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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Automotive transmission where the engine drives the front wheels only}} {{Other uses of|FWD}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2010}} [[File:Traction avant.jpg|thumb|The historic 1934 [[Citroën Traction Avant]]. Its model name literally means front-wheel-drive, one of the car's break-through innovations.]] '''Front-wheel drive''' ('''FWD''') is a form of [[internal combustion engine|engine]] and [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] layout used in motor vehicles, in which the engine drives the front wheels only. Most modern front-wheel-drive vehicles feature a [[transverse engine]], rather than the conventional [[longitudinal engine]] arrangement generally found in [[automobile layout#Rear wheel drive layouts|rear-wheel-drive]] and [[four-wheel drive|four-wheel-drive]] vehicles. == Location of engine and transmission == {{main|Car layout#Front-wheel-drive layouts}} By far the most common layout for a front-wheel-drive car is with the engine and transmission at the front of the car, mounted transversely.<ref name="britannica"/> Other layouts of front-wheel drive that have been occasionally produced are a front-engine mounted longitudinally, a mid-engine layout and a rear-engine layout. == History == {{More citations needed section|date=August 2007}} === Prior to 1900 === [[File:Nicholas-Cugnots-Dampfwagen.png|thumb|Nicholas Cugnot's 1769 steam-powered gun-tractor]] Experiments with front-wheel-drive cars date to the early days of the automobile. The world's first self-propelled vehicle, [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot]]'s 1769/1770 [[Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot#First self-propelled vehicle|"fardier à vapeur"]], was a front-wheel-driven<ref name=Jalopnik>{{Cite web |url=https://jalopnik.com/a-brief-history-of-front-wheel-drive-5511620 |title=A Brief History Of Front-Wheel Drive – Jalopnik |date=7 April 2010 |access-date=12 June 2021 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612125055/https://jalopnik.com/a-brief-history-of-front-wheel-drive-5511620 |url-status=live }}</ref> three-wheeled steam-tractor. It then took at least a century for the first experiments with mobile internal combustion engines to gain traction. [[File:Gräf Front 1898.JPG|thumb|1898 Gräf car]] Sometime between 1895 and 1898 the Austrian brothers and bicycle producers Franz, Heinrich and Karl Gräf (see [[Gräf & Stift]]) commissioned the technician Josef Kainz to build a ''[[voiturette]]'' with a one-cylinder [[De Dion-Bouton]] engine fitted in the front of the vehicle, powering the front [[axle]]. It is possibly the world's first front-wheel-drive automobile, but it never saw series production, with just one prototype made. [[File:Henry Sutton car.jpg|thumb|1899 Sutton Autocar]] [[File:Voiture Latil de 1899, à moteur avant et freins aux quatre roues.jpg|thumb|left|1899 Latil]] In 1898, [[Latil]], in France, devised a front-wheel-drive system for motorising horse-drawn carts. In 1899 the inventor [[Henry Sutton (inventor)|Henry Sutton]] designed and built one of Australia's first cars, called The Sutton Autocar. This car may have been the first front-wheel-drive car in the world. Henry's car was reported in the English press at the time and featured in the English magazine ''[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]]'', after which the car was named. Two prototypes of the Autocar were built and the Austral Otis Company was going to go into business with Henry to manufacture Henry's car but the cost of the car was too prohibitive as it could not compete with the cost of imported cars. [[File:C. 1900 Société Parisienne Victoria front.jpg|thumb|left|1898–1901 Victoria Combination]] In 1898–99, the French manufacturer [[Société Parisienne]] patented their front-wheel-drive articulated vehicle concept which they manufactured as a [[Société Parisienne|Victoria Combination]]. It was variously powered by {{convert|1.75|or|2.5|hp|kW}} [[De Dion-Bouton]] engine or a water cooled {{convert|3.5|hp|kW}} [[Ateliers de Construction Mecanique l'Aster|Aster]] engine. The engine was mounted on the front axle and so was rotated by the tiller steering.<ref name="Georgano">{{cite book |last=Georgano |first=G.N (Nick) | author-link=G.N. Georgano |title=The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the present day. |year=1973 |publisher=Ebury Press |location=London }}</ref><ref name="Graces">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/La_Societe_Parisienne |title=Grace's Guide to Industrial History. Profile of La Societe Parisienne |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=30 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630072818/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/La_Societe_Parisienne |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bonhams">{{Cite web |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_rear.jpg |title=Bonhams Auctioneers, Profile description of Parisienne at Wikimedia Commons |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418224042/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C._1900_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Parisienne_Victoria_rear.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bonhams Orig">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20165/lot/482/ |title=Bonhams Auctioneers – Profile of La Société Parisienne – Victoria Combination |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=29 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429074806/http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20165/lot/482/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The name Victoria Combination described the lightweight, two-seater trailer commonly known as a Victoria, combined with the rear axle and drive mechanism from a motor tricycle that was placed in front to achieve front wheel drive.<ref name="Graces"/><ref name="Bonhams"/><ref name="Bonhams Orig"/> It also known as the ''Eureka''. By 1899 Victoria Combinations were participating in motoring events such as the {{Convert|371|km|mi|abbr=on}} Paris–[[St Malo]] race, finishing 23rd overall and second(last) in the class.<ref name="Unique">{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/voiturette_racing.htm |title=Unique Cars and Parts. Voiturette Racing – Before The Formula One |access-date=23 February 2013 |archive-date=10 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310110021/http://uniquecarsandparts.com.au/voiturette_racing.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In October a Victoria Combination won its class in the Paris-Rambouillet-Paris event, covering the 100-kilometre course at {{convert|26|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Bonhams"/><ref name="Bonhams Orig"/> In 1900 it completed {{convert|240|km}} non-stop at {{convert|29|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Georgano"/> When production ceased in mid-1901, over 400 units had been sold for 3,000 Francs (circa $600) each.<ref name="Bonhams"/><ref name="Bonhams Orig"/> [[File:TMW 1428 Lohner-Porsche-Elektromobil.jpg|thumb|1900 Lohner–Porsche]] A different concept was the [[Lohner–Porsche]] of 1897 with an electric motor in each front wheel, produced by [[Lohner-Werke]] in Vienna. It was developed by [[Ferdinand Porsche]] in 1897 based on a concept developed by American inventor [[Wellington Adams]]. Porsche also raced it in 1897. {{clear}} === 1900{{Ndash}}1920 === [[J. Walter Christie]] of the United States patented a design for a front-wheel-drive car, the first prototype of which he built in 1904.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=xSgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1930+plane+%22Popular+Science%22&pg=PA52 "Front Wheel Drive Used in 1908."] ''Popular Science'', November 1930, p. 52 bottom of page, photo</ref> He promoted and demonstrated several such vehicles, notably with ''transversely'' mounted engines, by racing at various speedways in the United States,<ref name=Jalopnik/> and even competed in the 1906 [[Vanderbilt Cup]]<ref name=vanderbiltcupraces>{{cite web|title=J. Walter Christie|work=Featured drivers|publisher=VanderbiltCupRaces.com|year=2011|url=http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/drivers/driver/christie|access-date=2011-07-24|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717185329/http://www.vanderbiltcupraces.com/index.php/drivers/driver/christie|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[French Grand Prix]]. In 1912 he began manufacturing a line of wheeled fire engine tractors which used his front-wheel-drive system, but due to lack of sales this venture failed. In Australia in 1915 G.J. Hoskins designed and was granted a patent for his front-wheel-drive system. Based in Burwood NSW Mr Hoskins was a prominent member of the Sydney motoring industry and invented a system that used a "spherical radial gear" that was fitted to what is believed to have been a Standard (built by the Standard Motor Company of England). A photo of the car with the system fitted is available from the Mitchell Library and the patent design drawing is still available from the Australian Patent Office. reference; "Gilltraps Australian Cars from 1879 – A history of cars built in Australia" (authors Gilltrap T and M) ISBN 0 85558 936 1 (Golden Press Pty Ltd) === 1920{{Ndash}}1930 === [[File:1925 Miller 122.JPG|thumb|1925 Miller 122 Indianapolis 500 front-wheel-drive racer]] The next application of front-wheel drive was the supercharged [[Alvis 12/50]] racing car designed by [[George Thomas Smith-Clarke]] and [[William M. Dunn (draughtsman)|William M. Dunn]] of [[Alvis Cars]] of the United Kingdom. This vehicle was entered in the 1925 [[Kop Hill Climb]] in [[Princes Risborough]] in Buckinghamshire on 28 March 1925. [[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Harry Arminius Miller]] of [[Menomonie, Wisconsin]] designed the [[Miller 122]] front-wheel drive race-car that was entered in the [[1925 Indianapolis 500]], which was held at the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] on Saturday, 30 May 1925.<ref name=DayPartII>{{cite book|editor-last=Iles|editor-first=Robert|last=Day|first=Kenneth|title=Alvis:the story of the red triangle|edition=2nd|chapter=Part II: Racing history|pages=113–63|publisher=Haynes Publishing Group|location=Somerset, England|year=1989|isbn=0-85429-667-0}}</ref> However, the idea of front-wheel drive languished outside the motor racing arena as few manufacturers attempted the same for production automobiles. Alvis Cars did introduce a commercial model of the front-wheel drive 12/50 racer in 1928, but it was not a success.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ueQDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1935+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=RA10-PA10 "The Front Drive – Why Not?"] ''Popular Mechanics'', January 1930, pp. 10–13</ref> In France, [[Jean-Albert Grégoire]] and [[Pierre Fenaille]] developed the [[Tracta]] [[constant-velocity joint]] in 1926. In October 1928 a sensation at the 22nd [[Paris Motor Show]] was the [[Bucciali]] TAV-6.<ref name=Automobilia1929>{{cite journal| title =Automobilia| journal = Toutes les voitures françaises 1929 (Salon [Oct] 1928)| volume = 84s| pages = 62|year = 2006|publisher=Histoire & collections|location=Paris }}</ref> Six years before the appearance of the [[Citroën Traction Avant]] and more than two years before the launch of the DKW F1, the Bucciali TAV-6 featured front-wheel drive.<ref name=Automobilia1929/> Both German makers [[DKW]] in 1931 and [[Adler (cars and motorcycle)|Adler]] in 1933 bought Tracta licenses for their first front-wheel-drive cars. [[Imperia]] in Belgium and [[Automobiles L. Rosengart|Rosengart]] in France manufactured the Adler under the licenses using the Tracta CV joints. During the second World War, all British vehicles, U.S. Jeeps made by Ford and Dodge command cars used Tracta CV joints. Russia and Germany also used the Tracta CV joints, but without the licensing.<ref>* [http://www.voitures-d-ingenieurs.com/biography.htm Jean Albert Grégoire (1898–1992)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204190243/http://www.voitures-d-ingenieurs.com/biography.htm |date=4 December 2021 }}</ref> [[File:1929 Cord.jpg|thumb|The 1929 Cord L-29 (Phaeton) was the US's first front-wheel-drive production car, as well as the world's first to sport [[constant-velocity joint]]s.]] The United States only saw a few limited production experiments like the [[Cord Automobile#Cord L-29|Cord L-29]] of 1929, the first American front-wheel-drive car to be offered to the public,<ref name=catalog>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cord/1929_Cord/1929_Cord_Catalogue/1929%20Cord%20Catalogue-02.html |title=Directory Index: 1929 Cord Catalogue |website=The Old Car Manual Project |date=29 October 2019 |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316201102/http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Cord/1929_Cord/1929_Cord_Catalogue/1929%20Cord%20Catalogue-02.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a few months later the [[Ruxton (automobile)|Ruxton automobile]].<ref name="Wise1">{{cite encyclopedia| last=Wise| first=David Burgess| title=Cord: The Apex of a Triangle| editor-last=Northey| editor-first=Tom| encyclopedia=World of Automobiles: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Motor Car| location=New York| publisher=Columbia House| year=1974| volume=4| pages=435–437| url=https://archive.org/details/worldofautomobil04nort/page/434/mode/2up?q=cord+apex| url-access=registration}}</ref> The Cord L-29's drive system was again inspired by racing, copying from the [[Indianapolis 500]]-dominating racers, using the same [[De Dion tube|de Dion]] layout and inboard brakes.<ref name="Wise1"/> [[File:Gelenk-welle.jpg|thumb|left|Constant-velocity joints allow a drive shaft to smoothly transmit power through a variable angle, at constant rotational speed.]] Moreover, the Auburn (Indiana) built Cord was the first ever front-wheel drive production car to use [[constant-velocity joint]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jalopnik.com/consider-roaring-through-the-2020s-with-these-1920s-car-1840800286 |title=Consider Roaring Through The 2020s With These 1920s Cars |last=Brown |first=Matt |work=Jalopnik |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=8 June 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926091842/https://jalopnik.com/consider-roaring-through-the-2020s-with-these-1920s-car-1840800286 |url-status=live }}</ref> These very specific components allow motive power to be delivered to steered wheels more seamlessly than [[universal joint]]s, and have become common on almost every front-wheel-drive car, including on the front axles of almost every [[Four-wheel drive|four-wheel]] or [[all-wheel drive]] vehicle. Neither automobile was particularly successful in the open market. In spite of the Cord's hallmark innovation, using CV joints, and being competitively priced against contemporaneous alternatives, the buyers demographic were expecting more than the car's {{convert|80|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} top speed, and combined with the effect of the [[Great Depression]], by 1932 the Cord L-29 was discontinued, with just 4,400 sold.<ref name="Wise1"/> The 1929 Ruxton sold just 200 cars built that year. {{clear}} [[File:Automotive diagrams 07 En.png|thumb|Front-wheel-drive MF layout with engine behind the transmission in the 1930s. [[Renault]] widely used this configuration into the 1980s.]] === 1930{{Ndash}}1945 === The first successful consumer application came in 1929. The [[BSA cars|BSA]] (Birmingham Small Arms Company) produced the unique front-wheel-drive BSA three-wheeler. Production continued until 1936 during which time sports and touring models were available. In 1931 the [[DKW F1]] from Germany made its debut, with a transverse-mounted engine behind the front axle.<ref>Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos 1920–1945, Stuttgart 1987</ref> This design would continue for 3 decades in Germany. [[Buckminster Fuller]] adopted rear-engine, front-wheel drive for his three [[Dymaxion Car]] prototypes. [[File:18-06-23-Roadrunners Race 61 Finowfurt RRK5245.jpg|thumb|In 1932, Adler (German) launched Trumpf Junior, the earliest front-wheel drive car of which 100,000 units were sold, reaching that in 1939.]] Other German car producers followed: [[Stoewer]] offered a car with front-wheel drive in 1931, [[Adler (automobile)|Adler]] in 1932 and [[Audi Front|Audi]] in 1933. Versions of the [[Adler Trumpf]] sold five-figure numbers from 1932 to 1938, totalling over 25,600 units. In 1934, Adler added a cheaper, and even more successful [[Adler Trumpf Junior|Trumpf Junior]] model, which sold over 100,000 in August 1939,<ref>Odin, L.C. ''World in Motion 1939, The whole of the year's automobile production''. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.</ref> and in the same year [[Citroën]] introduced the very successful [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]] models in France, over time selling them in the hundred thousands.<ref name="britannica"/> [[Hupmobile]] made 2 experimental models with front-wheel drive in 1932<ref>Hupp Herald (The Hupmobile Club) vol. 48 nr.1</ref> and 1934,<ref>Hupp Herald (The Hupmobile Club) vol. 47 nr. 2</ref> but neither came into production In the late 1930s, the [[Cord Automobile#Cord Model 810|Cord 810/812]] of the United States managed a bit better than its predecessor one decade earlier. These vehicles featured a layout that places the engine behind the transmission, running "backwards," (save for the Cord, which drove the transmission from the front of the engine). The basic front-wheel-drive layout provides sharp turning, and better weight distribution creates "positive handling characteristics" due to its low [[polar inertia]] and relatively favourable weight distribution.<ref name=nytimes>[https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/cord-frontdrive-car-is-here.html?sq=Cord+front-drive+car+is+here&scp=1&st=p "Cord front-drive car is here"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001600/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/04/12/archives/cord-frontdrive-car-is-here.html?sq=Cord+front-drive+car+is+here&scp=1&st=p |date=26 June 2018 }}, ''The New York Times''. 12 April 1936. p. XX7.</ref> (The heaviest component is near the centre of the car, making the main component of its [[moment of inertia]] relatively low). Another result of this design is a lengthened chassis. Except for Citroën, after the 1930s, front-wheel drive would largely be abandoned for the following twenty years.<ref name="britannica"/> Save the interruption of [[World War II]], Citroën built some {{3/4}} million Traction Avants through 1957; adding their cheap 2CV people's car in 1948, and introducing an equally front-wheel driven successor for the TA, the DS model, in 1955. === 1945{{Ndash}}1960 === [[File:1965 Austin Mini, Sectioned Heritage Motor Centre, Gaydon.jpg|thumb|The 1959 [[Mini]] with a transverse engine]] [[File:Automotive diagrams 10 En.png|thumb|Transverse front-wheel-drive FF layout as pioneered in the [[Mini]] is today the most common in mass-market passenger cars.]] Front-wheel drive continued with the 1948 [[Citroën 2CV]], where the [[air-cooled]] lightweight aluminium [[flat twin]] engine was mounted ahead of the front wheels, but used Hooke type [[universal joint]] driveshaft joints, and 1955 [[Citroën DS]], featuring the [[MF layout|mid-engine]] layout. [[Panhard]] of France, [[DKW]] of Germany and [[Saab Automobile|Saab]] of Sweden offered exclusively front-wheel-drive cars, starting with the 1948 [[Saab 92]]. In 1946, English car company [[Lloyd cars]] produced the [[Lloyd cars#Lloyd 650|Lloyd 650]], a front-wheel-drive roadster. The two-stroke, two-cylinder motor was mounted transversely in the front and connected to the front wheels through a four-speed synchronised gearbox. The high price and lacklustre performance doomed its production. Only 600 units were produced from 1946 to 1950. In 1946 in Italy, [[Antonio Fessia]] created his [[Cemsa Caproni F11]], with 7 examples produced. His innovation was to create the happy combination of a low centre of gravity boxer engine (flat four) with a special frame. Due to post-war financial problems Cemsa could not continue production, but the project was resumed when taken on by [[Lancia]] in the 50s. In 1954, Alfa-Romeo had experimented with its first front-wheel-drive compact car named "33" (not related to the sports car similarly named "33"). It had the same transverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as modern front-wheel-drive automobiles. It even resembled the smaller version of its popular [[Alfa Romeo Giulia]]. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the 33 never saw production. Had Alfa-Romeo succeed in producing 33, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" European front-wheel-drive compact car. The German car industry resumed from WW2 in 1949/1950. In East Germany (DDR), the pre-war DKW F8 and F9 reappeared as the [[IFA F8]] and [[IFA F9]] in 1949, followed by the [[AWZ P70 Zwickau|AWZ P70]] in 1955, the [[Wartburg 311]] in 1956 and the [[Trabant]] in 1958, all with front-wheel drive. The P70 and Trabant had [[Duroplast]] bodies, and the Trabant had both a monocoque body and a transversely mounted engine, a modern design in some ways.<ref>Werner Oswald: Kraftfahrzeuge der DDR, Stuttgart 1998</ref> In 1950 West German makers also reintroduced front-wheel-drive cars: DKW had lost its production facilities in Eisenach (now in DDR) and reestablished itself in Ingolstadt. A version of the pre-war F9 was introduced as the DKW F89. Borgward introduced 2 new makes with front-wheel drive, the [[Goliath]] and the [[Lloyd Motoren Werke GmbH|Lloyd]] in 1950. [[Gutbrod]] also came with a car in 1950; the Superior, but withdrew the car in 1954 and concentrated on other products. This car is best remembered for its Bosch [[fuel-injection]].<ref>Werner Oswald: Deutsche Autos 1945–1975, Stuttgart 1976</ref> In 1955, one of the first Japanese manufacturers to utilize front-wheel drive with a transversely installed engine was the [[Suzuki Suzulight]], which was a small "city" car, called a [[kei car|''kei'' car]] in Japanese. In 1955, the Polish producer [[Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych|FSO]] in Warsaw introduced the front-wheel-driven [[Syrena]] of its own design. In 1959 [[Austin Motor Company|Austin]] [[Mini]] was launched by the [[British Motor Corporation]], designed by [[Alec Issigonis]] as a response to the first oil crisis, the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]], and the boom in [[bubble cars]] that followed. It was the first production front-wheel-drive car with a [[watercooled]] inline four-cylinder engine mounted transversely. This allowed eighty percent of the floor plan for the use of passengers and luggage. The majority of modern cars use this configuration. Its progressive rate rubber sprung independent suspension, low centre of gravity, and wheel at each corner with radial tyres, gave a massive increase in grip and handling over all but the most expensive cars on the market. It initially used flexing rubber instead of needle rollers at the inboard universal joints of the driveshafts but later changed to needle rollers, and [[GKN]] designed [[constant-velocity joint]] at each outboard end of the drive shafts to allow for steering movement. The Mini revived the use of front-wheel drive which had been largely abandoned since the 1930s.<ref name="britannica"/> === 1960{{Ndash}}1975 === [[File:Chassisroulant.JPG|thumb|1960's [[Renault 4]] [[rolling chassis]] with gearbox ahead of engine]] [[File:Automotive diagrams 08 En.png|thumb|Front-wheel-drive FF layout as used by [[Audi]] and [[Subaru]]]] The transversely mounted engine combined with front-wheel drive was popularized by the 1959 [[Mini]]; there the transmission was built into the [[sump]] of the engine, and drive was transferred to it via a set of primary [[gear]]s. Another variant transmission concept was used by [[Simca]] in the 1960s keeping the engine and transmission in line, but transverse mounted and with unequal length driveshafts. This has proven itself to be the model on which almost all modern FWD vehicles are now based. [[Peugeot]] and [[Renault]] on their jointly developed small car engine of the 1970s where the 4-cylinder block was canted over to reduce the overall height of the engine with the transmission mounted on the side of the crankcase in what became popularly known as the "suitcase" arrangement ([[PSA X engine]]). The tendency of this layout to generate unwanted transmission "whine" has seen it fall out of favour. Also, clutch changes required engine removal. In Japan, the [[Prince Motor Company]] also developed a transmission-in-sump type layout for its first front wheel drive model, which after the company's takeover by [[Nissan]], emerged as the [[Datsun 100A|Datsun 100A (Cherry)]] in 1971. In 1960 [[Lancia]] could evolve the project CemsaF11 of Antonio Fessia with the innovative [[Lancia Flavia]] for first time with motor Boxer on auxiliary frame for low centre of gravity. This scheme continued in [[Lancia]] until 1984 with the end production of [[Lancia Gamma]] and successfully cloned until today by [[Subaru]]. Lancia, however also made front-wheel drive its flagship even in sport cars as the winner of the Rally, [[Lancia Fulvia]], and then with large-scale models with excellent road qualities and performances including [[Lancia Beta]], [[Lancia Delta]], [[Lancia Thema]] including the powerful Lancia Thema 8.32 with engine [[Ferrari]] and all subsequent models. Ford introduced front-wheel drive to its European customers in 1962 with the [[Ford Taunus P4|Taunus{{spaces}}P4]]. The 1965 [[Triumph 1300]] was designed for a longitudinal engine with the transmission underneath. [[Audi]] has also used a longitudinally mounted engine overhung over the front wheels since the 1970s. Audi is one of the few manufacturers which still uses this particular configuration. It allows the use of equal-length [[half shaft]]s and the easy addition of [[all-wheel drive]], but has the disadvantage that it makes it difficult to achieve 50/50 weight distribution (although they remedy this in four-wheel-drive models by mounting the gearbox at the rear of the [[transaxle]]). The [[Subaru 1000]] appeared in 1966 using front-wheel drive mated to a [[flat-4]] engine, with the driveshafts of equal length extending from the transmission, which addressed some of the issues of the powertrain being somewhat complex and unbalanced in the engine compartment – the [[Alfa Romeo Alfasud]] (and its replacement, the 1983 [[Alfa 33]] as well as the [[Alfa Romeo 145 and 146|Alfa 145/146]] up to the late 1990s) also used the same layout. [[Honda]] also introduced several small front-wheel drive vehicles, with the [[Honda N360|N360 and N600]], the [[Honda Z360|Z360 and Z600]] in 1967, the [[Honda 1300]] in 1969, followed by the [[Honda Civic]] in 1972 and the [[Honda Accord]] in 1976. Also in the 1970s and 1980s, the [[Douvrin engine]]s used in the larger [[Renault]]s (20, 21, 25 and 30) used this longitudinal "forward" layout. The Saab [[Saab 99]], launched in 1968, also used a longitudinal engine with a transmission underneath with helical gears. The 1966 [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] was the first U.S. front-wheel-drive car since the [[Cord Automobile#Cord Model 810|Cord 810]]. It used a longitudinal engine placement for its V8, coupled with an unusual "split" transmission, which turned the engine power 180 degrees. Power then went to a differential mounted to the transmission case, from which half-shafts took it to the wheels. The driveline was set fairly at centre-point of the wheels for better weight distribution, though this raised the engine, requiring lowered intake systems. ==== Giacosa innovation ==== {{rquote|right| Little known outside of Italy, the [[Autobianchi Primula|Primula]] is today primarily known for innovating the modern economy-car layout. <br /><small>– ''[[Hemmings Motor News]]'', August 2011<ref name="hemmings">{{cite web | title = European Car of the Year 1965: BMC Scores a Win | publisher = Hemmings Motor News, August 2011 | url = http://www.hemmings.com/hsx/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_feature17.html | access-date = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 1 January 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101115806/http://www.hemmings.com/hsx/stories/2011/08/01/hmn_feature17.html | url-status = live }}</ref> </small> }} Front-wheel-drive layout had been highly impacted by the success of small, inexpensive cars, especially the British [[Mini]]. As engineered by [[Alec Issigonis]], the compact arrangement located the transmission and engine sharing a single oil sump{{snd}}despite disparate lubricating requirements{{snd}}and had the engine's radiator mounted to the side of the engine, away from the flow of fresh air and drawing heated rather than cool air over the engine. The layout often required the engine be removed to service the clutch.<ref name="dante1">{{cite web | title = Dante Giacosa | publisher = Fiat500USA.com | url = http://www.fiat500usa.com/2009/02/dante-giacosa.html | access-date = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 13 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130513095043/http://www.fiat500usa.com/2009/02/dante-giacosa.html | url-status = live }}</ref> {{rquote|right| This Active Tourer MPV wants to be more stable than a BMW M3, and using the Dante Giacosa-pattern front-wheel-drive layout compacts the mechanicals and saves space for people in the reduced overall length of what will surely become a production 1-series tall-sedan crossover. <br /><small>– [[Robert Cumberford]], ''Automobile Magazine'', March 2013<ref name="autmobile01">{{cite web | title = By Design: BMW Concept Active Tourer | publisher = [[Automobile Magazine]], Robert Cumberford, February 2013 Issue | url = http://www.automobilemag.com/features/by_design/1302_by_design_bmw_concept_active_tourer/ | access-date = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 8 February 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130208012207/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/by_design/1302_by_design_bmw_concept_active_tourer/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> </small> }} [[File:Fiat 128-Sedan-4dr (1969) Front-view.JPG|thumb|right|[[Dante Giacosa]]'s designed [[Fiat 128]]]] As engineered by [[Dante Giacosa]], the [[Fiat 128]] featured a transverse-mounted engine with unequal-length drive shafts and an innovative clutch release mechanism{{snd}}an arrangement which Fiat had strategically tested on a previous production model, the [[Autobianchi Primula|Primula]], from its less market-critical subsidiary, [[Autobianchi]]. Ready for production in 1964, the Primula featured a [[gear train]] offset from the [[differential (mechanics)|differential]] and final drive with unequal length [[drive shaft]]s. The layout enabled the engine and gearbox to be located side by side without sharing lubricating fluid while orienting the cooling fan toward fresh air flow. By using the Primula as a test-bed, Fiat was able to sufficiently resolve the layout's disadvantages, including uneven side-to-side power transmission, uneven tire wear and potential [[torque steer]], the tendency for the power of the engine alone to steer the car under heavy acceleration. The problem was largely solved by making the shorter driveshaft solid, and the longer one hollow, to ensure both shafts experienced elastic twist which was roughly the same. After the 128, Fiat further demonstrated the layout's flexibility, re-configurating the 128 drive train as a mid-engined layout for the [[Fiat X1/9]]. The compact, efficient Giacosa layout{{snd}}a transversely-mounted engine with transmission mounted beside the engine driving the front wheels through an offset final drive and unequal-length driveshafts, combined with [[MacPherson strut]]s and an independently located radiator{{snd}}subsequently became common with competitors<ref name="lampredi">{{cite web | title = Collectible Classic: 1971–1979 Fiat 128 | publisher = Automobile Magazine, August 2012 | url = http://www.automobilemag.com/features/collectible_classic/1208_collectible_classic_1971_1979_fiat_128/#ixzz2GeEPgVrk | access-date = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 2012-09-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120920045000/http://www.automobilemag.com/features/collectible_classic/1208_collectible_classic_1971_1979_fiat_128/#ixzz2GeEPgVrk | url-status = dead }}</ref> and arguably an industry standard.<ref name="octane">{{cite web |title=1969–1984 FIAT 128 Saloon |publisher=Classic and Performance Car |quote=It's the recipe for technical orthodoxy that has since been adopted by the entire industry. |url=http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3994 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408211929/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/front_website/octane_interact/carspecs.php/?see=3994 |archive-date=2014-04-08 }}</ref> === 1975{{Ndash}}1990 === The [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy]] standard drove a mass changeover of cars in the U.S. to front-wheel drive. The change began in 1978, with the introduction of the first American-built transverse-engined cars, the [[Plymouth Horizon]] and [[Dodge Omni]] (based on the European designed [[Simca Horizon]]),<ref name=Nicalek>{{cite web|title=The Dodge Omni and Plymouth Horizon|author=Bryan T. Nicalek|date=16 November 2020|publisher=Allpar|url=http://www.allpar.com/omni/omni.html|access-date=7 December 2006|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329104815/http://www.allpar.com/omni/omni.html|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by the 1980 [[Chevrolet Citation]] and numerous other vehicles. Meanwhile, European car makers, that had moved to front-wheel drive decades before, began to homogenize their engine arrangement only in this decade, leaving [[Saab Automobile|Saab]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.saabmuseum.com/900/techspec.html | title = Saab 900 technical specifications at The SaabMuseum.com – a comprehensive and up-to-date history of Saab cars | access-date = 16 December 2021 | archive-date = 16 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211216160029/http://www.saabmuseum.com/900/techspec.html | url-status = live }}</ref> [[Audi]] (and [[Volkswagen]]) as the only manufacturers offering a front-drive longitudinal engine layout. Years before this was the most common layout in Europe, with examples like [[Citroën DS]], [[Renault 12]], [[Renault 5]], [[Renault 25]] (a Chrysler LH ancestor) [[Alfa Romeo 33]], [[Volkswagen Passat]], etc. This transition can be exemplified in the [[Renault 21]] that was offered with disparate engine configurations. The 1.7-litre version featured an "east–west" (transversely) mounted engine, but Renault had no gearbox suitable for a more powerful transverse engine: accordingly, faster versions featured longitudinally mounted (north–south) engines. Despite these developments, however, by the end of the 1980s, almost all major European and Japanese manufacturers had converged around the Fiat-pioneered system of a transversely mounted engine with an "end-on" transmission with unequal length driveshafts. For example, Renault dropped the transmission-in-sump "[[PSA-Renault X-Type engine|Suitcase]]" engine that it had co-developed with Peugeot in the 1970s for its compact models, starting with the [[Renault 9]] in 1982. Peugeot-Citroen themselves also moved over to the end-on gearbox solution when it phased out the Suitcase unit in favour of the [[PSA TU engine|TU-series]] engine in 1986. Nissan also abandoned the transmission-in-sump concept for its [[Nissan Pulsar#N12 (1982)|N12-series Cherry/Pulsar]] in 1982. Perhaps symbolically, [[British Leyland]] themselves, heirs to the [[British Motor Corporation]] – moved over to the industry-standard solution for the [[Austin Maestro]] in 1983, and all its subsequent front-wheel-drive models. By reducing drivetrain weight and space needs, vehicles could be made smaller and more efficient without sacrificing acceleration. Integrating the powertrain with a transverse as opposed to a longitudinal layout, along with unibody construction and the use of constant velocity jointed drive axles, along with front wheel drive has evolved into the modern-day mass-market automobile. Some suggest that the introduction of the modern [[Volkswagen Golf]] in 1974, from a traditional U.S. competitor, and the introduction of the 1973 [[Honda Civic]], and the 1976 [[Honda Accord]] served as a wake-up call for the "Big Three" (only Chrysler already produced front-wheel-drive vehicles in their operations outside North America). GM was even later with the 1979 [[Vauxhall Astra]]/[[Opel Kadett]]. [[Captive imports]] were the US car makers initial response to the increased demand for [[economy car]]s. The popularity of front-wheel drive began to gain momentum, with the 1981 [[Ford Escort (North America)|Ford Escort]], the 1982 [[Nissan Sentra]], and the 1983 [[Toyota Corolla]]. Front-wheel drive became the norm for mid-sized cars starting with the 1982 [[Chevrolet Celebrity]], 1982 [[Toyota Camry]], 1983 [[Dodge 600]], 1985 [[Nissan Maxima]], 1986 [[Honda Legend]], and the 1986 [[Ford Taurus]]. By the mid-1980s, most formerly rear-wheel-drive Japanese models were front-wheel drive, and by the mid-1990s, most American brands only sold a handful of rear-wheel-drive models. === 1990{{Ndash}}present === [[File:2018 Ford Focus Titanium X 1.0.jpg|thumb|The [[Ford Focus (fourth generation)|Ford Focus MK4]], a popular example of a front-wheel-drive vehicle]] The vast majority of front-wheel-drive vehicles today use a [[Transverse engine|transversely mounted engine]] with "end-on" mounted transmission, driving the front wheels via driveshafts linked via [[Constant-velocity joint|constant velocity (CV) joints]], and a flexibly located electronically controlled cooling fan.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-automobile|title=History Of The Automobile|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609112042/https://www.britannica.com/technology/automobile/History-of-the-automobile|url-status=live}}</ref> This configuration was pioneered by [[Dante Giacosa]] in the 1964 [[Autobianchi Primula]] and popularized with the [[Fiat 128]].<ref name=Brick01>{{cite book |title=Brick by Brick: The Biography of the Man Who Really Made the Mini, Martyn Nutland, p. 237 |date=8 October 2012 |publisher=Authorhouse, Bloomington, IN, 2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBlRDbM5Xd4C&pg=PA237|isbn=978-1-4772-0317-0}}</ref> Fiat promoted in its advertising that mechanical features consumed only 20% of the vehicle's volume and that [[Enzo Ferrari]] drove a 128 as his personal vehicle.<ref name="lampredi" /> The 1959 Mini used a substantially different arrangement with the transmission in the sump, and the cooling fan drawing hot air from its side-facing location. [[Volvo Cars]] has switched its entire lineup after the 900 series to front-wheel drive. Swedish engineers at the company have said that transversely mounted engines allow for more crumple zone area in a head-on collision. American auto manufacturers are now shifting larger models (such as the [[Chrysler 300]] and most of the [[Cadillac]] lineup) back to rear-wheel drive.<ref name=Allpar>{{cite web|title=The Chrysler-Dodge LX Cars: Charger, Challenger, 300, 300C, and Magnum|date=16 November 2020|publisher=Allpar|url=http://www.allpar.com/cars/lx/index.html|access-date=7 December 2006|archive-date=18 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018133601/http://www.allpar.com/cars/lx/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Cadillac>{{cite news|last=Sherman|first=Don|title=Cadillac goes to RWD – rear-wheel drive|publisher=Automotive Industries (extracted in LookSmart)|year=1998|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_n9_v178/ai_21155112|access-date=13 December 2006|archive-date=28 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228153625/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_n9_v178/ai_21155112|url-status=live}}</ref> There were relatively few rear-wheel-drive cars marketed in North America by the early 1990s; [[Chrysler]]'s car line-up was entirely front-wheel drive by 1990. GM followed suit in 1996 where its [[B-body]] line was phased out, where its sports cars (Camaro, Firebird, Corvette) were the only RWDs marketed; by the early 2000s, the [[Chevrolet Corvette]] and [[Cadillac Catera]] were the only RWD cars offered by General Motors until the introduction of the [[GM Sigma platform|Sigma platform]]. After the phaseout of the Ford Panther platform (except for the Mustang), Ford automobiles (including the Transit Connect van) manufactured for the 2012 model year to present are front-wheel drive; its D3 platform (based on a Volvo platform) has optional all-wheel drive. == Records == [[File:Nissan Motorsports - Nissan GT-R LM Nismo -23 (18860958202).jpg|thumb|[[Nissan GT-R LM Nismo]] ]] * The [[Nissan GT-R LM Nismo]] race car holds the record for being the most-powerful front-wheel-drive car, with its combustion engine outputs approximately {{convert|500|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}} while the flywheel system is intended to have an additional output of approximately {{convert|750|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}. This accounts for a total of {{convert|1250|hp|kW PS|abbr=on}}. Power from the flywheel was intended to be split between the front and rear wheels, making the car all-wheel drive in this configuration. However, due to unreliability the car was raced without the flywheel and with 500{{spaces}}hp driving the front wheels only. ** However, the 1970 [[Oldsmobile Toronado]] remains the most-powerful street-legal front-wheel-drive production car, with W-34 option producing {{convert|400|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. * A production [[Dodge Neon SRT-4]] from RaceDeck Racing broke the land speed record for its class at [[Bonneville Salt Flats]] in [[Utah]] on 16 August 2006. Driven by Jorgen Moller Jr., the record was set at {{convert|221|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} average speed for both runs on the {{Convert|5|mi|km|0|adj=on|spell=in}} course. * On 3 April 2017, the [[Honda Civic Type R#FK8 (2017; based on tenth generation Civic)|5th generation Honda Civic Type R]] achieved a lap time of 7:43.80 on the Nürburgring Nordschleife, almost 7 seconds faster than its predecessor, setting a new record for front-wheel-drive cars. The car also set new front-wheel drive lap records at the Magny-Cours, Spa-Francorchamps, Silverstone, Estoril, Hungaroring and Mount Panorama circuits. The Nürburgring record was broken by the Renault Mégane RS Trophy-R in July 2019 which set a time of 7:40.10, but in 2020 the Limited Edition Civic Type R broke the Mégane's front-wheel drive lap record at the Suzuka Circuit by one and a half seconds. == See also == {{div col|colwidth=23em}} * [[Automobile layout]] * [[Four-wheel drive]] * [[Individual-wheel drive]] * [[Front-engine, front-wheel drive layout]] * [[Front-mid-engine, front-wheel-drive layout]] * [[Rear-wheel drive]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|2}} {{Automobile configuration}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Car layouts]] [[Category:Drivetrain]] [[af:Motordryfuitleg#Voorwielaandrywing]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a 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