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</div> </div> </header>  <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-36805" class="post-36805 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/fr/la-vie/">La vie</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Biographie</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Biographie</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div id="biographical" class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h3><strong>Enfance</strong></h3> <p>John Ronald Reuel Tolkien est né le 3 janvier 1892 à Bloemfontein, dans l’État libre d’Orange (aujourd’hui l’Afrique du Sud). Ses parents, Arthur et Mabel Tolkien, tous deux originaires de Birmingham, avaient déménagé en Afrique du Sud pour qu’Arthur puisse poursuivre sa carrière dans la banque. Lorsque Tolkien avait trois ans, sa mère l’emmena avec son jeune frère Hilary rendre visite à leur famille en Angleterre. La visite devint permanente lorsque son père décéda subitement en Afrique du Sud. Mabel s’installa avec ses deux jeunes fils à Sarehole, un petit village juste à l’extérieur de Birmingham, qui devait plus tard inspirer le Comté dans les écrits de Tolkien.</p> <h3><strong>Education</strong></h3> <p>Tolkien obtint une bourse pour la prestigieuse école King Edward VI de Birmingham à l’âge de huit ans et la famille retourna en ville pour la suite de sa scolarité. Il excellait dans les langues en étudiant le français, l’allemand, le latin et le grec et s’intéressait également au vieil anglais, au moyen anglais et au gotique. Malheureusement, sa mère développa un diabète quand il avait douze ans et sa santé se détériora rapidement. Mabel s’était récemment convertie au catholicisme et elle s’arrangea pour que le père Francis Morgan, un prêtre catholique compatissant, devienne le tuteur des garçons. Elle décéda dans l’année et bien que Ronald et son jeune frère Hilary soient maintenant orphelins, le père Francis maintint un contact quotidien avec eux et leur donna amour et soutien financier pour le reste de sa vie.</p> <h3><strong>T.C.B.S.</strong></h3> <p>À l’école, Tolkien trouva un groupe d’amis partageant les mêmes idées : Geoffrey Smith, Chris Wiseman et Rob Gilson étaient tous précocement talentueux, respectivement en littérature, en mathématiques et en dessin. Ils se retrouvaient dans la bibliothèque de l’école et préparaient de façon illicite des tasses de thé. Lorsqu’ils furent découverts et expulsés, ils migrèrent vers le grand magasin Barrows où ils pouvaient boire du thé et poursuivre leurs discussions sans interruption. Le Tea Club and Barrovian Society, ou T.C.B.S. pour faire court, fut formé. Ces jeunes hommes formèrent une étroite camaraderie à travers un désir commun de créer quelque chose de beau dans le monde, mais à peine quelques années plus tard, leurs rêves seraient brisés par la guerre.</p> <h3><strong>Université</strong></h3> <p>Tolkien postula pour étudier les Classiques (<em>Literae Humaniores</em>, également connu sous le nom de Greats) à Oxford et lors de sa deuxième tentative, il obtint une bourse à Exeter College, Oxford, s’inscrivant en 1911. Après deux ans d’études assez relâchées, il reçut la permission de changer des classiques à l’anglais, afin qu’il puisse développer son intérêt grandissant pour la philologie germanique, et plus particulièrement le vieux norrois, le vieil anglais et le moyen anglais. La même année, en 1913, il retrouva Edith Bratt, une autre orpheline qu’il avait rencontrée dans une pension à Birmingham. Au départ, le tuteur de Tolkien avait tenté d’étouffer leur romance de jeunesse. Craignant qu’une relation ne détourne Tolkien de ses études, il avait interdit tout contact entre eux pendant trois ans. Dès que Tolkien atteint son vingt et unième anniversaire et que l’interdiction fut levée, il écrivit à Edith et ils se fiancèrent dans la semaine.</p> <h3><strong>Première Guerre mondiale</strong></h3> <p>La reprise de leur relation lui permit de se reconcentrer et il se mit à étudier plus sérieusement, obtenant un diplôme avec les félicitations en juin 1915. Il s’enrôla immédiatement dans l’armée, prenant un poste dans les Lancashire Fusiliers où il espérait être placé dans le même bataillon que son camarade d’école, Geoffrey Smith. Après une formation d’un an dans le Staffordshire et le Yorkshire, il obtint le diplôme d’officier des transmissions. Conscient du danger imminent, il se maria avec Edith en mars 1916 et trois mois plus tard, il fut envoyé en France pour le début de l’offensive de la Somme. Il vit de ses propres yeux les horreurs de la guerre des tranchées et la destruction totale de l’homme, de la bête et du paysage. Cinq mois plus tard, il fut renvoyé en Angleterre sur un navire-hôpital car il souffrait de la fièvre des tranchées. Il pâtit de cette maladie récurrente pendant les deux années suivantes et passa de longues périodes à l’hôpital, ponctuées de périodes de service défensif sur la côte est. C’est à cette époque qu’il commença à écrire « The Lost Tales », une série de contes héroïques sur les Elfes d’une époque lointaine. Ces histoires ont été les précurseuses du <em>Silmarillion</em>, son récit épique des Elfes et des Hommes et des Dieux, qui l’occupa toute sa vie et dont <em>Le Hobbit</em> et <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> sont finalement issus. Il a peut-être été poussé à écrire ces histoires par la proximité de la mort. À la fin de la guerre, Rob Gilson et Geoffrey Smith du T.C.B.S. étaient décédés, ainsi que de nombreux étudiants amis de Tolkien. Peu de temps avant sa mort, Geoffrey Smith avait exhorté Tolkien à poursuivre les idéaux qu’ils partageaient, « puisses-tu dire les choses que j’ai essayé de dire longtemps après que je ne serai plus là pour les dire, si tel est mon lot. »</p> <h3><strong>Début de carrière</strong></h3> <p>Avec une femme et un jeune fils à charge, il retourna à Oxford à la fin de la guerre et trouva un emploi en travaillant sur le <em>Oxford English Dictionary</em> en tant que lexicographe. Un an plus tard, en 1920, il obtint son premier poste universitaire de Maître de Conférence en langue anglaise à l’Université de Leeds, où il devint Professeur quatre ans plus tard. Son <em>Middle-English Vocabulary</em>, écrit pour les étudiants utilisant <em>Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose</em> de Kenneth Sisam, fut publié en 1922 et son édition de la romance médiévale, <em>Sire Gauvain et le Chevalier Vert</em>, co-éditée avec Eric Gordon, parut en 1925. Dans la même année, il retourna à Oxford en tant que Professeur de la Chaire Rawlinson et Bosworth d’anglo-saxon et associé du Pembroke College. Pendant les vingt années qui suivirent, il enseigna le vieil anglais, le vieux norrois, la philologie gotique et germanique aux étudiants de licence, supervisa des recherches de master et poursuivit ses propres recherches universitaires. Sa conférence à la British Academy, « Beowulf : les monstres et les critiques », prononcée en 1937, était un travail révolutionnaire qui bouleversa des décennies de pensée critique sur ce poème épique en vieil anglais. Une autre conférence, « On Fairy-stories », prononcée à l’Université de St Andrew en 1939, visait à définir la fantasy et fut plus tard reconnue comme sa justification pour écrire de la littérature fantasy.</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h3><strong>Les Inklings</strong></h3> <p>À Oxford, Tolkien rencontra C.S. Lewis, un collègue de la faculté d’anglais. Ils découvrirent rapidement un amour partagé des mythes et légendes du Nord et conversaient jusque tard dans la nuit, « des dieux et des géants et d’Asgard ». Ils furent invités à assister aux réunions d’un club d’étudiants en licence, appelé les Inklings, et lorsque le club périclita, ils donnèrent le nom à un groupe de leurs propres amis qui se rencontraient dans des pubs ou locaux de la faculté pour lire à haute voix leurs travaux en cours, pour boire, parler et débattre. Les Inklings, et C.S. Lewis en particulier, deviendraient cruciaux pour encourager Tolkien à terminer son œuvre majeure.</p> <h3><em><strong>Le Hobbit</strong></em></h3> <p>Pendant son temps libre, il continua à travailler sur son Légendaire, esquissant des milliers d’années d’histoire, inventant des langues, écrivant des histoires, traçant des cartes et peignant des paysages. Il inventa également des histoires pour ses quatre enfants : John (né en 1917), Michael (né en 1920), Christopher (né en 1924) et Priscilla (née en 1929). Certaines de ces histoires ont été écrites et illustrées, et l’une d’elles, <em>Le Hobbit</em>, se retrouva chez l’assistante d’un éditeur qui persuada Tolkien de le soumettre pour publication. Il fut publié par George Allen & Unwin en 1937 avec illustrations, cartes et une jaquette composée par Tolkien lui-même. Le premier tirage se vendit en trois mois et il devint un classique éternel pour enfants.</p> <h3><em><strong>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</strong></em></h3> <p>Le succès du <em>Hobbit</em> a conduit son éditeur, Stanley Unwin, à en demander plus à propos des hobbits. Tolkien soumit à la place certains des récits inachevés en prose et en vers du « Silmarillion », mais quand ceux-ci furent catégoriquement rejetés, il se mit au travail pour écrire une suite du <em>Hobbit</em>. L’histoire dépassa rapidement sa forme originale de conte pour enfants et devint un conte fantastique épique pour adultes. Il fallut douze ans pour le terminer, à la fin desquels Tolkien remarqua, un peu tristement, qu’il avait produit un « monstre : un romance d’une longueur immense, complexe, plutôt amer et tout à fait terrifiant, ne convenant pas du tout aux enfants ». L’œuvre, <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, était à la fois une suite du <em>Hobbit</em> et de son Légendaire inédit, « Le Silmarillion ». En fait, les œuvres étaient si étroitement liées dans l’esprit de Tolkien qu’il décida que <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> ne pouvait être publié qu’en conjonction avec le « Silmarillion », encore inachevé. Son éditeur hésita à l’idée et de longues négociations avec un éditeur rival, Collins, s’enlisèrent également. Trois ans plus tard, Tolkien écrivit une lettre penaude à George Allen & Unwin, déclarant « mieux vaut quelque chose plutôt que rien ». La taille énorme de l’ouvrage et les doutes quant à son lectorat potentiel étaient des préoccupations majeures mais Rayner Unwin (fils de Sir Stanley) était convaincu de ses mérites et décida de le publier même si l’entreprise subissait une perte financière. Il parut en trois volumes entre 1954 et 1955. Les critiques littéraires furent divisées sur les mérites de l’œuvre mais les ventes dépassèrent largement les attentes de l’éditeur et de l’auteur et il continua à se vendre en grande quantité et à être traduit dans un nombre toujours croissant de langues.</p> <h3><strong>Fin de carrière</strong></h3> <p>En 1945, alors qu’il luttait toujours pour terminer <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em>, Tolkien fut élu Professeur de la Chaire Merton de langue et littérature anglaises à Oxford. Sa spécialité académique passa alors de l’ancien au moyen anglais et il dut préparer une toute nouvelle série de conférences et de séminaires pour des textes qu’il n’avait pas enseignés depuis 1925. La même année, il publia une courte histoire allégorique, <em>Feuille, de Niggle</em>, qui reflétait certaines de ses propres inquiétudes quant au fait que <em>Le Seigneur des Anneaux</em> ne serait jamais terminé. Quelques années plus tard, il publia une autre nouvelle, le conte comique du <em>Fermier Gilles de Ham</em>, illustré par Pauline Baynes. Il prit sa retraite en 1959 après avoir été professeur à Oxford pendant trente-quatre ans.</p> <h3><strong>Retraite</strong></h3> <p>À la retraite, Tolkien espérait achever « Le Silmarillion », sur lequel il travaillait depuis plus de quarante ans, et que son éditeur (et ses lecteurs) réclamait à présent. Cependant, le succès du <em>Seigneur des Anneaux</em> créa sa propre charge de travail et il fut constamment appelé à répondre au courrier des fans, à donner des interviews et à faire des apparitions. Il avait également des travaux académiques à terminer et son édition tant attendue d’<em>Ancrene Wisse</em>, une œuvre médiévale en prose, fut finalement publiée en 1962. La même année, il publia un volume de poésie de la Terre du Milieu, <em>Les Aventures de Tom Bombadil</em>. Un court conte de fées, <em>Smith de Grand Wootton</em>, fut publié en 1967, décrit par Tolkien comme étant « le livre d’un vieillard, déjà lourd du présage de la “perte” » et en 1968, il collabora avec le compositeur Donald Swann pour produire une chanson-livre, <em>The Road Goes Ever On</em>.</p> <p>Lui et Edith déménagèrent d’Oxford à Bournemouth en 1968, espérant que dans un isolement relatif, il serait en mesure d’achever l’œuvre de sa vie. La santé d’Edith était déjà défaillante et elle mourut en novembre 1971, laissant Tolkien endeuillé après cinquante-cinq ans de mariage. Il retourna à Oxford pour vivre dans un appartement appartenant au Merton College, mais l’achèvement du « Silmarillion » s’avéra être une tâche trop lourde pour lui. Il décéda le 2 septembre 1973, à l’âge de quatre-vingt-un ans, alors qu’il rendait visite à des amis à Bournemouth et il fut enterré à Oxford aux côtés de sa femme bien-aimée Edith. 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