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This" /> <title>(PDF) Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine | Valeria Micheli - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/58059795/Variations_in_Reverse_Transcriptase_and_RNase_H_Domain_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Clinical_Isolates_Are_Associated_with_Divergent_Phenotypic_Resistance_to_Zidovudine" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1086bfafd5b5c78bcba1554863994f709e2874d0'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733313490000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733313490000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Mutations in the RNase H domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT have been reported to cause resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) in vitro. However, very limited data on the in vivo relevance of these mutations in patients exist to date. This study was designed to determine the relationship between mutations in the RNase H domain and viral susceptibility to nucleoside analogues. Viruses harboring complex thymidine analogue mutation (TAM) and nucleoside analogue mutation (NAM) profiles were evaluated for their phenotypic susceptibilities to ZDV, tenofovir (TNF), and the nonapproved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) β-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (Reverset), β-d-5-fluorodioxolane-cytosine, and apricitabine. As controls, viruses from NRTI-naïve patients were also studied. The pol RT region (codons 21 to 250) of the viruses were sequenced and evaluated for mutations in the RNase H domain (codons 441 to 560) and the connection domain (codons 289 to...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Valeria Micheli"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2021-10-15","dateModified":"2021-10-15","datePublished":"2007-01-01","headline":"Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72655418/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Genetics","Microbiology","Polymorphism","Medical Microbiology","HIV","Humans","Mutation","Virus","Resistance","Phenotype","Human immunodeficiency virus","Genetic variation","Amino Acid Sequence","Reverse Transcriptase","Adenine","Molecular Sequence Data","Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences","HIV infections"],"publication":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"American Society for Microbiology"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72655418/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58059795/Variations_in_Reverse_Transcriptase_and_RNase_H_Domain_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Clinical_Isolates_Are_Associated_with_Divergent_Phenotypic_Resistance_to_Zidovudine"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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However, very limited data on the in vivo relevance of these mutations in patients exist to date. This study was designed to determine the relationship between mutations in the RNase H domain and viral susceptibility to nucleoside analogues. Viruses harboring complex thymidine analogue mutation (TAM) and nucleoside analogue mutation (NAM) profiles were evaluated for their phenotypic susceptibilities to ZDV, tenofovir (TNF), and the nonapproved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) β-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (Reverset), β-d-5-fluorodioxolane-cytosine, and apricitabine. As controls, viruses from NRTI-naïve patients were also studied. The pol RT region (codons 21 to 250) of the viruses were sequenced and evaluated for mutations in the RNase H domain (codons 441 to 560) and the connection domain (codons 289 to...","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","publication_date":"2007,,","publication_name":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42592535]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":72655418,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/72655418/mini_magick20211015-14650-10nhqen.png?1634292123" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42592535" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MicheliValeria"><img alt="Profile image of Valeria Micheli" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Valeria Micheli</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2007, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Mutations in the RNase H domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT have been reported to cause resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) in vitro. However, very limited data on the in vivo relevance of these mutations in patients exist to date. This study was designed to determine the relationship between mutations in the RNase H domain and viral susceptibility to nucleoside analogues. Viruses harboring complex thymidine analogue mutation (TAM) and nucleoside analogue mutation (NAM) profiles were evaluated for their phenotypic susceptibilities to ZDV, tenofovir (TNF), and the nonapproved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) β-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (Reverset), β-d-5-fluorodioxolane-cytosine, and apricitabine. As controls, viruses from NRTI-naïve patients were also studied. The pol RT region (codons 21 to 250) of the viruses were sequenced and evaluated for mutations in the RNase H domain (codons 441 to 560) and the connection domain (codons 289 to...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":72655418,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/58059795/Variations_in_Reverse_Transcriptase_and_RNase_H_Domain_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Clinical_Isolates_Are_Associated_with_Divergent_Phenotypic_Resistance_to_Zidovudine"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32696329" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/AntonellaMonforte">Antonella Monforte</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Involvement of Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Mutations in the Regulation of Resistance to Nucleoside Inhibitors","attachmentId":45289865,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13481923/Involvement_of_Novel_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Mutations_in_the_Regulation_of_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Inhibitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13481923/Involvement_of_Novel_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Mutations_in_the_Regulation_of_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Inhibitors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="52558494" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52558494/The_L74V_Mutation_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Counteracts_Enhanced_Excision_of_Zidovudine_Monophosphate_Associated_with_Thymidine_Analog_Resistance_Mutations">The L74V Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Counteracts Enhanced Excision of Zidovudine Monophosphate Associated with Thymidine Analog Resistance Mutations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="183985823" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuisReyesMiranda">Luis Reyes Miranda</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) confer resistance to zidovudine (AZT) by increasing the rate of ATP-dependent phosphorolysis of the terminal nucleotide monophosphate (primer unblocking). By contrast, the L74V mutation, which confers resistance to didanosine, sensitizes HIV-1 to AZT and partially restores AZT susceptibility when present together with one or more TAMs. To compare rates of primer unblocking in RTs carrying different clusters of TAMs and to explore the biochemical mechanism by which L74V affects AZT susceptibility, ATP-mediated rescue of AZT-blocked DNA synthesis was assayed using a series of purified recombinant RTs. Rates of primer unblocking were higher in the 67N/70R/219Q RT than in the 41L/210W/215Y enzyme and were similar to rates observed with an RT carrying six TAMs (41L/67N/70R/210W/215Y/219Q). The presence of 74V in an otherwise wild-type RT reduced the rate of primer unblocking to a d...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The L74V Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Counteracts Enhanced Excision of Zidovudine Monophosphate Associated with Thymidine Analog Resistance Mutations","attachmentId":69768173,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52558494/The_L74V_Mutation_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Counteracts_Enhanced_Excision_of_Zidovudine_Monophosphate_Associated_with_Thymidine_Analog_Resistance_Mutations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52558494/The_L74V_Mutation_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Counteracts_Enhanced_Excision_of_Zidovudine_Monophosphate_Associated_with_Thymidine_Analog_Resistance_Mutations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="30982197" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30982197/Phenotypic_characterization_of_drug_resistance_associated_mutations_in_HIV_1_RT_connection_and_RNase_H_domains_and_their_correlation_with_thymidine_analogue_mutations">Phenotypic characterization of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 RT connection and RNase H domains and their correlation with thymidine analogue mutations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58850472" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JessicaBaumann2">Jessica Baumann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phenotypic characterization of drug resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 RT connection and RNase H domains and their correlation with thymidine analogue mutations","attachmentId":51414483,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30982197/Phenotypic_characterization_of_drug_resistance_associated_mutations_in_HIV_1_RT_connection_and_RNase_H_domains_and_their_correlation_with_thymidine_analogue_mutations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30982197/Phenotypic_characterization_of_drug_resistance_associated_mutations_in_HIV_1_RT_connection_and_RNase_H_domains_and_their_correlation_with_thymidine_analogue_mutations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="28642607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28642607/Mutations_at_65_and_70_within_the_context_of_a_Q151M_cluster_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_impact_the_susceptibility_to_the_different_nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_in_distinct_ways">Mutations at 65 and 70 within the context of a Q151M cluster in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impact the susceptibility to the different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in distinct ways</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32636531" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnemiekeVandamme">Anne-mieke Vandamme</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutations at 65 and 70 within the context of a Q151M cluster in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impact the susceptibility to the different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in distinct ways","attachmentId":49012142,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28642607/Mutations_at_65_and_70_within_the_context_of_a_Q151M_cluster_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_impact_the_susceptibility_to_the_different_nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_in_distinct_ways","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28642607/Mutations_at_65_and_70_within_the_context_of_a_Q151M_cluster_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_impact_the_susceptibility_to_the_different_nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_in_distinct_ways"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="22069257" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22069257/The_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Nonnucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitor_Resistance_Mutation_I132M_Confers_Hypersensitivity_to_Nucleoside_Analogs">The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutation I132M Confers Hypersensitivity to Nucleoside Analogs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43354484" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DwightNissley">Dwight Nissley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutation I132M Confers Hypersensitivity to Nucleoside Analogs","attachmentId":42744605,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22069257/The_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Nonnucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitor_Resistance_Mutation_I132M_Confers_Hypersensitivity_to_Nucleoside_Analogs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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Transcriptase</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35284927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BenBerkhout">Ben Berkhout</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Increased Multinucleoside Drug Resistance and Decreased Replicative Capacity of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variant with an 8-Amino-Acid Insert in the Reverse Transcriptase","attachmentId":83465793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75052421/Increased_Multinucleoside_Drug_Resistance_and_Decreased_Replicative_Capacity_of_a_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Variant_with_an_8_Amino_Acid_Insert_in_the_Reverse_Transcriptase","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/115760681/Effects_of_the_%CE%9467_Complex_of_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_on_Nucleoside_Analog_Excision">Effects of the Δ67 Complex of Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleoside Analog Excision</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38559906" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TomozumiImamichi">Tomozumi Imamichi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of the Δ67 Complex of Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleoside Analog 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88889712/Switch_to_Unusual_Amino_Acids_at_Codon_215_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_in_Seroconvertors_Infected_with_Zidovudine_Resistant_Variants">Switch to Unusual Amino Acids at Codon 215 of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Seroconvertors Infected with Zidovudine-Resistant Variants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50087941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SKinloch">S. Kinloch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Switch to Unusual Amino Acids at Codon 215 of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Seroconvertors Infected with Zidovudine-Resistant Variants","attachmentId":92788578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88889712/Switch_to_Unusual_Amino_Acids_at_Codon_215_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_in_Seroconvertors_Infected_with_Zidovudine_Resistant_Variants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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href="https://www.academia.edu/10271620/N348I_in_the_Connection_Domain_of_HIV1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Confers_Zidovudine_and_Nevirapine_Resistance">N348I in the Connection Domain of HIV1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Zidovudine and Nevirapine Resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25153617" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VivianeLima9">Viviane Lima</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLOS Medicine, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"N348I in the Connection Domain of HIV1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Zidovudine and Nevirapine 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js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="27674474" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27674474/Effect_of_Zidovudine_Resistance_Mutations_on_Virologic_Response_to_Treatment_with_Zidovudine_Lamivudine_Ritonavir_Genotypic_Analysis_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Isolates_from_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_Protocol_315">Effect of Zidovudine Resistance Mutations on Virologic Response to Treatment with Zidovudine‐Lamivudine‐Ritonavir: Genotypic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 315</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40555437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnSpritzler">John Spritzler</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effect of Zidovudine Resistance Mutations on Virologic Response to Treatment with Zidovudine‐Lamivudine‐Ritonavir: Genotypic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 315","attachmentId":47940787,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27674474/Effect_of_Zidovudine_Resistance_Mutations_on_Virologic_Response_to_Treatment_with_Zidovudine_Lamivudine_Ritonavir_Genotypic_Analysis_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Isolates_from_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_Protocol_315","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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href="https://www.academia.edu/110047588/Mutations_in_the_connection_domain_of_HIV_1_reverse_transcriptase_increase_3_azido_3_deoxythymidine_resistance">Mutations in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase increase 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35361770" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KristaDelviksfrankenberry">Krista Delviks-frankenberry</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutations in the connection domain of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase increase 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine 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class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57645630/Coresistance_to_zidovudine_and_foscarnet_is_associated_with_multiple_mutations_in_the_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase">Coresistance to zidovudine and foscarnet is associated with multiple mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44016414" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GildaTachedjian">Gilda Tachedjian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coresistance to zidovudine and foscarnet is associated with 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js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="29876761" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29876761/Multiple_Drug_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Analogues_and_Nonnucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitors_in_an_Efficiently_Replicating_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Patient_Strain">Multiple Drug Resistance to Nucleoside Analogues and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in an Efficiently Replicating Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Patient Strain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56725943" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilippeHermans">Philippe Hermans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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href="https://www.academia.edu/29876761/Multiple_Drug_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Analogues_and_Nonnucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitors_in_an_Efficiently_Replicating_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Patient_Strain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="49406624" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49406624/Effects_of_the_67_Complex_of_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_on_Nucleoside_Analog_Excision">Effects of the 67 Complex of Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleoside Analog Excision</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="194831293" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulBoyer8">Paul L . 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