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class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/savoir/">Savoir</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Verlyn Flieger, Du Conte de Fées</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>SAVOIR</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Verlyn Flieger, Du Conte de Fées</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Verlyn Flieger, universitaire et auteur, étudie l’essai fondateur de Tolkien qui cristallisa son opinion sur la nature et l’objectif des contes de fées et de la fantasy en général.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong>Ne serait-ce que parce qu’il constitue le discours le plus achevé</strong><span> </span>de Tolkien sur son art – qu’il nomme<span> </span><em>Sub-création</em> – et sur le concept qui le sous-tend, le pouvoir qu’ont les mots de créer un<span> </span>Monde Secondaire,<span> </span><em>Du Conte de Fées</em> occupe une place centrale dans les études sur l’auteur.</p> <p><em>Du Conte de Fées</em> offre cependant bien davantage, et à un public plus large que la seule assemblée de spécialistes, qu’une simple déclaration artistique quand bien même essentielle. C’est aussi une discussion d’une large portée destinée à tous ceux qui s’intéressent à la question des contes de fées. Et c’est une analyse très fine de l’interdépendance du langage et de la conscience humaine. Pour les historiens et les spécialistes du folklore, l’essai représente un petit historique du mouvement folkloriste britannique de la fin du dix-neuvième siècle et du début du vingtième. Pour les mythographes, c’est une discussion pertinente et synthétique sur la nature du mythe et du conte de fées. Au-delà encore, c’est une analyse de l’art du poète qui se range aux côtés des textes critiques fondamentaux sur le sujet, la<span> </span><em>Poétique</em><span> </span>d’Aristote, la<span> </span><em>Défense de la Poésie</em><span> </span>de Sir Philip Sidney (<em>Defense of Poesy</em>, 1595) et les études de Coleridge sur l’Imagination.</p> <p>Pour finir, c’est avant tout une lecture essentielle pour quiconque cherche à comprendre de manière plus approfondie ce mythe riche de significations, ce<span> </span><em>romance</em><span> </span>épique et féerique qu’est<span> </span><em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>.</p> <p><strong>Origine de l’Essai</strong></p> <p>La genèse de<span> </span><em>Du Conte de Fées</em> remonte à mars 1939 à l’université de St Andrews en Ecosse. Cette date est significative car elle situe la conférence (qui deviendra un essai) à un moment charnière dans le développement de l’œuvre fictionnelle de Tolkien. En mars 1939,<span> </span><em>Le Hobbit</em>, publié en septembre 1937, est depuis déjà un an et demi un livre pour enfants à succès. A cette époque, Tolkien est également déjà bien avancé dans l’écriture des premiers épisodes de la suite, le « nouveau Hobbit » qui deviendra<span> </span><em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>.</p> <p>Le conte de fées et la<span> </span><em>fantasy</em><span> </span>sont ainsi au cœur de ses préoccupations quand, invité à St Andrews pour donner la 12ème conférence annuelle sur Andrew Lang, il choisit de se concentrer sur la partie du travail de Lang relative au folklore et à son recensement des contes de fées. De manière étonnante, il est le premier intervenant dans cette série de conférences à le faire. Ainsi, le choix de son sujet pourrait bien avoir été lié, consciemment ou non, à son propre travail.</p> <p>Tout en annonçant avec modestie qu’il ne connaît pas grand chose au sujet, hormis en tant que lecteur et amateur, Tolkien choisit donc de parler du<em><span> </span></em>conte de fées. Cette conférence deviendra par la suite la base de ce qui est probablement, avec<span> </span>son essai sur<span> </span><em>Beowulf</em>, son texte critique le plus étudié et le plus cité.</p> <p><strong>Contenu de l’essai</strong></p> <p>Les lecteurs qui découvrent<span> </span><em>Du Conte de Fées</em> peuvent se sentir dépassés par l’étendue des connaissances dont il témoigne, par l’évocation de noms jadis connus mais aujourd’hui étrangers, et par les allusions à des théories du mythe apparemment ésotériques. Une fois apprivoisé, l’essai révèle cependant une structure solide derrière les digressions, qui s’organise autour de trois questions : quelle est la nature des contes de fées ? Quelles sont leurs origines ? Quelle est leur fonction ?</p> <p> Tolkien profite de la première question, d’une part pour écarter l’idée jusqu’alors répandue que ce genre pourrait s’étendre aux visions que l’on a en rêve, aux fables animalières et aux récits de voyage, d’autre part pour mettre un terme à l’idée que les fées elles-mêmes sont de jolies et minuscules créatures, et que les contes de fées sont des contes<span> </span><em>sur</em><span> </span>les fées. Ce faisant, il reproche sévèrement à Andrew Lang sa collection trop disparate de<span> </span><em>Livres des Fées<span> </span></em>(<em>Fairy Books</em>, 1889-1910), qui inclut nombre de récits comme ceux cités précédemment en exemple. Puis il entreprend de remplacer cette conception vague du conte de fées par sa propre définition, plus stricte, plus restrictive : les contes de fées doivent être des histoires sur la<span> </span><em>Faërie</em>, « le royaume ou l’état dans lequel les fées ont leur être », et tout en contenant ce qui semble être, pour l’œil inexercé, de la magie, les contes comportent aussi de nombreux éléments ordinaires, les mers, les étoiles, le soleil et la lune, « et nous-mêmes, mortels, lorsque nous sommes gagnés par l’enchantement. ».</p> <p> La deuxième question, portant sur les origines, conduit Tolkien à examiner les théories alors répandues sur les contes populaires et les contes de fées, et à étudier de près une question qui avait suscité de vifs débats : comment des histoires sur des sujets aussi difficiles que le cannibalisme, la maltraitance d’enfants, l’inceste, le meurtre et le viol avaient-elles pu en venir à être racontées et, bien plus, devenir de la littérature pour enfants ?</p> <p><strong> </strong>Un habitué de ces débats était Max Müller, spécialiste de philologie comparée et adepte de la « mythologie solaire » – théorie selon laquelle tous les mythes et figures mythologiques étaient à l’origine des phénomènes célestes. Au fil des siècles les concepts derrière ces noms seraient devenus des dieux, puis des héros, avant de finir par n’être plus que les personnages des contes populaires et des contes de fées. L’opposant de Müller, Andrew Lang, était quant à lui adepte de la contre-théorie « anthropologique » selon laquelle les histoires dérivent des rites barbares et se comprennent mieux à travers l’étude des pratiques des cultures contemporaines « primitives » (comprendre « puériles » ou « enfantines »).</p> <p>Tolkien ne partage aucun de ces points de vue, et son analyse – et réfutation – de leurs positions opposées donne lieu à un compte rendu abrégé des deux argumentations et à une étude pertinente des diverses raisons pour lesquelles Müller et Lang ont tous deux tort.</p> <p>Très logiquement, Tolkien propose alors à la place sa propre théorie, selon laquelle les histoires sont le produit inévitable de l’interaction de l’imagination et du langage humains. Nous créons, dit-il, « parce que nous avons été créés », et créés à l’image d’un Créateur. La Création Primaire, le Monde Primaire, est celle de Dieu, d’où l’ajout par Tolkien du préfixe<span> </span><em>sub-</em><strong><span> </span></strong>pour<strong><span> </span></strong>parler<strong><span> </span></strong>de la création par l’homme d’un Monde Secondaire ou fictionnel. Nous sommes la création de Dieu, et notre faculté à raconter des histoires s’est développée conjointement à notre conscience et à notre (à nos) langage(s) : « Dans notre monde, l’incarnation de l’esprit, la langue, et le conte sont toujours contemporains ».</p> <p>Avec sa troisième question, sur leur fonction, Tolkien en arrive à ce qui représente pour lui le cœur du sujet, la nécessité de la<span> </span><em>fantasy</em><span> </span>dans un monde dédié presque totalement à la « réalité ». Sa défense de la<span> </span><em>fantasy</em><span> </span>repose sur les trois choses essentielles que cette dernière offre à ses lecteurs au travers des contes de fées : le Recouvrement, l’Evasion et la Consolation.</p> <p>Le Recouvrement est le fait de retrouver une vision claire des choses, trop longtemps considérées comme allant de soi ; en les percevant à travers le prisme de la<span> </span><em>fantasy</em>, nous les redécouvrons comme si c’était la première fois.</p> <p>L’Evasion est, littéralement, le fait de se retirer du monde ordinaire pour aller dans un monde secondaire où l’impossible devient possible, où les humains savent voler, changent de forme, conversent avec les animaux et combattent des dragons. La meilleure de toutes étant la Grande Evasion, celle qui nous fait échapper à la Mort, comme cela est possible seulement dans les contes de fées.</p> <p>Cet aspect est directement lié au dernier des trois points chez Tolkien : la Consolation, la réparation de l’injustice, le retour de la mort à la vie, la victoire du prince ou de la princesse qui console le lecteur et annonce la Fin Heureuse<strong><span> </span></strong>– la marque de fabrique du conte de fées, son élément essentiel.</p> <p><em><strong>L’Eucatastrophe</strong></em></p> <p>Pour étudier les effets de la Fin Heureuse et sa place dans l’histoire, Tolkien invente un nouveau mot : l’<em>eucatastrophe</em>, la « bonne catastrophe ».</p> <p>Si la tragédie constitue la marque de fabrique du drame, déclare-t-il, l’eucatastrophe est la marque de fabrique du conte de fées. Il crée ce mot pour faire référence au « retournement » heureux, soudain et inattendu, qui survient dans l’intrigue et renverse le mouvement malheureux, la<span> </span><em>catastrophe</em><span> </span>de la tragédie grecque.</p> <p>L’eucatastrophe transforme le chagrin en joie et remplace la catharsis de la tragédie par la Consolation et la Fin Heureuse. L’eucatastrophe n’écarte pas la possibilité d’une « dyscatastrophe ». C’est en effet un prérequis nécessaire au « retournement » puisqu’il faut une menace imminente et vraisemblable de chagrin ou de désastre pour que le revirement produise son plein effet.</p> <p>Les conséquences émotionnelles et l’importance de ce revirement inattendu conduisent Tolkien à ajouter un « Epilogue » à l’essai, au sujet de ce qu’il désigne comme le meilleur de tous les contes de fées, l’histoire contenue dans les Evangiles du Nouveau Testament. De tous les contes de fées, assure-t-il, celui-là est le plus grand car il présente non seulement tous les ingrédients nécessaires, mais il est également vrai. « La naissance du Christ », estime Tolkien, « est l’eucatastrophe de l’Histoire de l’Homme »</p> <p>Le dernier paragraphe de l’essai relie les deux à la conclusion de Tolkien, que le conte de fées le plus important a sanctifié le plus petit, et que la<span> </span><em>Fantasy</em><span> </span>pourrait « aider à l’effeuillaison et au multiple enrichissement de la création », pour que finalement « tous les contes [deviennent] réalité ».</p> <p><strong>Histoire de la publication</strong></p> <p>Tolkien a largement révisé et complété sa conférence initiale sur Andrew Lang, en vue de sa publication en 1947 dans le volume<span> </span><em>Essays Presented to Charles Williams</em>.</p> <p>Elle a été publiée à nouveau en 1964 avec la nouvelle<span> </span><em>Feuille, de Niggle</em> dans un petit volume intitulé<span> </span><em>Tree and Leaf<span> </span></em>[<em>Faërie</em><span> </span>est son proche équivalent en français] ; ce dernier a ensuite été intégré en 1966 dans un recueil des œuvres brèves de Tolkien,<span> </span><em>The Tolkien Reader</em>.</p> <p><em>Du Conte de Fées</em><span> </span>a été de nouveau modifié sur quelques points mineurs pour être intégré au recueil d’essais de Tolkien préparé par Christopher Tolkien et publié en 1983,<span> </span><em>Les Monstres et les critiques et autres essais</em>. L’essai en « édition étendue », avec notes et commentaires de Verlyn Flieger et Douglas A. Anderson a été publiée en 2008 par HarperCollins<em>Publishers</em>.</p> <p>En français, il existe deux versions de cet important essai : l’une de Francis Ledoux (1974), publiée dans<span> </span><em>Faërie et autres textes</em>, l’autre de Christine Laferrière, publiée en 2006 dans<span> </span><em>Les Monstres et les critiques et autres essais</em>, à laquelle est empruntée la traduction des citations dans le présent texte.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" 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