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href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Latin_alphabet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the usage of this alphabet in modern languages, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Latin alphabet</b>, also known as the <b>Roman alphabet</b>, is the collection of letters originally used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>. Largely unaltered excepting several letters splitting—i.e. <span class="nowrap">⟨J⟩</span> from <span class="nowrap">⟨I⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨U⟩</span> from <span class="nowrap">⟨V⟩</span>—additions such as <span class="nowrap">⟨W⟩</span>, and extensions such as letters with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, it forms the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> that is used to write most languages of modern <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Americas">America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a>. Its basic modern inventory is standardised as the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>. </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Latin<br><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg/260px-Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg/390px-Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg/520px-Abecedarium_latinum_clasicum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="53"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BC</span> – present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Official script</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Latin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Numerous <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin alphabets">Latin alphabets</a>; also more divergent derivations such as <a href="/wiki/Osage_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Osage alphabet">Osage</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul style="line-height:1.3em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian alphabet">Georgian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Latn</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(215)</span>, Latin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin script in Unicode</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Evolution"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Signs_and_abbreviations"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Signs and abbreviations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Old_Italic_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Old Italic alphabet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Archaic_Latin_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Archaic Latin alphabet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Old_Latin_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Old Latin alphabet</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Classical_Latin_alphabet"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Classical Latin alphabet</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Medieval_and_later_developments"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Medieval and later developments</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The term <i>Latin alphabet</i> may refer to either the alphabet used to write Latin (as described in this article) or other alphabets based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, which is the basic set of letters common to the various alphabets descended from the classical Latin alphabet, such as the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabets</a> may discard letters, like the <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_alphabet" title="Rotokas alphabet">Rotokas alphabet</a>, or add new letters, like the <a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a> alphabets. <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">Letter</a> shapes have evolved over the centuries, including the development in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower-case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower-case">lower-case</a>, forms which did not exist in the Classical period alphabet. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a>.</div> <p>The Latin alphabet evolved from the visually similar <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>, which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Cumae_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumae alphabet">Cumaean Greek version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, which was itself descended from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, which in turn derived from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome#Etruscan_dominance" title="History of Rome">Etruscans ruled early Rome</a>; their alphabet evolved in Rome over successive centuries to produce the Latin alphabet. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Latin alphabet was used (sometimes with modifications) for writing <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, which are direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/First_wave_of_European_colonization" title="First wave of European colonization">age of colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_evangelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian evangelism">Christian evangelism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> spread beyond <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, coming into use for writing indigenous <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> have also tended to prefer the Latin script or the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (itself largely based on the Latin script) when transcribing or creating written standards for non-European languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/African_reference_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="African reference alphabet">African reference alphabet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs_and_abbreviations">Signs and abbreviations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signs and abbreviations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Although Latin did not use diacritical marks, signs of truncation of words (often placed above or at the end of the truncated word) were very common. Furthermore, abbreviations or smaller overlapping letters were often used. This was due to the fact that if the text was engraved on stone, the number of letters to be written was reduced, while if it was written on paper or parchment, it saved precious space. This habit continued even in the Middle Ages. Hundreds of symbols and abbreviations exist, varying from century to century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History of the Latin script</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>It is generally believed that the Latin alphabet used by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet#Etruscan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That alphabet was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Euboean" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Euboean alphabet</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a>, which in turn was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Italic_alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Italic alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duenos_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Duenos inscription" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/220px-Duenos_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="464"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/220px-Duenos_inscription.jpg" data-alt="Duenos inscription" data-width="220" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/330px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Duenos_inscription.jpg/440px-Duenos_inscription.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>, dated to the 6th century BC, shows the earliest known form of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> alphabet.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letters </th> <td>𐌀</td> <td>𐌁</td> <td>𐌂</td> <td>𐌃</td> <td>𐌄</td> <td>𐌅</td> <td>𐌆</td> <td>𐌇</td> <td>𐌈</td> <td>𐌉</td> <td>𐌊</td> <td>𐌋</td> <td>𐌌</td> <td>𐌍</td> <td>𐌎</td> <td>𐌏</td> <td>𐌐</td> <td>𐌑</td> <td>𐌒</td> <td>𐌓</td> <td>𐌔</td> <td>𐌕</td> <td>𐌖</td> <td>𐌗</td> <td>𐌘</td> <td>𐌙</td> <td>𐌚 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>V</td> <td>Z</td> <td>H</td> <td>Θ</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>Ξ</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Ś</td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>Y</td> <td>X</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>Ψ</td> <td>F </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Archaic_Latin_alphabet">Archaic Latin alphabet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archaic Latin alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Archaic Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>As Old Italic </th> <td>𐌀</td> <td>𐌁</td> <td>𐌂</td> <td>𐌃</td> <td>𐌄</td> <td>𐌅</td> <td>𐌆</td> <td>𐌇</td> <td>𐌉</td> <td>𐌊</td> <td>𐌋</td> <td>𐌌</td> <td>𐌍</td> <td>𐌏</td> <td>𐌐</td> <td>𐌒</td> <td>𐌓</td> <td>𐌔</td> <td>𐌕</td> <td>𐌖</td> <td>𐌗 </td></tr> <tr> <th>As Latin </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>Z</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>V</td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Latin_alphabet">Old Latin alphabet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Old Latin alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Latin included 21 different characters. The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨C⟩</span> was the western form of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Gamma" title="Gamma">gamma</a>, but it was used for the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> alike, possibly under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>, which might have lacked any voiced <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a>. Later, probably during the 3rd century BC, the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨Z⟩</span> – not needed to write Latin properly – was replaced with the new letter <span class="nowrap">⟨G⟩</span>, a <span class="nowrap">⟨C⟩</span> modified with a small vertical stroke, which took its place in the alphabet. From then on, <span class="nowrap">⟨G⟩</span> represented the <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, while <span class="nowrap">⟨C⟩</span> was generally reserved for the voiceless plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨K⟩</span> was used only rarely, in a small number of words such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kalends" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalends">Kalendae</a></i>, often interchangeably with <span class="nowrap">⟨C⟩</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Old Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letter </th> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>C</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>F</td> <td>Z</td> <td>G</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>P</td> <td>Q</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>T</td> <td>V</td> <td>X </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Latin_alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classical Latin alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Greece">Roman conquest of Greece</a> in the 1st century BC, Latin adopted the Greek letters <span class="nowrap">⟨Y⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Z⟩</span> (or readopted, in the latter case) to write <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> loanwords, placing them at the end of the alphabet. An attempt by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> to introduce three <a href="/wiki/Claudian_letters" title="Claudian letters">additional letters</a> did not last. Thus it was during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> period that the Latin alphabet contained 21 letters and 2 foreign letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Classical Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Latin name (majus) </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">á</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">bé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">cé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">é</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ef</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">gé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">há</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ká</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">el</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">em</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">en</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ó</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">q</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">er</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">es</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">té</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ix</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ graeca</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">zéta</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Transliteration </th> <td><i>ā</i></td> <td><i>bē</i></td> <td><i>cē </i></td> <td><i>dē </i></td> <td><i>ē</i></td> <td><i>ef</i></td> <td><i>gē </i></td> <td><i>hā</i></td> <td><i>ī</i></td> <td><i>kā </i></td> <td><i>el</i></td> <td><i>em</i></td> <td><i>en</i></td> <td><i>ō </i></td> <td><i>pē</i></td> <td><i>qū </i></td> <td><i>er</i></td> <td><i>es </i></td> <td><i>tē</i></td> <td><i>ū</i></td> <td><i>ix </i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><i>ī Graeca</i></span></td> <td><i>zēta</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Latin pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">IPA</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">beː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">keː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">deː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛf</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡeː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">haː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kaː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛl</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛm</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛn</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">peː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kuː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛr</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛs</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">teː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iks</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː ˈɡraɪka</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈdzeːta</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_displaying_apices_(from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg/300px-Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="742"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg/300px-Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg/450px-Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg/600px-Inscription_displaying_apices_%28from_the_shrine_of_the_Augustales_at_Herculaneum%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apices</a> in this first-century inscription are very light. (There is one over the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ó</span> in the first line.) The vowel <i>I</i> is written taller rather than taking an apex. The <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpuncts</a> are comma-shaped, an elaboration of a more typical triangular shape. From the shrine of the <a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Augustales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Latin names of some of these letters are disputed; for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨H⟩</span> may have been called <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈaha]</a></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈaka]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general the Romans did not use the traditional (<a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Semitic</a>-derived) names as in Greek: the names of the <a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">plosives</a> were formed by adding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> to their sound (except for <span class="nowrap">⟨K⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Q⟩</span>, which needed different vowels to be distinguished from <span class="nowrap">⟨C⟩</span>) and the names of the <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuants</a> consisted as a rule either of the bare sound, or the sound preceded by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. </p><p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨Y⟩</span> when introduced was probably called "hy" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hyː/</span> as in Greek, the name <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> not being in use yet, but this was changed to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">i Graeca</i></span> ("Greek i") as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing its foreign sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. <span class="nowrap">⟨Z⟩</span> was given its Greek name, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">zeta</a>. This scheme has continued to be used by most modern European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet. For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a>; for the names of the letters in English see <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diacritic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic mark">Diacritics</a> were not regularly used, but they did occur sometimes, the most common being the <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a> used to mark <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a>, which had previously sometimes been written doubled. However, in place of taking an apex, the letter i was written <a href="/wiki/Long_i" class="mw-redirect" title="Long i">taller</a>: <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">á é ꟾ ó v́</span>⟩</span>. For example, what is today transcribed <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lūciī a fīliī</i></span> was written <span class="nowrap">⟨<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">lv́ciꟾ·a·fꟾliꟾ</span>⟩</span> in the inscription depicted. Some letters have more than one form in <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>. Latinists have treated some of them especially such as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꟶ">Ꟶ</a>⟩</span>, a variant of <span class="nowrap">⟨H⟩</span> found in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>. </p><p>The primary mark of punctuation was the <a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">interpunct</a>, which was used as a <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word divider</a>, though it fell out of use after 200 AD. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Roman cursive">Old Roman cursive</a> script, also called <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even emperors issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century, but it probably existed earlier than that. It led to <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> script commonly used from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_century" title="3rd century">3rd</a> to <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th</a> centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. <a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a> were a <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> system consisting of thousands of signs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Roman_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="New Roman cursive">New Roman cursive</a> script, also known as <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> cursive, was in use from the 3rd century to the 7th century, and uses letter forms that are more recognizable to modern eyes; <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨d⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> had taken a more familiar shape, and the other letters were proportionate to each other. This script evolved into a variety of regional medieval scripts (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Benevantan</a> scripts), to be later supplanted by the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_later_developments">Medieval and later developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medieval and later developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/300px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="358"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/300px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG" data-width="300" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/450px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/600px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><i>De chalcographiae inventione</i> (1541, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) with the 23 letters. <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> and <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> are missing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekenaar_1553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/300px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="641"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/300px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/450px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/600px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jeton</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1553</span></figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> that the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>⟩</span> (originally a <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> of two <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>⟩</span>s) was added to the Latin alphabet, to represent sounds from the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic languages</a> which did not exist in medieval Latin, and only after the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> did the convention of treating <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>⟩</span> as <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a>⟩</span> as <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>, become established. Prior to that, the former had been merely <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a> of the latter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the fragmentation of political power, the <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">style of writing</a> changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. Early deviations from the classical forms were the <a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial script</a>, a development of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Roman cursive">Old Roman cursive</a>, and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from <a href="/wiki/New_Roman_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="New Roman cursive">New Roman cursive</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">insular script</a> developed by Irish <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">literati</a> and derivations of this, such as <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> were the most influential, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a> forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard. </p><p>The languages that use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> generally use <a href="/wiki/Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a> to begin paragraphs and sentences and <a href="/wiki/Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">proper nouns</a>. The rules for <a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a> have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized, whereas <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> writers and printers of the 17th and 18th century frequently capitalized most and sometimes all nouns;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, from the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.</p></blockquote> <p>This is still systematically done in modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin script in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1">Latin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman letters used in mathematics">Roman letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael C. Howard (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA23">Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies. p. 23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCappelli1990" class="citation book cs1">Cappelli, Adriano (1990). <i>Dizionario di Abbreviature Latine ed Italiane</i>. Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-203-1100-3" title="Special:BookSources/88-203-1100-3"><bdi>88-203-1100-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dizionario+di+Abbreviature+Latine+ed+Italiane&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Editore+Ulrico+Hoepli&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=88-203-1100-3&rft.aulast=Cappelli&rft.aufirst=Adriano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Etruscan-alphabet">"Etruscan alphabet | Etruscan Writing, Ancient Scripts & Language"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Etruscan+alphabet+%7C+Etruscan+Writing%2C+Ancient+Scripts+%26+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEtruscan-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2013" class="citation web cs1">Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oup.com/2013/08/alphabet-soup-letter-h-y-origin-etymology/">"Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y"</a>. <i>Oxford Etymologist</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Etymologist&rft.atitle=Alphabet+soup%2C+part+2%3A+H+and+Y&rft.date=2013-08-07&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2013%2F08%2Falphabet-soup-letter-h-y-origin-etymology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2003" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (4 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kh_RZhvHk0YC&q=%22as+is+done+systematically+in+modern+German%22"><i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521530330" title="Special:BookSources/9780521530330"><bdi>9780521530330</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-08-04&rft.isbn=9780521530330&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKh_RZhvHk0YC%26q%3D%2522as%2Bis%2Bdone%2Bsystematically%2Bin%2Bmodern%2BGerman%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_Hans1970" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Hans (1970). <i>Sign Symbol and Script</i>. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-400021-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-400021-9"><bdi>0-04-400021-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sign+Symbol+and+Script&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-04-400021-9&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span> Transl. of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_Hans1958" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Hans (1958). <i>Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Verlag_der_Wissenschaften" title="Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften">Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schrift+in+Vergangenheit+und+Gegenwart&rft.pub=Deutscher+Verlag+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Jensen%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span>, as revised by the author</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRix,_Helmut1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rix" title="Helmut Rix">Rix, Helmut</a> (1993). "La scrittura e la lingua". In <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Cristofani" title="Mauro Cristofani">Cristofani, Mauro</a> (hrsg.) (ed.). <i>Gli etruschi – Una nuova immagine</i>. Firenze: Giunti. pp. S.199–227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+scrittura+e+la+lingua&rft.btitle=Gli+etruschi+%E2%80%93+Una+nuova+immagine&rft.place=Firenze&rft.pages=S.199-227&rft.pub=Giunti&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Rix%2C+Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson,_Geoffrey1985" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). <i>Writing systems</i>. London (etc.): Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems&rft.pub=London+%28etc.%29%3A+Hutchinson&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Sampson%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachter,_Rudolf1987" class="citation book cs1">Wachter, Rudolf (1987). <i>Altlateinische Inschriften: sprachliche und epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den Dokumenten bis etwa 150 v.Chr. Bern (etc.)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altlateinische+Inschriften%3A+sprachliche+und+epigraphische+Untersuchungen+zu+den+Dokumenten+bis+etwa+150+v.Chr.+Bern+%28etc.%29&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Wachter%2C+Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span>: Peter Lang.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Sidney_Allen" title="W. Sidney Allen">Allen, W. Sidney</a> (1978). "The names of the letters of the Latin alphabet <i>(Appendix C)</i>". <i>Vox Latina – a guide to the pronunciation of classical Latin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22049-1"><bdi>0-521-22049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+names+of+the+letters+of+the+Latin+alphabet+%28Appendix+C%29&rft.btitle=Vox+Latina+%E2%80%93+a+guide+to+the+pronunciation+of+classical+Latin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-521-22049-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiktaş,_Şamil2003" class="citation book cs1">Biktaş, Şamil (2003). <i>Tuğan Tel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tu%C4%9Fan+Tel&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Bikta%C5%9F%2C+%C5%9Eamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatin+alphabet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Latin alphabet"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Latin alphabet</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br> <b>Latin alphabet</b> <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+alphabet&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+alphabet">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Latin+alphabet&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2319181">Lewis and Short <i>Latin Dictionary</i> on the letter <i>G</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208160631/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Latin/Grammar/Latin-Alphabet.html">Latin-Alphabet</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&oldid=1259474116#Classical_Latin_alphabet">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&oldid=1259474116#Classical_Latin_alphabet</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Latin_alphabet&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Speederzzz" data-user-gender="female" data-timestamp="1732530835"> <span>Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 10:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="የላቲን አልፋቤት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የላቲን አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6den_st%C3%A6frof" title="Læden stæfrof – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Læden stæfrof" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية رومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية رومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতিন বর্ণমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাতিন বর্ণমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lating_j%C4%AB-bi%C3%B3" title="Lating jī-bió – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lating jī-bió" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латинска азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateinisches_Alphabet" title="Lateinisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lateinisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladina_t%C3%A4hestik" title="Ladina tähestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladina tähestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Λατινικό αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινικό αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritura_latina" title="Escritura latina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escritura latina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الفبای زبان لاتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای زبان لاتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="लातिन वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लातिन वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto_a_Latin" title="Alpabeto a Latin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpabeto a Latin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_bahasa_Latin" title="Alfabet bahasa Latin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet bahasa Latin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytherennek_latin" title="Lytherennek latin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lytherennek latin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfhab%C3%A8t_latein" title="Alfhabèt latein – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alfhabèt latein" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинска азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латинска азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy_latina" title="Abidy latina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy latina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Латин цагаан толгой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латин цагаан толгой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassiek_Latijns_alfabet" title="Klassiek Latijns alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klassiek Latijns alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Латинский алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латинский алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitin_alphabet" title="Laitin alphabet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laitin alphabet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_Latin" title="Alfabeti Latin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti Latin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latin alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C4%87i%C5%84ske_abecad%C5%82o" title="Łaćińske abecadło – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Łaćińske abecadło" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmmay_Alatin" title="Agmmay Alatin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agmmay Alatin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ชุดตัวอักษรละติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชุดตัวอักษรละติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alfabesi" title="Latin alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Latin alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Латинська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%90_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="لاطینی حروفِ تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاطینی حروفِ تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_do_lat%C3%A9n" title="Alfabet do latén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet do latén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁语字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉丁语字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 10:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is 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