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(PDF) Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus | Rob J de Boer - Academia.edu
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Follow-up of the fate of these resistant HIV-1 strains in four newly infected individuals revealed that they were readily replaced by sensitive strains. The RT of the resistant viruses changed at amino acid 215 from tyrosine (Y) to aspartic acid (D) or serine (S), with asparagine (N) as a transient intermediate, indicating the establishment of new wild types. When we introduced these mutations and the original threonine (T)-containing wild type into infectious molecular clones and assessed their competitive advantage in vitro, the order of fitness was in accord with the in vivo observations: 215Y \u0026amp;amp;lt; 215D = 215S = 215T. As detected by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with ...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rob J de Boer"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-01-31","dateModified":"2023-01-31","datePublished":"2001-01-01","headline":"Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98036017/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Immunology","Biology","Medicine","HIV","Competitive advantage","Biological Sciences","Antiretroviral Therapy","Humans","Mutation","Drug Resistance","Biologie","Male","Real Time","Molecular cloning","Human immunodeficiency virus","Nucleic Acid","Molecular beacon","Molecular Sequence Data","Medical and Health Sciences","HIV infections"],"publication":"Journal of Virology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"American Society for Microbiology"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98036017/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/96020553/Establishment_of_New_Transmissible_and_Drug_Sensitive_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Wild_Types_due_to_Transmission_of_Nucleoside_Analogue_Resistant_Virus"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F96020553%2FEstablishment_of_New_Transmissible_and_Drug_Sensitive_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Wild_Types_due_to_Transmission_of_Nucleoside_Analogue_Resistant_Virus%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":98036017,"identifier":"Attachment_98036017","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":96020553,"created_at":"2023-01-31T00:37:10.696-08:00","from_world_paper_id":226570302,"updated_at":"2023-01-31T01:00:51.623-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Sequence analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from 74 persons with acute infections identified eight strains with mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene at positions 41, 67, 68, 70, 215, and 219 associated with resistance to the nucleoside analogue zidovudine (AZT). Follow-up of the fate of these resistant HIV-1 strains in four newly infected individuals revealed that they were readily replaced by sensitive strains. The RT of the resistant viruses changed at amino acid 215 from tyrosine (Y) to aspartic acid (D) or serine (S), with asparagine (N) as a transient intermediate, indicating the establishment of new wild types. When we introduced these mutations and the original threonine (T)-containing wild type into infectious molecular clones and assessed their competitive advantage in vitro, the order of fitness was in accord with the in vivo observations: 215Y \u0026lt; 215D = 215S = 215T. As detected by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with ...","publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"Journal of Virology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [34821462]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":98036017,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/98036017/mini_magick20230131-1-1c7zxwc.png?1675154366" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug-Sensitive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Wild Types due to Transmission of Nucleoside Analogue-Resistant Virus</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34821462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobJdeBoer"><img alt="Profile image of Rob J de Boer" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/34821462/28459210/26616307/s65_rob.de_boer.png" />Rob J de Boer</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2001, Journal of Virology</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Sequence analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from 74 persons with acute infections identified eight strains with mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene at positions 41, 67, 68, 70, 215, and 219 associated with resistance to the nucleoside analogue zidovudine (AZT). Follow-up of the fate of these resistant HIV-1 strains in four newly infected individuals revealed that they were readily replaced by sensitive strains. The RT of the resistant viruses changed at amino acid 215 from tyrosine (Y) to aspartic acid (D) or serine (S), with asparagine (N) as a transient intermediate, indicating the establishment of new wild types. When we introduced these mutations and the original threonine (T)-containing wild type into infectious molecular clones and assessed their competitive advantage in vitro, the order of fitness was in accord with the in vivo observations: 215Y &lt; 215D = 215S = 215T. As detected by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with ...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":98036017,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96020553/Establishment_of_New_Transmissible_and_Drug_Sensitive_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Wild_Types_due_to_Transmission_of_Nucleoside_Analogue_Resistant_Virus"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":98036017,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96020553/Establishment_of_New_Transmissible_and_Drug_Sensitive_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Wild_Types_due_to_Transmission_of_Nucleoside_Analogue_Resistant_Virus"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="98036017" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/96020553/Establishment_of_New_Transmissible_and_Drug_Sensitive_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Wild_Types_due_to_Transmission_of_Nucleoside_Analogue_Resistant_Virus" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="88889712" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88889712/Switch_to_Unusual_Amino_Acids_at_Codon_215_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_in_Seroconvertors_Infected_with_Zidovudine_Resistant_Variants">Switch to Unusual Amino Acids at Codon 215 of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Seroconvertors Infected with Zidovudine-Resistant Variants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50087941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SKinloch">S. Kinloch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 1998</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sequences of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) domain were determined by direct sequencing of HIV-1 RNA in successive plasma samples from eight seroconverting patients infected with virus bearing the T215Y/F amino acid substitution associated with zidovudine (ZDV) resistance. At baseline, additional mutations associated with ZDV resistance were detected. Three patients had the M41L amino acid change, which persisted. Two patients had both the D67N and the K70R amino acid substitutions; reversion to the wild type was seen at both positions in one of these patients and at codon 70 in the other one. Reversion to the wild type at codon 215 was observed in only one of eight patients. Unusual amino acids, such as aspartic acid (D) and cysteine (C), appeared at position 215 in four patients during follow-up. These variants isolated by coculturing were sensitive to ZDV. Overgrowth of these variants suggests that they have better fitness than the orig...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Switch to Unusual Amino Acids at Codon 215 of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Seroconvertors Infected with Zidovudine-Resistant Variants","attachmentId":92788578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88889712/Switch_to_Unusual_Amino_Acids_at_Codon_215_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_in_Seroconvertors_Infected_with_Zidovudine_Resistant_Variants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88889712/Switch_to_Unusual_Amino_Acids_at_Codon_215_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_in_Seroconvertors_Infected_with_Zidovudine_Resistant_Variants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="16722301" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16722301/Convergent_Evolution_of_Reverse_Transcriptase_RT_Genes_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Subtypes_E_and_B_following_Nucleoside_Analogue_RT_Inhibitor_Therapies">Convergent Evolution of Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Genes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes E and B following Nucleoside Analogue RT Inhibitor Therapies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36125282" href="https://yokoama-cu.academia.edu/YutakaTakebe">Yutaka Takebe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Convergent Evolution of Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Genes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtypes E and B following Nucleoside Analogue RT Inhibitor Therapies","attachmentId":39146670,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16722301/Convergent_Evolution_of_Reverse_Transcriptase_RT_Genes_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Subtypes_E_and_B_following_Nucleoside_Analogue_RT_Inhibitor_Therapies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16722301/Convergent_Evolution_of_Reverse_Transcriptase_RT_Genes_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Subtypes_E_and_B_following_Nucleoside_Analogue_RT_Inhibitor_Therapies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12630105" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630105/Broad_nucleoside_analogue_resistance_implications_for_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_mutations_at_codons_44_and_118">Broad nucleoside-analogue resistance 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118","attachmentId":46038999,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630105/Broad_nucleoside_analogue_resistance_implications_for_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_mutations_at_codons_44_and_118","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630105/Broad_nucleoside_analogue_resistance_implications_for_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_mutations_at_codons_44_and_118"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="80447175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80447175/Insertion_of_two_animo_acids_combined_with_changes_in_reverse_transcriptase_containing_tyrosine_215_of_HIV_1_resistant_to_multiple_nucleoside_analogs">Insertion of two animo acids combined with changes in reverse transcriptase containing tyrosine-215 of HIV-1 resistant to multiple nucleoside analogs</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33178075" href="https://uva.academia.edu/SuzanneJurriaans">Suzanne Jurriaans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AIDS, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Insertion of two animo acids combined with changes in reverse transcriptase containing tyrosine-215 of HIV-1 resistant to multiple nucleoside analogs","attachmentId":86825950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80447175/Insertion_of_two_animo_acids_combined_with_changes_in_reverse_transcriptase_containing_tyrosine_215_of_HIV_1_resistant_to_multiple_nucleoside_analogs","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80447175/Insertion_of_two_animo_acids_combined_with_changes_in_reverse_transcriptase_containing_tyrosine_215_of_HIV_1_resistant_to_multiple_nucleoside_analogs"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="58059795" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58059795/Variations_in_Reverse_Transcriptase_and_RNase_H_Domain_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Clinical_Isolates_Are_Associated_with_Divergent_Phenotypic_Resistance_to_Zidovudine">Variations in Reverse Transcriptase and RNase H Domain Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clinical Isolates Are Associated with Divergent Phenotypic Resistance to Zidovudine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42592535" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MicheliValeria">Valeria Micheli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mutations in the RNase H domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT have been reported to cause resistance to zidovudine (ZDV) in vitro. However, very limited data on the in vivo relevance of these mutations in patients exist to date. This study was designed to determine the relationship between mutations in the RNase H domain and viral susceptibility to nucleoside analogues. Viruses harboring complex thymidine analogue mutation (TAM) and nucleoside analogue mutation (NAM) profiles were evaluated for their phenotypic susceptibilities to ZDV, tenofovir (TNF), and the nonapproved nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) β-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-5-fluorocytidine (Reverset), β-d-5-fluorodioxolane-cytosine, and apricitabine. As controls, viruses from NRTI-naïve patients were also studied. 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3′-Azido-3′-Dideoxythymidine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="106663690" href="https://mu.academia.edu/VinayPathak">Vinay Pathak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Selection of Mutations in the Connection and RNase H Domains of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase That Increase Resistance to 3′-Azido-3′-Dideoxythymidine","attachmentId":117443658,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122873277/Selection_of_Mutations_in_the_Connection_and_RNase_H_Domains_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_That_Increase_Resistance_to_3_Azido_3_Dideoxythymidine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/114968358/Insertions_in_the_Reverse_Transcriptase_Increase_both_Drug_Resistance_and_Viral_Fitness_in_a_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Isolate_Harboring_the_Multi_Nucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitor_Resistance_69_Insertion_Complex_Mutation">Insertions in the Reverse Transcriptase Increase both Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate Harboring the Multi-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance 69 Insertion Complex Mutation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32925190" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiguelMartinez142">Miguel Martinez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Insertions in the Reverse Transcriptase Increase both Drug Resistance and Viral Fitness in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate Harboring the Multi-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance 69 Insertion Complex Mutation","attachmentId":111955120,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114968358/Insertions_in_the_Reverse_Transcriptase_Increase_both_Drug_Resistance_and_Viral_Fitness_in_a_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Isolate_Harboring_the_Multi_Nucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitor_Resistance_69_Insertion_Complex_Mutation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114968358/Insertions_in_the_Reverse_Transcriptase_Increase_both_Drug_Resistance_and_Viral_Fitness_in_a_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Isolate_Harboring_the_Multi_Nucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitor_Resistance_69_Insertion_Complex_Mutation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="28642607" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28642607/Mutations_at_65_and_70_within_the_context_of_a_Q151M_cluster_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_reverse_transcriptase_impact_the_susceptibility_to_the_different_nucleoside_reverse_transcriptase_inhibitors_in_distinct_ways">Mutations at 65 and 70 within the context of a Q151M cluster in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impact the susceptibility to the different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in distinct ways</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32636531" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnemiekeVandamme">Anne-mieke Vandamme</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mutations at 65 and 70 within the context of a Q151M cluster in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase impact the susceptibility to the different nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in distinct 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data-author-id="41435815" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShinichiOka">Shinichi Oka</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Amino Acid Mutation N348I in the Connection Subdomain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Confers Multiclass Resistance to Nucleoside and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors","attachmentId":41527654,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20725893/Amino_Acid_Mutation_N348I_in_the_Connection_Subdomain_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Confers_Multiclass_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_and_Nonnucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/10311312/Exploitation_of_the_Low_Fidelity_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_HIV1_Reverse_Transcriptase_and_the_Nucleotide_Composition_Bias_in_the_HIV1_Genome_To_Alter_the_Drug_Resistance_Development_of_HIV">Exploitation of the Low Fidelity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV1) Reverse Transcriptase and the Nucleotide Composition Bias in the HIV1 Genome To Alter the Drug Resistance Development of HIV</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25271830" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaFelix5">Ana Felix</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exploitation of the Low Fidelity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 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ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Involvement of Novel Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Mutations in the Regulation of Resistance to Nucleoside Inhibitors","attachmentId":45289865,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13481923/Involvement_of_Novel_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Mutations_in_the_Regulation_of_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Inhibitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13481923/Involvement_of_Novel_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Mutations_in_the_Regulation_of_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Inhibitors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="26071654" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26071654/Zidovudine_treatment_results_in_the_selection_of_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_variants_whose_genotypes_confer_increasing_levels_of_drug_resistance">Zidovudine treatment results in the selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants whose genotypes confer increasing levels of drug resistance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49957439" href="https://imperial.academia.edu/PaulKellam">Paul Kellam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of General Virology, 1994</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Zidovudine treatment results in the selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants whose genotypes confer increasing levels of drug resistance","attachmentId":46419609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26071654/Zidovudine_treatment_results_in_the_selection_of_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_variants_whose_genotypes_confer_increasing_levels_of_drug_resistance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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Assay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutations Conferring Resistance to Nucleoside Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase: Comparison with Sequence Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39707215" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineKatlama">Christine Katlama</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1998</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Line Probe Assay for Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Mutations Conferring Resistance to Nucleoside Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase: Comparison with Sequence 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class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="21926028" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21926028/Genotypic_Phenotypic_and_Modeling_Studies_of_a_Deletion_in_the_beta_3_beta_4_Region_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_That_Is_Associated_with_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitors">Genotypic, Phenotypic, and Modeling Studies of a Deletion in the beta 3-beta 4 Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene That Is Associated with Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43166641" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YvetteGirard">Yvette Girard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Virology, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Genotypic, Phenotypic, and Modeling Studies of a Deletion in the beta 3-beta 4 Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene That Is Associated with Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors","attachmentId":42653443,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21926028/Genotypic_Phenotypic_and_Modeling_Studies_of_a_Deletion_in_the_beta_3_beta_4_Region_of_the_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Gene_That_Is_Associated_with_Resistance_to_Nucleoside_Reverse_Transcriptase_Inhibitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/109831269/Amino_Acid_Deletion_at_Codon_67_and_Thr_to_Gly_Change_at_Codon_69_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_Confer_Novel_Drug_Resistance_Profiles"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="49406654" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49406654/Effects_of_the_67_Complex_of_Mutations_in_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_Reverse_Transcriptase_on_Nucleoside_Analog_Excision">Effects of the 67 Complex of Mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase on Nucleoside Analog Excision</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a 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