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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about alphabets in general. For the English alphabet in particular, see <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. For the international technology conglomerate, see <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alphabet (disambiguation)">Alphabet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> An alphabet is a standard set of <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a> written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Not all <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> represent language in this way: a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> assigns symbols to spoken <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Logographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographies">logographies</a> assign symbols to <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, or other semantic units.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The first letters were invented in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> to serve as an aid in writing <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>; these are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian uniliteral sign">Egyptian uniliteral signs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">lexicographers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This system was used until the 5th century CE,<a href="#cite_note-Houston-2003-5">[5]</a> and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these <a href="/wiki/Phonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic">phonemic</a> symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels-6">[6]</a> The first fully phonemic script was the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a>, also descending from Egyptian hieroglyphs, which was later modified to create the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>. The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coulmas_140-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniels_9296-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldwasser-2012-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/220px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/330px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Phoenician_alphabet.svg/440px-Phoenician_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="825"></a><figcaption>Corresponding letters in the Phoenician and Latin alphabets</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Daniels" title="Peter T. Daniels">Peter T. Daniels</a> distinguishes true alphabets—which use letters to represent both consonants and vowels—from both <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a>, which only need letters for consonants. Abjads generally lack vowel indicators altogether, while abugidas represent them with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> added to letters. In this narrower sense, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> was the first true alphabet;&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_11-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulmas1999%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillard1986396-12">[12]</a> it was originally derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, which was an abjad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanielsBright19963%E2%80%935,_91,_261%E2%80%93281-13">[13]</a> Alphabets usually have a standard ordering for their letters. This makes alphabets a useful tool in <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>, as words can be listed in a well-defined order—commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>. This also means that letters may be used as a method of "numbering" ordered items. Some systems demonstrate <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a>, a phenomenon where letters have been given names distinct from their pronunciations. Systems with acrophony include Greek, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>; systems without include the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. More recently however, four cylinder seals dating to 2400 BC and found at the site of <a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Marra" title="Umm el-Marra">Umm el-Marra</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, are incised with what is potentially the earliest known alphabetic writings in the world. The discovery suggests that the alphabet emerged 500 years earlier than previously thought, and undermines leading ideas about how it was invented.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rollston" title="Christopher Rollston">Christopher Rollston</a>, a scholar of the ancient Near East, the morphology of the letters on the cylinder seals parallels quite nicely that of the existing corpus of early alphabetic writing.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This theory however has yet to be universally accepted. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Alphabets_related_to_Phoenician">2.1 Alphabets related to Phoenician</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ancient_Near_Eastern_alphabets">2.1.1 Ancient Near Eastern alphabets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#European_alphabets">2.1.2 European alphabets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Asian_alphabets">2.1.3 Asian alphabets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_alphabets">2.2 Other alphabets</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Hangul">2.2.1 Hangul</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Bopomofo">2.2.2 Bopomofo</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Types">3 Types</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Alphabetical_order">4 Alphabetical order</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Latin_alphabets">4.1 Latin alphabets</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Early_alphabets">4.2 Early alphabets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Acrophony">5 Acrophony</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Orthography_and_pronunciation">6 Orthography and pronunciation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References">8 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Bibliography">8.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The English word alphabet came into <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> word alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος alphábētos; it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (letter)">alpha</a> (α) and <a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">beta</a> (β).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>, the word for ox, and <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a>, the word for house.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabets_related_to_Phoenician">Alphabets related to Phoenician</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_Eastern_alphabets">Ancient Near Eastern alphabets</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Ancient Egyptian writing system</a> had a set of some <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs" title="Egyptian uniliteral signs">24 hieroglyphs</a> that are called uniliterals,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> which are glyphs that provide one sound.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels-6">[6]</a> The script was used a fair amount in the 4th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, after pagan temples were closed down, it was forgotten in the 5th century until the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Houston-2003-5">[5]</a> There was also <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>, primarily used to write several ancient languages, including <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The last known use of cuneiform was in 75 CE, after which the script fell out of use.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>, an apparently alphabetic system known as the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a> appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> c. 1840 BCE, apparently left by Canaanite workers. <a href="/wiki/Orly_Goldwasser" title="Orly Goldwasser">Orly Goldwasser</a> has connected the illiterate turquoise miner graffiti theory to the origin of the alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-Goldwasser-2012-9">[9]</a> In 1999, American Egyptologists <a href="/wiki/John_Coleman_Darnell" title="John Coleman Darnell">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Darnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Deborah Darnell">Deborah Darnell</a> discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_el-Hol" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi el-Hol">Wadi el-Hol</a> valley. The script dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BCE and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to c. 2000 BCE, strongly suggesting that the first alphabet had developed about that time.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The script was based on letter appearances and names, believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs.<a href="#cite_note-Coulmas_140-7">[7]</a> This script had no characters representing vowels. Originally, it probably was a syllabary—a script where syllables are represented with characters—with symbols that were not needed being removed. The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a>, invented in <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> before the 15th century BCE. This was an alphabetic <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba%60alat.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ba%60alat.png/220px-Ba%60alat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="182"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ba%60alat.png/220px-Ba%60alat.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Ba%60alat.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A specimen of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a>, one of the earliest phonemic scripts</figcaption></figure> The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, conventionally called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite</a>, before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1050 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels_9296-8">[8]</a> The oldest text in Phoenician script is an inscription on the sarcophagus of King <a href="/wiki/Ahiram" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiram">Ahiram</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 BCE. This script is the parent script of all western alphabets. By the 10th century BCE, two other forms distinguish themselves, <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite alphabet">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>. The Aramaic gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Arabian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="South Arabian alphabet">South Arabian alphabet</a>, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez abugida">Ge'ez abugida</a> was descended. Abugidas are writing systems with characters comprising consonant–vowel sequences. Alphabets without obligatory vowels are called <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a>, with examples being Arabic, Hebrew, and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>. The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution due to the need of preserving sacred texts. "Weak" consonants are used to indicate vowels. These letters have a dual function since they can also be used as pure consonants.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The Proto-Sinaitic script and the Ugaritic script were the first scripts with a limited number of signs instead of using many different signs for words, in contrast to cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a>. The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script,<a href="#cite_note-Coulmas_140-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniels_9296-8">[8]</a> and it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for traders to learn. Another advantage of the Phoenician alphabet was that it could write different languages since it recorded words phonemically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHockJoseph200985-31">[31]</a> The Phoenician script was spread across the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels_9296-8">[8]</a> The Greek alphabet was the first in which vowels had independent letterforms separate from those of consonants. The Greeks chose letters representing sounds that did not exist in Phoenician to represent vowels. The <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> syllabary, used by <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean Greeks">Mycenaean Greeks</a> from the 16th century BCE, had 87 symbols, including five vowels. In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, causing many different alphabets to evolve from it.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_alphabets">European alphabets</h4></div> The Greek alphabet, in <a href="/wiki/Euboean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean alphabet">Euboean form</a>, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 800–600 BCE giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic languages</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their republic. After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works. It came to be used for the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> that descended from Latin and most of the other languages of western and central Europe. Today, it is the most widely used script in the world.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Etruscan alphabet remained nearly unchanged for several hundred years. Only evolving once the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> changed itself. The letters used for non-existent phonemes were dropped.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Afterwards, however, the alphabet went through many different changes. The final classical form of Etruscan contained 20 letters. Four of them are vowels—⟨a, e, i, u⟩—six fewer letters than the earlier forms. The script in its classical form was used until the 1st century CE. The Etruscan language itself was not used during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, but the script was used for religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have <a href="/wiki/Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, a combination of two letters make one, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danish_and_Norwegian_alphabet" title="Danish and Norwegian alphabet">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic alphabet">Icelandic</a> and ⟨<a href="/wiki/Ou_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ou (letter)">Ȣ</a>⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a>; borrowings from other alphabets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> ⟨þ⟩ in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, which came from the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Futhark</a> runes;<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and modified existing letters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eth_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eth (letter)">eth</a> ⟨ð⟩ of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified d. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and Italian, which uses the letters j, k, x, y, and w only in foreign words.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Another notable script is <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a>, believed to have evolved out of one of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabets</a>. Elder Futhark gave rise to other alphabets known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabets</a>. The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from 100 CE to the late Middle Ages, being engraved on stone and jewelry, although inscriptions found on bone and wood occasionally appear. These alphabets have since been replaced with the Latin alphabet. The exception was for decorative use, where the runes remained in use until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg/220px-Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1014"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg/220px-Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg/330px-Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg/440px-Old_Hungarian_alphabet_of_J%C3%A1nos_Telegdi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> was the writing system of the Hungarians. It was in use during the entire history of Hungary, albeit not as an official writing system. From the 19th century, it once again became more and more popular.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Glagolitic alphabet">Glagolitic alphabet</a> was the initial script of the liturgical language <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> and became, together with the Greek uncial script, the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic alphabets</a> include <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_alphabet" title="Macedonian alphabet">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_alphabet" title="Bulgarian alphabet">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_alphabet" title="Belarusian alphabet">Belarusian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian</a>. The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, while the Cyrillic alphabet was created by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement of Ohrid</a>, their disciple. They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by Greek and Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asian_alphabets">Asian alphabets</h4></div> Many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> of the Middle East are developments of the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, believed to be a descendant of Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia. Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad, as with <a href="/wiki/Urdu_alphabet" title="Urdu alphabet">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a>, and sometimes as a complete alphabet, as with <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish alphabet">Kurdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur alphabet">Uyghur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_46-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2003%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_alphabets">Other alphabets</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hangul">Hangul</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> alphabet in 1443 CE. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a <a href="/wiki/Featural_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Featural alphabet">featural alphabet</a>, where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The creation of Hangul was planned by the government of the day,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>. This change allows for mixed-script writing, where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>, also referred to as zhuyin, is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">semi-syllabary</a> used primarily in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to transcribe the sounds of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>. Following the proclamation of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and its adoption of <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a> in 1956, the use of bopomofo on the mainland is limited. Bopomofo developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary. Like an alphabet, the phonemes of <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">syllable initials</a> are represented by individual symbols, but like a syllabary, the phonemes of the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">syllable finals</a> are not; each possible final (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_medial" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable medial">medial glide</a>) has its own character, an example being luan written as ㄌㄨㄢ (l-u-an). The last symbol ㄢ takes place as the entire final -an. While bopomofo is not a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> system, for aiding pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writing_systems_worldwide.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/310px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/310px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/465px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Writing_systems_worldwide.svg/620px-Writing_systems_worldwide.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;font-size:90%;"><caption style="font-weight:bold; font-size:105%; padding-bottom:5px">Predominant national and selected regional or minority scripts</caption><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="background:lavender;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;border-right:1px #fefefe solid;">Alphabetic</th><th scope="col" style="background:lavender;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;border-right:1px #fefefe solid;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">[L]ogographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">[S]yllabic</a></div></th><th scope="col" style="background:lavender;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;border-right:1px #fefefe solid;"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a></th><th scope="col" style="background:lavender;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;border-right:1px #fefefe solid;"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Tifinagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Tifinagh">Neo-Tifinagh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a> [L], [S]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> [S] / <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> [L] </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a> [S]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></div> [L], limited.</td><td style="white-space:nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">North Indic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">South Indic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1223039320">.mw-parser-output .abchis-body{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .abchis-title{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"> The term "alphabet" is used by <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleographer">paleographers</a> in both a wide and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, an alphabet is a segmental script at the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> level—that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish "true" alphabets from two other types of segmental script, <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a>. These three differ in how they treat vowels. Abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed. Abugidas are also consonant-based but indicate vowels with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The earliest known alphabet using this sense is the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age alphabets">Wadi el-Hol script</a>, believed to be an abjad. Its successor, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (via the <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> (via the Greek alphabet), and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/263px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="263" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 263px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/263px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png" data-width="263" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/395px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg/526px-Venn_diagram_gr_la_ru.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> showing the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> (bottom) and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> (right) alphabets, which share many of the same <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, although they have different pronunciations</figcaption></figure> Examples of present-day abjads are the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew script">Hebrew scripts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> true alphabets include <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, Cyrillic, and Korean hangul; and abugidas, used to write <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal syllabics</a> are also an abugida, rather than a syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination gets represented by a separate glyph.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> All three types may be augmented with syllabic glyphs. <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugaritic script">Ugaritic</a>, for example, is essentially an abjad but has syllabic letters for /ʔa, ʔi, ʔu/<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> These are the only times that vowels are indicated. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> has a letter for /ti/.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> is typically an abugida augmented with dedicated letters for initial vowels, though some traditions use अ as a <a href="/wiki/Zero_consonant" title="Zero consonant">zero consonant</a> as the graphic base for such vowels.<a href="#cite_note-Indo-Aryan-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The boundaries between the three types of segmental scripts are not always clear-cut. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a> Kurdish is written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>, which, when used for other languages, is an abjad. In <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, writing the vowels is mandatory, and whole letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with forced vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> was based closely on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan abugida</a>, but vowel marks are written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks. Although short a is not written, as in the Indic abugidas, The source of the term "abugida", namely the <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_abugida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez abugida">Ge'ez abugida</a> now used for <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, has assimilated into their consonant modifications. It is no longer systematic and must be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopic_genesis_(ch._29,_v._11-16),_15th_century_(The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII,_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 326px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="326" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopic_genesis_%28ch._29%2C_v._11-16%29%2C_15th_century_%28The_S.S._Teacher%27s_Edition-The_Holy_Bible_-_Plate_XII%2C_1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Script">Ge'ez Script</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></figcaption></figure> Thus the primary <a href="/wiki/Categorisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Categorisation">categorisation</a> of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal languages</a>, further classification can be based on their treatment of tone. Though names do not yet exist to distinguish the various types. Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and many other languages of Africa and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Most commonly, tones are indicated by diacritics, which is how vowels are treated in abugidas, which is the case for <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a> (a true alphabet) and <a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a> (an abugida). In Thai, the tone is determined primarily by a consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the <a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard script</a>, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics. The placing of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_46-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2003%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-46">[46]</a> More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for <a href="/wiki/Hmong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong alphabet">Hmong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang alphabet">Zhuang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. In <a href="/wiki/Zhuyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuyin">Zhuyin</a>, not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a> of Indic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Alphabetical_order">Alphabetical order</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">Alphabetical order</a></div> Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>—namely, for listing words and other items in <a href="/wiki/Alphabetical_order" title="Alphabetical order">alphabetical order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_alphabets">Latin alphabets</h3></div> The ordering of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>), which derives from the Northwest Semitic "Abgad" order,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> is already well established. Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the French é, à, and ô) and certain combinations of letters (<a href="/wiki/Multigraph_(orthography)" title="Multigraph (orthography)">multigraphs</a>). In French, these are not considered to be additional letters for collation. However, in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>, the accented letters such as á, í, and ö are considered distinct letters representing different vowel sounds from sounds represented by their unaccented counterparts. In Spanish, ñ is considered a separate letter, but accented vowels such as á and é are not. The ll and ch were also formerly considered single letters and sorted separately after l and c, but in 1994, the tenth congress of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Spanish_Language_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Spanish Language Academies">Association of Spanish Language Academies</a> changed the collating order so that ll came to be sorted between lk and lm in the dictionary and ch came to be sorted between cg and ci; those digraphs were still formally designated as letters, but in 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> changed it, so they are no longer considered letters at all.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In German, words starting with sch- (which spells the German phoneme /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/) are inserted between words with initial sca- and sci- (all incidentally loanwords) instead of appearing after the initial sz, as though it were a single letter, which contrasts several languages such as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Albanian</a>, in which dh-, ë-, gj-, ll-, rr-, th-, xh-, and zh-, which all represent phonemes and considered separate single letters, would follow the letters ⟨d, e, g, l, n, r, t, x, z⟩ respectively, as well as Hungarian and Welsh. Further, German words with an <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> get collated ignoring the umlaut as—contrary to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">graphemes</a> ö and ü, and where a word like tüfek would come after tuz, in the dictionary. An exception is the German telephone directory, where umlauts are sorted like ä=ae since names such as Jäger also appear with the spelling Jaeger and are not distinguished in the spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Danish_orthography" title="Danish orthography">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a> alphabets end with ⟨æ, ø, å⟩,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> whereas the Swedish conventionally put ⟨å, ä, ö⟩ at the end. However, æ phonetically corresponds with ⟨ä⟩, as does ⟨ø⟩ and ⟨ö⟩.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_alphabets">Early alphabets</h3></div> It is unknown whether the earliest alphabets had a defined sequence. Some alphabets today, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanuno%27o_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuno'o script">Hanuno'o script</a>, are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> where a definite order is required.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> However, a dozen <a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a> tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet in two sequences. One, the ABCDE order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>; the other, HMĦLQ, was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ge%CA%BBez_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geʻez alphabet (page does not exist)">Geʻez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> used an unrelated <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Futhark</a> sequence, which got <a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">simplified</a> later on.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a> usually uses its sequence, although Arabic retains the traditional <a href="/wiki/Abjadi_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Abjadi order">abjadi order</a>, which is used for numbers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic family</a> of alphabets used in India uses a unique order based on <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>: The letters are arranged according to how and where the sounds get produced in the mouth. This organization is present in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>, and even Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>, which is not an alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Acrophony">Acrophony</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In Phoenician, each letter got associated with a word that begins with that sound. This is called <a href="/wiki/Acrophony" title="Acrophony">acrophony</a> and is continuously used to varying degrees in <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Acrophony was abandoned in <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>. It referred to the letters by adding a vowel—usually ⟨e⟩, sometimes ⟨a⟩ or ⟨u⟩—before or after the consonant. Two exceptions were <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a>, which were borrowed from the Greek alphabet rather than Etruscan. They were known as Y Graeca "Greek Y" and zeta (from Greek)—this discrepancy was inherited by many European languages, as in the term zed for Z in all forms of English, other than American English.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Over time names sometimes shifted or were added, as in double U for <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, or "double V" in French, the English name for Y, and the American zee for Z. Comparing them in English and French gives a clear reflection of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a>: A, B, C, and D are pronounced /eɪ, biː, siː, diː/ in today's English, but in contemporary French they are /a, be, se, de/.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The French names (from which the English names got derived) preserve the qualities of the English vowels before the Great Vowel Shift. By contrast, the names of F, L, M, N, and S (/ɛf, ɛl, ɛm, ɛn, ɛs/) remain the same in both languages because "short" vowels were largely unaffected by the Shift.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In Cyrillic, originally, acrophony was present using Slavic words. The first three words going, azŭ, buky, vědě, with the Cyrillic collation order being, А, Б, В. However, this was later abandoned in favor of a system similar to Latin.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Orthography_and_pronunciation">Orthography and pronunciation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">Phonemic orthography</a></div> When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> generally comes into being, providing rules for <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> words, following the principle on which alphabets get based. These rules will map letters of the alphabet to the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of the spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In a perfectly <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>, there would be a consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker would always know the pronunciation of a word given its spelling, and vice versa. However, this ideal is usually never achieved in practice. Languages can come close to it, such as Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>. Others, such as English, deviate from it to a much larger degree.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The pronunciation of a language often evolves independently of its writing system. Writing systems have been borrowed for languages the orthography was not initially made to use. The degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways: <ul><li>A language may represent a given phoneme by combinations of letters rather than just a single letter. Two-letter combinations are called <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, and three-letter groups are called <a href="/wiki/Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraphs</a>. German uses the <a href="/wiki/Tetragraph" title="Tetragraph">tetragraphs</a> (four letters) "tsch" for the phoneme <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[tʃ]</a> and (in a few borrowed words) "dsch" for [dʒ].<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> also uses a tetragraph for one of its phonemes, namely "кхъу."<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Two letters representing one sound occur in several instances in Hungarian as well (where, for instance, cs stands for [tʃ], sz for [s], zs for [ʒ], dzs for [dʒ]).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li> <li>A language may represent the same phoneme with two or more different letters or combinations of letters. An example is <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">modern Greek</a> which may write the phoneme <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Greek pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[i]</a> in six different ways: ⟨ι⟩, ⟨η⟩, ⟨υ⟩, ⟨ει⟩, ⟨οι⟩, and ⟨υι⟩.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons. For example, the spelling of the Thai word for 'beer' เบียร์ retains a letter for the final consonant /r/ present in the English word it borrows, but silences it.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li>Different dialects of a language may use different phonemes for the same word.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>]</li> <li>A language may use different sets of symbols or rules for distinct vocabulary items, typically for foreign words, such as in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> syllabary is used for foreign words, and there are rules in English for using loanwords from other languages.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li></ul> National languages sometimes elect to address the problem of dialects by associating the alphabet with the national standard. Some national languages like <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> have a very regular spelling system with nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Similarly, the Italian verb corresponding to 'spell (out),' compitare, is unknown to many Italians because spelling is usually trivial, as Italian spelling is highly phonemic.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In standard Spanish, one can tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa, as phonemes sometimes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced. French using <a href="/wiki/Silent_letter" title="Silent letter">silent letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, may seem to lack much correspondence between the spelling and pronunciation. However, its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently. For English, this is because the <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a> occurred after the orthography got established and because English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However, even English has general, albeit complex, rules that predict pronunciation from spelling. Rules like this are usually successful. However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform">spelling reform</a> to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system. For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a> changed from an Arabic script to a Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence. In 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they switched to the Latin alphabet. Uzbekistan is reforming the alphabet to use diacritics on the letters that are marked by apostrophes and the letters that are digraphs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The standard system of symbols used by <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">Abecedarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshara" title="Akshara">Akshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_book" title="Alphabet book">Alphabet book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_effect" title="Alphabet effect">Alphabet effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphabet song">Alphabet song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Alphabet" title="Butterfly Alphabet">Butterfly Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_writing_system" title="Constructed writing system">Constructed writing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_phonetic_alphabet" title="NATO phonetic alphabet">NATO phonetic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipogram" title="Lipogram">Lipogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_symbolism" title="Letter symbolism">Letter symbolism</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Cambridge University Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50341-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50341-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50341-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+in+Mycenaean+Greek%3A+Three+Hundred+Selected+Tablets+from+Knossos%2C+Pylos+and+Mycenae+with+Commentary+and+Vocabulary&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50341-0&rft.aulast=Ventris&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft.au=Chadwick%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaso2017" class="citation book cs1">Naso, Alessandro, ed. (2017). Etruscology. 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Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814061-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814061-0"><bdi>978-0-19-814061-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Local+Scripts+of+Archaic+Greece%3A+A+Study+of+the+Origin+of+the+Greek+Alphabet+and+Its+Development+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Fifth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.series=Oxford+Monographs+on+Classical+Archaeology&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814061-0&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=L.+H.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonfanteLarissa_Bonfante2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Bonfante, Giuliano</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Larissa Bonfante</a> (2002). The Etruscan language: an introduction (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5539-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-5539-3"><bdi>0-7190-5539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+language%3A+an+introduction&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7190-5539-3&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft.au=Larissa+Bonfante&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Etruscan-alphabet">"Etruscan alphabet"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Etruscan+alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEtruscan-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2008" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Sirona (2008). Runes. New York: Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6006-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6006-8"><bdi>978-1-4027-6006-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6006-8&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Sirona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobustelliMaiden2014" class="citation book cs1">Robustelli, Cecilia; Maiden, Martin (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RszKAgAAQBAJ">A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian</a>. Routledge Reference Grammars (2nd ed.). Routledge (published 25 May 2007). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-91339-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-91339-0"><bdi>978-0-340-91339-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Modern+Italian&rft.series=Routledge+Reference+Grammars&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-340-91339-0&rft.aulast=Robustelli&rft.aufirst=Cecilia&rft.au=Maiden%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRszKAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Stifter, David (2010), "Lepontische Studien: Lexicon Leponticum und die Funktion von san im Lepontischen", in Stüber, Karin; et al. (eds.), Akten des 5. Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009, Wien. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Maxwell, Alexander (2004). "Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation". Anthropos. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10063%2F674">10063/674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Hungarian+Rune-Writing+Ideological+Linguistic+Nationalism+within+a+Homogenous+Nation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10063%2F674&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Glagolitic-alphabet">"Glagolitic alphabet"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Glagolitic+alphabet&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FGlagolitic-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/483026807/Aramaic-Alphabet">"Aramaic Alphabet"</a>. Scribd. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Aramaic+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F483026807%2FAramaic-Alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlau2010" class="citation book cs1">Blau, Joshua (2010). Phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew: an introduction. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-601-1"><bdi>978-1-57506-601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonology+and+morphology+of+Biblical+Hebrew%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-601-1&rft.aulast=Blau&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brahmi">"Brāhmī"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FBrahmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Thackston, W. M. (2006), "—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings", Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Harvard University, retrieved 10 June 2021 </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-46'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2003%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhou2003%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhou2003">Zhou 2003</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitkari2021" class="citation web cs1">Hitkari, Cherry (6 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thekootneeti.in/2021/10/06/alphabets-epitome-the-invention-of-hangul-and-its-contribution-to-the-korean-society/">"Alphabet's Epitome: The Invention of Hangul and its Contribution to the Korean Society"</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabet%27s+Epitome%3A+The+Invention+of+Hangul+and+its+Contribution+to+the+Korean+Society&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft.aulast=Hitkari&rft.aufirst=Cherry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthekootneeti.in%2F2021%2F10%2F06%2Falphabets-epitome-the-invention-of-hangul-and-its-contribution-to-the-korean-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hangul-Korean-alphabet">"Hangul"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hangul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHangul-Korean-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolersWrolstadBouma1980" class="citation book cs1">Kolers, Paul A.; Wrolstad, Merald Ernest; Bouma, Herman (1980). Processing of visible language. New York: Plenum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-40576-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-40576-8"><bdi>0-306-40576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Processing+of+visible+language&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Plenum&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-306-40576-8&rft.aulast=Kolers&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft.au=Wrolstad%2C+Merald+Ernest&rft.au=Bouma%2C+Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/bopomofo-zhuyin-fuhao-2279518">"The Definition of the Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=The+Definition+of+the+Bopomofo+Chinese+Phonetic+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fbopomofo-zhuyin-fuhao-2279518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> For critics of the abjad-abugida-alphabet distinction, see <a href="#CITEREFLehmann2012">Lehmann 2012</a>, esp p. 22–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sinaitic-inscriptions">"Sinaitic inscriptions"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinaitic+inscriptions&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSinaitic-inscriptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThamis" class="citation web cs1">Thamis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/17/the-phoenician-alphabet--language/">"The Phoenician Alphabet & Language"</a>. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Phoenician+Alphabet+%26+Language&rft.au=Thamis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Farticle%2F17%2Fthe-phoenician-alphabet--language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński1975" class="citation book cs1">Lipiński, Edward (1975). Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6186-019-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-6186-019-9"><bdi>90-6186-019-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Aramaic+inscriptions+and+onomastics&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-6186-019-9&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Bernard Comrie, 2005, "Writing Systems", in Haspelmath et al. eds, The World Atlas of Language Structures (p 568 ff). Also Robert Bringhurst, 2004, The solid form of language: an essay on writing and meaning. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Florian Coulmas, 1991, The writing systems of the world </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchniedewind2007" class="citation book cs1">Schniedewind, William M. (2007). A primer on Ugaritic: language, culture, and literature. Joel H. Hunt. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-34933-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-34933-1"><bdi>978-0-511-34933-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+primer+on+Ugaritic%3A+language%2C+culture%2C+and+literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-511-34933-1&rft.aulast=Schniedewind&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/linguistics/text/2095533">"КОПТСКОЕ ПИСЬМО • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия"</a>. bigenc.ru. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bigenc.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%95+%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9C%D0%9E+%E2%80%A2+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Flinguistics%2Ftext%2F2095533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indo-Aryan-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Indo-Aryan_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Dhanesh; Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan languages. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9"><bdi>978-1-135-79711-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79711-9&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Dhanesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html">"A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner"</a>. sanskritdocuments.org. Retrieved 30 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanskritdocuments.org&rft.atitle=A+Practical+Sanskrit+Introductory+by+Charles+Wikner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Flearning_tutorial_wikner%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyberg1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nyberg, Henrik (1964). A Manual of Pahlavi: Glossary (in German). Harrassowitz (published 31 December 1974). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-01580-6"><bdi>978-3-447-01580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Pahlavi%3A+Glossary&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-3-447-01580-6&rft.aulast=Nyberg&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlphonsaBhanjaLaskarLaskar2017" class="citation book cs1">Alphonsa, Alice Celin; Bhanja, Chuya China; Laskar, Azharuddin; Laskar, Rabul Hussain (2017). "Spectral feature based automatic tonal and non-tonal language classification". 2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT). pp. 1271–1276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICICICT1.2017.8342752">10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342752</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5090-6106-8"><bdi>978-1-5090-6106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spectral+feature+based+automatic+tonal+and+non-tonal+language+classification&rft.btitle=2017+International+Conference+on+Intelligent+Computing%2C+Instrumentation+and+Control+Technologies+%28ICICICT%29&rft.pages=1271-1276&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FICICICT1.2017.8342752&rft.isbn=978-1-5090-6106-8&rft.aulast=Alphonsa&rft.aufirst=Alice+Celin&rft.au=Bhanja%2C+Chuya+China&rft.au=Laskar%2C+Azharuddin&rft.au=Laskar%2C+Rabul+Hussain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalaalAndrzejewski1956" class="citation book cs1">Galaal, Muuse Haaji Ismaaʻiil; Andrzejewski, Bogumił W. (1956). Hikmaad Soomaali. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hikmaad+Soomaali&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Galaal&rft.aufirst=Muuse+Haaji+Ismaa%CA%BBiil&rft.au=Andrzejewski%2C+Bogumi%C5%82+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Marybeth (2000). Deixis and Anaphora and Prelinguistic Universals. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 46–61. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20000140">20000140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deixis+and+Anaphora+and+Prelinguistic+Universals&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=46-61&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20000140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Marybeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreet2020" class="citation news cs1">Street, Julie (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-11/history-of-alphabetical-order-a-to-z/12320808">"From A to Z — the surprising history of alphabetical order -AU"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=From+A+to+Z+%E2%80%94+the+surprising+history+of+alphabetical+order+-AU&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.aulast=Street&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-11%2Fhistory-of-alphabetical-order-a-to-z%2F12320808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2012" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2012). "27–30–22–26 – How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic". The Idea of Writing. pp. 11–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004217003_003">10.1163/9789004217003_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21700-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21700-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21700-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=27%E2%80%9330%E2%80%9322%E2%80%9326+%E2%80%93+How+Many+Letters+Needs+an+Alphabet%3F+The+Case+of+Semitic&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Writing&rft.pages=11-52&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004217003_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21700-3&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Real Academia Española. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rae.es/espanol-al-dia/exclusion-de-ch-y-ll-del-abecedario">Exclusión de «ch» y «ll» del abecedario.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> "La 'i griega' se llamará 'ye'". Cuba Debate. 2010-11-05. Retrieved 12 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2010/11/05/la-i-griega-se-llamara-ye-y-la-ch-y-la-ll-desaparecen-por-decreto-de-la-academia-espanola">Cubadebate.cu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">DIN 5007-1:2005-08 Filing of Character Strings – Part 1: General Rules for Processing (ABC Rules) (in German). German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DIN+5007-1%3A2005-08+Filing+of+Character+Strings+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+General+Rules+for+Processing+%28ABC+Rules%29&rft.pub=German+Institute+for+Standardisation+%28Deutsches+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Normung%29&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAGmob2013" class="citation book cs1">WAGmob (25 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-pvAgAAQBAJ">Learn Danish (Alphabet and Numbers)</a>. WAGmob.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+Danish+%28Alphabet+and+Numbers%29&rft.pub=WAGmob&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft.au=WAGmob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-pvAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWAGmob2014" class="citation book cs1">WAGmob (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Qx2AgAAQBAJ">Learn Norwegian (Alphabet and Numbers)</a>. WAGmob.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+Norwegian+%28Alphabet+and+Numbers%29&rft.pub=WAGmob&rft.date=2014&rft.au=WAGmob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Qx2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2003" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Philip (2003). Swedish: a comprehensive grammar. Ian Hinchliffe (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27883-6"><bdi>978-0-415-27883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish%3A+a+comprehensive+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27883-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConklin2007" class="citation book cs1">Conklin, Harold C. (2007). Fine description: ethnographic and linguistic essays. Joel Corneal Kuipers, Ray McDermott. New Haven, CT: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. pp. 320–342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938692-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938692-85-0"><bdi>978-0-938692-85-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fine+description%3A+ethnographic+and+linguistic+essays&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=320-342&rft.pub=Yale+University+Southeast+Asia+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-938692-85-0&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillard1986">Millard 1986</a>, p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Ethi">"ScriptSource – Ethiopic (Geʻez)"</a>. scriptsource.org. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scriptsource.org&rft.atitle=ScriptSource+%E2%80%93+Ethiopic+%28Ge%CA%BBez%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscriptsource.org%2Fcms%2Fscripts%2Fpage.php%3Fitem_id%3Dscript_detail%26key%3DEthi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1980" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Ralph Warren Victor (1980). Runes, an introduction. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0787-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0787-9"><bdi>0-7190-0787-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Runes%2C+an+introduction&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7190-0787-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Warren+Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrellesvig2010" class="citation book cs1">Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A history of the Japanese language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-93242-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-93242-7"><bdi>978-0-511-93242-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Japanese+language&rft.pages=177-178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-511-93242-7&rft.aulast=Frellesvig&rft.aufirst=Bjarke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-samaritans.net/the-samaritan-script/">"The Samaritan Script"</a>. The Samaritans. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Samaritans&rft.atitle=The+Samaritan+Script&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-samaritans.net%2Fthe-samaritan-script%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> Notice the "Names of the Letters" Section. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod2015" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, Ewan (2015). Learn The Aramiac Alphabet. pp. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+The+Aramiac+Alphabet&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson1985" class="citation book cs1">Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). Writing systems: a linguistic introduction. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1254-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1254-9"><bdi>0-8047-1254-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+systems%3A+a+linguistic+introduction&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8047-1254-9&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2016" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, Loren E. (2016). A simple approach to French pronunciation: a comprehensive guide. Minneapolis, MN: Two Harbors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63505-259-6"><bdi>978-1-63505-259-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+simple+approach+to+French+pronunciation%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Two+Harbors&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-63505-259-6&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Loren+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chaucer.fas.harvard.edu/pages/great-vowel-shift">"The Great Vowel Shift"</a>. chaucer.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chaucer.fas.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=The+Great+Vowel+Shift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchaucer.fas.harvard.edu%2Fpages%2Fgreat-vowel-shift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> Note how it says short vowels are similar between Middle and Modern English. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunt2001" class="citation book cs1">Lunt, Horace G. (2001). Old Church Slavonic grammar (7th ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016284-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016284-9"><bdi>3-11-016284-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Church+Slavonic+grammar&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-016284-9&rft.aulast=Lunt&rft.aufirst=Horace+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidenberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Seidenberg, Mark (1992). Frost, Ram; Katz, Leonard (eds.). Beyond Orthographic Depth in Reading: Equitable Division of Labor. Advances in Psychology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-89140-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-89140-2"><bdi>978-0-444-89140-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Orthographic+Depth+in+Reading%3A+Equitable+Division+of+Labor&rft.pub=Advances+in+Psychology&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-444-89140-2&rft.aulast=Seidenberg&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlund2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nordlund, Taru (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110288179.351">"Standardization of Finnish Orthography: From Reformists to National Awakeners"</a>. Walter de Gruyter: 351–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110288179.351">10.1515/9783110288179.351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-028817-9"><bdi>978-3-11-028817-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156286003">156286003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.atitle=Standardization+of+Finnish+Orthography%3A+From+Reformists+to+National+Awakeners&rft.pages=351-372&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156286003%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110288179.351&rft.isbn=978-3-11-028817-9&rft.aulast=Nordlund&rft.aufirst=Taru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252F9783110288179.351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Henry (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twpl.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/twpl/article/view/6264">"Sociolinguistic factors in borrowed writing systems"</a>. Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistic+factors+in+borrowed+writing+systems&rft.volume=17&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwpl.library.utoronto.ca%2Findex.php%2Ftwpl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F6264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReindl2005" class="citation book cs1">Reindl, Donald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWAeAQAAMAAJ">The Effects of Historical German-Slovene Language Contact on the Slovene Language</a> (Digitized ed.). Indiana University, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Effects+of+Historical+German-Slovene+Language+Contact+on+the+Slovene+Language&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=Digitized&rft.pub=Indiana+University%2C+Department+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Literature.&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Reindl&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWAeAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dictionaries, An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography. Vol. 3rd. Walter De Gruyter. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionaries%2C+An+International+Encyclopedia+of+Lexicography&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerecz2020" class="citation book cs1">Berecz, Ágoston (2020). Empty signs, historical imaginaries: the entangled nationalization of names and naming in a late Habsburg borderland. New York: Berghahn. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-635-7"><bdi>978-1-78920-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empty+signs%2C+historical+imaginaries%3A+the+entangled+nationalization+of+names+and+naming+in+a+late+Habsburg+borderland&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Berghahn&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-635-7&rft.aulast=Berecz&rft.aufirst=%C3%81goston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellKing2018" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2018). The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-58125-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-58125-1"><bdi>978-0-367-58125-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Concise+Compendium+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-367-58125-1&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=King%2C+Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllynChaiyana1995" class="citation book cs1">Allyn, Eric; Chaiyana, Samorn (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGJkAAAAMAAJ">The Bua Luang What You See is what You Say Thai Phrase Handbook Contemporary Thai-language Phrases in Context, WYSIWYS Easier-to-read Transliteration System</a>. Bua Luang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942777-04-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942777-04-8"><bdi>978-0-942777-04-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bua+Luang+What+You+See+is+what+You+Say+Thai+Phrase+Handbook+Contemporary+Thai-language+Phrases+in+Context%2C+WYSIWYS+Easier-to-read+Transliteration+System&rft.pub=Bua+Luang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-942777-04-8&rft.aulast=Allyn&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Chaiyana%2C+Samorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGJkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Note in the pronunciation guide next to "เบียร์" it has it being said as, "Bia" </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrielkowskiBirkökKhan2022" class="citation book cs1">Strielkowski, Wadim; Birkök, Mehmet; Khan, Intakhab, eds. (2022). Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research: Proceedings of the 2022 6th international Seminar, on Education, Management, and Social Sciences. Atlantis. p. 644. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2494069305" title="Special:BookSources/978-2494069305"><bdi>978-2494069305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Social+Science%2C+Education%2C+and+Humanities+Research%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2022+6th+international+Seminar%2C+on+Education%2C+Management%2C+and+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Atlantis&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-2494069305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasser2021" class="citation web cs1">Gasser, Micheal (10 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Anthropology/Linguistics/Book%3A_How_Language_Works_(Gasser)/04%3A_Word_Forms_-_Processes/4.05%3A_English_Accents">"4.5: English Accents"</a>. Social Sci LibreTexts. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Sci+LibreTexts&rft.atitle=4.5%3A+English+Accents&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft.aulast=Gasser&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FAnthropology%2FLinguistics%2FBook%253A_How_Language_Works_%28Gasser%29%2F04%253A_Word_Forms_-_Processes%2F4.05%253A_English_Accents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Workbook/laboratory manual to accompany Yookoso!: an invitation to contemporary Japanese. Sachiko Fuji, Yasuhiko Tohsaku. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-072293-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-072293-5"><bdi>0-07-072293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workbook%2Flaboratory+manual+to+accompany+Yookoso%21%3A+an+invitation+to+contemporary+Japanese&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-07-072293-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurkin2014" class="citation book cs1">Durkin, Philip (2014). Borrowed words: a history of loanwords in English. Oxford Scholarship Online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166706-0"><bdi>978-0-19-166706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Borrowed+words%3A+a+history+of+loanwords+in+English&rft.pub=Oxford+Scholarship+Online&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-166706-0&rft.aulast=Durkin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2013" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, R. Malatesha (2013). Handbook of Orthography and Literacy. P. G. Aaron. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-78134-6"><bdi>978-1-136-78134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Orthography+and+Literacy&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-78134-6&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=R.+Malatesha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKambourakis2007" class="citation book cs1">Kambourakis, Kristie McCrary (2007). Reassessing the role of the syllable in Italian phonology: an experimental study of consonant cluster syllabification, definite article allomorphy and segment duration. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-306197-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-306197-7"><bdi>978-1-00-306197-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+the+role+of+the+syllable+in+Italian+phonology%3A+an+experimental+study+of+consonant+cluster+syllabification%2C+definite+article+allomorphy+and+segment+duration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-00-306197-7&rft.aulast=Kambourakis&rft.aufirst=Kristie+McCrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochester2009" class="citation book cs1">Rochester, Myrna Bell (2009). Easy French step-by-step: master high-frequency grammar for French proficiency. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-164221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-164221-7"><bdi>978-0-07-164221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Easy+French+step-by-step%3A+master+high-frequency+grammar+for+French+proficiency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-164221-7&rft.aulast=Rochester&rft.aufirst=Myrna+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenhamLobeck2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Denham" title="Kristin Denham">Denham, Kristin E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Lobeck" title="Anne Lobeck">Lobeck, Anne C.</a> (2010). Linguistics for everyone: an introduction. Boston: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-1589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-1589-8"><bdi>978-1-4130-1589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistics+for+everyone%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4130-1589-8&rft.aulast=Denham&rft.aufirst=Kristin+E.&rft.au=Lobeck%2C+Anne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinstead2014" class="citation news cs1">Linstead, Stephen (11 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/mind-your-language/2014/dec/11/mind-your-language-english-spelling">"English spellings don't match the sounds they are supposed to represent. It's time to change"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=English+spellings+don%27t+match+the+sounds+they+are+supposed+to+represent.+It%27s+time+to+change&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.aulast=Linstead&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fmind-your-language%2F2014%2Fdec%2F11%2Fmind-your-language-english-spelling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2004" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004). Turkey: a modern history (3rd ed.). London: I. B. Tauris. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4175-5697-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4175-5697-8"><bdi>1-4175-5697-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188-189&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4175-5697-8&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru"><bdi lang="kk">Нұрсұлтан Назарбаев. Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру</bdi></a> (in Kazakh (Cyrillic script)). 28 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru">the original</a> on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%81%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2.+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D2%9B%D2%9B%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%3A+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%83&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegemen.kz%2Farticle%2Fnursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <bdi><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku">О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику</a></bdi> [On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Republic of Kazakhstan">President of the Republic of Kazakhstan</a>. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.evertype.com/standards/uz/uzlat.html">"ÖZBEK ALIFBOSI"</a>. www.evertype.com (in Uzbek). Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.evertype.com&rft.atitle=%C3%96ZBEK+ALIFBOSI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fuz%2Fuzlat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023/31099723.html">"Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023"</a>. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Aims+For+Full+Transition+To+Latin-Based+Alphabet+By+2023&rft.date=2021-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-aims-for-full-transition-to-latin-based-alphabet-by-2023%2F31099723.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Phonetic_Association1999" class="citation book cs1">International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65236-7"><bdi>0-521-65236-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+a+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1989" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOywmavmZ3UC">The Writing Systems of the World</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18028-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18028-9"><bdi>978-0-631-18028-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writing+Systems+of+the+World&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18028-9&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOywmavmZ3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1999" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1999). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118932667">10.1002/9781118932667</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19446-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19446-0"><bdi>978-0-631-19446-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Writing+Systems&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118932667&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19446-0&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937">The World's Writing Systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507993-7"><bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Writing+Systems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507993-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rft.au=Bright%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195079937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Rolles_Driver" title="Godfrey Rolles Driver">Driver, Godfrey Rolles</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/Schweich_Lectures_on_Biblical_Archaeology" title="Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology">Semitic Writing (Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology S</a> (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-725917-7"><bdi>978-0-19-725917-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+Writing+%28Schweich+Lectures+on+Biblical+Archaeology+S&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-19-725917-7&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Godfrey+Rolles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haarmann, Harald (2004). Geschichte der Schrift [History of Writing] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-47998-4"><bdi>978-3-406-47998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Schrift&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-406-47998-4&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockJoseph2009" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. (2009). Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110214307">10.1515/9783110214307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021842-8"><bdi>978-3-11-021842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+History%2C+Language+Change%2C+and+Language+Relationship&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110214307&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021842-8&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Brian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2004" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=momIk7nVNdkC">In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3654-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3654-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-3654-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+A+Short+History+of+the+Hebrew+Language&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3654-8&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Joel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmomIk7nVNdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2004" class="citation book cs1">Logan, Robert K. (2004). The Alphabet Effect: A Media Ecology Understanding of the Making of Western Civilization. Hampton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57273-523-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57273-523-1"><bdi>978-1-57273-523-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alphabet+Effect%3A+A+Media+Ecology+Understanding+of+the+Making+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Hampton&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57273-523-1&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLuhanLogan1977" class="citation journal cs1">McLuhan, Marshall; Logan, Robert K. (1977). "Alphabet, Mother of Invention". ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 34 (4): 373–383. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42575278">42575278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ETC%3A+A+Review+of+General+Semantics&rft.atitle=Alphabet%2C+Mother+of+Invention&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=373-383&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42575278%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McLuhan&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Logan%2C+Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1986" class="citation journal cs1">Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 390–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978">10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/124703">124703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Infancy+of+the+Alphabet&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=390-398&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00438243.1986.9979978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F124703%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc-AlainJosephine1999" class="citation book cs1">Marc-Alain, Ouaknin; Josephine, Bacon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteriesofalpha00ouak">Mysteries of the Alphabet: The Origins of Writing</a>. Abbeville. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0521-6"><bdi>978-0-7892-0521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysteries+of+the+Alphabet%3A+The+Origins+of+Writing&rft.pub=Abbeville&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7892-0521-6&rft.aulast=Marc-Alain&rft.aufirst=Ouaknin&rft.au=Josephine%2C+Bacon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteriesofalpha00ouak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1991" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Barry B. (1991). Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58907-9"><bdi>978-0-521-58907-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+and+the+Origin+of+the+Greek+Alphabet&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58907-9&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1">——— (2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6256-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6256-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-6256-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing%3A+Theory+and+History+of+the+Technology+of+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6256-2&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Barry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2004" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterperfect00davi">Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z</a>. Broadway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1173-3"><bdi>978-0-7679-1173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+Perfect%3A+The+Marvelous+History+of+Our+Alphabet+from+A+to+Z&rft.pub=Broadway&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1173-3&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterperfect00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaggs1991" class="citation book cs1">Saggs, H. W. F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300050318">Civilization Before Greece and Rome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05031-8"><bdi>978-0-300-05031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+Before+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05031-8&rft.aulast=Saggs&rft.aufirst=H.+W.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300050318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2003" class="citation book cs1">Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110924596">10.1515/9783110924596</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017896-8"><bdi>978-3-11-017896-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+in+China&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110924596&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017896-8&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Minglang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlphabet" class="Z3988"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style 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style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alphabet" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:alphabet">alphabet</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alphabets" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alphabets">Alphabets</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uca.edu.ar/esp/sec-ffilosofia/esp/docs-institutos/s-cehao/boletin/damqatum3_eng2007.pdf">"Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico"</a>, Damqātum 3 (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/alphabets/index.html">Alphabets of Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429051634/http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/article.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=2&ArticleID=6">How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs</a>—Biblical Archaeology Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001194931/https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?cid=E39B50D7D9EA3235&resid=E39B50D7D9EA3235!126&app=WordPdf">An Early Hellenic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128234751/http://www.jaars.org/museum/alphabet/index.htm">Museum of the Alphabet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0054950">The Alphabet</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard and Rosalind Thomas (In Our Time, 18 December 2003)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&oldid=1260703329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&oldid=1260703329</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Alphabet&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 December 2024, at 04:18 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Тхыпкъылъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тхыпкъылъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B5" title="አልፋቤት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፋቤት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णमाला – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألفبائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفبائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%A6%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC" title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܠܦܒܝܬ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Այբուբեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8t" title="Alfabèt – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alfabèt" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu" title="Alfabetu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itasinahikewin" title="Itasinahikewin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Itasinahikewin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णमाला – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achegety" title="Achegety – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Achegety" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flifba" title="Əlifba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlifba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الیفبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الیفبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="অশব্দীয় বর্ণমালা লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অশব্দীয় বর্ণমালা লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabit" title="Alpabit – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Alpabit" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%AB-b%C3%B3-h%C4%93" title="Jī-bó-hē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jī-bó-hē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Алфавіт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Альфабэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфабэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णमाला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto" title="Alpabeto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Азбука – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азбука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abeceda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizherenneg" title="Lizherenneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lizherenneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Үзэг бэшэг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үзэг бэшэг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto" title="Alpabeto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abeceda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbiro_re_Mabhi" title="Bumbiro re Mabhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bumbiro re Mabhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddor_(iaith)" title="Gwyddor (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddor (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachik%C9%94ba" title="Bachikɔba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bachikɔba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabehta" title="Alfabehta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Alfabehta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%84%DE%A7" title="އަލިފުބާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަލިފުބާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hestik" title="Tähestik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähestik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Αλφάβητο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφάβητο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu" title="Alfabetu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alfabetu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الفبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akchhar" title="Akchhar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Akchhar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavra%C3%B0" title="Stavrað – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stavrað" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aib%C3%ADtir" title="Aibítir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aibítir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbyrlhit" title="Abbyrlhit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abbyrlhit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aibidil" title="Aibidil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aibidil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="字母" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%86%8C%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="음소문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음소문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruffa" title="Haruffa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haruffa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Այբուբեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այբուբեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णमाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abeceda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto" title="Alpabeto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="মেয়েক – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মেয়েক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabeto" title="Alphabeto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabeto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchagat" title="Atchagat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Atchagat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafr%C3%B3f" title="Stafróf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stafróf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלפבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8t" title="Alfabèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfabèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C9%A9_kpeekpe_p%C9%A9l%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Masɩ kpeekpe pɩlʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Masɩ kpeekpe pɩlʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ანბანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანბანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Әліпби – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әліпби" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytherennek" title="Lytherennek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lytherennek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti" title="Alfabeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfabeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C3%A8" title="Alfabè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alfabè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalfab%C3%A9" title="Lalfabé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lalfabé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabe" title="Alfabe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alefbet" title="Alefbet – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Alefbet" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abecedarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfab%C4%93ts" title="Alfabēts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfabēts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C4%97c%C4%97l%C4%97" title="Abėcėlė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abėcėlė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afab%C9%9B%CC%81" title="Afabɛ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Afabɛ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeta" title="Alfabeta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabeta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abecee" title="Abecee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abecee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णमाला – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वर्णमाला" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidy" title="Abidy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abidy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="അക്ഷരമാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്ഷരമാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabett" title="Alfabett – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alfabett" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="मुळाक्षर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुळाक्षर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ანბანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანბანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abjad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abc" title="Abc – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Abc" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Алфавитсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Алфавитсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Цагаан толгой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаан толгой" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="အက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vola" title="Vola – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF" title="वर्णात्मक लिपि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्णात्मक लिपि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%83" title="आखः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आखः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="アルファベット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルファベット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfabeto" title="Arfabeto – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Arfabeto" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Абат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Абат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeet" title="Alfabeet – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тиштер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тиштер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifbo" title="Alifbo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alifbo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਨਮਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="حروف تہجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အက္ခရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အက္ခရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="الفبا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الفبا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeet" title="Alfabeet – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Alfabeet" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siq%27i_llumpa" title="Siq'i llumpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Siq'i llumpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Алфавіт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алфавіт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Алфавит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алфавит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Алпабыыт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алпабыыт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अक्षरमाला – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अक्षरमाला" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="حروف تہجی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetu" title="Alfabetu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alfabetu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti" title="Alfabeti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfabeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabbetu" title="Alfabbetu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alfabbetu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="آئيوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آئيوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda_(jazykoveda)" title="Abeceda (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abeceda (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeceda" title="Abeceda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abeceda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabyt" title="Alfabyt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Alfabyt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifbeet" title="Alifbeet – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alifbeet" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8E" title="ئەلفوبێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفوبێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Алфабет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфабет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpab%C3%A9t" title="Alpabét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alpabét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakkoset" title="Aakkoset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aakkoset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpabeto" title="Alpabeto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alpabeto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="அகரவரிசை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகரவரிசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agemmay" title="Agemmay – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agemmay" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabb%C3%A8te" title="Alfabbète – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Alfabbète" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84lifba" title="Älifba – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Älifba" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="అక్షరమాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్షరమాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3" title="อักษร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AFn%C3%ABg%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Kïnëgäär – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kïnëgäär" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabe" title="Alfabe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfabe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elipbi%C3%BD" title="Elipbiý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Elipbiý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="حروف تہجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حروف تہجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeto" title="Alfabeto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alfabeto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3ng_ch%E1%BB%AF_c%C3%A1i" title="Bảng chữ cái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bảng chữ cái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafab" title="Lafab – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lafab" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hist%C3%BC" title="Tähistü – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tähistü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abakadahan" title="Abakadahan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abakadahan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="字母系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="字母系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%98" title="אלפאבעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפאבעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81b%C3%ADd%C3%AD" title="Ábídí – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ábídí" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%A5%97%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="一套字母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="一套字母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabe" title="Alfabe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfabe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="全音素文字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全音素文字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abichi" title="Abichi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Abichi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Alfabet" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%AF%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2" title="ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴳⵯⵎⵎⴰⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2024, at 04:18 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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