonhams+Auctioneers%2C+Profile+description+of+Parisienne+at+Wikimedia+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AC._1900_Soci%25C3%25A9t%25C3%25A9_Parisienne_Victoria_rear.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonhams_Orig-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonhams_Orig_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20165/lot/482/">"Bonhams Auctioneers – Profile of La Société Parisienne – Victoria Combination"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429074806/http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20165/lot/482/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonhams+Auctioneers+%E2%80%93+Profile+of+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Parisienne+%E2%80%93+Victoria+Combination&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bonhams.com%2Fauctions%2F20165%2Flot%2F482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unique-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unique_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/voiturette_racing.htm">"Unique Cars and Parts. Voiturette Racing – Before The Formula One"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310110021/http://uniquecarsandparts.com.au/voiturette_racing.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unique+Cars+and+Parts.+Voiturette+Racing+%E2%80%93+Before+The+Formula+One&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniquecarsandparts.com.au%2Fvoiturette_racing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Science%22&pg=PA52">"Front Wheel Drive Used in 1908."</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, November 1930, p. 52 bottom of page, photo</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderbiltcupraces-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanderbiltcupraces_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/drivers/driver/christie">"J. Walter Christie"</a>. <i>Featured drivers</i>. VanderbiltCupRaces.com. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185329/http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/drivers/driver/christie">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Featured+drivers&rft.atitle=J.+Walter+Christie&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderbiltcupraces.com%2Findex.php%2Fdrivers%2Fdriver%2Fchristie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DayPartII-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DayPartII_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1989" class="citation book cs1">Day, Kenneth (1989). "Part II: Racing history". In Iles, Robert (ed.). <i>Alvis:the story of the red triangle</i> (2nd ed.). Somerset, England: Haynes Publishing Group. pp. 113–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85429-667-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85429-667-0"><bdi>0-85429-667-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Racing+history&rft.btitle=Alvis%3Athe+story+of+the+red+triangle&rft.place=Somerset%2C+England&rft.pages=113-63&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Haynes+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-85429-667-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=RA10-PA10">"The Front Drive – Why Not?"</a> <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, January 1930, pp. 10–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1929-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1929_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1929_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Automobilia". <i>Toutes les voitures françaises 1929 (Salon [Oct] 1928)</i>. <b>84s</b>. Paris: Histoire & collections: 62. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toutes+les+voitures+fran%C3%A7aises+1929+%28Salon+%5BOct%5D+1928%29&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.volume=84s&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voitures-d-ingenieurs.com/biography.htm">Jean Albert Grégoire (1898–1992)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204190243/http://www.voitures-d-ingenieurs.com/biography.htm">Archived</a> 4 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalog-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catalog_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cord/1929_Cord/1929_Cord_Catalogue/1929%20Cord%20Catalogue-02.html">"Directory Index: 1929 Cord Catalogue"</a>. <i>The Old Car Manual Project</i>. 29 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316201102/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cord/1929_Cord/1929_Cord_Catalogue/1929%20Cord%20Catalogue-02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Old+Car+Manual+Project&rft.atitle=Directory+Index%3A+1929+Cord+Catalogue&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldcarbrochures.com%2Fstatic%2FNA%2FCord%2F1929_Cord%2F1929_Cord_Catalogue%2F1929%2520Cord%2520Catalogue-02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wise1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise1_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1974" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wise, David Burgess (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofautomobil04nort/page/434/mode/2up?q=cord+apex">"Cord: The Apex of a Triangle"</a></span>. In Northey, Tom (ed.). <i>World of Automobiles: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Motor Car</i>. Vol. 4. New York: Columbia House. pp. 435–437.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cord%3A+The+Apex+of+a+Triangle&rft.btitle=World+of+Automobiles%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Motor+Car&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=435-437&rft.pub=Columbia+House&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=David+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofautomobil04nort%2Fpage%2F434%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dcord%2Bapex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Matt (6 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/consider-roaring-through-the-2020s-with-these-1920s-car-1840800286">"Consider Roaring Through The 2020s With These 1920s Cars"</a>. <i>Jalopnik</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926091842/https://jalopnik.com/consider-roaring-through-the-2020s-with-these-1920s-car-1840800286">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jalopnik&rft.atitle=Consider+Roaring+Through+The+2020s+With+These+1920s+Cars&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fconsider-roaring-through-the-2020s-with-these-1920s-car-1840800286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos 1920–1945, Stuttgart 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odin, L.C. <i>World in Motion 1939, The whole of the year's automobile production</i>. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupp Herald (The Hupmobile Club) vol. 48 nr.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupp Herald (The Hupmobile Club) vol. 47 nr. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/cord-frontdrive-car-is-here.html?sq=Cord+front-drive+car+is+here&scp=1&st=p">"Cord front-drive car is here"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001600/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/cord-frontdrive-car-is-here.html?sq=Cord+front-drive+car+is+here&scp=1&st=p">Archived</a> 26 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>. 12 April 1936. p. XX7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Oswald: Kraftfahrzeuge der DDR, Stuttgart 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos 1945–1975, Stuttgart 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hemmings-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hemmings_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hemmings.com/hsx/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_feature17.html">"European Car of the Year 1965: BMC Scores a Win"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3994">the original</a> on 8 April 2014. <q>It's the recipe for technical orthodoxy that has since been adopted by the entire industry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1969%E2%80%931984+FIAT+128+Saloon&rft.pub=Classic+and+Performance+Car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicandperformancecar.com%2Ffront_website%2Foctane_interact%2Fcarspecs.php%2F%3Fsee%3D3994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicalek-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nicalek_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_T._Nicalek2020" class="citation web cs1">Bryan T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dodge+Omni+and+Plymouth+Horizon&rft.pub=Allpar&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft.au=Bryan+T.+Nicalek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allpar.com%2Fomni%2Fomni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saabmuseum.com/900/techspec.html">"Saab 900 technical specifications at The SaabMuseum.com – a comprehensive and up-to-date history of Saab cars"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216160029/http://www.saabmuseum.com/900/techspec.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saab+900+technical+specifications+at+The+SaabMuseum.com+%E2%80%93+a+comprehensive+and+up-to-date+history+of+Saab+cars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saabmuseum.com%2F900%2Ftechspec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brick01-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brick01_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBlRDbM5Xd4C&pg=PA237"><i>Brick by Brick: The Biography of the Man Who Really Made the Mini, Martyn Nutland, p. 237</i></a>. Authorhouse, Bloomington, IN, 2012. 8 October 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-0317-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-0317-0"><bdi>978-1-4772-0317-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brick+by+Brick%3A+The+Biography+of+the+Man+Who+Really+Made+the+Mini%2C+Martyn+Nutland%2C+p.+237&rft.pub=Authorhouse%2C+Bloomington%2C+IN%2C+2012&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-0317-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBlRDbM5Xd4C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allpar-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allpar_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allpar.com/cars/lx/index.html">"The Chrysler-Dodge LX Cars: Charger, Challenger, 300, 300C, and Magnum"</a>. Allpar. 16 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061018133601/http://www.allpar.com/cars/lx/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chrysler-Dodge+LX+Cars%3A+Charger%2C+Challenger%2C+300%2C+300C%2C+and+Magnum&rft.pub=Allpar&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allpar.com%2Fcars%2Flx%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cadillac-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cadillac_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1998" class="citation news cs1">Sherman, Don (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_n9_v178/ai_21155112">"Cadillac goes to RWD – rear-wheel drive"</a>. Automotive Industries (extracted in LookSmart). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228153625/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_n9_v178/ai_21155112">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cadillac+goes+to+RWD+%E2%80%93+rear-wheel+drive&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m3012%2Fis_n9_v178%2Fai_21155112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFront-wheel+drive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcar" title="Microcar">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei_car" title="Kei car">Kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">Supermini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_car" title="Family car">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-size_car" title="Full-size car">Full-size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Custom_car" title="Custom car">Custom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sled" title="Lead sled">Lead sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod#1960s_rise_of_the_street_rod" title="Hot rod">Street rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-bucket" title="T-bucket">T-bucket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_executive_car" title="Compact executive car">Compact executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_luxury_car" title="Personal luxury car">Personal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Minivan / MPV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_MPV" title="Mini MPV">Mini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/SUV" title="SUV">SUV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_sport_utility_vehicle" title="Compact sport utility vehicle">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)" title="Crossover (automobile)">Crossover (CUV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini SUV">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_SUV" title="Coupe SUV">Coupe SUV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_hatch" title="Hot hatch">Hot hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_car" title="Muscle car">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_car" title="Pony car">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_compact" title="Sport compact">Sport compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_sedan" title="Sports sedan">Sports sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar" title="Supercar">Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antique_car" title="Antique car">Antique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_(vehicle)" title="Ute (vehicle)">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_car" title="Vintage car">Vintage car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euro_Car_Segment" title="Euro Car Segment">EU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-segment" title="A-segment">A-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-segment" title="B-segment">B-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-segment" title="C-segment">C-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-segment" title="D-segment">D-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-segment" title="F-segment">F-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="J-segment">J-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-segment" class="mw-redirect" title="M-segment">M-segment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-segment" title="S-segment">S-segment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_(car_body_style)" title="2+2 (car body style)">2+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquet_(car_body_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baquet (car body style)">Baquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barchetta" title="Barchetta">Barchetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlinetta" title="Berlinetta">Berlinetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(car_body)" title="Brougham (car body)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrio_coach" title="Cabrio coach">Cabrio coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_over" title="Cab over">Cab over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_utility" title="Coupé utility">Coupé utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastback" title="Fastback">Fastback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardtop" title="Hardtop">Hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammback" title="Kammback">Kammback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landaulet_(car)" title="Landaulet (car)">Landaulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftback" title="Liftback">Liftback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microvan" title="Microvan">Microvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minibus" title="Minibus">Minibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stop_truck" title="Multi-stop truck">Multi-stop truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notchback" title="Notchback">Notchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_body" title="Phaeton body">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Quad coupé">Quad coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Retractable hardtop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster / Spider / Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(car)" title="Runabout (car)">Runabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon / Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Sedan delivery/Panel van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">Station wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targa_top" title="Targa top">Targa top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_(car)" title="Torpedo (car)">Torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car" title="Touring car">Touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_de_Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupe de Ville">Town (Coupé de Ville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-top" title="T-top">T-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized <br />vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">All-terrain vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_vehicle" title="Amphibious vehicle">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_car" title="Connected car">Connected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Driverless (autonomous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-kart" title="Go-kart">Go-kart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrocar" title="Gyrocar">Gyrocar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadracycle" title="Quadracycle">Pedal car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">Police car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_car" title="Flying car">Flying car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_truck" title="Tow truck">Tow truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiturette" title="Voiturette">Voiturette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_propulsion" title="Ground propulsion">Propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel_vehicle" title="Alternative fuel vehicle">Alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autogas" title="Autogas">Autogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_vehicle" title="Battery electric vehicle">battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhood_Electric_Vehicle" title="Neighborhood Electric Vehicle">NEV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">Ethanol</a> (<a href="/wiki/E85" title="E85">E85</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">Fuel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Gasoline / petrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">direct injection</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_charge_compression_ignition" title="Homogeneous charge compression ignition">Homogeneous charge compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">Hybrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle" title="Hydrogen vehicle">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen_engine" title="Liquid nitrogen engine">Liquid nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquified_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquified petroleum gas">Liquified petroleum gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_car" title="Steam car">Steam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Front-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout#Rear_wheel_drive_layouts" title="Powertrain layout">Rear-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheel_drive" title="Two-wheel drive">Two-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">Four-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-wheel_drive" title="Six-wheel drive">Six-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-wheel_drive" title="Eight-wheel drive">Eight-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten-wheel drive">Ten-wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-wheel_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve-wheel drive">Twelve-wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Engine position</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine_design" title="Front-engine design">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine_design" title="Rear-engine design">Rear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(engine / drive)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Front mid-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">Rear-front</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Front-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear_mid-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear mid-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-rear</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Front-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Mid-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Mid-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, four-wheel-drive layout">Rear-four-wheel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Dual-motor,_four-wheel-drive_layout" title="Dual-motor, four-wheel-drive layout">Dual motor-four-wheel</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">Engine configuration</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-stroke_engine" title="Four-stroke engine">Four-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-cylinder_engine" title="Single-cylinder engine">Single-cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stroke_engine" title="Two-stroke engine">Two-stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V (Vee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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