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class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/savoir/">Savoir</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Carl Hostetter, Tolkien et les Langues inventées</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Carl Hostetter, Tolkien et les Langues inventées</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Carl Hostetter propose une brève introduction aux langues de la Terre du Milieu, leur développement et la construction linguistique sous-jacente.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong><em>Elen síla lúmenn’ omentielvo!</em></strong><span> </span>~ C’est par ces paroles que Frodo Bessac salue un groupe d’Elfes à Bout-des-Bois. C’est par ces paroles également que la plupart des lecteurs du<span> </span>« Légendaire » (ou<span> </span><em>Legendarium</em>)<em><span> </span></em>de J.R.R. Tolkien découvrent les langues qu’il a inventées pour la<span> </span>Terre du Milieu. Le salut de Frodo est du quenya, ou haut-elfique, l’une des deux principales langues des Elfes en Terre du Milieu avec le sindarin, ou gris-elfique. Tous les poèmes, chansons, exclamations, sorts et invocations en elfique que l’on trouve dans<span> </span><em>Le Hobbit</em>,<span> </span><em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>,<span> </span><em>Le Silmarillion</em>, et<span> </span><em>Les Enfants de Húrin</em>, sont dans l’une de ces deux langues ; de même que la plupart des noms de lieux et de personnes qui ne sont pas en anglais.</p> <p>Lorsque les paroles de Frodo sont publiées, en 1954, dans<span> </span><em>La Fraternité de l’Anneau</em><span> </span>(la première partie du<span> </span><em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em>), Tolkien travaille sur les langues elfiques depuis près de quarante ans. En fait, chez lui les langues ont à la fois précédé le Légendaire et lui ont donné naissance : comme il l’écrit, « l’invention des langues est la fondation. Les “histoires” ont été conçues pour procurer un monde aux langues, plutôt que l’inverse. » Ces propos sont confirmés par les aperçus de la « mythologie » naissante que nous donnent les entrées des plus anciens lexiques et grammaires de ses deux principales langues elfiques – le<span> </span><strong>qenya<span> </span></strong>et le<span> </span><strong>goldogrin<span> </span></strong>(ou dialecte gnome), ainsi qu’étaient baptisées les toutes premières formes de ces langues. Nous y trouvons des Elfes, des Orques, des Trolls,<span> </span>les Valar, Melkor (qui s’appelle alors Melko) et ses Balrogs, des dragons et Ilúvatar, tout cela dans des textes linguistiques antérieurs aux premiers récits mythologiques. Pour Tolkien, l’invention de langues et l’invention d’une « mythologie » étaient étroitement liées : « pour donner à votre langue une saveur particulière, il faut avoir tissé en elle les fils d’une mythologie particulière (…). La réciproque est vraie : la langue que vous inventez<span> </span><em>engendre</em><span> </span>forcément une mythologie. »</p> <p>Ce n’est donc pas une simple coïncidence si, de même que le Légendaire a connu des décennies d’évolutions et de changements, avant aussi bien qu’après la publication du<span> </span><em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, les langues de Tolkien ont également connu des décennies d’élaboration, de réexamens, de révisions et de mises au point, tout au long de sa vie. Et pas plus que pour le Légendaire, le travail sur les langues ne fut mené à son terme ; Tolkien ne considérait pas non plus que parvenir à une forme définitive ou figée était nécessaire ou même souhaitable, pour ses langues. Presque chaque fois qu’il s’est proposé d’écrire sur (ou dans) l’une de ses langues, cela a entraîné de nouvelles inventions, des réexamens et des modifications des langues telles qu’elles existaient alors. Même la publication ne les a pas figées, comme le montrent d’une part les changements apportés par Tolkien à divers textes en elfique dans la seconde édition, révisée, du<span> </span><em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, et d’autre part les réinterprétations ultérieures qu’il a faites de ces textes à la lumière de modifications dans la conception des langues qui se sont produites après la publication.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/TreeofTongues.jpg" alt="" title="Tree+of+Tongues" /></span> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p style="text-align: center;"><em>« L’Arbre des Langues », diagramme représentant les relations entre les langues en Terre du Milieu. </em></p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_5 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Outre l’histoire des modifications dans leur conception qu’ont connues toutes ces langues tout au long de la vie de l’auteur, chacune possède également une histoire (inventée par Tolkien) des changements phonétiques et grammaticaux qui se sont produits à l’intérieur du monde de la Terre du Milieu. Tout comme l’anglais moderne vient du moyen anglais (celui de Chaucer), qui lui-même est une évolution du vieil anglais (celui du poème<span> </span><em>Beowulf</em>), chacune des langues elfiques inventées par Tolkien possède une histoire, fictive, expliquant comment elle a évolué depuis des formes plus anciennes. Et exactement comme l’anglais, l’allemand, le français, l’espagnol, l’italien et toutes les langues indo-européennes proviennent d’un ancêtre commun, qui remonte à la préhistoire, toutes les langues elfiques sont liées entre elles. Pour l’essentiel, les textes linguistiques de Tolkien consistent à détailler le système de correspondances au sein de ces langues inventées ou entre elles, ainsi que la manière dont elles se sont différenciées et leur longue évolution depuis l’antique langue eldarine commune. En résumé, les innombrables textes consacrés par Tolkien à ses langues sont avant tout au service de leur<span> </span><em>grammaire historique et comparée</em>, fictive ; et les changements de conception, ininterrompus pendant son existence, sont nés de réexamens incessants et de changements dans le détail de ces phonologies et de ces grammaires historiques.</p> <p>Malgré tout, la cohérence des langues de Tolkien et leur harmonie sont extrêmes, bien qu’elles aient été élaborées au fil des décennies. Le<span> </span><strong>qenya<span> </span></strong>tel qu’il fut conçu dans les années 1910-1920 et le<span> </span><strong>quenya<span> </span></strong>élaboré dans les années 1950-1960, même s’ils diffèrent dans le détail de leur phonologie, de leur grammaire et de leur lexique, sont bien plus proches qu’éloignés ; tout comme les formes successives de<span> </span><strong>goldogrin</strong>, de<span> </span><strong>noldorin<span> </span></strong>et de<span> </span><strong>sindarin</strong>. Très peu d’aspects – à supposer même qu’il y en ait – des langues inventées par Tolkien ont toutefois échappé à des modifications, et parfois des catégories grammaticales entières (tels que pronoms et temps verbaux) étaient même susceptibles d’être totalement transformées, à n’importe quel moment.</p> <p>Néanmoins, les textes linguistiques de Tolkien ne sont pas exclusivement techniques ou abstraits, sans rapport avec les textes narratifs qui composent le Légendaire. Des changements apportés à l’histoire des peuples et des grands événements du Légendaire pouvaient modifier (ils l’ont parfois fait) l’histoire des langues et leur forme. Par exemple, l’apparition des Deuxième et Troisième Âges de la Terre du Milieu, au cours de la rédaction du<span> </span><em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, a prolongé de plusieurs milliers d’années l’histoire des langues elfiques dans cette partie du monde. Ce qui a entraîné une révision totale de l’histoire du<span> </span><em>sindarin</em>, qui s’appelait auparavant<span> </span><em>noldorin</em>, en tant que langue des Noldor exilés qui avaient quitté le Valinor : il est devenu la langue maternelle des Elfes Gris du Beleriand et s’est différencié également du noldorin sur certains points phonologiques et grammaticaux. Réciproquement, des changements quelquefois mineurs apportés aux langues ont influencé le cours des événements historiques en Terre du Milieu. Les essais de Tolkien qui se rapportent au Légendaire, en particulier dans ses derniers textes, concernaient presque toujours des détails linguistiques, et naissaient parfois de l’un d’eux. Et ses réflexions sur les langues, en particulier sur leur grammaire et sur leur phonologie, se transformaient pour certaines en des essais sur la géographie, les peuples ou des questions métaphysiques en rapport avec son monde fictionnel.</p> <p>Le travail d’édition et de présentation des textes, destiné à retracer l’histoire des inventions linguistiques de Tolkien, a été entrepris par Christopher Tolkien dans<span> </span><em>L’Histoire de la Terre du Milieu</em>. Ce sont actuellement Christopher Gilson, Carl F. Hostetter, Arden R. Smith, Patrick H. Wynne et Bill Welden qui le poursuivent, avec l’assistance de Christopher Tolkien, du Tolkien Estate, ainsi que des<span> </span>Archives Tolkien à l’université Marquette<span> </span>(Wisconsin, Etats-Unis) et à<span> </span>la Bibliothèque Bodleian<span> </span>(Oxford, Angleterre).</p> <p>~</p> <p><span>Textes cités : <em>Lettres</em> (Christian Bourgois, 2005) ; <em>Les Monstres et les critiques et autres essais</em> (Christian Bourgois, 2006)</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img 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