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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="آوتوبیانکی پریمولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آوتوبیانکی پریمولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אוטוביאנקי פרימולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטוביאנקי פרימולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9" title="アウトビアンキ・プリムラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウトビアンキ・プリムラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobianchi_Primula" title="Autobianchi Primula – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Autobianchi Primula" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOB%C4%B0ANCH%C4%B0_PR%C4%B0MULA" title="AUTOBİANCHİ PRİMULA – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="AUTOBİANCHİ PRİMULA" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q786136#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C0C0C0; padding:0.25em 1em; text-align:center;">Autobianchi Primula</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg/280px-Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg/420px-Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg/560px-Autobianchi_Primula_in_Benelux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="873" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Autobianchi Primula 65C 3-door hatchback</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data">1964–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Designer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a> (Berlina)<br /><a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrozzeria Touring">Touring</a> (Coupé)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Body and chassis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supermini_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini car">Supermini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">saloon</a></li><li>3-door <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a></li><li>4-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">saloon</a></li><li>5-door <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a></li><li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">Transverse</a> <a href="/wiki/Front-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">front-engine, front-wheel-drive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A111" title="Autobianchi A111">Autobianchi A111</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Powertrain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1,221 cc <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead valve">OHV</a> <a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">I4</a> (Berlina and Coupé)</li><li>1,197 cc OHV I4 (Berlina 65C)</li><li>1,438 cc OHV I4 (Coupé S)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Transmission</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">4-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300 mm (91 in)<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,785 mm (149.0 in) (Berlina)<br />3,715 mm (146.3 in) (Coupé)<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,578 mm (62.1 in)<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1,400 mm (55 in) (Berlina)<br />1,350 mm (53 in) (Coupé)<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A111" title="Autobianchi A111">Autobianchi A111</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A112" title="Autobianchi A112">Autobianchi A112</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Autobianchi Primula</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Supermini_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini car">supermini</a> <a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">economy car</a> manufactured between 1964 and 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> automaker <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a>, partly owned by and later a subsidiary of the <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat Group</a>. The Primula was a prototype for Fiat's <a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">rack and pinion</a> steering and is widely known for its innovative <a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transverse engine</a> layout — that would be later popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a> to ultimately become an industry-standard front drive layout.<sup id="cite_ref-carsfrom_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carsfrom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Primula was originally available with two or four doors, with or without a rear hatchback, referred to in Italian as "<i><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">berlina</a></i>". Beginning in 1965, Autobianchi offered a <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> model, a more spacious 2-door fastback designed by <a href="/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrozzeria Touring">Carrozzeria Touring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carsfrom_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carsfrom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4Car_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Car-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Primula was manufactured in the Autobianchi factory in <a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-registro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-registro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with production reaching approximately 75,000 before ending in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-carsfrom_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carsfrom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the Primula, all Fiat Group passenger cars were <a href="/wiki/Rear-wheel_drive" title="Rear-wheel drive">rear-wheel drive</a>; the larger models followed the classic <a href="/wiki/FR_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="FR layout">FR layout</a> (front engine powering the rear axle), and small cars were <a href="/wiki/RR_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="RR layout">rear-engined</a>. Meanwhile, a practical concept emerged, namely the <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> layout with the engine mounted <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transversely</a>, which allowed for very efficient space utilization. This arrangement had been popularised by the <a href="/wiki/British_Motor_Corporation" title="British Motor Corporation">British Motor Corporation's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>, launched in 1959. That car had its transmission integrated into the engine's oil sump, producing a very compact drivetrain for use on a small car. However the Mini had significant transmission problems early in its production run and the arrangement had poor refinement, high noise levels and was awkward to service. The early issues were resolved and the concept spread to larger BMC products, notably the <a href="/wiki/BMC_ADO16" title="BMC ADO16">1100/1300</a> series built in Italy by <a href="/wiki/Innocenti" title="Innocenti">Innocenti</a>. These larger models did not require the transmission-in-sump arrangement for the purposes of space utilization (as on the Mini) but retained it for design and parts commonality. </p><p>Fiat's chief designer, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a>, recognized the potential of the concept and sought ways to improve on it - namely by removing the transmission from the sump. This would produce a larger overall powertrain unit but this was not essential in the type of cars Giacosa proposed. In return such cars would be easier to service and repair and benefit from greater refinement and lower noise levels. Fiat was cautiously accepting of Giacosa's proposal and decided to experiment without risking damage to the image of its popular Fiat-branded cars. Thus the Autobianchi Primula emerged—a car marketed under a less crucial nameplate, for which it was an entry into a whole new class of vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-carsfrom_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carsfrom-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key to Giacosa's design was a compact concentric clutch release mechanism using a hydraulic piston mounted inside a hollow gearbox input shaft, thus doing away with the traditional external clutch lever and release arm and the internal clutch thrust bearing. This allowed the powertrain to be short enough to fit across the Primula's engine bay while allowing for the required steering angles and the determined overall width. With the transmission mounted end-on to the engine and the final drive therefore offset from the car's centre line, the Primula had unequal-length driveshafts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Driveline">Driveline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Driveline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg/220px-Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg/330px-Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg/440px-Torino_Museo_Nazionale_dell%27Automobile_087.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4414" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption>Autobianchi Primula at National Automobile Museum, Turin</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the Primula was fitted with the 1221 cc engine from the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_1100" title="Fiat 1100">Fiat 1100 <i>D</i></a> (for the coupé it was uprated to 65 hp (48 kW)), but in 1968 it was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Fiat_124" title="Fiat 124">Fiat 124</a> engines—the berlinas received the 1197 cc 60 hp (45 kW) engine from the standard versions, while the coupé was fitted with the more powerful 1438 cc 70 hp (52 kW) unit.<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All engines used in the Primula had <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead valve">overhead valves</a> (OHV)—the later <a href="/wiki/Fiat_Twin_Cam_engine" title="Fiat Twin Cam engine">twin cam derivative</a> of the 1438 cc unit was not used in any Autobianchi (Fiat did use it later in the <a href="/wiki/Lancia_Beta" title="Lancia Beta">Lancia Beta</a>- the issue at the time in a transverse installation of a twin-cam head being the arrangement of the exhaust manifold of the necessarily cross-flow head). Unlike contemporaneous BMC and Peugeot models, which had the transmission in the <a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">oil sump</a>, the Primula had its <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmission</a> placed end-on, above the <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Differential (mechanics)">differential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4Car_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Car-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Primula also featured <a href="/wiki/Disc_brakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc brakes">disc brakes</a> on all four wheels, uncommon in small cars of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4Car_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4Car-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Primula's particular configuration of front wheel drive and transverse engine, but with a gearbox on the end of the engine, ingenious Fiat-designed clutch release mechanism and unequal length drive shafts, rather than a gearbox in the sump like the Mini, has become universal among front-wheel-drive cars. The suspension used a single wishbone and upper transverse leaf spring at the front (which eliminated an upper suspension arm pivot and thus allowed space for the gearbox), with a "dead" axle at the rear. The Primula is thus a car design of far greater significance than is often realised, as its design influence spread, far beyond even the mainstream high volume Fiats such as the 128 and the 127 of the late 1960s which used its driveline layout combined with <a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson struts</a> (which also allowed space for the gearbox); to every front wheel drive transverse engined car in production today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Primula was favorably received in the marketplace and came second in the 1965 <a href="/wiki/European_Car_of_the_Year" title="European Car of the Year">European Car of the Year</a> awards, after another front-wheel drive car, the <a href="/wiki/Austin_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin 1800">Austin 1800</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This convinced Fiat to develop the drive concept further. In 1969 the first Fiat with a front-mounted transverse engine, the <a href="/wiki/Fiat_128" title="Fiat 128">Fiat 128</a>, was launched, along with two new front-wheel drive Autobianchis: the <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A112" title="Autobianchi A112">Autobianchi A112</a>, smaller than the Primula, and the larger <a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A111" title="Autobianchi A111">Autobianchi A111</a>. The 128 secured Fiat the Car of the Year title in 1970, with A112 coming second.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Auto_Katalog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auto_Katalog_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Auto-Modelle: Katalog—Motor-Presse-Jahres</i>. <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Presse_Stuttgart" class="extiw" title="de:Motor Presse Stuttgart">Vereinigte Motor-Verlage Stuttgart</a>. 1970. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0463-6589">0463-6589</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auto-Modelle%3A+Katalog%E2%80%94Motor-Presse-Jahres&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=Vereinigte+Motor-Verlage+Stuttgart&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0463-6589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carsfrom-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carsfrom_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carsfrom_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carsfrom_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carsfrom_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209015255/http://www.carsfromitaly.com/others/index.html">"The Autobianchi information site"</a>. <i>carsfromitaly.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carsfromitaly.com/others/index.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carsfromitaly.com&rft.atitle=The+Autobianchi+information+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carsfromitaly.com%2Fothers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span> <i>(accessed via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4Car-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4Car_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4Car_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4Car_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909201239/http://www.channel4.com/4car/feature/feature.jsp?id=1729">"Autobianchi Primula"</a>. <i>Classic hatchbacks - 4Car Feature - from Channel 4</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/4car/feature/feature.jsp?id=1729&page=7">the original</a> on September 9, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+hatchbacks+-+4Car+Feature+-+from+Channel+4&rft.atitle=Autobianchi+Primula&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2F4car%2Ffeature%2Ffeature.jsp%3Fid%3D1729%26page%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-registro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-registro_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autobianchi.org/ita2/storia.asp">"Storia"</a>. <i>autobianchi.org</i> (in Italian). Registro Autobianchi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824170200/http://www.autobianchi.org/ita2/storia.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=autobianchi.org&rft.atitle=Storia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autobianchi.org%2Fita2%2Fstoria.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729164515/http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1965_1/coty">"Previous winners (1965)"</a>. <i>caroftheyear.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1965_1/coty">the original</a> on 29 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caroftheyear.org&rft.atitle=Previous+winners+%281965%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caroftheyear.org%2Fprevious-winners%2F1965_1%2Fcoty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629015005/http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1970_1/coty">"Previous winners (1970)"</a>. <i>caroftheyear.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caroftheyear.org/previous-winners/1970_1/coty">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caroftheyear.org&rft.atitle=Previous+winners+%281970%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caroftheyear.org%2Fprevious-winners%2F1970_1%2Fcoty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutobianchi+Primula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Contemporary Italian Autobianchi Primula brochures (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autobianchi.org/ita2/primula.asp">Berlina</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autobianchi.org/ita2/primulacoupe.asp">Coupé</a>) at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.autobianchi.org/ita2/index.asp">Registro Autobianchi</a> site <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storm.oldcarmanualproject.com/autobianchiprimula1965.htm">1965 Dutch Autobianchi Primula brochure</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Autobianchi" title="Template:Autobianchi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autobianchi" title="Template talk:Autobianchi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autobianchi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autobianchi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autobianchi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi" title="Autobianchi">Autobianchi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Bianchina" title="Autobianchi Bianchina">Bianchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Giardiniera" title="Autobianchi Giardiniera">Giardiniera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Stellina" title="Autobianchi Stellina">Stellina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Primula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A111" title="Autobianchi A111">A111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_A112" title="Autobianchi A112">A112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobianchi_Y10" title="Autobianchi Y10">Y10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bianchi_Bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bianchi Bicycles">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A." title="Fiat S.p.A.">Fiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirelli" title="Pirelli">Pirelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Giacosa" title="Dante Giacosa">Dante Giacosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desio" title="Desio">Desio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_S.p.A." title="Fiat S.p.A.">A brand of the Fiat Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&oldid=1247710195">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autobianchi_Primula&oldid=1247710195</a>"</div></div> <div 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