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value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">X</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/X" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li 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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=X&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the letter. For the social network, see <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/X_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="X (disambiguation)">X (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfreference noprint selfref plainlinks">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, ":X" redirects here. For the keyboard symbol, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_emoticons" title="List of emoticons">List of emoticons</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/X" title="Special:EditPage/X">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22X%22">"X"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22X%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22X%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22X%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22X%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>X, or x, is the twenty-fourth <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">modern English alphabet</a>, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ex#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:ex">ex</a> (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɛks/</a>), plural exes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">X</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">X x</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/220px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/330px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Latin_letter_X.svg/440px-Latin_letter_X.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1190286162">.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em ul,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em ul{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li,.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-2em li{min-width:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-3em li{min-width:2.5em}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd ul{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .template-grid-list-abcd li{display:inline-block;text-align:center;min-width:1.57em;padding:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</li><li>[<a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">∅</a>]</li><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɛks/</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+0058, U+0078</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alphabetical position</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: normal"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%93%8A%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:𓊽">𓊽</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤎">𐤎</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐤎">𐤎</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">𐊑</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">𐊐</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌗">𐊐</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>X x</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">~−700 to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">×</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="⨘ (page does not exist)">⨘</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%A8%89" class="mw-redirect" title="⨉">⨉</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%A8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="⨯">⨯</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%9C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="✗">✗</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%98%92" class="mw-redirect" title="☒">☒</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꭓ">ꭓ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/X%CC%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="X̧">X̧</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1190286162"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist template-grid-list-3em"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8D%87" class="mw-redirect" title="𐍇">𐍇</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%82%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⴕ">Ⴕ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ქ">ქ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ⴟ">Ⴟ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ჯ">ჯ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#X" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">x(x)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Use_in_writing_systems">2 Use in writing systems</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#English">2.1 English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Romance_languages">2.2 Romance languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Other_languages">2.3 Other languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_systems">2.4 Other systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Other_uses">3 Other uses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Related_characters">4 Related characters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet">4.1 Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets">4.2 Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other_representations">5 Other representations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Computing">5.1 Computing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Other">5.2 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Western Greek <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a> </th> <th>Etruscan X </th> <th>Latin X </th></tr> <tr style="background-color:white; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/45px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 55px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/45px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" data-width="45" data-height="55" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/68px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/90px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:EtruscanX-01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/25px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 35px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/25px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png" data-width="25" data-height="35" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/38px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/EtruscanX-01.svg/50px-EtruscanX-01.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/28px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="54"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/28px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png" data-width="28" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/42px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG/56px-Capitalis_monumentalis_X.SVG.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The letter ⟨X⟩, representing /ks/, was inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>. It perhaps originated in the ⟨Χ⟩ of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets#Euboean" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Euboean alphabet</a> or another Western Greek alphabet, which also represented /ks/. Its relationship with the ⟨Χ⟩ of the Eastern Greek alphabets, which represented /kʰ/, is uncertain. The pronunciation of /ks/ in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> underwent <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_in_the_Romance_languages" title="Palatalization in the Romance languages">sound changes</a>, with various outcomes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: /js/ (e.g. laisser from laxare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: /ss/ (e.g. asse from axem) and, in some cases, /ʃʃ/ (e.g. lasciare from laxare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: /jʃ/ (e.g. eixo from axem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: /ps/ (e.g. coapsă from coxa) and /s/ (e.g. lăsa from laxare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>: /ʃ/ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: /x/ (e.g. cuja from coxa)</li></ul></li></ul> In Old Spanish, ⟨x⟩ came to represent /ʃ/, which it still represents in most <a href="/wiki/Iberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian languages">Iberian languages</a> and in the orthographies of other languages influenced by Spanish, such as <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>. In French (with a few exceptions), Italian, Romanian, and modern Spanish, ⟨x⟩ was replaced by other letters. The use of ⟨x⟩ to represent /ks/ was reintroduced to the Romance languages via Latin <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. In many words, the /ks/ was <a href="/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing" title="Consonant voicing and devoicing">voiced</a> as /gz/. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Use_in_writing_systems">Use in writing systems</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Pronunciation of ⟨x⟩ by language </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Orthography </th> <th>Phonemes </th> <th>Environment </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Asturian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Asturian orthography">Asturian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, /ks/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Albanian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian orthography">Albanian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azeri</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Basque_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque orthography">Basque</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>Usually (word-initially, after consonants, i, au, or eu, in some surnames such as <a href="/wiki/Rexach" title="Rexach">Rexach</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/gz/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ks/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>) </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Cou</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/ ~ /<a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Usually, mainly used in loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Usually; before an unstressed vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td>/gz/ </td> <td>Before a stressed vowel </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>Word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, and words derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl" title="Classical Nahuatl">Classical Nahuatl</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_orthography" title="Esperanto orthography">Esperanto</a> </th> <td>in digraphs only as a substitute for a diacritic </td> <td>cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux are used as substitutes for ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ where these characters are not available, see <a href="/wiki/X-convention" class="mw-redirect" title="X-convention">X-convention</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Usually; in <a href="/wiki/Aix_(disambiguation)#France" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aix (disambiguation)">Aix-</a> (prefix or name of several places) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/gz/ </td> <td>Mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> ex- followed by a vowel; sometimes word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>Silent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">Word-finally</a> with no liaison </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>Word-finally with <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a>; in sixième (6th) and dixième (10th) </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>In six (<a href="/wiki/6" title="6">6</a>), dix (<a href="/wiki/10" title="10">10</a>), <a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a>, and Bruxelles (<a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Galician_alphabet" title="Galician alphabet">Galician</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td>/(k)s/ </td> <td>Some learned loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography">German</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Mainly used in loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_orthography" title="Indonesian orthography">Indonesian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>In the beginning of a word, mainly used in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> for science </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>In the middle or the end of a word, although words borrowed with the letter x in the middle or the end of a word are always replaced by the letters 'ks'. For example, the word 'maximum' and 'climax' in Indonesian would be 'maksimal' and 'klimaks'. Letter x on the middle or the end of a word only occurs in names. Mainly used in loanwords for science. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Mainly used in learned loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish orthography">Kurdish</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> romanization </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>A "low consonant", affects the tone of the following vowel </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Leonese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese dialect">Leonese</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maltese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese orthography">Maltese</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academia_de_Lenguas_Mayas_de_Guatemala" title="Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala">ALMG</a>) </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_orthography" title="Nahuatl orthography">Nahuatl</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nguni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguni language">Nguni</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_orthography" title="Norwegian orthography">Norwegian</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Archaic </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Occitan_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Occitan orthography">Occitan</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/ </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>Before consonants </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡz/ </td> <td>In the prefix ex- before vowels in the <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaro-Alpine">Vivaro-Alpine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard" class="mw-redirect" title="Niçard">Niçard</a> dialects </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ɡʒ/ </td> <td>Before ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ in the <a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a> dialect </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Polish_orthography" title="Polish orthography">Polish</a> </th> <td>/ks ~ gz/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>Usually, always when word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ks/ </td> <td>Found between vowels in some words, mainly in those that entered the language recently </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>When preceded by ⟨e⟩ and succeded by a consonant </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> ⟨ex⟩ when before a vowel and ⟨exo⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>/gz/ </td> <td>Optionally in the <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_prefix" title="Numeral prefix">hexa-</a>, although most dialects just pronounce this prefix’s ⟨x⟩ as /ks/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian alphabet">Sardinian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_orthography" title="Sicilian orthography">Sicilian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ </td> <td>Old Sicilian words and names, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joppolo_Giancaxio" title="Joppolo Giancaxio">Giancaxio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/k(ə)s(ə)/ </td> <td>Loanwords </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Somali_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali orthography">Somali</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish</a> </th> <td>/(k)s/ </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>Word-initially </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ </td> <td>In some names and words </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Swedish_orthography" title="Swedish orthography">Swedish</a> </th> <td>/ks/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Venetian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian orthography">Venetian</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ </td> <td>Usually </td></tr> <tr> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td>In Venexia, "<a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese orthography">Vietnamese</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a>, ⟨x⟩ is typically pronounced as the voiceless <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ks/</a> when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ox), and the voiced consonant <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡz/</a> when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. exam). It is also pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡz/</a> when it precedes a silent ⟨h⟩ and a stressed vowel (e.g. exhaust).<a href="#cite_note-Venezky1970-3">[3]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Yod-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-coalescence">yod-coalescence</a>, the sequence ⟨xi⟩ before a vowel can be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kʃ/</a> resulting from earlier <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ksj/</a>, e.g. in -xion(-), -xious(-). Similarly, the sequence ⟨xu⟩ can be pronounced with <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kʃ/</a> (e.g. flexure, sexual) or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɡʒ/</a> (in luxury and its derivatives). Due to <a href="/wiki/NG-coalescence" class="mw-redirect" title="NG-coalescence">NG-coalescence</a>, the sequence ⟨nx⟩ can be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ŋz/</a> in anxiety. When ⟨x⟩ ends a word, it is always <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ks/</a> (e.g. fax), except in loan words such as faux. When ⟨x⟩ does start a word, it is usually pronounced 'z' (e.g. xylophone, xanthan). When starting in some names or as its own representation, it is pronounced 'eks', in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/s/</a> (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xu" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:xu">xu</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ʃ/</a> (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi, like <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>). Many of the words that start with ⟨x⟩ are of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> origin, standardized trademarks (<a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>), or acronyms (XC). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. XMIT for transmit, XFER for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. X-ing for crossing, XREF for <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-reference</a>), "Christ-" (e.g. Xmas for <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, Xian for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>), the "crys-" in crystal (XTAL), "by" (SXSW for <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South by Southwest</a>), or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. XL for extra large, XOR for <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive disjunction">exclusive-or</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Extinction_symbol" title="Extinction symbol">extinction symbol</a>). X is the <a href="/wiki/Letter_frequency" title="Letter frequency">third least frequently used letter</a> in English (after ⟨q⟩ and ⟨z⟩), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.<a href="#cite_note-:0-4">[4]</a> There are very few English words that start with ⟨x⟩ (the fewest of any letter). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3></div> In Latin, ⟨x⟩ stood for /ks/. In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, ⟨x⟩ has other pronunciations: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, ⟨x⟩ has three pronunciations; the most common is /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/; as in xarop ('syrup'). Others are: /ks/; fixar ('to fix'), /ɡz/; examen. In addition, /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ gets voiced to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>] before voiced consonants; caixmir. Catalan also has the digraph ⟨tx⟩, pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ in most cases (often used in place of etymological g or j). The pronunciation /ks/ occurs in learned words, such as 'taxativo' (taxing). However, Galician speakers tend to pronounce it /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/, especially when it appears before plosives, such as in externo ('external').</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, ⟨x⟩ usually represents /ks/ or (primarily in words beginning with ex- followed by a vowel) /ɡz/. It is pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ in some city names such as <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Bruxelles</a> (although some people pronounce it 'ks') or <a href="/wiki/Auxerre" title="Auxerre">Auxerre</a>; it is nevertheless pronounced /ks/ in <a href="/wiki/Aix_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Aix (disambiguation)">Aix</a>, the name of several towns. At the ends of other words, it is silent (or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ in <a href="/wiki/Liaison_(French)" title="Liaison (French)">liaison</a> if the next word starts with a vowel). Two exceptions are pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/: six ('six') and dix ('ten'). It is pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ in sixième and dixième.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, ⟨x⟩ is either pronounced /ks/, as in extra, uxorio, xilofono,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> or /ɡz/, as in exogamia, when it is preceded by ⟨e⟩ and followed by a vowel. In several related languages, notably <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, it represents the voiced <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilant</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/. It is also used, mainly amongst young people, as a short written form for "per" (meaning "for"); for example, "x sempre" ("forever"). This is because in Italian, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%97" class="mw-redirect" title="×">multiplication sign</a> is called "per". However, ⟨x⟩ is found only in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, as it is not part of the standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian alphabet">Italian alphabet</a>; in most words with ⟨x⟩, this letter may be replaced with 's' or 'ss' (with different pronunciation: xilofono/silofono, taxi/tassì) or, rarely, by 'cs' (with the same pronunciation: claxon/<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/clacson" class="extiw" title="it:clacson">clacson</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, ⟨x⟩ has four main pronunciations; the most common is /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, as in xícara ('cup'). The other sounds are: /ks/ as in flexão ('flexion'); /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/, when preceded by E and followed by a consonant, as in contexto (/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ in European Portuguese), and in a small number of other words, such as próximo (close/next); and (the rarest) /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, which occurs in the prefix "ex-" before a vowel, as in exagerado ('exaggerated'). A rare fifth sound is /ɡz/, coexisting with /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ and /ks/ as acceptable pronunciations in exantema and in words with the Greek prefix 'hexa-'.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a>, ⟨x⟩ was pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, as it is still currently in other <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance languages</a>. Later, the sound evolved to a /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ sound. In modern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, due to a spelling reform, whenever ⟨x⟩ is used for the /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ sound it has been replaced with ⟨j⟩, including in words that originally had ⟨x⟩ such as ejemplo or ejercicio, though ⟨x⟩ is still retained for some names (notably "México", even though "Méjico" may sometimes be used in Spain). Presently, ⟨x⟩ represents the sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ (word-initially), or the consonant cluster /ks/ (e.g. oxígeno, examen). Rarely, it can be pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ as in Old Spanish in some proper nouns such as Raxel (a variant of <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents the voiced alveolar sibilant /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/, much like in Portuguese 'exagerado', English 'xylophone' or in the French 'sixième'. Examples from medieval texts include raxon ('reason'), prexon ('prison'), dexerto ('desert'), and chaxa or caxa ('home'). Nowadays, the best-known word is xe (is/are). The most notable exception to this rule is the name Venexia, /veˈnɛsja/, in which ⟨x⟩ has evolved from the initial voiced sibilant /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ to the present-day voiceless sibilant /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3></div> In languages which adopted the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> later, ⟨x⟩ is used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by Latin or its descendants, but in others for unrelated consonants. Since the various Romance pronunciations of ⟨x⟩ can often be written in other ways, the letter becomes available for other sounds. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>/ while the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> ⟨xh⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/.</li> <li>It represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> (Hawar alphabet), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> (when Latinized), <a href="/wiki/Lojban" title="Lojban">Lojban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> (when Latinized), <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> (Jaꞑalif, Zamanälif, official romanization of 2012), <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Latin script</a>).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/. Additionally, the digraph ⟨tx⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>'s official transcription system in China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, the letter ⟨x⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/, for instance in '<a href="/wiki/Xi_(surname)" title="Xi (surname)">Xi</a>', /ɕi/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, ⟨x⟩ usually represents /ks/, except in the name of the island of <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a>, which is pronounced Tessel. This is because of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language#Historical_sound_changes" title="Dutch language">historical sound-changes in Dutch</a>, where all /ks/ sounds have been replaced by /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ sounds. Words with an ⟨x⟩ in the Dutch language are nowadays usually <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Dutch-speaking part of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family names</a> with ⟨x⟩ are not uncommon (e.g. Dierckxa and Hendrickx).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/X-convention" class="mw-redirect" title="X-convention">x-convention</a> replaces ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">ĉ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%9C" title="Ĝ">ĝ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%A4" title="Ĥ">ĥ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%B4" title="Ĵ">ĵ</a>⟩, ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">ŝ</a>⟩, and ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%AC" title="Ŭ">ŭ</a>⟩ with x-suffixes: ⟨cx⟩, ⟨gx⟩, ⟨hx⟩, ⟨jx⟩, ⟨sx⟩, and ⟨ux⟩.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, generally pronounced /ks/; in native words, however, such as Ochs or wachsen, the cluster /ks/ is often written ⟨chs⟩.</li> <li>In transliterations of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Indian languages</a>, primarily Indo-Aryan languages, ⟨x⟩ represents the consonant cluster [kʃ] in alternate spellings of words containing 'क्ष' (kṣ), especially names such as <a href="/wiki/Laxmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxmi">Laxmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dikshit" title="Dikshit">Dixit</a>. Less frequently, ⟨x⟩ is used to represent 'ख़' /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao#Consonants" title="Romanization of Lao">romanization of Lao consonants</a>, ⟨x⟩ may represent /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>/, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ or, in some cases, /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ (only in loanwords such as 'televixin', and not for all speakers).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral click">alveolar lateral click</a> /<a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">ǁ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, ⟨x⟩ is generally pronounced /ks/, but since the 19th century, there has been a tendency to spell it out as ⟨ks⟩; it may still be retained in personal names, though it is fairly rare, and occurs mostly in foreign words and <a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a>. Usage in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> is similar (while <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, on the other hand, makes frequent use of ⟨x⟩ in native words as well as in loanwords).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a>, ⟨x⟩ symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> /<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>/.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, ⟨x⟩ was used prior to 19th century both in loanwords and native words and was pronounced /ks/ or /ɡz/, e.g. xiążę, xięstwo (now książę, księstwo). This was later replaced by ⟨ks⟩ and ⟨gz⟩ in almost all words and remained only in a few loanwords as 'xenia' (xenien), surnames as Axentowicz, Rexemowski, and Xiężopolski, names as Xawery, and Xymena, and abbreviations.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet#Consonants" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/. This sound was [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] in Middle Vietnamese, resembling the Portuguese /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/, spelled ⟨x⟩.</li></ul> An illustrative example of ⟨x⟩ as a "leftover" letter is the differing usage in three different <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">voiced alveolar implosive</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a>/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective">alveolar ejective</a> /<a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a>/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a>/</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_systems">Other systems</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, ⟨x⟩ represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/X_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="X (disambiguation)">X (disambiguation)</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_mark" title="X mark">X mark</a> has a widely accepted meaning of "negative" or "wrong".</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> X represents the number 10.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, x is commonly used as the name for an <a href="/wiki/Independent_variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent variable">independent variable</a> or unknown value. The modern tradition of using x, y, and z to represent an <a href="/wiki/Unknown_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unknown (mathematics)">unknown (incognita)</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_G%C3%A9om%C3%A9trie" title="La Géométrie">La Géométrie</a> (1637).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As a result of its use in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, X is often used to represent unknowns in other circumstances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generation_X" title="Generation X">Generation X</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Man_from_Planet_X" title="The Man from Planet X">The Man from Planet X</a>).</li> <li>On some <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identification documents</a>, the letter X represents a <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">non-binary gender</a>, where F means female and M means male.<a href="#cite_note-Science_as_Culture-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-nzpass-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a>, x is used to refer to the horizontal axis.</li> <li>It is also sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Typographic_approximation" title="Typographic approximation">typographic approximation</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication sign</a>, ×. In mathematical typesetting, x meaning an algebraic variable is normally in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>x</mi> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13b85d29899b2b2e4931388408d51f4fb086e7ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.271ex; width:1.214ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x\!}"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1.214ex;height: 1.676ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13b85d29899b2b2e4931388408d51f4fb086e7ec" data-alt="{\displaystyle x\!}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> ), partly to avoid confusion with the multiplication symbol. In fonts containing both x (the letter) and × (the multiplication sign), the two glyphs are dissimilar.</li> <li>It can be used as an abbreviation for 'between' in the context of historical dating; e.g. "1483 x 1485".</li> <li>Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression "X marks the spot".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li>In art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration by two or more artists, e.g. Aaron Koblin x Takashi Kawashima. This application, which originated in Japan, now extends to other kinds of collaboration outside the art world.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This usage mimics the use of a similar mark in <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid name (botany)">denoting botanical hybrids</a>, for which scientifically the <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_sign#Uses" title="Multiplication sign">multiplication ×</a> is used, but informally, a lowercase "x" is also used.</li> <li>At the end of a letter or other correspondence, '<a href="/wiki/Hugs_and_kisses" title="Hugs and kisses">x</a>' can mean a kiss;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> the earliest example of this usage cited by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> is from 1878.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/X_rating" title="X rating">X rating</a> denotes media, such as movies, that are intended for adults only.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>, a series of Xs is used as a visual <a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">bleep censor</a> for subtitles and captions, serving the same role as an <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisk</a> (*).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/C_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="C programming language">C programming language</a>, "x" preceded by zero (as in 0x or 0X) is used to denote hexadecimal literal values.</li> <li>X is commonly used as a prefix term in nouns related to the <a href="/wiki/X_Window_System" title="X Window System">X Window System</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">Unix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Related_characters">Related characters</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_and_related_characters_in_the_Latin_alphabet">Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet</h3></div> <ul><li>X with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">Ẍ ẍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8A" title="Ẋ">Ẋ ẋ</a> <a href="/wiki/X%CC%82" title="X̂">X̂ x̂</a> <a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶍ">ᶍ</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>-specific symbols related to X: <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthonista" title="Teuthonista">Teuthonista</a> phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to X:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+AB56 ꭖ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LOW RIGHT RING</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+AB57 ꭗ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+AB58 ꭘ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG AND LOW RIGHT RING</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">U+AB59 ꭙ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG WITH SERIF</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="ˣ">ˣ</a> : Modifier letter small x is used for phonetic transcription</li> <li>ₓ : Subscript small x is used in <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors_and_siblings_in_other_alphabets">Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets</h3></div> <ul><li>Χ χ : <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Chi</a>, from which the following derive: <ul><li>Ꭓ ꭓ : <a href="/wiki/Latin_chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin chi">Latin chi</a></li> <li>Х х : <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Kha</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1107333977">.mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:"Sophia Nubian","Noto Sans Coptic","FreeSerif","Quivira","Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol","New Athena Unicode","MPH 2B Damase","Arial Coptic","Analecta","Antinoou"}</style>Ⲭ ⲭ : <a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a> letter Khe, which derives from Greek Chi</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866748126">.mw-parser-output .script-gothic{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Vulcanius,Junicode,Pfeffer Mediæval,Ulfilas,Silubr,Skeirs,Midjungards,ALPHABETUM,FreeSerif,FreeSans,"Noto Sans Gothic",Code2001,"Segoe UI Historic","Segoe UI Symbol",serif}</style>𐍇 : <a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a> letter enguz, which derives from Greek Chi</li> <li>𐌗 : <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic</a> X, which derives from Greek Chi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin X <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style>ᚷ : <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> letter <a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu">Gyfu</a>, which may derive from old Italic X</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ξ ξ : Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">Xi</a>, which was used in place of Chi in the Eastern (and the modern) Greek alphabets</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Other_representations">Other representations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing </h3></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">X</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">x</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">Ｘ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ｘ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">LATIN SMALL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER X </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>U+0058</td> <td>120</td> <td>U+0078</td> <td>65336</td> <td>U+FF38</td> <td>65368</td> <td>U+FF58 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>58</td> <td>120</td> <td>78</td> <td>239 188 184</td> <td>EF BC B8</td> <td>239 189 152</td> <td>EF BD 98 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#88;</td> <td>&#x58;</td> <td>&#120;</td> <td>&#x78;</td> <td>&#65336;</td> <td>&#xFF38;</td> <td>&#65368;</td> <td>&#xFF58; </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> family</td> <td>231</td> <td>E7</td> <td>167</td> <td>A7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[a]</a></td> <td>88</td> <td>58</td> <td>120</td> <td>78</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <div style="width: 500px;"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; line-height:1.3em; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/NATO_spelling_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO spelling alphabet">NATO phonetic</a> </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-family: monospace; font-weight: bold; line-height: 100%; font-size:150%"> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;">Xray </td> <td width="50%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; font-size: large;"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/X_morse_code.ogg\/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"&#160;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#160;&#9604;&#9604;&#9604;&#160;<\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"X morse code.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/X_morse_code.ogg/X_morse_code.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"> ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ </a><a href="/wiki/File:X_morse_code.ogg" title="File:X morse code.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="text-align: center; background: white;"> <tbody><tr style="height: 80px;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:ICS_X-ray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/75px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 75px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/75px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png" data-width="75" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/113px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ICS_X-ray.svg/150px-ICS_X-ray.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Semaphore_X-ray.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/90px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 75px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/90px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png" data-width="90" data-height="75" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/135px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Semaphore_X-ray.svg/180px-Semaphore_X-ray.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sign_language_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/90px-Sign_language_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="522"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/90px-Sign_language_X.svg.png" data-width="90" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/135px-Sign_language_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Sign_language_X.svg/180px-Sign_language_X.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:BSL_letter_X.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/90px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 60px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/90px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png" data-width="90" data-height="60" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/135px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/BSL_letter_X.svg/180px-BSL_letter_X.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-top: 1px solid silver; padding:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_X.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⠭"><noscript><img alt="⠭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/77px-Braille_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 77px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/77px-Braille_X.svg.png" data-alt="⠭" data-width="77" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/116px-Braille_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/154px-Braille_X.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 125%;"> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver; padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Signal flag</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a> </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/British_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="British manual alphabet">British manual alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">fingerspelling</a>) </td> <td width="20%" style="border-left: 1px solid silver; border-right: 1px solid silver; border-bottom: 1px solid silver;"><a href="/wiki/Braille_pattern_dots-1346" title="Braille pattern dots-1346">Braille dots-1346</a> <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_mark" title="X mark">X mark</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> as in the <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luxurious" class="extiw" title="wikt:luxurious">luxurious</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> "X", <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "ex", op. cit. </li> <li id="cite_note-Venezky1970-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Venezky1970_3-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVenezky1970" class="citation book cs1">Venezky, Richard (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5">The Structure of English Orthography</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>: Walter de Gruyter. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-080447-8"><bdi>978-3-11-080447-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427105102/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mrt_G_RrJykC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+English+Orthography&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-080447-8&rft.aulast=Venezky&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMrt_G_RrJykC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMička" class="citation web cs1">Mička, Pavel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English">"Letter frequency (English)"</a>. Algoritmy.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210304152631/http://en.algoritmy.net/article/40379/Letter-frequency-English">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algoritmy.net&rft.atitle=Letter+frequency+%28English%29&rft.aulast=Mi%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.algoritmy.net%2Farticle%2F40379%2FLetter-frequency-English&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dizionario.rai.it">"Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia"</a> [Dictionary of Spelling and Pronunciation]. Dizionario di ortografia e pronunzia (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416110248/http://www.dizionario.rai.it/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dizionario+di+ortografia+e+pronunzia&rft.atitle=Dizionario+di+ortografia+e+pronunzia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dizionario.rai.it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1983" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Arthur E. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord">Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedintro0000gord/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520038981" title="Special:BookSources/9780520038981"><bdi>9780520038981</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 October 2015. <q>roman numerals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Introduction+to+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520038981&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedintro0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, David A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PapljPXaSbwC&q=roman%20numerals%20letters&pg=PA282">The Ciphers of the Monks</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515076401" title="Special:BookSources/9783515076401"><bdi>9783515076401</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104092429/https://books.google.com/books?id=PapljPXaSbwC&q=roman%20numerals%20letters&pg=PA282">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020. <q>In the course of time, I, V and X became identical with three letters of the alphabet; originally, however, they bore no relation to these letters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ciphers+of+the+Monks&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783515076401&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPapljPXaSbwC%26q%3Droman%2520numerals%2520letters%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCajori1928" class="citation book cs1">Cajori, Florian (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_byqAAAAQBAJ&q=unknown&pg=PA380">A History of Mathematical Notations</a>. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486161167" title="Special:BookSources/9780486161167"><bdi>9780486161167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413173747/https://books.google.com/books?id=_byqAAAAQBAJ&q=unknown&pg=PA380">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Mathematical+Notations&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=9780486161167&rft.aulast=Cajori&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_byqAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dunknown%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> See <a href="/wiki/History_of_algebra#The_symbol_x" title="History of algebra">History of algebra</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Science_as_Culture-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Science_as_Culture_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolme2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holme, Ingrid (2008). "Hearing People's Own Stories". Science as Culture. 17 (3): 341–344. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09505430802280784">10.1080/09505430802280784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143528047">143528047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+as+Culture&rft.atitle=Hearing+People%27s+Own+Stories&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-344&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09505430802280784&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143528047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holme&rft.aufirst=Ingrid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzpass-10"><a href="#cite_ref-nzpass_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants">"New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140923055123/http://www.passports.govt.nz/Transgender-applicants">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Passports+-+Information+about+Changing+Sex+%2F+Gender+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.passports.govt.nz%2FTransgender-applicants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/x-marks-the-spot">"X marks the spot"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604015834/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/x-marks-the-spot">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X+marks+the+spot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fx-marks-the-spot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkitip.com/product/x-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x/">"X: Mark of Collaboration - Issue No. 0053X - Arkitip, Inc"</a>. arkitip.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184918/http://arkitip.com/product/x-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arkitip.com&rft.atitle=X%3A+Mark+of+Collaboration+-+Issue+No.+0053X+-+Arkitip%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkitip.com%2Fproduct%2Fx-mark-of-collaboration-issue-no-0053x%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2020" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Nadine (7 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/a-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug/2014/02/13/0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html">"A whole lot of history behind 'x' and 'o', kiss and hug"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401143406/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/a-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug/2014/02/13/0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+whole+lot+of+history+behind+%27x%27+and+%27o%27%2C+kiss+and+hug&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fa-whole-lot-of-history-behind-x-and-o-kiss-and-hug%2F2014%2F02%2F13%2F0c3e218a-9341-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/230945">X, n.</a>" OED Online (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2022), §6. Accessed 11 November 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118155129/https://www.goeonair.com/news/article.html?no=13845">"'찐따', 'X랄하다'...욕도 전통을 가진다?"</a> ['loser', 'fXing'... swear words also have a tradition?]. www.goeonair.com (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goeonair.com/news/article.html?no=13845">the original</a> on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goeonair.com&rft.atitle=%27%EC%B0%90%EB%94%B0%27%2C+%27X%EB%9E%84%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4%27...%EC%9A%95%EB%8F%84+%EC%A0%84%ED%86%B5%EC%9D%84+%EA%B0%80%EC%A7%84%EB%8B%A4%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goeonair.com%2Fnews%2Farticle.html%3Fno%3D13845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF참바다2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">참바다 (15 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX4WEAAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%9A%95+X&pg=PA6-IA1">시사칼럼 우리 시대의 상징과 은유</a> (in Korean). e퍼플. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-6569-712-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-6569-712-9"><bdi>979-11-6569-712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%BC%EB%9F%BC+%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%98+%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9D%80%EC%9C%A0&rft.pub=e%ED%8D%BC%ED%94%8C&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.isbn=979-11-6569-712-9&rft.au=%EC%B0%B8%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%A4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX4WEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25EC%259A%2595%2BX%26pg%3DPA6-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstable2004" class="citation web cs1">Constable, Peter (19 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">"L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-132+Proposal+to+add+additional+phonetic+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-04-19&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonDicklbergerPentzlinWandl-Vogt2011" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011012426/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2011/11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F11-202%3A+Revised+proposal+to+encode+%22Teuthonista%22+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Dicklberger%2C+Alois&rft.au=Pentzlin%2C+Karl&rft.au=Wandl-Vogt%2C+Eveline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2011%2F11202-n4081-teuthonista.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonEverson2004" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf">"L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014402/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F04-191%3A+Proposal+to+encode+six+Indo-Europeanist+phonetic+characters+in+the+UCS&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Everson%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2004%2F04191-n2788-laryngeals.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" 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1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AX" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X&oldid=1259424212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X&oldid=1259424212</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=X&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 25 November 2024, at 02:12 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="X (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="X (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="X (літара) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="X (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lizherenn)" title="X (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="X (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lettre)" title="X (lettre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="X (lettre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(litir_den_aib%C3%ADtir)" title="X (litir den aibítir) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="X (litir den aibítir)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D0%B3" title="X үзг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="X үзг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="X (լատինական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="X (լատինական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(t%C3%AEp)" title="X (tîp) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="X (tîp)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="X (латиница) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="X (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="എക്സ് (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എക്സ് (ഇംഗ്ലീഷക്ഷരം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC)" title="အက်ခ်စ် (အက္ခရာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်ခ်စ် (အက္ခရာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(letter)" title="X (letter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="X (letter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(buksteew)" title="X (buksteew) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="X (buksteew)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="X (латин тиште) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="X (латин тиште)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lotin)" title="X (lotin) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="X (lotin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0)" title="ਐਕਸ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਕਸ (ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਅੱਖਰ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(lat%C4%B1n)" title="X (latın) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="X (latın)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="X (латиница) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="X (латиница)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="X (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="X (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(Askkil)" title="X (Askkil) – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="X (Askkil)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="X (латиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="X (латиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete_x" title="Lete x – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lete x" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/X" title="X – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="X" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div 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