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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_Cardan_Joint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_Cardan_Joint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Double Cardan Joint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_Cardan_Joint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracta_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracta_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tracta joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracta_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rzeppa_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rzeppa_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rzeppa joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rzeppa_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birfield_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birfield_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Birfield joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birfield_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripod_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripod_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tripod joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripod_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weiss_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weiss_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Weiss joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weiss_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thompson_joints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thompson_joints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Thompson joints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thompson_joints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage in cars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_in_cars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage in cars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CV_boots_and_lubrication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CV_boots_and_lubrication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>CV boots and lubrication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CV_boots_and_lubrication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetiese_koppeling" title="Homokinetiese koppeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homokinetiese koppeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="عكوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عكوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oynaql%C4%B1_birl%C9%99%C5%9Fm%C9%99" title="Oynaqlı birləşmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oynaqlı birləşmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%81_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Шарнир с равни ъглови скорости – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шарнир с равни ъглови скорости" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokineti%C4%8Dki_zglob" title="Homokinetički zglob – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Homokinetički zglob" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_homocin%C3%A8tica" title="Junta homocinètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Junta homocinètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetick%C3%BD_kloub" title="Homokinetický kloub – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homokinetický kloub" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetisches_Gelenk" title="Homokinetisches Gelenk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homokinetisches Gelenk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_homocin%C3%A9tica" title="Junta homocinética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Junta homocinética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egal-mova_artiko" title="Egal-mova artiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egal-mova artiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_de_transmission" title="Joint de transmission – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joint de transmission" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetyske_keppeling" title="Homokinetyske keppeling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Homokinetyske keppeling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xunta_homocin%C3%A9tica" title="Xunta homocinética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xunta homocinética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokineti%C4%8Dki_zglob" title="Homokinetički zglob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homokinetički zglob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giunto_omocinetico" title="Giunto omocinetico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giunto omocinetico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94" title="מפרק מהירות קבועה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפרק מהירות קבועה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetische_koppeling" title="Homokinetische koppeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homokinetische koppeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%80%9F%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="等速ジョイント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="等速ジョイント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przegub_homokinetyczny" title="Przegub homokinetyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przegub homokinetyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_homocin%C3%A9tica" title="Junta homocinética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Junta homocinética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Шарнир равных угловых скоростей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шарнир равных угловых скоростей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokinetick%C3%BD_k%C4%BAb" title="Homokinetický kĺb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homokinetický kĺb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homokineti%C4%8Dki_zglob" title="Homokinetički zglob – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homokinetički zglob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drivknut" title="Drivknut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Drivknut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%80_%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Шарнір рівних кутових швидкостей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шарнір рівних кутових швидкостей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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<div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mechanisms for smoothly transmitting rotation through a bend in a drive shaft</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_CV_Joint_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Simple_CV_Joint_animated.gif/280px-Simple_CV_Joint_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Simple_CV_Joint_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>A Rzeppa-type CV joint</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>constant-velocity joint</b> (also called a <b>CV joint</b> and <b>homokinetic joint</b>) is a mechanical <a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">coupling</a> which allows the shafts to rotate freely (without an appreciable increase in <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Backlash_(engineering)" title="Backlash (engineering)">backlash</a>) and compensates for the angle between the two shafts, within a certain range, to maintain the same velocity. </p><p>A common use of CV joints is in <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> vehicles, where they are used to transfer the engine's power to the wheels, even as the angle of the <a href="/wiki/Driveshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Driveshaft">driveshaft</a> varies due to the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Car_suspension" title="Car suspension">suspension</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_joint.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Universal_joint.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Animation of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The predecessor to the constant-velocity joint was the <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> (also called a <i>Cardan joint</i>) which was invented by <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> in the 16th century. A short-coming of the universal joint is that the rotational speed of the output shaft fluctuates despite the rotational speed of the input shaft being constant. This fluctuation causes unwanted vibration in the system and increases as the angle between the two shafts increases. A constant-velocity joint does not have this fluctuation in output speed and therefore does not possess this unwanted vibration. Also, although universal joints are simple to produce and can withstand large forces, universal joints often become "notchy" and difficult to rotate as the angle of operation increases. </p><p>The first type of constant-velocity joint was the <i>Double Hooke's (Double Cardan) Joint</i> which was invented by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> in the 17th century. This design uses two universal joints connected by a shaft and offset by 90 degrees thereby cancelling out the speed variations inherent in each individual joint. </p><p>Many other types of constant-velocity joints have been invented since then. </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Constant-velocity_joint" title="Special:EditPage/Constant-velocity joint">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_Cardan_Joint">Double Cardan Joint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Double Cardan Joint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Cardan_Joint_(animated).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Double_Cardan_Joint_%28animated%29.gif/220px-Double_Cardan_Joint_%28animated%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Double_Cardan_Joint_%28animated%29.gif/330px-Double_Cardan_Joint_%28animated%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Double_Cardan_Joint_%28animated%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Double Cardan joint</figcaption></figure> <p>Double Cardan Joints are similar to Hooke's use of two universal joints except that the length of the intermediate shaft is shortened leaving only the yokes; this effectively allows the two Hooke's joints to be mounted back to back. DCJs are typically used in steering columns, as they eliminate the need to correctly phase the universal joints at the ends of the intermediate shaft (IS), which eases packaging of the IS around the other components in the engine bay of the car. They are also used to replace Rzeppa style constant-velocity joints in applications where high articulation angles, or impulsive torque loads are common, such as the driveshafts and halfshafts of rugged four-wheel drive vehicles. </p><p>To be truly constant-velocity, Double Cardan joints require a centering element that will maintain equal angles between the driven and driving shafts.<sup id="cite_ref-US_patent_1979768_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_patent_1979768-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This centering device requires additional torque to accelerate the internals of the joint and does generate some additional vibration at higher speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-US_patent_2947158_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_patent_2947158-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracta_joints">Tracta joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tracta joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg/220px-Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg/330px-Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg/440px-Tracta_Constant_Velocity_Joint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Tracta Joint</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tracta" title="Tracta">Tracta</a> joint works on the principle of the double <a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">tongue and groove</a> joint. It comprises only four individual parts: the two forks (a.k.a. yokes, one driving and one driven) and the two semi-spherical sliding pieces (one called male or spigot swivel and another called female or slotted swivel) which interlock in a floating (movable) connection. Each yoke jaw engages a circular groove formed on the intermediate members. Both intermediate members are coupled together in turn by a swivel tongue and grooved joint. When the input and output shafts are inclined at some working angle to each other, the driving intermediate member accelerates and decelerates during each revolution. Since the central tongue and groove joint are a quarter of a revolution out of phase with the yoke jaws, the corresponding speed fluctuation of the driven intermediate and output jaw members exactly counteracts and neutralizes the speed variation of the input half member. Thus the output speed change is identical to that of the input drive, providing constant velocity rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rzeppa_joints">Rzeppa joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rzeppa joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cv_joint_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cv_joint_large.png/220px-Cv_joint_large.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cv_joint_large.png/330px-Cv_joint_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cv_joint_large.png/440px-Cv_joint_large.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rzeppa joint</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelenk-welle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/220px-Gelenk-welle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/330px-Gelenk-welle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gelenk-welle.jpg/440px-Gelenk-welle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Rzeppa joint (compared to a <a href="/wiki/1_euro_coin" title="1 euro coin">1 euro coin</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A Rzeppa joint (invented by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Rzeppa" title="Alfred H. Rzeppa">Alfred H. Rzeppa</a> in 1926) consists of a spherical inner shell with 6 grooves in it and a similar enveloping outer shell. Each groove guides one <a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball</a>. The input shaft fits in the centre of a large, steel, star-shaped "gear" that nests inside a circular cage. The cage is spherical but with ends open, and it typically has six openings around the perimeter. This cage and gear fit into a grooved cup that has a splined and threaded shaft attached to it. Six large steel balls sit inside the cup grooves and fit into the cage openings, nestled in the grooves of the star gear. The output shaft on the cup then runs through the wheel bearing and is secured by the axle nut. </p><p>This joint can accommodate the large changes of angle when the front wheels are turned by the steering system; typical Rzeppa joints allow 45°–48° of articulation, while some can give 54°.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the "outboard" end of the driveshaft a slightly different unit is used. The end of the driveshaft is <a href="/wiki/Rotating_spline" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotating spline">splined</a> and fits into the outer "joint". It is typically held in place by a <a href="/wiki/Circlip" title="Circlip">circlip</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birfield_joints">Birfield joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Birfield joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Birfield joint is a type of constant-velocity joint based on the Rzeppa joint but confined the travel of the six balls using elliptical tracks. They have improved efficiency and are widely used in modern cars for the outboard driveshaft joints.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Birfield joint was developed by <a href="/wiki/Birfield_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Birfield Industries">Birfield Industries</a> and came into widespread use with the development of front-wheel drive cars such as the <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nunney2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunney2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripod_joints">Tripod joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tripod joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripod_half_axle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tripod_half_axle.png/220px-Tripod_half_axle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tripod_half_axle.png/330px-Tripod_half_axle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tripod_half_axle.png/440px-Tripod_half_axle.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Tripod joint</figcaption></figure> <p>Tripod joints are used at the inboard end of car driveshafts. The joints were developed by Michel Orain, of Glaenzer Spicer of <a href="/wiki/Poissy" title="Poissy">Poissy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This joint has a three-pointed yoke attached to the shaft, which has barrel-shaped roller bearings on the ends. These fit into a cup with three matching grooves, attached to the <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential (mechanics)">differential</a>. Since there is only significant movement in one axis, this simple arrangement works well. These also allow an axial 'plunge' movement of the shaft, so that engine rocking and other effects do not preload the bearings. A typical Tripod joint has up to 50 mm of plunge travel, and 26 degrees of angular articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tripod joint does not have as much angular range as many of the other joint types, but tends to be lower in cost and more efficient. Due to this it is typically used in rear-wheel drive vehicle configurations or on the inboard side of front-wheel drive vehicles where the required range of motion is lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weiss_joints">Weiss joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Weiss joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Weiss joint consists of two identical ball yokes which are positively located (usually) by four balls. The two joints are centered by means of a ball with a hole in the middle. Two balls in circular tracks transmit the torque while the other two preload the joint and ensure there is no backlash when the direction of loading changes. </p><p>Its construction differs from that of the Rzeppa in that the balls are a tight fit between two halves of the coupling and that no cage is used. The center ball rotates on a pin inserted in the outer race and serves as a locking medium for the four other balls. When both shafts are in line, that is, at an angle of 180 degrees, the balls lie in a plane that is 90 degrees to the shafts. If the driving shaft remains in the original position, any movement of the driven shaft will cause the balls to move one half of the angular distance. For example, when the driven shaft moves through an angle of 20 degrees, the angle between the two shafts is reduced to 160 degrees. The balls will move 10 degrees in the same direction, and the angle between the driving shaft and the plane in which the balls lie will be reduced to 80 degrees. This action fulfills the requirement that the balls lie in the plane that bisects the angle of drive. This type of Weiss joint is known as the Bendix-Weiss joint. </p><p>The most advanced plunging joint which works on the Weiss principle is the six-ball star joint of Kurt Enke. This type uses only three balls to transmit the torque, while the remaining three center and hold it together. The balls are preloaded and the joint is completely encapsulated.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thompson_joints">Thompson joints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thompson joints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TCVJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/TCVJ.jpg/220px-TCVJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/TCVJ.jpg/330px-TCVJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/TCVJ.jpg/440px-TCVJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a Thompson coupling</figcaption></figure> <p>The Thompson joint (also known as a <i>Thompson coupling</i>) assembles two cardan joints within each other to eliminate the intermediate shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A control yoke is added to keep the input and output shafts aligned. The control yoke uses a spherical <a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">pantograph</a> <a href="/wiki/Scissor_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scissor mechanism">scissor mechanism</a> to bisect the angle between the input and output shafts and to maintain the joints at a relative phase angle of zero. The alignment ensures constant angular velocity at all joint angles. Eliminating the intermediate shaft and keeping the input shafts aligned in the homokinetic plane greatly reduces the induced <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stresses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a> inherent in <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint#Double_Cardan_shaft" title="Universal joint">double cardan shafts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sopanen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sopanen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tcvj_in_action_video_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcvj_in_action_video-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the geometric configuration does not maintain constant velocity for the control yoke that aligns the cardan joints, the control yoke has minimal inertia and generates little vibration. Continuous use of a standard Thompson coupling at a straight-through, zero-degree angle will cause excessive wear and damage to the joint; a minimum offset of 2 degrees between the input and output shafts is needed to reduce control yoke wear.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modifying the input and output yokes so that they are not precisely normal to their respective shafts can alter or eliminate the "disallowed" angles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novel feature of the coupling is the method for geometrically constraining the pair of cardan joints within the assembly by using, for example, a spherical four bar scissors linkage (spherical pantograph) and it is the first coupling to have this combination of properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowman_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_cars">Usage in cars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage in cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> vehicles (such as the 1930s <a href="/wiki/Citroen_Traction_Avant" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroen Traction Avant">Citroen Traction Avant</a>) and the front axles of <a href="/wiki/Off-road_vehicle" title="Off-road vehicle">off-road</a> four-wheel drive vehicles used universal joints rather than CV joints. Amongst the first cars to use CV joints were the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Tracta" title="Tracta">Tracta</a>, the 1931 <a href="/wiki/DKW_F1" title="DKW F1">DKW F1</a> and the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Adler_Trumpf" title="Adler Trumpf">Adler Trumpf</a>, all of which were front-wheel drive and used the Tracta joint design under licence.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CV joints allowed a smooth transfer of power over a wider range of operating angles (such as when the suspension is compressed by cornering force or a bump in the road). </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a> cars with <a href="/wiki/Independent_rear_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent rear suspension">independent rear suspension</a> typically use CV joints at the ends of the <a href="/wiki/Axle#Drive_axle" title="Axle">half-shafts</a> and increasingly use them on the <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft#Front-engine,_rear-wheel_drive" title="Drive shaft">tailshaft</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CV_boots_and_lubrication">CV boots and lubrication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: CV boots and lubrication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A separate flexible cover is usually installed over the CV joint, to protect it from foreign particles and prevent the lubricating grease from leaking out.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cover is usually made of rubber and called a "CV boot" or "CV gaiter". Cracks and splits in the boot will allow contaminants in, which would cause the joint to wear quickly or completely fail. An all-metal <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a> or CV located inside and protect by a <a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">solid axle</a> (housing), swivel hub or closed knuckle may be desirable in harsh operating environments, where rubber is prone to physical or chemical damage. Metal armour and <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a> sleeves/covers may be used to protect rubber CV boots. </p><p>The CV joint is usually lubricated by <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">molybdenum disulfide</a> grease. The six spheres are bounded by an anti-fall gate that prevents the spheres from falling when the shaftings are perfectly aligned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constant-velocity_joints" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Constant-velocity joints">Constant-velocity joints</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Spicer" title="Hardy Spicer">Hardy Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobson%27s_joint" title="Hobson's joint">Hobson's joint</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constant-velocity_joint&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-US_patent_1979768-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent_1979768_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFPearce,_John_W.B.1934"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1979768">US patent 1979768</a>, Pearce, John W.B., "Double Universal Joint", issued 1934-11-06</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=1979768&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Double+Universal+Joint&rft.inventor=Pearce%2C+John+W.B.&rft.date=1934-11-06&rft.appldate=1933-07-24"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14273/css/14273_181.htm">Rzeppa Constant Velocity (CV) Joint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205182059/http://www.tpub.com/content/construction/14273/css/14273_181.htm">Archived</a> 2009-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_patent_2947158-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_patent_2947158_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFKing,_Kenneth_K.1960"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2947158">US patent 2947158</a>, King, Kenneth K., "Universal Joint Centering Device", issued 1960-08-02,  assigned to General Motors Corporation</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=2947158&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Universal+Joint+Centering+Device&rft.inventor=King%2C+Kenneth+K.&rft.assignee=General+Motors+Corporation&rft.date=1960-08-02&rft.appldate=1959-08-21"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>. The usual centring arrangement is a ball and socket type of construction... . In order to provide the constant velocity feature for the [double cardan] joint, it is essential that the centre of angulation of each spider and bearing assembly, and each yoke, be maintained about the same point during the life of the joint.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdmft_cpKQC&dq=tracta+joint&pg=PA12">Universal joints and driveshafts: analysis, design, applications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoshinoFunahashi" class="citation web cs1">Hoshino, Manabu; Funahashi, Masashi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730143903/https://www.ntnglobal.com/en/products/review/pdf/NTN_TR75_en_P016.pdf">"NTN Technical Review No.75 (2007): Fixed Constant Velocity Joint with a Super High Operating Angle of 54 Degrees (TUJ)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ntnglobal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntn.co.jp/english/products/review/pdf/NTN_TR75_en_P016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ntnglobal.com&rft.atitle=NTN+Technical+Review+No.75+%282007%29%3A+Fixed+Constant+Velocity+Joint+with+a+Super+High+Operating+Angle+of+54+Degrees+%28TUJ%29&rft.aulast=Hoshino&rft.aufirst=Manabu&rft.au=Funahashi%2C+Masashi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntn.co.jp%2Fenglish%2Fproducts%2Freview%2Fpdf%2FNTN_TR75_en_P016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span> (Also found in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntnglobal.com/en/products/review/pdf/NTN_TR75_en.pdf">"Automotive Environmental Technologies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NTN. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automotive+Environmental+Technologies&rft.pub=NTN&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnglobal.com%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Freview%2Fpdf%2FNTN_TR75_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beyonddiscovery.org/vehicle-technology/625-birfield-joint-based-on-the-rzeppa-principle.html">"625 Birfield joint based on the Rzeppa Principle - Vehicle Technology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=625+Birfield+joint+based+on+the+Rzeppa+Principle+-+Vehicle+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beyonddiscovery.org%2Fvehicle-technology%2F625-birfield-joint-based-on-the-rzeppa-principle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunney2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nunney2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_James_Nunney2007" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm James Nunney (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLxySLNAe3YC"><i>Light and Heavy Vehicle Technology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8037-0"><bdi>978-0-7506-8037-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+and+Heavy+Vehicle+Technology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8037-0&rft.au=Malcolm+James+Nunney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLxySLNAe3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gkndriveline.com/drivelinecms/export/sites/driveline/downloads/brochures/driveshafts_english.pdf">GKN Driveline Driveshafts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723010219/http://www.gkndriveline.com/drivelinecms/export/sites/driveline/downloads/brochures/driveshafts_english.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gkndriveline.com">gkndriveline.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703124825/http://www.gkndriveline.com/">Archived</a> 2019-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpub.com/basae/119.htm">Bendix-Weiss Constant Velocity (CV) Joint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100323031934/http://www.tpub.com/basae/119.htm">Archived</a> 2010-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPdmft_cpKQC&dq=weiss+joint&pg=PA19">Universal joints and driveshafts: analysis, design, applications</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFGlenn_Thompson2006"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=USUS20040106458A1">US patent US20040106458A1</a>, Glenn Thompson, "CONSTANT VELOCITY COUPLING AND CONTROL SYSTEM THEREFOR", published 2004-06-03, issued 2006-12-05</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US20040106458A1&rft.cc=US&rft.title=CONSTANT+VELOCITY+COUPLING+AND%0ACONTROL+SYSTEM+THEREFOR&rft.inventor=Glenn+Thompson&rft.date=2006-12-05&rft.pubdate=2004-06-03&rft.prioritydate=2001-03-26"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sopanen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sopanen_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopanen1996" class="citation web cs1">Sopanen, Jussi (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205135715/http://www.ee.lut.fi/static/fi/lab/sahkokaytot/sameko/Cardan_Sameko.pdf">"Studies on Torsion Vibration of a Double Cardan Joint Driveline"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ee.lut.fi/static/fi/lab/sahkokaytot/sameko/Cardan_Sameko.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Torsion+Vibration+of+a+Double+Cardan+Joint+Driveline&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sopanen&rft.aufirst=Jussi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ee.lut.fi%2Fstatic%2Ffi%2Flab%2Fsahkokaytot%2Fsameko%2FCardan_Sameko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheu-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheu_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheu2003" class="citation web cs1">Sheu, P (2003-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3004428">"Modelling and analysis of the Intermediate Shaft Between Two Universal Joints"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modelling+and+analysis+of+the+Intermediate+Shaft+Between+Two+Universal+Joints&rft.date=2003-02-01&rft.aulast=Sheu&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D3004428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcvj_in_action_video-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tcvj_in_action_video_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-tmvBwVPcSs">"The Thompson Coupling Joint mechanism in action"</a>. Thompson Couplings<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Thompson+Coupling+Joint+mechanism+in+action&rft.pub=Thompson+Couplings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D-tmvBwVPcSs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003234311/http://www.thompsoncouplings.com/500Nm-AE-TCVJ-EL/Extra-Length-500Nm-TCVJ%28R%29/pd.php">"Extra Length 500Nm TCVJ"</a>. Thompson Couplings, Ltd. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thompsoncouplings.com/500Nm-AE-TCVJ-EL/Extra-Length-500Nm-TCVJ%28R%29/pd.php">the original</a> on 3 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>Special Instructions: Continuous operation of the TCVJ coupling at 0 degrees is not recommended as this will cause excessive wear on bearings and cause damage to the coupling. For maximum efficiency and life of the TCVJ coupling, a minimum operating angle of 2.0 degrees is recommended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extra+Length+500Nm+TCVJ&rft.pub=Thompson+Couplings%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thompsoncouplings.com%2F500Nm-AE-TCVJ-EL%2FExtra-Length-500Nm-TCVJ%2528R%2529%2Fpd.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpattakon.com" class="citation web cs1">pattakon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pattakon.com/pattakonPatDan.htm">"PatDan and PatCVJ Constant Velocity Joints"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PatDan+and+PatCVJ+Constant+Velocity+Joints&rft.au=pattakon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pattakon.com%2FpattakonPatDan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2006" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Rebecca (2006-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centralwesterndaily.com.au/news/local/news/general/an-invention-to-drive-fuel-costs-down/191341.aspx">"An invention to drive fuel costs down"</a>. yourguide.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/origdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US1665280&F=0&QPN=US1665280">"Universal Joint"</a>. <i>US patent</i>. no. 1,665,280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+patent&rft.atitle=Universal+Joint&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Rzeppa%2C+Alfred+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2Forigdoc%3FDB%3DEPODOC%26IDX%3DUS1665280%26F%3D0%26QPN%3DUS1665280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/originalDocument?CC=FR&NR=628309A&KC=A&FT=D&date=19271021&DB=EPODOC&locale=fr_V3">"European Patent FR628309"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Patent+FR628309&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv3.espacenet.com%2FpublicationDetails%2ForiginalDocument%3FCC%3DFR%26NR%3D628309A%26KC%3DA%26FT%3DD%26date%3D19271021%26DB%3DEPODOC%26locale%3Dfr_V3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samarins.com/glossary/cv_joint.html">"CV Joint: how it works, symptoms, problems"</a>. <i>www.samarins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.samarins.com&rft.atitle=CV+Joint%3A+how+it+works%2C+symptoms%2C+problems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samarins.com%2Fglossary%2Fcv_joint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstant-velocity+joint" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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