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<li id="toc-Investing_for_volume_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investing_for_volume_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Investing for volume production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investing_for_volume_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_disruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_disruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wartime disruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime_disruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_that_did_not_enter_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Models that did not enter production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Models_that_did_not_enter_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coupés/Convertibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coupés/Convertibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Coupés/Convertibles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coupés/Convertibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_self-levelling_suspension_in_1954" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_self-levelling_suspension_in_1954"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hydraulic self-levelling suspension in 1954</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_self-levelling_suspension_in_1954-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK-built_cars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK-built_cars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>UK-built cars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-built_cars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_motorsport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_motorsport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact on motorsport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_motorsport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Citroën" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Citroën"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact on Citroën</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Citroën-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media appearances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_in_the_French_tax_and_insurance_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_in_the_French_tax_and_insurance_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Classification in the French tax and insurance system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_in_the_French_tax_and_insurance_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سيتروين تراكسيون أفان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيتروين تراكسيون أفان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سیتروئن تراکسیون آوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیتروئن تراکسیون آوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%97%A5_%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BD%EC%88%91_%EC%95%84%EB%B0%A9" title="시트로엥 트락숑 아방 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시트로엥 트락숑 아방" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98" title="סיטרואן טראקסיון אוואנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיטרואן טראקסיון אוואנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3" title="シトロエン・トラクシオン・アバン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シトロエン・トラクシオン・アバン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ситроен траксион авант – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ситроен траксион авант" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="Citroën Traction Avant – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Citroën Traction Avant" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%B0TROEN_TRACT%C4%B0ON_AVANT" title="CİTROEN TRACTİON AVANT – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="CİTROEN TRACTİON AVANT" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q867560#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant" title="View the content page [c]" 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hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C0C0C0; padding:0.25em 1em; text-align:center;">Citroën Traction Avant</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tractionfr02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tractionfr02.jpg/280px-Tractionfr02.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tractionfr02.jpg/420px-Tractionfr02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tractionfr02.jpg/560px-Tractionfr02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data">Citroën 7 <br />Citroën 11 <br /> Citroën 15/6 <br />Citroën Light Twelve <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#UK-built_cars">(UK)</a><br />Citroën Light 15 <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#UK-built_cars">(UK)</a><br />Citroën Big Fifteen <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#UK-built_cars">(UK)</a> <br />Citroën Big Six <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#UK-built_cars">(UK)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data">7 : 1934–41<br />11 : 1934–57<br />15/6 : 1938–56</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assembly</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Designer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="André Lefèbvre">André Lefèbvre</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Body and chassis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> (<a href="/wiki/E-segment" title="E-segment">E</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body style</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">saloon</a><br />2-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">saloon</a><br />2-door <a href="/wiki/Convertible_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convertible (car)">convertible</a><br />5-door <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">FMF layout</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_H_Van" title="Citroën H Van">Citroën H Van</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Powertrain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.3 / 1.5 / 1.6 / 1.9 L <a href="/wiki/Straight-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-4">I4</a><br />2.9 L <a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">I6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Transmission</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">3-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a>, column/dash shift</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,910 mm (114.6 in) 7 & 11 légère (light)<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3,090 mm (121.7 in) 11CV normale & 15/6<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3,270 mm (128.7 in)11CV longue & 15/6 limousine<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">4,450–4,960 mm (175.2–195.3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,620–1,790 mm (63.8–70.5 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1,520–1,580 mm (59.8–62.2 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kerb_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerb weight">Kerb weight</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,025–1,170 kg (2,260–2,579 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Rosalie" title="Citroën Rosalie">Citroën Rosalie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_%26_C6" title="Citroën C4 & C6">Citroën C4 & C6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Citroën Traction Avant</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[tʁaksjɔnaˈvɑ̃]</a></span>) is the world's first <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a>-bodied, <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> car that was mass-produced.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A range of mostly 4-door <a href="/wiki/Saloon_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saloon (automobile)">saloons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">executive cars</a>, as well as longer wheelbased <i>"Commerciale"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three row seating <i>"Familiale"</i> models, were produced with four- and six-cylinder engines, by French carmaker <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> from 1934 to 1957. With some 760,000 units built, the Traction Avants were the first front-wheel drives made in such (six-figure) quantity. </p><p>In Portugal it became popularly known as "arrastadeira", which translates to "dragging machine". </p><p>Whilst <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> and four-wheel <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a> had been established in production cars by <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and subsequently by others a few years prior – the Traction Avant pioneered integrating these into a mass-production car with a crash resistant,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely unitary, <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> body. Additionally, the car was also an early adopter of <a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion#Steering" title="Rack and pinion">rack and pinion steering</a>. </p><p>Although the car's name emphasized its front-wheel drive power delivery ("Traction Avant" literally means "front traction"), the car stood out at least as much by its much lower profile and stance – made possible by the absence of a separate <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_frame" title="Vehicle frame">vehicle frame</a> or chassis under the car's mostly unitary body – sharply distinguishing it visually from its taller contemporaries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_(Autocar_Handbook,_13th_ed,_1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/220px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/330px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/440px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_body-chassis_unit_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Traction Avant monocoque</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_front_suspension_(Autocar_Handbook,_13th_ed,_1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/220px-Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/330px-Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg/440px-Citroen_front_suspension_%28Autocar_Handbook%2C_13th_ed%2C_1935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Front torsion bar suspension</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale,_Bj._1954,_Armaturen_(2016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG/220px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG/330px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG/440px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_11_CV_Commerciale%2C_Bj._1954%2C_Armaturen_%282016-04-17_Foto_Spurzem%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Dashboard of TA Commerciale from 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>The Traction Avant, French for <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">designed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="André Lefèbvre">André Lefèbvre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Bertoni" title="Flaminio Bertoni">Flaminio Bertoni</a> in late 1933 / early 1934. </p><p>The Traction Avant was a late entrant into the growing front-wheel drive market in Europe, competing with the well established <a href="/wiki/DKW_F2" title="DKW F2">DKW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adler_Trumpf" title="Adler Trumpf">Adler</a> models and joining other entrants at around the same time such as the <a href="/wiki/BSA_Scout" title="BSA Scout">BSA Scout</a>. Front-wheel drive had appeared in the previous decade through <a href="/wiki/Luxury_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury vehicle">luxury vehicle</a> manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Alvis_Cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvis Cars">Alvis</a>, which built the 1928 Racing FWD in the UK, and <a href="/wiki/Cord_(automobile)" title="Cord (automobile)">Cord</a>, which produced the <a href="/wiki/Cord_Automobile#Cord_L-29" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord Automobile">L29</a> from 1929 to 1932 in the United States. Ultimately, the <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">inline engine</a> front wheel drive layout of cars like the Citroën Avant was to be a dead end and virtually all modern mass-produced front wheel drive cars use the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_engine" title="Transverse engine">transverse engine</a> layout, as pioneered by DKW from 1931.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Traction Avant's structure was a <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welded</a> <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unitary body / chassis</a>. Most other cars of the era were based on a separate <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">frame</a> (chassis) onto which the non-structural body ("<a href="/wiki/Coachwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Coachwork">coachwork</a>") was built. Unitary construction (also called Unit Body or "Unibody" in the US) results in a lighter vehicle, and is now used for virtually all car construction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R&T_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&T-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This unitary body saved 70 kg (150 lb) in steel per car. It was mass-produced, using innovative technology purchased from the American firm <a href="/wiki/Budd_Company#Automobiles" title="Budd Company">Budd Company</a>. Weight reduction was a motivation for Citroën that American manufacturers of that time did not have.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This method of construction was viewed with great suspicion in many quarters, with doubts about its strength. A type of <a href="/wiki/Crash_test" title="Crash test">crash test</a> was conceived, taking the form of driving the car off a cliff, to illustrate its great inherent resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novel design made the car very low-slung relative to its contemporaries – the Traction Avant went from appearing rakish in 1934 to familiar and somewhat old fashioned by 1955. </p><p>The suspension was very advanced for the car's era. The front wheels were <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independently sprung</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Torsion bar">torsion bar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control_arm" title="Control arm">wishbone</a> <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> arrangement,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most contemporaries used <a href="/wiki/Live_axle" class="mw-redirect" title="Live axle">live axle</a> and cart-type <a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">leaf spring</a> designs. The rear suspension was a simple steel <a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">beam axle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a>, trailing arms and torsion bars attached to a 75-millimetre (3 in) steel tube, which in turn was bolted to the main platform. </p><p>Since it was considerably lighter than conventional designs of the era, it was capable of 100 km/h (62 mph), and consumed fuel only at the rate of 10 L/100 km (28 mpg<sub>‑imp</sub>; 24 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investing_for_volume_production">Investing for volume production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Investing for volume production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scale of investment in production capacity reflected <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABn" title="André Citroën">André Citroën</a>'s ambitions for the car. Site preparation began during the winter of 1932/33, and on 15 March 1933 demolition of the existing 30,000 m<sup>2</sup> (320,000 sq ft) factory started.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the new factory started on 21 April, and by the end of August the building's shell had been erected, four times the size of the factory that it replaced, and using 5,000 t (4,900 long tons; 5,500 short tons) of structural iron and steel.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this was achieved while continuing to produce several hundred <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Rosalie" title="Citroën Rosalie">Rosalies</a> every day.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With characteristic showmanship, André Citroën celebrated by inviting 6,000 guests – mostly dealers and agents and others who would be involved in selling and promoting the car – to a spectacular banquet in the new and, at this stage, still empty factory, on 8 October 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citroën's gesture quickly came to be seen as <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubristic</a>, as the ensuing months became a race against time to finish the development of the car and tool up for its production before his investors lost patience.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the first car was presented at Citroën's huge Paris showroom on 18 April 1934, by which time principal dealers had already had their own private unveiling on 23 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been much chatter and speculation; before April 1934 the details of the car had been kept remarkably quiet outside the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Quai_Andr%C3%A9-Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Quai André-Citroën">Quai de Javel plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volume production formally started on 19 April 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the revolutionary unitary bodyshell was, according to most reports, not affected by the rushed launch schedule, problems with transmission joints and the hydraulic brakes – another "first" in a volume car in Europe – reflected the financial pressure to get the car into production as quickly as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traction Avant, which translates as "front wheel drive", is not the official name. The car was named according to the French <a href="/wiki/Tax_horsepower" title="Tax horsepower">fiscal horsepower</a> rating, or CV, used to determine annual car tax levels. However, manufacturers did not change the model name every time a change of engine size caused a change in fiscal horsepower. </p><p>For example, in 1934, Citroën introduced the <i>7</i>, unofficially the <i>7A</i>. They continued calling the car 7 when the <i>7B</i> model's larger engine pushed it into the 9 CV tax band. Other designations were <i>11</i>, <i>15/6</i> into the 16 CV tax band and <i>22</i>. </p><p>In France, the Traction is known as "Reine de la Route" ("Queen of the Road").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime_disruption">Wartime disruption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wartime disruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1939, France declared <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a> on Germany, and in June 1940 the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> rapidly invaded and occupied Northern France.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war years were characterised by a desperate shortage of raw materials for civilian industry and of petrol,<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these factors were not apparent instantly. The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a> scheduled for October 1939 was cancelled at short notice; Citroën's own planned announcements had involved the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a> model rather than any significant changes to the Traction.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Traction Avant, the last "normal" year in terms of production levels was 1939, and 8,120 of the 7C model, with 2,910 mm (115 in) wheelbase and 1,628 cc (99.3 cu in), were produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fell to 1,133 in 1940, which was the first year when the plant suffered serious bomb damage – on this occasion caused by a German air attack – on 3 June 1940. Production of the cars was suspended in June 1941; by then a further 154 had been produced in the previous six-month period. The 7C continued to appear in Citroën price-lists until March 1944, but production of this smaller engined 7CV was not resumed after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the more powerful 1911 cc engined 11 B-light models, the equivalent figures were 27,473 units produced in 1939, 4,415 in 1940 and 2,032 for 1941, though for this model production in 1941 ended only in November 1941 so the figure for that year represents 11 months of production.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, production restarted only slowly: the 11 B-light reappeared very little changed from the 1941 cars except that headlight surrounds were now painted rather than finished in chrome. By the end of December 1945, the year's production had reached 1,525.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currency depreciation is evident from the car's listed price, which had been 26,800 francs in January 1940, and had risen to 110,670 francs in October 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, the car was the only model available from Citroën, and as another sign of the times, customers not able to supply their own tires were charged an additional 9,455 francs for a set of five.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1946, presumably reflecting an easing of the war-time tire shortage,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the car could at last be purchased with tires at no extra cost, but by now the overall price of an 11 B-light had risen to 121,180 francs.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 11 B-normal model, differentiated from the 11 B-light by its 3,090 mm (122 in) wheelbase, underwent a similar drop in sales volumes between 1939 and 1941, with just 341 cars produced during the first seven months of 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, a single 11 B-normal was produced in 1946, in time to be presented at the October 1946 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Paris Motor Show</a>: production built up during 1947, but during the car's ten-year post-war production period, the shorter 11 B-light would, in France, continue to outsell the 11 B-normal. </p><p>Initially the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> lacked enthusiasm for the Traction Avant, believing it offered insufficient ground clearance for their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, by September 1939, roughly 250 had found their way into military service. With losses of cars at the frontier mounting, Citroën supplied a further 570 to the Army between February and May 1940, and subsequent deliveries probably took place before <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">military defeat</a> intervened.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war many of the cars were reregistered with "WH..." (Wehrmacht Heer/Army command) license plates, having been requisitioned by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gave reliable service both in France and further afield, notably in <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Traction Avants were also favoured by <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">the Resistance</a>, and as occupation gave way to <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a> they turned up all over France with <a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">FFI</a> inscribed proudly on their doors. Less gloriously, the cars were known as favourites among gangsters such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Loutrel" title="Pierre Loutrel">Pierrot le Fou</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Gang_des_Tractions_Avant" title="Gang des Tractions Avant">Traction gang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_production_sedans">Standard production sedans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard production sedans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original model was a small <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">saloon</a> with a 2,910 mm (115 in) wheelbase, and a 1,303 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cc</a> (79.5 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch#Engine_displacement" title="Cubic inch">cu in</a>) <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engine</a>:from a 72 × 80 mm bore and stroke, this model was called the <b>7A</b>. All the models have front <a href="/wiki/Suicide_doors" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide doors">suicide doors</a> with rear conventional doors.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After just 2 months, with about 7,000 cars produced, the <b>7A</b> was succeeded in June 1934 by the <b>7B</b> which used a higher-power engine with its cylinders bored out by 6 mm to arrive at its limit of 78 mm of bore for 1,529 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_centimetre" title="Cubic centimetre">cc</a> (93.3 <a href="/wiki/Cubic_inch#Engine_displacement" title="Cubic inch">cu in</a>) and provided two windscreen wipers in place of the single wiper on the original production cars.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manufacturer also took the opportunity to make a start on addressing some of the other initial "under the skin" teething problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1934, 15,620<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 7Bs had been produced before it, in turn, was succeeded in October 1934 by the <b>7C</b> with an even higher-output 1,628 cc (99.3 cu in) from a 72 × 100 mm bore and stroke engine. </p><p>Later models were the <b>11CV</b> (launched in November 1934), which had a 78 × 100 mm bore and stroke of 1,911 cc (116.6 cu in) <a href="/wiki/Inline-four_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline-four engine">four-cylinder engine</a>, and the <b>15/6</b> (launched June 1938<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1938_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1938-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with a 2,867 cc (175.0 cu in) six. The 11 was an 11 CV, but curiously the 15/6 was in the 16 CV tax band. The 11 was built in two versions, the 11BL (<i>Légèr</i>, or "light"), which was the same size as the 7 CV, and the 11B (<i>Normale</i>, or "normal"), which had a longer <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a> and wider <a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">track</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._1939-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:884px;max-width:884px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG/200px-Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG/300px-Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG/400px-Citroen_Traction_7A_1934_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1934 Traction 7A: Before 1935, two fuel filler caps at the back; luggage access only from within</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traction_ar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Traction_ar.jpg/200px-Traction_ar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Traction_ar.jpg/300px-Traction_ar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Traction_ar.jpg/400px-Traction_ar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">After 1935, one fuel filler cap at the back; luggage accessed from outside <sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg/250px-Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg/375px-Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg/500px-Citroen_Tractions_at_Anet_deux_fois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="959" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The boot was lengthened and its volume doubled in Autumn 1952<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1953_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1953-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale,_front_left,_NYC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg/218px-1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg/327px-1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg/436px-1955_Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_11B_Normale%2C_front_left%2C_NYC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5222" data-file-height="3618" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1955 Citroën Traction 11B (Normale)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>For 1936, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">29th Paris Motor Show</a> in October 1935, various modifications were on show.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the front, painted front grilles replaced chrome ones and the headlight covers were restyled.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes at the back were more practical and involved an opening luggage hatch/lid: it was no longer necessary to clamber over the back seats to get at the luggage space at the rear of the passenger cabin (although the overall size of the luggage locker remained at this stage rather restricted).<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening boot/trunk lid made it necessary to reposition the rear number plate, previously under most circumstances centrally mounted just above the bumper, and now mounted on the rear-wing on the left side.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the original cars, it had been possible to access the fuel tank using capped filler openings on either side, but now the left fuel filler cap was removed, and filling the fuel tank had to be done using the filler on the right side.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months later, the radical "Pausodyne" suspension was modified, now incorporating conical rubber rings at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1936, recently developed new technology was added - <a href="/wiki/Steering_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Steering box">rack and pinion steering</a> replaced the relatively imprecise "worm and roller" steering system.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Citroën's attention to the perceived shortcomings of the earlier Tractions, significant numbers of customers still opted for the manufacturer's old rear-wheel drive models which, in 1936, still accounted for more than 10 per cent of the factory's output.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To expand the customer base, the car was made as an extended length <i>Familiale</i> (family) model with three rows of seats, seating 9 adults. The middle row could be folded away when not in use, making for cavernous rear legroom when configured with two rows.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatchback_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatchback-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This layout was carried forward to 1991 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a> Familiale</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">Citroën CX</a> Familiale.</i> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a> automobile was called the <i>11 CV Commerciale</i> (commercial), and was built on this same elongated chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatchback_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatchback-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this model, the tailgate was in two halves, the lower of which folded down to form a platform, and carried the spare wheel. The upper opening cut into the roof level.<sup id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._1939-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A one-piece top-hinged tailgate was introduced when the <i>Commerciale</i> resumed production after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This car was marketed to grocers, butchers, and other tradesmen. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:801px;max-width:801px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg/190px-1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg/285px-1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg/380px-1955_Citroen_Traction_Familiaal_DM-12-32_p2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Familiale 6 windows, 9 seats</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG/220px-1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG/330px-1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG/440px-1938_Citroen_hatchback.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1348" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën 11 Commerciale 5-door <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchback</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traction_pickup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traction_pickup.jpg/185px-Traction_pickup.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traction_pickup.jpg/278px-Traction_pickup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Traction_pickup.jpg/370px-Traction_pickup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4565" data-file-height="3497" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Traction Avant pick-up</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg/190px-Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg/285px-Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg/380px-Prototype_Traction_8_cyl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="3201" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1934 22CV <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engined</a> recreation - model never entered production</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-hand drive">Left-hand drive</a> versions were built in Paris and <a href="/wiki/Forest,_Belgium" title="Forest, Belgium">Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. 550 additional cars were built in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> for tax purposes - special 2-door commercial vans.<sup id="cite_ref-TactionDK_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TactionDK-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Models_that_did_not_enter_production">Models that did not enter production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Models that did not enter production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citroën planned two variants that never entered production, since there was insufficient funding to develop them, except as running prototype vehicles. One was an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic transmission</a>-equipped model, based on the <a href="/wiki/Sensaud_de_Lavaud" title="Sensaud de Lavaud">Sensaud de Lavaud</a> automatic transmission, the other a <b>22 CV</b> model with a 3.8 litre <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a> (bore: 78 mm, stroke: 100 mm, 3822.7 cc). </p><p>The transmission (which was actually originally designed for the Citroën) was a "gearless" <a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission" title="Automatic transmission">automatic</a>, using the torque-converter alone to match engine revolutions to the drivetrain revolutions, much like the <a href="/wiki/Dynaflow" title="Dynaflow">Dynaflow Transmission</a> introduced later in the US. The car was supposed to have a less spartan interior than the other Traction Avants and it was to feature Citroën's own new <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engine</a>. About twenty prototypes were made, but the project was canceled at the start of 1935 after the company's bankruptcy and resulting <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a> takeover, which rapidly led to a level of financial discipline that the company had hitherto heroically failed to apply.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prototype 22CVs were probably all destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-RanParked_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RanParked-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources they were fitted with the standard front and the ordinary four-cylinder engines and were sold as 11CVs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 22CVs sometimes shown today are recreations, usually powered by <a href="/wiki/Ford_flathead_V8_engine" title="Ford flathead V8 engine">Ford flathead engines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coupés/Convertibles"><span id="Coup.C3.A9s.2FConvertibles"></span>Coupés/Convertibles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coupés/Convertibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the 4-door body, before the war, the factory also produced a 2-door <a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">coupé</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Rumble_seat" title="Rumble seat">rumble seat</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Convertible_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Convertible (car)">convertible</a> also with a <a href="/wiki/Rumble_seat" title="Rumble seat">rumble seat</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:674px;max-width:674px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:278px;max-width:278px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg/276px-Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg/414px-Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg/552px-Citroen_7C_Coupe_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1937 Citroën 7C 2-door Sedan, also called the Faux Cabriolet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg/197px-Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg/296px-Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg/394px-Citroen-Traction-cabriolet-blanc-ar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2356" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citroën 7C Cabriolet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG/189px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG" decoding="async" width="189" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG/284px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG/378px-Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant_convertible.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">'Challenger'- rebadged Traction Avant imported by "The Challenger Motor Car Corporation" of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the late 1930s</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydraulic_self-levelling_suspension_in_1954">Hydraulic self-levelling suspension in 1954</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hydraulic self-levelling suspension in 1954"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The six-cylinder, 2876 cc model was used as a "Test Bed" for the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> that underpinned the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">Citroën DS</a>19 that was launched at the Paris Motor Show in 1955. The suspension was fitted to the rear suspension of the <b>15/6 H</b> with a lever in the boot to permit the ride height to be modified. A dashboard-mounted override control was fitted to allow the rear suspension to be locked in normal ride height when parked, so the car did not drop in response to loading and unloading. It automatically released when the clutch was operated when driving off. A belt driven high-pressure pump was added and an under-bonnet reservoir to hold the "LHS" hydraulic fluid. Many of the hydraulic parts were interchangeable with the early DS 19 models (which also had hydraulic disk brakes, hydraulically assisted steering and a hydraulically operated "semi-automatic" gearbox). </p><p>These other hydraulic features were not fitted to the 15/6 H, which ceased production in 1956, one year after the arrival of the DS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK-built_cars">UK-built cars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: UK-built cars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:632px;max-width:632px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg/190px-Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg/285px-Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg/380px-Citroen_15CV_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">15/6 6 cylinder engine</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show,_21_April_2013_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg/215px-Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg/323px-Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg/430px-Teignmouth_Classic_Car_Show%2C_21_April_2013_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="1820" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Big Six</i> 6 cylinder (RHD) built in Slough, UK</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_(19777282078).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg/215px-1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg/323px-1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg/430px-1938_Citro%C3%ABn_Light_15_%2819777282078%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1938 <i>Light Fifteen</i> 4 cylinder (RHD) built in Slough, UK</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-hand drive">Right-hand drive</a> cars were built at <a href="/wiki/Slough_Trading_Estate" title="Slough Trading Estate">Slough Trading Estate</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._1939-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Slough version of the 11L was called the <i>Light Fifteen</i> and the long wheelbase 11 was called the <i>Big Fifteen.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odin,_L.C._1939-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This confusing terminology referred to the British fiscal tax rating of the time, which was higher than the French, so the 11CV engine was 15HP in England. </p><p>The 15/6 model was called <i>Big Six</i> in reference to its <a href="/wiki/Straight-six_engine" title="Straight-six engine">6-cylinder engine</a>. </p><p>A 1,911 cc (116.6 cu in) Light Fifteen tested by the British magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Motor_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Motor (magazine)">The Motor</a></i> in 1951 had a top speed of 72.6 mph (116.8 km/h) and could accelerate from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 29.7 seconds. A fuel consumption of 25.2 miles per imperial gallon (11.2 L/100 km; 21.0 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>) was recorded. The test car cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">£812</span> including taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Motor1951_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motor1951-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2,866 cc (174.9 cu in) six-cylinder model was tested by the same magazine in 1954 and for this car the top speed found was 81.1 mph (130.5 km/h), acceleration from 0–60 mph (97 km/h) 21.2 seconds and fuel consumption 18.6 miles per imperial gallon (15.2 L/100 km; 15.5 mpg<sub>‑US</sub>). The test car cost <span style="white-space: nowrap">£1,349</span> including taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Motor1954_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motor1954-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Models assembled in Slough had to consist of 51 per cent UK parts to make them exempt from the import taxes imposed by the UK government to protect British vehicle manufacturers from foreign competition. The Slough-built cars used 12-volt Lucas electrics, headlights, dynamo and starter. The interior had a walnut dash board with <a href="/wiki/British_Jaeger_Instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="British Jaeger Instruments">Jaeger</a> instruments,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Connolly_Leather" title="Connolly Leather">Connolly Leather</a> seats and door panels and a wool headlining. The exterior was fitted with United Kingdom bumpers and over-riders and a chrome grille, with the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> chevrons mounted behind. Some were fitted with a sunroof. Most of the Slough-built cars were right-hand drive, although a small number of British specification, <a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left-hand drive</a> cars were also built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineering">Engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg/220px-Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg/330px-Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg/440px-Citro%C3%ABn_11_CV_Leg%C3%A8re_vl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>Citroën 11 CV Légère</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traction_cadran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Traction_cadran.jpg/220px-Traction_cadran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Traction_cadran.jpg/330px-Traction_cadran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Traction_cadran.jpg/440px-Traction_cadran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4230" data-file-height="3261" /></a><figcaption>Dashboard view: gear change handle visible on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>The Traction Avant used a <a href="/wiki/MF_layout" class="mw-redirect" title="MF layout">longitudinal, front-wheel drive layout</a>, with the engine set well within the wheelbase, resulting in a very favourable weight distribution, aiding the car's advanced <a href="/wiki/Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">handling</a> characteristics. The gearbox was placed at the front of the vehicle with the engine behind it and the differential between them, a layout shared with the later <a href="/wiki/Renault_4" title="Renault 4">Renault 4</a> and 16 and first generation <a href="/wiki/Renault_5" title="Renault 5">Renault 5</a>, but the opposite way round to many longitudinal front-wheel drive cars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saab_96" title="Saab 96">Saab 96</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renault_12" title="Renault 12">Renault 12</a> and 18 and most <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> models. </p><p>The gear change was set in the dashboard, with the lever protruding through a vertical, H-shaped gate.<sup id="cite_ref-Willson_1995_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willson_1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because this vertical orientation could have resulted in the car dropping out of gear when the lever was in the upper positions (i.e. second or reverse gears), the gear-shift mechanism was locked when the mechanical clutch was engaged and released when the clutch pedal was depressed. The result of this layout, along with pendant pedals, umbrella-type handbrake control and front bench seats, was a very spacious interior, with a flat and unobstructed floor. The low-slung arrangement also eliminated the need for running boards to step into or out of the vehicle. These features made them ideal for use as limousines and taxi cabs, and they were quite popular among drivers and passengers alike. Until 1953, black was the only colour available.<sup id="cite_ref-Willson_1995_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willson_1995-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="anchor" id="ERSA_Knight"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_motorsport">Impact on motorsport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Impact on motorsport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another technical significance of Traction Avant was the cast aluminium alloy <a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">transaxle</a>, which was quite radical at the time. </p><p>As well as being a considerable part of the weight savings, the manufacturing facility for this <a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">transaxle</a> contributed to the below mentioned financial crisis. But when <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company" title="Cooper Car Company">John Cooper</a> looked for a light transaxle case for <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Car_Company#Rear-engined_revolution" title="Cooper Car Company">rear engine revolution</a>, the Traction Avant unit was about the only candidate, as the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen</a> magnesium alloy <a href="/wiki/Transaxle" title="Transaxle">transaxle</a> was much smaller and lacked the space needed to house heftier gears needed for <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. The Traction Avant transaxle was used on <a href="/wiki/Cooper_T43" title="Cooper T43">Cooper T43</a>, which won a F1 championship race as the first mid-mounted engine car to do so in 1958, and on its successors <a href="/wiki/Cooper_T45" title="Cooper T45">Cooper T45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_T51" title="Cooper T51">T51</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooper_T53" title="Cooper T53">T53</a>. Cooper T51 won the GP World Championship in 1959. </p><p>Unlike the Volkswagen alloy case used by <a href="/wiki/Hewland" title="Hewland">Hewland</a>, the Traction Avant case could not be used upside down, as the input shaft height was much higher in relation to the output shaft axis so that the oil level needed to lubricate the gears would exceed the then unreliable input shaft oil seal height if used upside down. So the engine needed to sit high above the ground with the oil sump space below, which was not needed by dry-sump racing engines. But the French transaxle was used by several racing car constructors in the late 1950s to 60s with various levels of success. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Jack_Brabham" title="Jack Brabham">Jack Brabham</a>, who personally visited the ERSA foundry in Paris to discuss a possibility to strengthen the case,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the transaxle became known as "ERSA Knight" with an additional spur-gear set mounted in the bellhousing spacer (engine to transaxle adapter) suggested by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Tauranac" title="Ron Tauranac">Ron Tauranac</a>, named for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Knight_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Knight (engineer) (page does not exist)">Jack Knight</a> who designed the modification and made the straight-cut gears. The height offset created by the spur gear set enabled the engine to sit lower, and became the reason why <a href="/wiki/Cooper_T53" title="Cooper T53">Cooper T53</a> was called the 'Lowline', which not only made Brabham the World Champion in 1960 but also became the precursor to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Brabham" title="Brabham">Brabham</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> constructor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Citroën"><span id="Impact_on_Citro.C3.ABn"></span>Impact on Citroën</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Impact on Citroën"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG/220px-1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG/330px-1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG/440px-1954_Citroen_15CVH.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>1954 six-cylinder 15/6 with <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">hydropneumatic suspension</a> fitted to the rear wheels – in 'high' position</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg/220px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg/330px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg/440px-Citroen_Traction_Avant_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Traction Avant as modern wedding car</figcaption></figure> <p>The development costs of the Traction Avant, combined with the redevelopment of its factory, were very high and Citroën declared bankruptcy in late 1934. The largest creditor was <a href="/wiki/Michelin" title="Michelin">Michelin</a>, who then owned Citroën from 1934 until <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn#The_PSA_Peugeot_Citroën_era" title="Citroën">1976</a>. Under Michelin, Citroën was run as a research laboratory, a test bed for their <a href="/wiki/Radial_tire" title="Radial tire">radial tires</a> and new automotive technologies. </p><p>In 1954, Citroën's experiments with <a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydropneumatic">hydropneumatic</a> technology produced its first result, the "15/6 H" – a variant of the 6-cylinder model 15/6 with a <a href="/wiki/Self-levelling_suspension" title="Self-levelling suspension">self-leveling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Height_adjustable_suspension" title="Height adjustable suspension">height-adjustable</a> rear suspension, a field trial for the <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">DS</a> released the following year. </p><p>Directly after the introduction of the Citroën ID, a simplified and more competitively priced version of the expensive DS model, production of the Traction Avant ended in July 1957. </p><p>Over 23 years, 759,111 had been built, including 26,400 assembled in Slough in England, 31,750 assembled in Forest near Brussels, 1,823 assembled at Cologne in Germany, and 550 built in Copenhagen, Denmark. The total reflects the production stoppage during World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_appearances">Media appearances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Media appearances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Cars_Database" title="Internet Movie Cars Database">Internet Movie Cars Database</a>, the Traction Avant has made over 1,300 film/TV appearances, including prominent roles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> (1965) and the French films <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Shadows" title="Army of Shadows">Army of Shadows</a></i> (1969) and <i><a href="/wiki/Diva_(1981_film)" title="Diva (1981 film)">Diva</a></i> (1981). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrb15greyfr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citrb15greyfr.jpg/220px-Citrb15greyfr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citrb15greyfr.jpg/330px-Citrb15greyfr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Citrb15greyfr.jpg/440px-Citrb15greyfr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Big Fifteen sedan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, the oldest surviving 7A has production number ("coque nr") AZ 00–18, and is displayed in partly dismantled shape (engine and front wheels detached) in the Citroën Museum in Paris. The oldest running 7A is probably number AZ-00-23, which was, until 1 September 2006, in possession of a <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> owner and is now with a Slovenian owner. </p><p>Traction Avants are fairly robust vehicles even by modern standards, but they may be prone to leaking water inside the cabin. In 2002 more than 30 Traction Avants drove from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to the ICCCR event I in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_in_the_French_tax_and_insurance_system">Classification in the French tax and insurance system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classification in the French tax and insurance system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two four-cylinder engines had <a href="/wiki/Cheval_fiscal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheval fiscal">7 CV</a> and 11 CV as their name suggested. The six-cylinder 15 CV-Six, on the other hand, actually had 16 CV, while the eight-cylinder, of which only twelve were built, had, as its name suggests, 22 CV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citro%C3%ABn_Traction_Avant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1940-46-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1940-46_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">"Automobilia". <i>Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1940 – 46 (Les Années Sans Salon)</i>. Vol. 26. Paris: Histoire & collections. 2003. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.btitle=Toutes+les+Voitures+Fran%C3%A7aises+1940+%E2%80%93+46+%28Les+Ann%C3%A9es+Sans+Salon%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Contrary to a fully <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unitized body</a> design, the Traction Avant uses a significant front subframe to carry its front-mounted gearbox and <a href="/wiki/Front-mid-engine,_front-wheel-drive_layout" title="Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout">front mid-mounted engine</a>, and to connect its front-wheel <a href="/wiki/Drivetrain" title="Drivetrain">drivetrain</a> and independent suspension to the monocoque passenger cabin behind it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the same 1930s side profile of the <i>"Familiale"</i>, the 1938 <i>"Commerciale"</i>, with a split upper and lower tailgate, was both a precursor to later <a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">hatchbacks</a> and to later <a href="/wiki/Station_wagon" title="Station wagon">station wagons / estates</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://video-streaming.orange.fr/auto-moto/la-traction-avant-a-l-epreuve-du-crash-test-VID0000001hc6r.html">La Traction Avant à l'épreuve du crash-test sur Orange Vidéos</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magiconline.com/news/20-cars-changed-automotive-industry-forever">"20 Cars that Changed the Automotive Industry Forever"</a>. Magic Online. 13 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Cars+that+Changed+the+Automotive+Industry+Forever&rft.pub=Magic+Online&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magiconline.com%2Fnews%2F20-cars-changed-automotive-industry-forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R&T-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R&T_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDENNIS_SIMANAITIS2011" class="citation web cs1">DENNIS SIMANAITIS (5 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/car-technology/news/a17656/from-the-carriage-trade-to-carbon-fiber/">"From the Carriage Trade to Carbon Fiber All about an automobile's body/chassis"</a>. Road and Track magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+the+Carriage+Trade+to+Carbon+Fiber+All+about+an+automobile%27s+body%2Fchassis&rft.pub=Road+and+Track+magazine&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft.au=DENNIS+SIMANAITIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roadandtrack.com%2Fnew-cars%2Fcar-technology%2Fnews%2Fa17656%2Ffrom-the-carriage-trade-to-carbon-fiber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieuwenhuisPeter_E._Wells2003" class="citation book cs1">Nieuwenhuis, Paul; Peter E. Wells (8 August 2003). <i>The Automotive Industry and the Environment, 1st Edition</i>. Woodhead Publishing. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-713-6"><bdi>978-1-85573-713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automotive+Industry+and+the+Environment%2C+1st+Edition&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2003-08-08&rft.isbn=978-1-85573-713-6&rft.aulast=Nieuwenhuis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Peter+E.+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010204131/http://www.citroen.mb.ca/Legacy/death%26TA.html">"The legacy of Andre Citroen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citroen.mb.ca/legacy/death&TA.html">the original</a> on 2008-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legacy+of+Andre+Citroen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citroen.mb.ca%2Flegacy%2Fdeath%26TA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xd8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Popular+Mechanics%22+Jan+1935+floating&pg=PA482">"Torsion Bars Support Car Without Springs" <i>Popular Mechanics</i>, October 1934</a> drawings explaining suspension and body construction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1934-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1934_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Automobilia". <i>Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1934 (Salon [Oct] 1933)</i>. Vol. 22. Paris: Histoire & collections. 2002. pp. 22, 25–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.btitle=Toutes+les+Voitures+Fran%C3%A7aises+1934+%28Salon+%5BOct%5D+1933%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=22%2C+25-27&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autocyber.fr/article/Citroen-Traction-15/6-G-surnommee-la-Reine-de-la-Route">in French</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1938-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1938_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Automobilia". <i>Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1938 (Salon Paris Oct 1937)</i>. Vol. 6. Paris: Histoire & collections. 2000. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.btitle=Toutes+les+Voitures+Fran%C3%A7aises+1938+%28Salon+Paris+Oct+1937%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first "15/6" was delivered to Citroën Chairman <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jules_Boulanger" title="Pierre-Jules Boulanger">Pierre-Jules Boulanger</a> on 25 June 1938, and the second and third went to two other senior Citroën directors early in July. Little by little just over 20 more had been delivered to carefully chosen dealers and customers by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show" title="Paris Motor Show">Motor Show</a> in October 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odin,_L.C._1939-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odin,_L.C._1939_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Odin, L.C. <i>World in Motion 1939, The whole of the year's automobile production</i>. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1936-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1936_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellu1996" class="citation book cs1">Bellu, René (1996). "Automobilia". <i>Toutes les voitures françaises 1936 (salon Paris Oct 1935)</i>. Vol. 1. Paris: Histoire & collections. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.btitle=Toutes+les+voitures+fran%C3%A7aises+1936+%28salon+Paris+Oct+1935%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bellu&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Automobilia1953-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Automobilia1953_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Automobilia". <i>Toutes les Voitures Françaises 1953 (Salon Paris Oct 1952)</i>. Vol. 14. Paris: Histoire & collections. 2000. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Automobilia&rft.btitle=Toutes+les+Voitures+Fran%C3%A7aises+1953+%28Salon+Paris+Oct+1952%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatchback-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchback_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatchback_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter_Johnson2017" class="citation web cs1">Carter Johnson (9 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2017/02/citroen-traction-avant-11cv-commerciale-forward-thinking-french-hatchback/#more-1506601">"Citroën Traction Avant 11CV Commerciale – The World's First Hatchback"</a>. The Truth about Cars<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant+11CV+Commerciale+%E2%80%93+The+World%27s+First+Hatchback&rft.pub=The+Truth+about+Cars&rft.date=2017-02-09&rft.au=Carter+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetruthaboutcars.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fcitroen-traction-avant-11cv-commerciale-forward-thinking-french-hatchback%2F%23more-1506601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TactionDK-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TactionDK_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMøller_Nicolaise" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Møller Nicolaise, Jens. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traction.dk/bil/model/model.html">"De forskellige modeller: 7 - 11 - 15 - 22 samt karrosserivarianter"</a> [The various models: 7 - 11 - 15 - 22 and body variants] (in Danish). 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March 7, 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Motor&rft.atitle=The+Citroen+Light+Fifteen&rft.date=1951-03-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motor1954-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Motor1954_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Citroen Six". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Motor_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Motor (magazine)">The Motor</a></i>. March 24, 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Motor&rft.atitle=The+Citroen+Six&rft.date=1954-03-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hells-confetti.com/Technical%20data/Jaeger%20Instruments/British%20Jaeger%20Dashboard%20Instruments.pdf"><i>British Jaeger Dashboard Instruments</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cricklewood, England: British Jaeger. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Jaeger+Dashboard+Instruments&rft.place=Cricklewood%2C+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=British+Jaeger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hells-confetti.com%2FTechnical%2520data%2FJaeger%2520Instruments%2FBritish%2520Jaeger%2520Dashboard%2520Instruments.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willson_1995-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willson_1995_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willson_1995_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillson1995" class="citation book cs1">Willson, Quentin (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateclassicc00quen"><i>The Ultimate Classic Car Book</i></a></span>. DK Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-0159-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-0159-2"><bdi>0-7894-0159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Classic+Car+Book&rft.pub=DK+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7894-0159-2&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateclassicc00quen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames" class="citation web cs1">James, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vhrr.com/general_articles/Hewland.htm">"The Hewland Story"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hewland+Story&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vhrr.com%2Fgeneral_articles%2FHewland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitro%C3%ABn+Traction+Avant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021221110508/http://www.lincoln-highway-museum.org/3000-News/Tracbar.html">TRACBAR YANKEE 2002: Crossing USA by the Road 66</a>, lincoln-highway-museum.org, 21 July 2002</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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date"><small>next</small> »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0"> <td rowspan="2" width="12%"><b>Type</b> </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="22%">1980s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy car</a> </td> <td colspan="40" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#D8BFD8"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Bijou" title="Citroën Bijou">Bijou</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Off-roader" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-roader">Off-roader</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën Méhari">Méhari</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini car">Supermini</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#7FFFD4"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M35" title="Citroën M35">M35</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_LNA" title="Citroën LNA">LN / LNA</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX" title="Citroën AX">AX</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Dyane</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Oltcit_Club" title="Oltcit Club">Axel</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Ami</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Visa" title="Citroën Visa">Visa</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Small family car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GS</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GSA</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">11 CV</a> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">ID / DSpécial / DSuper</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_BX" title="Citroën BX">BX</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">15 CV</a> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">DS</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">CX</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">XM</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#F0E68C"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Leisure_activity_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure activity vehicle">LAV</a> </td> <td colspan="27"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Acadiane" title="Citroën Acadiane">Acadiane</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="34"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C15" title="Citroën C15">C15</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Light_commercial_vehicle" title="Light commercial vehicle">LCV</a> </td> <td colspan="32" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_H_Van" title="Citroën H Van">Type H</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#509bf4"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C25" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C25">C25</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_U23" title="Citroën U23">U23</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#8FBC8F"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C35" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C35">C35</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#EFEFEF">Legend </td> <td colspan="40" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#D8BFD8; color:#D8BFD8;">    </span> Manufactured in England</span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#7FFFD4; color:#7FFFD4;">    </span> Only available with a <a href="/wiki/Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a></span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#F0E68C; color:#F0E68C;">    </span> Engine developed by <a href="/wiki/Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a></span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#509bf4; color:#509bf4;">    </span> Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sevel" title="Sevel">Sevel Sud</a> in Italy</span></li> <li><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#8FBC8F; color:#8FBC8F;">    </span> Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Sevel" title="Sevel">Sevel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fiat_Chrysler_Automobiles" title="Fiat Chrysler Automobiles">FCA</a>/<a href="/wiki/PSA_Group" title="PSA Group">PSA</a>) in Italy and France</span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Citroën" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Template:Citroën"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Template talk:Citroën"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citro%C3%ABn" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citroën"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Citroën" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>A marque of <a href="/wiki/Stellantis" title="Stellantis">Stellantis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br />models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_(electric_vehicle)" title="Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)">Ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3" title="Citroën C3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Elys%C3%A9e" title="Citroën C-Elysée">C-Elysée</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUVs,<br />crossovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Basalt" title="Citroën Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Aircross" title="Citroën C3 Aircross">C3 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4" title="Citroën C4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">C4 Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4#C4_X_and_ë-C4_X_(C43;_2022)" title="Citroën C4">C4 X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5_Aircross" title="Citroën C5 Aircross">C5 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5_X" title="Citroën C5 X">C5 X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Berlingo" title="Citroën Berlingo">Berlingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_e-Berlingo" title="Citroën e-Berlingo">ë-Berlingo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Jumpy" title="Citroën Jumpy">Jumpy/SpaceTourer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Ducato" title="Fiat Ducato">Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Citroen_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/70px-Citroen_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/105px-Citroen_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Citroen_2022.svg/140px-Citroen_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="829" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic<br />models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV" title="Citroën 2CV">2CV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_7U" title="Citroën 7U">7U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Ami 6, 8, Super</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_AX" title="Citroën AX">AX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltcit_Club" title="Oltcit Club">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Bijou" title="Citroën Bijou">Bijou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_BX" title="Citroën BX">BX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_CX" title="Citroën CX">CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Crosser" title="Citroën C-Crosser">C-Crosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Triomphe" title="Citroën C-Triomphe">C-Triomphe</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C1" title="Citroën C1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C2" title="Citroën C2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Picasso" title="Citroën C3 Picasso">C3 Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#C3_Pluriel" title="Citroën C3">C3 Pluriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3-XR#Citroën_C3L" title="Citroën C3-XR">C3L</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3-XR" title="Citroën C3-XR">C3-XR</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_%26_C6" title="Citroën C4 & C6">C4, C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Picasso" title="Citroën C4 Picasso">C4 Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Aircross" title="Citroën C4 Aircross">C4 Aircross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C5" title="Citroën C5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6#Citroën_C6_(China)_(2016–2023)" title="Citroën C6">C6</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_i-MiEV" title="Mitsubishi i-MiEV">C-Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS" title="Citroën DS">DS, ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_3" title="DS 3">DS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_4" title="DS 4">DS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_5" title="DS 5">DS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Dyane" title="Citroën Dyane">Dyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_E-M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën E-Méhari">E-Méhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Elys%C3%A9e" title="Citroën Elysée">Elysée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">Evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_FAF" title="Citroën FAF">FAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Fukang" title="Citroën Fukang">Fukang</a><sup><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">CN</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS" title="Citroën GS">GS, GSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_LNA" title="Citroën LNA">LN, LNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M35" title="Citroën M35">M35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_M%C3%A9hari" title="Citroën Méhari">Méhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Fiorino" title="Fiat Fiorino">Nemo Multispace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Rosalie" title="Citroën Rosalie">Rosalie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Saxo" title="Citroën Saxo">Saxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_SM" title="Citroën SM">SM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovans" title="Eurovans">Synergie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traction Avant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_A" title="Citroën Type A">Type A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B2" title="Citroën Type B2">Type B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B10" title="Citroën Type B10">Type B10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_B12" title="Citroën Type B12">Type B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Type_C_5HP" title="Citroën Type C 5HP">Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Visa" title="Citroën Visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xantia" title="Citroën Xantia">Xantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_XM" title="Citroën XM">XM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara" title="Citroën Xsara">Xsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_Picasso" title="Citroën Xsara Picasso">Xsara Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_ZX" title="Citroën ZX">ZX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Acadiane" title="Citroën Acadiane">Acadiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Belph%C3%A9gor" title="Citroën Belphégor">Belphégor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C15" title="Citroën C15">C15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Ducato" title="Fiat Ducato">C25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_242" title="Fiat 242">C35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_H_Van" title="Citroën H Van">H Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Fiorino" title="Fiat Fiorino">Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_TUB" title="Citroën TUB">TUB, TUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_U23" title="Citroën U23">U23</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts,<br />prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_19_19_Concept" title="Citroën 19 19 Concept">19_19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_2CV_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën 2CV Pop">2CV Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Activa" title="Citroën Activa">Activa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_(electric_vehicle)" title="Citroën Ami (electric vehicle)">Ami One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Airdream" title="Citroën C-Airdream">C-Airdream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Airplay" title="Citroën C-Airplay">C-Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-Buggy" title="Citroën C-Buggy">C-Buggy</a></li> <li>C-Cactus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C-M%C3%A9tisse" title="Citroën C-Métisse">C-Métisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_5#Citroën_C-SportLounge" title="DS 5">C-SportLounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Pluriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C3 Pluriel">C3 Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3#Citroën_C3_Lumiere" title="Citroën C3">C3 Lumiere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C6" title="Citroën C6">C6 Lignage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Iltis" title="Volkswagen Iltis">C44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">Cactus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_Cactus" title="Citroën C4 Cactus">M</a></li></ul></li> <li>CXperience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_4" title="DS 4">DS High Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS_Inside" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën DS Inside">DS Inside</a></li> <li>DS Numero 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_G_Van" title="Citroën G Van">G Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_GS_Camargue" title="Citroën GS Camargue">GS Camargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GT_by_Citro%C3%ABn" title="GT by Citroën">GT by Citroën</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Hypnos" title="Citroën Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Karin" title="Citroën Karin">Karin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Lacoste" title="Citroën Lacoste">Lacoste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Metropolis" title="Citroën Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Oli" title="Citroën Oli">Oli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Os%C3%A9e" title="Citroën Osée">Osée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_Pluriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Citroën C3 Pluriel">Pluriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Prototype_C" title="Citroën Prototype C">Prototype C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Prototype_Y" title="Citroën Prototype Y">Prototype Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Revolte" title="Citroën Revolte">REVOLTe</a></li> <li>Skate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Survolt" title="Citroën Survolt">Survolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Technospace" title="Citroën Technospace">Technospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Tubik" title="Citroën Tubik">Tubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Tulip" title="Citroën Tulip">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Zabrus" title="Citroën Zabrus">Zabrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Racing_cars" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Racing cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Elys%C3%A9e#Citroën_C-Elysée_WTCC" title="Citroën Elysée">C-Elysée WTCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C4_WRC" title="Citroën C4 WRC">C4 WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_R5" title="Citroën DS3 R5">DS3 R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_DS3_WRC" title="Citroën DS3 WRC">DS3 WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Xsara_WRC" title="Citroën Xsara WRC">Xsara WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_R5/Rally2" title="Citroën C3 R5/Rally2">C3 R5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_R5/Rally2" title="Citroën C3 R5/Rally2">C3 Rally2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_C3_WRC" title="Citroën C3 WRC">C3 WRC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Racing" title="Citroën Racing">Citroën Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team" title="Citroën World Rally Team">Citroën World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronos_Citro%C3%ABn_World_Rally_Team" title="Kronos Citroën World Rally Team">Kronos Citroën World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Junior_Team" title="Citroën Junior Team">Citroën Junior Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Total_World_Rally_Team" title="Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team">Abu Dhabi Total World Rally Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_World_Touring_Car_Team" title="Citroën World Touring Car Team">Citroën World Touring Car Team</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br />operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Argentina" title="Citroën Argentina">Citroën Argentina</a> (1959–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Chile" title="Citroën Chile">Citroën Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongfeng_Peugeot-Citro%C3%ABn" title="Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën">Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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