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class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/ecriture/">Ecriture</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Christopher Tolkien, ‘Le Silmarillion’</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Christopher Tolkien, ‘Le Silmarillion’</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>« … et enfin Feänor créa les Silmarils.</strong></p> <p>Ils avaient l’apparence de trois énormes joyaux. Mais nul ne saura jusqu’à la fin des temps, quand reviendra Feänor, lui qui périt avant la venue du Soleil, et demeure maintenant dans les Cavernes de l’Attente, sans jamais revoir ses frères, nul avant que le Soleil ne meure et que la Lune ne disparaisse, ne saura quelle est leur substance. » </p> <p><em>Le Silmarillion</em>, ch. 7</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Christopher Tolkien</strong>, le troisième fils de J.R.R. Tolkien et l’éditeur de la majorité de ses oeuvres posthumes, écrivit cette brève présentation du Silmarillion, de sa conception et de sa mise en forme, à l’époque de la publication du livre en 1977, quatre ans après le décès de l’auteur. ~</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Pour la plupart</strong> de ceux qui connaissent son nom, J.R.R. Tolkien évoque sans doute « les Hobbits ». Mais nombreux aussi sont ceux qui répondront plutôt « la Terre du Milieu », faisant référence à cette vaste contrée imaginaire, peuplée d’Elfes, de Nains, d’Ents, d’Hommes de diverses cultures, et d’Orques, contrée que traverse la Communauté de l’Anneau au cours de sa quête. Elle est aussi peuplée de Hobbits, effectivement ; dans une seule région, peu étendue, nommée le Comté.</p> <p>La Terre du Milieu présente un riche pays, avec ses chaînes de montagnes, ses plaines, ses forêts et ses rivières ; mais elle est encore plus riche de par son passé : ses routes anciennes et ses cités en ruine, ses anciens champs de bataille et ses formidables ouvrages de pierre, connus en de nombreuses langues. On trouve toutefois dans <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> de fréquentes allusions à un passé encore plus ancien, à des terres et des cités que l’on ne trouve pas sur la carte qui accompagne le livre ; ce passé, certains des personnages de l’histoire en parlent pourtant comme s’ils le connaissaient et l’avaient vu de leurs propres yeux.</p> <p>Ainsi, la mémoire d’Elrond remonte si loin dans le passé que Frodo le Hobbit en est tout ébahi lorsque Elrond évoque « la gloire des Jours Anciens et les armées du Beleriand » ; et une chanson de Sylvebarbe, le vieil Ent, évoque les forêts disparues où il s’est autrefois promené : « Et maintenant toutes ces terres gisent sous les flots ».</p> <p>Tous deux évoquent des terres, des cités et des événements que l’on trouve dans <em>Le Silmarillion</em>. Car <em>Le Silmarillion</em> rapporte l’histoire des Jours Anciens, du Premier Âge du monde, tandis que <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> relate la fin du Troisième Âge ; et la plus grande partie de l’histoire des Jours Anciens se déroule dans une région de la Terre du Milieu connue sous le nom de Beleriand.</p> <p>Cette contrée s’étendait au-delà des Montagnes Bleues, qui apparaissent à l’extrémité nord-ouest de la carte du <em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em> ; mais elle a été submergée par la mer au cours de la bataille apocalyptique qui a marqué la fin du Premier Âge.</p> <p><em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> et <em>Le Silmarillion</em> sont toutefois très différents. Et l’absence des Hobbits, dans <em>Le Silmarillion</em>, n’est pas la moindre de leurs différences – ces personnages définis par leur joie de vivre, leur habitude de fumer la pipe, leur côté rustique, et qui sont en permanence surpris par la réalité du monde extérieur et par son histoire, qui finissent par élargir leur vision du monde.</p> <p>Les Hommes, même, sont durant longtemps absents de l’histoire de la Terre du Milieu ; car l’histoire que rapporte <em>Le Silmarillion</em> est avant tout celle des Elfes, telle qu’elle est vue à travers leurs propres yeux : ce livre présente les traditions relatives à leurs origines et explique leur destin particulier, qui les distingue des autres êtres.</p> <p><em>Le Silmarillion</em> est bien la source première de ce vaste projet fondé sur l’imagination, dont dérive <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> ; les Elfes étaient là dès ses origines, et l’on peut deviner, à travers eux, certaines des conceptions esthétiques et philosophiques essentielles de son auteur.</p> <p>Par ailleurs, alors que toute l’action du <em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em> tient dans un intervalle de vingt ans, et que son récit est marqué par un rythme très précipité (dû à la pression et à la peur suscitées par un événement imprévisible et imminent), <em>Le Silmarillion</em> s’étend, quant à lui, à travers les âges. Et sa tonalité comme son atmosphère élégiaque, ce sont les propres mots de mon père au sujet de <em>Beowulf</em>, le poème en vieil anglais, qui peuvent en rendre compte : « son auteur parlait de choses déjà anciennes et chargées de regrets. Il a développé son art en rendant aigu ce pincement au cœur que procurent les douleurs à la fois intenses et lointaines. »</p> <p><em>Le Silmarillion</em> commence en effet par le commencement, par le mythe qui raconte, chez les Elfes, la création du monde ; puis il relate les terribles guerres qui se sont déroulées à l’origine des temps quand Morgoth, la puissance maléfique incarnée en ce monde, cherche à s’imposer comme le maître de la Terre du Milieu aux dépens des dieux : on trouve en effet dans <em>Le Silmarillion</em> tout un panthéon, à peine entrevu dans <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, et dont les représentants possèdent des pouvoirs et des traits absolument uniques.</p> <p>Le récit en vient alors à l’apparition des Elfes en Terre du Milieu, qui sont ensuite appelés par les dieux à vivre auprès d’eux, en Valinor, dans une contrée paradisiaque située en extrême Occident, au-delà de la mer. C’est alors qu’est racontée la fabrication des Silmarils, les joyaux de lumière, les plus parfaites des œuvres jamais réalisées par les Elfes, puis leur vol par Morgoth ; la révolte des Elfes contre les dieux, et leur départ du Valinor pour rentrer en Terre du Milieu, afin d’y mener une guerre contre le Seigneur Ténébreux.</p> <p>A partir de ce moment, pour citer une nouvelle fois le texte de mon père sur <em>Beowulf</em>, « Le désastre est annoncé. Le thème en est la défaite. » <em>Le Silmarillion</em> se fait chronique historique de la ruine des Elfes du Beleriand, de leurs revers au combat, du courage qu’ils montrent pour tenter de reprendre les Silmarils ou pour défendre ce qu’ils ont édifié, ainsi que de la destruction de leurs places-fortes, l’une après l’autre, par le feu venu de l’extérieur ou par la trahison depuis l’intérieur.</p> <p>Plusieurs fils narratifs se mêlent dans un récit complexe : les effets de la malédiction lancée par le dieu contre les Elfes qui se sont rebellés ou du serment blasphématoire prononcé par le créateur des Silmarils et par ses fils, par lequel ils revendiquent pour toujours la possession des Silmarils ; les manœuvres mystérieuses d’Ulmo, le dieu de la mer, afin de faire naître des ruines un nouvel espoir ; et le pouvoir des Silmarils eux-mêmes d’aller dans le sens du Bien ou du Mal.</p> <p>J’ai laissé entendre que <em>Le Silmarillion</em> constitue une partie essentielle de la longue histoire qui s’achève avec le départ des Porteurs de l’Anneau depuis les Havres Gris, dans le dernier chapitre du <em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em>. Cette histoire a commencé il y a très longtemps : la phrase « Au fond d’un trou vivait un Hobbit » a bien marqué l’apparition des Hobbits, mais certainement pas celle du « monde dans lequel Bilbo Bessac s’est égaré ».</p> <p>Le plus ancien des contes qui devaient, par la suite, composer <em>Le Silmarillion</em>, à savoir le récit de la chute de Gondolin, a été écrit pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Longtemps après, il se rappela l’avoir rédigé alors qu’il était « écrit dans sa tête », au cours d’une permission pour convalescence, en 1917 ; et dans une lettre qu’il m’a autrefois adressée, il évoque la naissance du <em>Silmarillion</em> « dans des baraquements militaires bondés, remplis du son des gramophones » : quelques vers où apparaissent les Sept Noms de Gondolin ont effectivement été griffonnés au dos d’une feuille indiquant la chaîne de commandement d’un bataillon.</p> <p>Cette histoire et celles qui l’ont suivie au cours des années ultérieures n’ont pas été perdues ; on les trouve dans des carnets très fatigués, écrites à la hâte, et pour les déchiffrer il faut le plus souvent beaucoup de patience et une loupe.</p> <p>A sa mort, 56 ans plus tard, ces histoires demeuraient inachevées. Pendant presque vingt années, après la publication du <em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em> en 1954-1955, il a poursuivi son travail sur « la matière de la Terre du Milieu », jusqu’à un degré de complexité et de profusion qu’il lui était impossible de surmonter, avec ses forces déclinantes. <em>Le Silmarillion</em> précède donc <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, et en même temps il le suit : situation étrange, que pour décrire, mon père, pressé de préciser la relation entre les deux livres, a inventé le terme (étonnant sous sa plume) de prequel !</p> <p><em>Le Silmarillion</em> – tel qu’il devait être publié – remonte cependant aux versions les plus anciennes dans ses éléments essentiels : les dieux qui résident à l’Ouest, au-delà de la mer ; la cité secrète de Gondolin cachée à l’abri des montagnes qui l’encerclent ; le royaume sylvestre du Doriath ; la forteresse du Seigneur Ténébreux, à Angband, au Nord ; et nombre de légendes – les Deux Arbres du Valinor, dont la lumière est emprisonnée dans les Silmarils, le premier éveil des Elfes en Terre du Milieu, l’histoire de Beren et Lúthien ou celle de Túrin Turambar – ont été conservées, avec très peu de changements importants par rapport à ces écrits initiaux.</p> <p>Au fil du temps, tous sont devenus des éléments persistants dans l’esprit de mon père : ce n’étaient pas des choses achevées, qu’un auteur laisse derrière lui pour passer à une création nouvelle et différente, mais des sources permanentes d’énergie créatrice, un corpus stable de légendes, donnant naissance à d’autres fictions, mais également susceptible d’être exploré pour y trouver de nouvelles significations et d’être interprété à nouveaux frais. (Lorsque sur le Mont Venteux, dans <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, Aragorn essaie de dissiper la peur de ses compagnons en leur racontant l’histoire de Beren et Lúthien, il s’agit vraiment d’une histoire ancienne, et non d’une histoire composée spécialement pour donner un air factice d’ancienneté).</p> <p>Ces légendes pouvaient par ailleurs se prêter à des traitements variés : sous forme de versions plus longues ou plus brèves, de poèmes amples en mètres divers, qui pouvaient à leur tour être réduits dans des versions en prose (c’est par exemple le cas de l’histoire de Beren et Lúthien dans <em>Le Silmarillion</em>), ou encore présentées comme des annales historiques des chroniques érudites des peuples à venir, longtemps après.</p> <p>Toutefois, si cette « mythologie » a pris progressivement racine dans un passé imaginaire qui était authentique (c’est lui que, dans des textes ultérieurs, les grandes figures du Troisième Âge contemplent rétrospectivement avec révérence et crainte), si elle s’est donc – d’une certaine manière – détachée de mon père, elle était bien le produit de sa propre imagination, et dans une large mesure l’imagination remontant à sa jeunesse.</p> <p>Elle n’a, de plus, jamais été publiée, et n’a donc jamais reçu de forme fixe et définitive en dehors de ses manuscrits personnels. Etant à la fois le créateur et l’interprète, mon père était par conséquent libre de la développer, de concevoir de nouveaux détails, de supprimer de vieux motifs et d’en découvrir de nouveaux. Je dis « découvrir » car c’est bien ainsi que lui-même voyait les choses : comme il l’a écrit, il a « toujours eu le sentiment de rapporter ce qui était déjà “là”, quelque part – non d’“inventer” ».</p> <p>Dans les notes qu’il écrivait comme des discussions personnelles, ou des manières de « réfléchir à voix haute », il s’exprimait comme si la meilleure solution à un problème pouvait être trouvée en s’enfonçant plus loin dans le problème en question, comme si telle contradiction pouvait être résolue à partir de ce qui était déjà connu ; beaucoup plus rarement, il faisait preuve d’autocritique, écrivant « Cela ne va pas » ou « A supprimer ». Tout était pourtant soumis à un examen critique très minutieux, et des choses n’allaient pas, d’autres étaient supprimées – mais d’ordinaire à travers des transformations subtiles plutôt que par un rejet pur et simple, si bien qu’en étudiant le développement de ces légendes, on a une impression assez semblable à celle que donnent les légendes de peuples réels, qui sont le produit de nombreuses gens et générations.</p> <p>Au moment de la disparition de mon père, la masse de brouillons se rapportant aux Trois Âges était extrêmement importante en termes de quantité (leur écriture s’était étendue sur toute une vie), en désordre, contenant plus de débuts de rédaction que de conclusions, et leur contenu allait de vers héroïques composés dans l’ancien mètre allitératif anglo-saxon à des analyses historiques pointues de ses propres langues, très complexes : le tout formait un vaste répertoire, sous forme de dédale d’histoires, de poèmes, de philosophie et de philologie. Tout cela ne constituait en rien, bien sûr, <em>Le Silmarillion</em> à proprement parler – lui possédait une structure narrative fixe. Mais il se trouvait en phase d’expansion : des « vagues » de révision de ces textes n’avaient rien donné, ou avaient été reprises par d’autres vagues, ce qui avait entraîné un manque de cohérence récurrent et donné naissance à de nombreuses versions parallèles de nombreux épisodes, divergeant souvent à des moments cruciaux de l’histoire.</p> <p>Parvenir à une forme publiable s’est révélé être une tâche à la fois très absorbante et très angoissante, en raison de la responsabilité qu’elle représentait à l’égard d’un texte unique en son genre. Choisir la forme à donner n’a pas été facile ; et pendant un temps, j’ai tâché de composer un livre qui témoignerait partiellement de cette diversité, de cette évolution inachevée et aux branches multiples. Mais il m’est apparu clairement que le résultat serait tellement complexe qu’il demanderait à être longuement étudié pour être compris, et j’ai craint, par conséquent, d’écraser <em>Le Silmarillion</em> sous le poids de sa propre histoire.</p> <p>Je me suis alors lancé dans la préparation d’un texte unique, en sélectionnant et en arrangeant. Essayer de donner ne serait-ce qu’une idée de la manière dont je m’y suis pris n’est pas possible en si peu de mots ; qu’il suffise de dire que <em>Le Silmarillion</em> est bien le livre de mon père, au sens plein de l’expression, et en aucune manière le mien.</p> <p>Ici et là, il m’a fallu développer le récit à partir de notes et de brouillons hâtifs, faire souvent des choix entre des versions incompatibles et de nombreux changements de détail ; et dans les tous derniers chapitres, ceux qui n’avaient pratiquement pas été retouchés pendant de nombreuses années, j’ai dû par moments modifier le récit par souci de cohérence. Mais pour l’essentiel, mon travail a été de réorganiser ce livre, non de l’achever.</p> <p>A la fin du volume, en conformité avec l’intention exprimée par mon père, on trouve deux courts récits indépendants.</p> <p>Le premier, <em>La Chute de Númenor</em>, est une légende « atlante » :<br />Les Hommes qui sont demeurés fidèles aux dieux au cours de la guerre contre Morgoth reçoivent en récompense une plus grande longévité, et vivent sur l’île de Númenor, située entre la Terre du Milieu et le Valinor (la terre des dieux) ; mais, trompés par Sauron, ils se défont de ce don en essayant d’échapper à la mort – Sauron, à l’origine le serviteur de Morgoth, deviendra ensuite lui-même la plus grande puissance maléfique en Terre du Milieu, le Seigneur des Anneaux.</p> <p>Le dernier des rois númenóréens prend la tête d’une formidable armada lancée contre le Valinor, dans une tentative démente visant à conquérir les Terres Immortelles ; mais un gigantesque gouffre s’ouvre dans la mer, et Númenor, au bord de l’abîme, sombre et est engloutie.<br />Après ce cataclysme, il ne subsiste plus aucun lieu sur Terre où les dieux pourraient résider, dans la mesure où le Valinor est « emporté au royaume des choses cachées » ; et si un Homme naviguait vers l’ouest, il ne parvenait pas à s’approcher de la terre des dieux, car le monde était devenu rond. « Et ceux qui naviguèrent encore plus loin ne firent que le tour de la Terre de retrouvèrent leur point de départ en disant avec lassitude : “Maintenant tous les chemins se rejoignent.” » Aux seuls Elfes, les derniers à demeurer encore en Terre du Milieu, il est accordé de pouvoir naviguer en suivant la « Voie Droite », pour parvenir dans l’Ouest Véritable.</p> <p>Le second de ces brefs récits est intitulé <em>Les Anneaux du Pouvoir</em>:<br />Il raconte, à la manière du Silmarillion, les grands événements des Âges ultérieurs ; intégrée dans ce volume, la Guerre de l’Anneau est replacée dans le contexte général de l’Histoire des Eldar, les Hauts-Elfes, en Terre du Milieu. Le livre s’achève donc avec une plus grande finalité que <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, bien que tous deux s’interrompent au même point, avec le départ du navire blanc, quittant les Havres Gris. 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