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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Adenine</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">6 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Adenine</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Adenine">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28773360" data-work_id="28773360" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28773360/Production_of_alkaloids_by_in_vitro_culture_of_Erythrina_americana_Miller">Production of alkaloids by in vitro culture of Erythrina americana Miller</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The production of erythroidines and other alkaloids was studied in cotyledons, callus and cell suspension cultures of Erythrina americana Miller. The cell suspension cultures, grown in Murashige & Skoog medium with naphthaleneacetic acid... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28773360" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The production of erythroidines and other alkaloids was studied in cotyledons, callus and cell suspension cultures of Erythrina americana Miller. The cell suspension cultures, grown in Murashige & Skoog medium with naphthaleneacetic acid (3 mg l(-1)) and kinetin (2 mg l(-1)), produced 89 and 17 microg alpha- and beta-erythroidines respectively per g dry wt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28773360" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e169999c88485e4ab1deb5c9b0874b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49192520,"asset_id":28773360,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49192520/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4028903" href="https://cinvestav.academia.edu/AnaRamosValdivia">Ana Ramos-Valdivia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4028903" type="text/json">{"id":4028903,"first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Ramos-Valdivia","domain_name":"cinvestav","page_name":"AnaRamosValdivia","display_name":"Ana Ramos-Valdivia","profile_url":"https://cinvestav.academia.edu/AnaRamosValdivia?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4028903/1533796/15297719/s65_ana.ramos-valdivia.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28773360 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28773360"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28773360, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28773360", }); 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Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":115090,"name":"Plant Growth Regulators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulators?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":161562,"name":"Alkaloids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alkaloids?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":386438,"name":"Seeds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seeds?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1222674,"name":"Naphthaleneacetic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naphthaleneacetic_Acids?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1342381,"name":"Murashige and Skoog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murashige_and_Skoog?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1749763,"name":"Cell Suspension Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Suspension_Culture?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1891237,"name":"Kinetin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetin?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65649570" data-work_id="65649570" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65649570/Surface_Structure_Sensitive_Adsorption_of_Adenine_on_Gold_Electrodes">Surface-Structure-Sensitive Adsorption of Adenine on Gold Electrodes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" 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InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3683360" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnaMartins5">Ana Martins</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3683360" type="text/json">{"id":3683360,"first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Martins","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaMartins5","display_name":"Ana Martins","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnaMartins5?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3683360/1307380/1623109/s65_ana.martins.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65649570 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65649570"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65649570, 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65649570]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65649570").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65649570").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65649570"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystallography">Crystallography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1177" type="text/json">{"id":1177,"name":"Crystallography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystallography?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4748" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4748" type="text/json">{"id":4748,"name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65649570]'), work: {"id":65649570,"title":"Surface-Structure-Sensitive Adsorption of Adenine on Gold Electrodes","created_at":"2021-12-23T02:03:38.459-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65649570/Surface_Structure_Sensitive_Adsorption_of_Adenine_on_Gold_Electrodes?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_65649570","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77153731,"asset_id":65649570,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3683360,"first_name":"Ana","last_name":"Martins","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnaMartins5","display_name":"Ana 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Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":76736,"name":"Gold","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gold?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":129704,"name":"OR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/OR?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":319122,"name":"Surface Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Structure?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":440924,"name":"Surface Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Properties?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":645605,"name":"THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/THEORETICAL_AND_COMPUTATIONAL_CHEMISTRY?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":846015,"name":"Electrodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrodes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":909150,"name":"Electrode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrode?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64480154" data-work_id="64480154" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64480154/Pharmacokinetics_and_efficacy_of_intravenous_and_extradural_tramadol_in_dogs">Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of intravenous and extradural tramadol in dogs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (i.v.) and extradural (e.d.) tramadol (2... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64480154" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tramadol is a synthetic opioid agonist used extensively in human and, to a lesser extent, veterinary medicine throughout the world. The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (i.v.) and extradural (e.d.) tramadol (2 mg/kg) and its o-desmethyl metabolite were studied in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and post-operative pain was assessed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. A rapid (&lt;5 min) and effective production of o-desmethyl tramadol was recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile was similar for tramadol and its metabolite irrespective of the route of administration. E.d. tramadol provided sufficient intra- and post-operative analgesia without significant clinical side-effects, but the post-operative analgesia was comparable to that following i.v. administration and the e.d. route could therefore not be considered a practical alternative to the i.v. route.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64480154" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3abd59cab43a0cf5c5cb66bc5e7440b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76497633,"asset_id":64480154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76497633/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76979113" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MartinaGallo8">Martina Gallo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76979113" type="text/json">{"id":76979113,"first_name":"Martina","last_name":"Gallo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MartinaGallo8","display_name":"Martina Gallo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MartinaGallo8?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64480154 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64480154"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64480154, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64480154", }); 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The clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous (i.v.) and extradural (e.d.) tramadol (2 mg/kg) and its o-desmethyl metabolite were studied in dogs undergoing tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Intra-operative cardiorespiratory variables were monitored and post-operative pain was assessed using the short form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. A rapid (\u0026lt;5 min) and effective production of o-desmethyl tramadol was recorded. The pharmacokinetic profile was similar for tramadol and its metabolite irrespective of the route of administration. E.d. tramadol provided sufficient intra- and post-operative analgesia without significant clinical side-effects, but the post-operative analgesia was comparable to that following i.v. administration and the e.d. route could therefore not be considered a practical alternative to the i.v. route.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76497633,"asset_id":64480154,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":76979113,"first_name":"Martina","last_name":"Gallo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MartinaGallo8","display_name":"Martina Gallo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MartinaGallo8?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis 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virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":998417,"name":"Lamivudine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamivudine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1309706,"name":"Area Under Curve","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Area_Under_Curve?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1312086,"name":"Immunoglobulins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoglobulins?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58251067" data-work_id="58251067" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58251067/Long_term_therapy_with_adefovir_dipivoxil_for_HBeAg_negative_chronic_hepatitis_B">Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The new england journal of medicine 2674 * The most common adverse events are those that occurred in 10 percent or more of the patients in any treatment group. † Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison with the placebo-adefovir... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58251067" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The new england journal of medicine 2674 * The most common adverse events are those that occurred in 10 percent or more of the patients in any treatment group. † Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison with the placebo-adefovir group (P<0.05). ‡ Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison with the adefovir-placebo group (P<0.05).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58251067" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="527807b75b71ead3a9f9b8348e6258e6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72754016,"asset_id":58251067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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class="js-paper-rank-work_58251067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58251067"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58251067, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58251067", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58251067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58251067; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58251067"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); 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u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3274" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3274" type="text/json">{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="63331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B">Hepatitis B</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="63331" type="text/json">{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis 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percent or more of the patients in any treatment group. † Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison with the placebo-adefovir group (P\u003c0.05). ‡ Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison with the adefovir-placebo group (P\u003c0.05).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72754016,"asset_id":58251067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":153162056,"first_name":"Seng","last_name":"Lim","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SengLim8","display_name":"Seng Lim","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SengLim8?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis 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Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2112739,"name":"Alanine Transaminase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alanine_Transaminase?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3562342,"name":"Liver neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_neoplasms?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50823066" data-work_id="50823066" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50823066/Long_term_96_week_Efficacy_and_Safety_After_Switching_from_Tenofovir_Disoproxil_Fumarate_TDF_to_Tenofovir_Alafenamide_TAF_in_HIV_infected_Virologically_Suppressed_Adults">Long-term (96-week) Efficacy and Safety After Switching from Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) to Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF) in HIV-infected, Virologically Suppressed Adults</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In a double-blind, phase 3 trial, 663 HIV-infected, virologically suppressed adults were randomized to switch to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF; n=333) vs. remain on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF; n=330), each coformulated with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50823066" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In a double-blind, phase 3 trial, 663 HIV-infected, virologically suppressed adults were randomized to switch to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF; n=333) vs. remain on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF; n=330), each coformulated with emtricitabine (FTC), while continuing their third agent (boosted protease inhibitor or unboosted third agent). At week 96, 88.6% on FTC/TAF and 89.1% on FTC/TDF had HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL (adjusted difference -0.5%; 95%CI [-5.3%, 4.4%]). Proteinuria, albuminuria, proximal renal tubular function, and bone mineral density improved after switching to TAF- from TDF-containing regimens. These longer-term data support FTC/TAF as a safe, well tolerated, and durable nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50823066" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64872e8070a116780bdfd9a4bc8f546b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68689563,"asset_id":50823066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68689563/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="49388596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JorgeSantana35">Jorge Santana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="49388596" type="text/json">{"id":49388596,"first_name":"Jorge","last_name":"Santana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JorgeSantana35","display_name":"Jorge Santana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JorgeSantana35?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50823066 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50823066"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50823066, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50823066", }); 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n=333) vs. remain on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF; n=330), each coformulated with emtricitabine (FTC), while continuing their third agent (boosted protease inhibitor or unboosted third agent). At week 96, 88.6% on FTC/TAF and 89.1% on FTC/TDF had HIV-1 RNA \u0026lt;50 copies/mL (adjusted difference -0.5%; 95%CI [-5.3%, 4.4%]). Proteinuria, albuminuria, proximal renal tubular function, and bone mineral density improved after switching to TAF- from TDF-containing regimens. These longer-term data support FTC/TAF as a safe, well tolerated, and durable nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor backbone.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68689563,"asset_id":50823066,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":49388596,"first_name":"Jorge","last_name":"Santana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JorgeSantana35","display_name":"Jorge Santana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JorgeSantana35?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1381928,"name":"Tenofovir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tenofovir?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3887581,"name":"HIV infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV_infections?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47943515" data-work_id="47943515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47943515/Extended_storage_of_AS_1_and_AS_3_leukoreduced_red_blood_cells_for_15_days_after_deglycerolization_and_resuspension_in_AS_3_using_an_automated_closed_system">Extended storage of AS-1 and AS-3 leukoreduced red blood cells for 15 days after deglycerolization and resuspension in AS-3 using an automated closed system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The utilization of cryopreserved red blood cell (RBC) units had been limited by a maximum postdeglycerolization storage of 24 hours at 1 to 6°C until the recent development of a closed system for the glycerolization and deglycerolization... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47943515" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The utilization of cryopreserved red blood cell (RBC) units had been limited by a maximum postdeglycerolization storage of 24 hours at 1 to 6°C until the recent development of a closed system for the glycerolization and deglycerolization process. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty leukoreduced additive solution (AS), AS-1 (n = 30) and AS-3 (n = 30) RBC units from 500-mL whole blood (WB) collections were stored for 6 days, glycerolized, frozen at −70 ± 5°C for at least 14 days, thawed, deglycerolized, and stored for 15 days at 1 to 6°C. Glycerolization and deglycerolization were performed with the ACP 215. In-vitro variables were tested before glycerolization, on Day 0, and Day 15 after deglycerolization storage. Forty donors were assessed for double-label 24-hour percent recovery, and T 1/2 survival time was measured for 20 donors. RESULTS: Postdeglycerolization mean ± standard deviation in-vitro RBC mass recoveries were 93 ± 5 percent for AS-1 and 95 ± 4 percent for AS-3. Mean hemoglobin ± standard deviation after deglycerolization was 50.5 ± 5.5g for AS-1 and 50.1 ± 3.5g for AS-3. Mean hemolysis (Day 15) was 0.36 ± 0.11 percent for AS-1 and 0.38 ± 0.13 percent for AS-3. Double-label 24-hour in-vivo recoveries were 82.5 ± 7.8 percent for AS-1 and 81.4 ± 7.1 percent for AS-3. The 51 Cr T 1/2 value was 41.8 ± 3.97 for AS-1 and 40.6 ± 7.11 for AS-3. Other in-vitro variables were as expected. CONCLUSION: Leukoreduced AS-1 and AS-3 RBCs after frozen storage at −70 ± 5°C can be stored for up to 14 days when processing is performed with the ACP 215 system with resuspension of deglycerolized RBCs in AS-3.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47943515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37ed77b5b67fa4651c93e97a2cf4652a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66812761,"asset_id":47943515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66812761/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="96712216" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JerryHolmberg">Jerry A Holmberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="96712216" type="text/json">{"id":96712216,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Holmberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JerryHolmberg","display_name":"Jerry A Holmberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JerryHolmberg?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47943515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47943515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47943515, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47943515", }); 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STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty leukoreduced additive solution (AS), AS-1 (n = 30) and AS-3 (n = 30) RBC units from 500-mL whole blood (WB) collections were stored for 6 days, glycerolized, frozen at −70 ± 5°C for at least 14 days, thawed, deglycerolized, and stored for 15 days at 1 to 6°C. Glycerolization and deglycerolization were performed with the ACP 215. In-vitro variables were tested before glycerolization, on Day 0, and Day 15 after deglycerolization storage. Forty donors were assessed for double-label 24-hour percent recovery, and T 1/2 survival time was measured for 20 donors. RESULTS: Postdeglycerolization mean ± standard deviation in-vitro RBC mass recoveries were 93 ± 5 percent for AS-1 and 95 ± 4 percent for AS-3. Mean hemoglobin ± standard deviation after deglycerolization was 50.5 ± 5.5g for AS-1 and 50.1 ± 3.5g for AS-3. Mean hemolysis (Day 15) was 0.36 ± 0.11 percent for AS-1 and 0.38 ± 0.13 percent for AS-3. Double-label 24-hour in-vivo recoveries were 82.5 ± 7.8 percent for AS-1 and 81.4 ± 7.1 percent for AS-3. The 51 Cr T 1/2 value was 41.8 ± 3.97 for AS-1 and 40.6 ± 7.11 for AS-3. Other in-vitro variables were as expected. CONCLUSION: Leukoreduced AS-1 and AS-3 RBCs after frozen storage at −70 ± 5°C can be stored for up to 14 days when processing is performed with the ACP 215 system with resuspension of deglycerolized RBCs in AS-3.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66812761,"asset_id":47943515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":96712216,"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Holmberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JerryHolmberg","display_name":"Jerry A Holmberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JerryHolmberg?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":19295,"name":"Cryopreservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryopreservation?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":71289,"name":"Glucose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":283379,"name":"Glycerol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glycerol?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":341079,"name":"Storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storage?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":541785,"name":"Phosphates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphates?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":579219,"name":"Red blood cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Red_blood_cell?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":982534,"name":"Erythrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":985506,"name":"Closed Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Closed_Systems?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1272099,"name":"Leukocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leukocytes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1703031,"name":"Mannitol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mannitol?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2828123,"name":"Closed system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Closed_system?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3765368,"name":"Erythrocyte transfusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocyte_transfusion?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3789879,"name":"Cardiovascular medicine and haematology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_medicine_and_haematology?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19118176" data-work_id="19118176" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19118176/Viral_hepatitis_B">Viral hepatitis B</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2028055,"name":"Interferon Alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_Alpha?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18562392 coauthored" data-work_id="18562392" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18562392/Arxula_adeninivorans_Recombinant_Urate_Oxidase_and_Its_Application_in_the_Production_of_Food_with_Low_Uric_Acid_Content">Arxula adeninivorans Recombinant Urate Oxidase and Its Application in the Production of Food with Low Uric Acid Content</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">gene under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter or the inducible AYNI1 promoter. The enzyme showed high substrate specificity for uric acid, a broad temperature and pH range, high thermostability and the ability to reduce uric... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18562392" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">gene under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter or the inducible AYNI1 promoter. The enzyme showed high substrate specificity for uric acid, a broad temperature and pH range, high thermostability and the ability to reduce uric acid content in food.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18562392" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81d504e3619d4cbc60ab4580d24ce72e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40130104,"asset_id":18562392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40130104/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38730100" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaMatros">Andrea Matros</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38730100" type="text/json">{"id":38730100,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Matros","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreaMatros","display_name":"Andrea Matros","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaMatros?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18562392">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18562392"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://empa.academia.edu/DagmaraJankowska">Dagmara Jankowska</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18562392'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18562392').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18562392 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18562392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18562392; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18562392]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18562392").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18562392").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18562392"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature">Temperature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133177" type="text/json">{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="309088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uric_Acid">Uric Acid</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="309088" type="text/json">{"id":309088,"name":"Uric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uric_Acid?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18562392]'), work: {"id":18562392,"title":"Arxula adeninivorans Recombinant Urate Oxidase and Its Application in the Production of Food with Low Uric Acid Content","created_at":"2015-11-18T00:43:17.503-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18562392/Arxula_adeninivorans_Recombinant_Urate_Oxidase_and_Its_Application_in_the_Production_of_Food_with_Low_Uric_Acid_Content?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_18562392","summary":"gene under control of the strong constitutive TEF1 promoter or the inducible AYNI1 promoter. The enzyme showed high substrate specificity for uric acid, a broad temperature and pH range, high thermostability and the ability to reduce uric acid content in food.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40130104,"asset_id":18562392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38730100,"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Matros","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AndreaMatros","display_name":"Andrea Matros","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaMatros?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":38453565,"first_name":"Dagmara","last_name":"Jankowska","domain_name":"empa","page_name":"DagmaraJankowska","display_name":"Dagmara Jankowska","profile_url":"https://empa.academia.edu/DagmaraJankowska?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":309088,"name":"Uric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Uric_Acid?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":432129,"name":"Substrate Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substrate_Specificity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":844702,"name":"Food Handling \u0026 Hygiene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Handling_and_Hygiene?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1137254,"name":"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen-Ion_Concentration?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1810445,"name":"Gene expression profiling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression_profiling?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14692122" data-work_id="14692122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14692122/Electrochemical_Determination_of_the_Antioxidant_Capacity_of_Organic_Compounds">Electrochemical Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity of Organic Compounds</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Various berries and fruit types of less common fruit species are known to contain antioxidants. Consumption of high amounts of antioxidant flavonoids, which display a variety of biological properties, including antiproliferative and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14692122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Various berries and fruit types of less common fruit species are known to contain antioxidants. Consumption of high amounts of antioxidant flavonoids, which display a variety of biological properties, including antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity, may have a positive impact on human health, particularly for the prevention of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. In these studies, based on the hypothesis that the fruit extract with the highest content would possess significantly higher health benefits, flavonoid-rich extracts were obtained from some less common fruit species -Blue Honeysuckles (Lonicera Kamtschatica and Lonicera edulis, Turcz. ex. Freyn), Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) and Chinese Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) -grown from germplasm held at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic and then characterized in terms of biological value based on the results from a relative antioxidant capacity assessment. The antioxidant content</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14692122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8bfc5193f44820342d855fd22db079cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43972602,"asset_id":14692122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43972602/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33641630" href="https://izt-uam.academia.edu/AlbertoRojashern%C3%A1ndez">Alberto Rojas-hernández</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33641630" type="text/json">{"id":33641630,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Rojas-hernández","domain_name":"izt-uam","page_name":"AlbertoRojashernández","display_name":"Alberto Rojas-hernández","profile_url":"https://izt-uam.academia.edu/AlbertoRojashern%C3%A1ndez?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14692122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14692122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14692122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14692122", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14692122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14692122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14692122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14692122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors">Biosensors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4331" type="text/json">{"id":4331,"name":"Biosensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14692122]'), work: {"id":14692122,"title":"Electrochemical Determination of the Antioxidant Capacity of Organic Compounds","created_at":"2015-08-05T09:09:18.411-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14692122/Electrochemical_Determination_of_the_Antioxidant_Capacity_of_Organic_Compounds?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_14692122","summary":"Various berries and fruit types of less common fruit species are known to contain antioxidants. Consumption of high amounts of antioxidant flavonoids, which display a variety of biological properties, including antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activity, may have a positive impact on human health, particularly for the prevention of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. In these studies, based on the hypothesis that the fruit extract with the highest content would possess significantly higher health benefits, flavonoid-rich extracts were obtained from some less common fruit species -Blue Honeysuckles (Lonicera Kamtschatica and Lonicera edulis, Turcz. ex. Freyn), Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) and Chinese Hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida BUNGE) -grown from germplasm held at the Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno, Czech Republic and then characterized in terms of biological value based on the results from a relative antioxidant capacity assessment. The antioxidant content","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43972602,"asset_id":14692122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33641630,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Rojas-hernández","domain_name":"izt-uam","page_name":"AlbertoRojashernández","display_name":"Alberto Rojas-hernández","profile_url":"https://izt-uam.academia.edu/AlbertoRojashern%C3%A1ndez?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":4331,"name":"Biosensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":4748,"name":"Electrochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemistry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":16137,"name":"Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":17733,"name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanotechnology?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":20902,"name":"Cyclic Voltammetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyclic_Voltammetry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":39549,"name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Czech_Republic?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":39719,"name":"Food Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Analysis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":44022,"name":"Free Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Radical?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":51711,"name":"Antioxidants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidants?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":55405,"name":"Sensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":225472,"name":"Inflammatory disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammatory_disease?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":268788,"name":"Human health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_health?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":302971,"name":"Beverages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beverages?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":352757,"name":"Ascorbic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ascorbic_Acid?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":627110,"name":"BioSensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BioSensors-1?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":707585,"name":"Anti Inflammatory Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti_Inflammatory_Activity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":749302,"name":"Indexation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indexation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":796134,"name":"Electrochemical Properties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrochemical_Properties?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1145520,"name":"Equipment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Design?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1157424,"name":"Equipment Failure Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Failure_Analysis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1303573,"name":"Fruit Juice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fruit_Juice?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1322481,"name":"Antioxidant Capacity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antioxidant_Capacity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1412233,"name":"Biosensing Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensing_Techniques?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36408497" data-work_id="36408497" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36408497/Single_nucleotide_polymorphisms_in_the_IL_4_and_IL_13_promoter_region_in_aggressive_periodontitis">Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-13 promoter region in aggressive periodontitis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">RH, Meyle J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-13 promoter region in aggressive periodontitis.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36408497" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4efcfd47b4eae859cd484fe7f47fd2b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56320162,"asset_id":36408497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56320162/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66505977" href="https://independent.academia.edu/josegonzales95">jose gonzales</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66505977" type="text/json">{"id":66505977,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"gonzales","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josegonzales95","display_name":"jose gonzales","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josegonzales95?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36408497 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36408497"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36408497, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36408497", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36408497 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36408497; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36408497"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36408497 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36408497"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36408497; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36408497]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36408497").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36408497").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36408497"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="596" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry">Dentistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="596" type="text/json">{"id":596,"name":"Dentistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48057" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA">DNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48057" type="text/json">{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99708" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical">Clinical</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99708" type="text/json">{"id":99708,"name":"Clinical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118339" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction">Polymerase Chain Reaction</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="118339" type="text/json">{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36408497]'), work: {"id":36408497,"title":"Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-13 promoter region in aggressive periodontitis","created_at":"2018-04-14T15:59:46.086-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36408497/Single_nucleotide_polymorphisms_in_the_IL_4_and_IL_13_promoter_region_in_aggressive_periodontitis?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_36408497","summary":"RH, Meyle J. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-4 and IL-13 promoter region in aggressive periodontitis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56320162,"asset_id":36408497,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66505977,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"gonzales","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josegonzales95","display_name":"jose gonzales","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josegonzales95?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":596,"name":"Dentistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dentistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":99708,"name":"Clinical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":403740,"name":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Nucleotide_Polymorphism?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":552210,"name":"Periodontitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Periodontitis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1819399,"name":"Case Control Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Control_Studies?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1924712,"name":"Interleukin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interleukin?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23285509" data-work_id="23285509" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23285509/Particulate_Adenylate_Cyclase_Plays_a_Key_Role_in_Human_Sperm_Olfactory_Receptor_mediated_Chemotaxis">Particulate Adenylate Cyclase Plays a Key Role in Human Sperm Olfactory Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Human sperm chemotaxis is a critical component of the fertilization process, but the molecular basis for this behavior remains unclear. Recent evidence shows that chemotactic responses depend on activation of the sperm olfactory receptor,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23285509" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Human sperm chemotaxis is a critical component of the fertilization process, but the molecular basis for this behavior remains unclear. Recent evidence shows that chemotactic responses depend on activation of the sperm olfactory receptor, hOR17-4. Certain floral scents, including bourgeonal, activate hOR17-4, trigger pronounced Ca 2؉ fluxes, and evoke chemotaxis. Here, we provide evidence that hOR17-4 activation is coupled to a cAMP-mediated signaling cascade. Multidimensional protein identification technology was used to identify potential components of a G-protein-coupled cAMP transduction pathway in human sperm. These products included various membrane-associated adenylate cyclase (mAC) isoforms and the G olf -subunit. Using immunocytochemistry, specific mAC isoforms were localized to particular cell regions. Whereas mAC III occurred in the sperm head and midpiece, mAC VIII was distributed predominantly in the flagellum. In contrast, G olf was found mostly in the flagellum and midpiece. The observed spatial distribution patterns largely correspond to the spatiotemporal character of hOR17-4-induced Ca 2؉ changes. Behavioral and Ca 2؉ signaling responses of human sperm to bourgeonal were bioassayed in the presence, or absence, of the adenylate cyclase antagonist SQ22536. This specific agent inhibits particulate AC, but not soluble AC, activation. Upon incubation with SQ22536, cells ceased to exhibit Ca 2؉ signaling, chemotaxis, and hyperactivation (faster swim speed and flagellar beat rate) in response to bourgeonal. Particulate AC is therefore required for induction of hOR17-4mediated human sperm behavior and represents a promising target for future design of contraceptive drugs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23285509" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0aa0852d3cdd8055fba192a7914ba2aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43753988,"asset_id":23285509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43753988/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45168380" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcSpehr">Marc Spehr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45168380" type="text/json">{"id":45168380,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Spehr","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcSpehr","display_name":"Marc Spehr","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcSpehr?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23285509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23285509"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23285509, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23285509", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23285509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23285509; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23285509"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23285509 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23285509"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23285509; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23285509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23285509").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23285509").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23285509"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors">Enzyme Inhibitors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12981" type="text/json">{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18520" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry">Biological Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18520" type="text/json">{"id":18520,"name":"Biological Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69270" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming_speed">Swimming speed</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="69270" type="text/json">{"id":69270,"name":"Swimming speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming_speed?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23285509]'), work: {"id":23285509,"title":"Particulate Adenylate Cyclase Plays a Key Role in Human Sperm Olfactory Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis","created_at":"2016-03-15T09:43:56.684-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23285509/Particulate_Adenylate_Cyclase_Plays_a_Key_Role_in_Human_Sperm_Olfactory_Receptor_mediated_Chemotaxis?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_23285509","summary":"Human sperm chemotaxis is a critical component of the fertilization process, but the molecular basis for this behavior remains unclear. Recent evidence shows that chemotactic responses depend on activation of the sperm olfactory receptor, hOR17-4. Certain floral scents, including bourgeonal, activate hOR17-4, trigger pronounced Ca 2؉ fluxes, and evoke chemotaxis. Here, we provide evidence that hOR17-4 activation is coupled to a cAMP-mediated signaling cascade. Multidimensional protein identification technology was used to identify potential components of a G-protein-coupled cAMP transduction pathway in human sperm. These products included various membrane-associated adenylate cyclase (mAC) isoforms and the G olf -subunit. Using immunocytochemistry, specific mAC isoforms were localized to particular cell regions. Whereas mAC III occurred in the sperm head and midpiece, mAC VIII was distributed predominantly in the flagellum. In contrast, G olf was found mostly in the flagellum and midpiece. The observed spatial distribution patterns largely correspond to the spatiotemporal character of hOR17-4-induced Ca 2؉ changes. Behavioral and Ca 2؉ signaling responses of human sperm to bourgeonal were bioassayed in the presence, or absence, of the adenylate cyclase antagonist SQ22536. This specific agent inhibits particulate AC, but not soluble AC, activation. Upon incubation with SQ22536, cells ceased to exhibit Ca 2؉ signaling, chemotaxis, and hyperactivation (faster swim speed and flagellar beat rate) in response to bourgeonal. Particulate AC is therefore required for induction of hOR17-4mediated human sperm behavior and represents a promising target for future design of contraceptive drugs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43753988,"asset_id":23285509,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45168380,"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Spehr","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcSpehr","display_name":"Marc Spehr","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcSpehr?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":18520,"name":"Biological Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":69270,"name":"Swimming speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swimming_speed?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":117870,"name":"Flagella","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flagella?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":140081,"name":"Calcium Signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium_Signaling?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":170276,"name":"Chemotaxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemotaxis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":236377,"name":"Spatial Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spatial_Distribution?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":897073,"name":"Sperm Motility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sperm_Motility?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23652108" data-work_id="23652108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23652108/Computational_analyses_and_annotations_of_the_Arabidopsis_peroxidase_gene_family">Computational analyses and annotations of the Arabidopsis peroxidase gene family</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Classical heme-containing plant peroxidases have been ascribed a wide variety of functional roles related to development, defense, lignification, and hormonal signaling. More than 40 peroxidase genes are now known in Arabidopsis thaliana... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23652108" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Classical heme-containing plant peroxidases have been ascribed a wide variety of functional roles related to development, defense, lignification, and hormonal signaling. More than 40 peroxidase genes are now known in Arabidopsis thaliana for which functional association is complicated by a general lack of peroxidase substrate specificity. Computational analysis was performed on 30 near full-length Arabidopsis peroxidase cDNAs for annotation of start codons and signal peptide cleavage sites. A compositional analysis revealed that 23 of the 30 peroxidase cDNAs have 5P untranslated regions containing 40^71% adenine, a rare feature observed also in cDNAs which predominantly encode stress-induced proteins, and which may indicate translational regulation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23652108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2abe893fad9e8befe4bbce443c753672" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44061362,"asset_id":23652108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44061362/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45712535" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KWelinder">K. Welinder</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45712535" type="text/json">{"id":45712535,"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Welinder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KWelinder","display_name":"K. Welinder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KWelinder?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23652108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23652108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23652108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23652108", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23652108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23652108; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23652108"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23652108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23652108"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23652108; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23652108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23652108").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23652108").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23652108"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26066" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network">Neural Network</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26066" type="text/json">{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41553" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabidopsis_thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41553" type="text/json">{"id":41553,"name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabidopsis_thaliana?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50743" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compositional_Analysis">Compositional Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50743" type="text/json">{"id":50743,"name":"Compositional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compositional_Analysis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="55175" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peroxidase">Peroxidase</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="55175" type="text/json">{"id":55175,"name":"Peroxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peroxidase?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23652108]'), work: {"id":23652108,"title":"Computational analyses and annotations of the Arabidopsis peroxidase gene family","created_at":"2016-03-24T03:21:58.931-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23652108/Computational_analyses_and_annotations_of_the_Arabidopsis_peroxidase_gene_family?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_23652108","summary":"Classical heme-containing plant peroxidases have been ascribed a wide variety of functional roles related to development, defense, lignification, and hormonal signaling. More than 40 peroxidase genes are now known in Arabidopsis thaliana for which functional association is complicated by a general lack of peroxidase substrate specificity. Computational analysis was performed on 30 near full-length Arabidopsis peroxidase cDNAs for annotation of start codons and signal peptide cleavage sites. A compositional analysis revealed that 23 of the 30 peroxidase cDNAs have 5P untranslated regions containing 40^71% adenine, a rare feature observed also in cDNAs which predominantly encode stress-induced proteins, and which may indicate translational regulation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44061362,"asset_id":23652108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45712535,"first_name":"K.","last_name":"Welinder","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KWelinder","display_name":"K. Welinder","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KWelinder?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26066,"name":"Neural Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_Network?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":41553,"name":"Arabidopsis thaliana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabidopsis_thaliana?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":50743,"name":"Compositional Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compositional_Analysis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":55175,"name":"Peroxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peroxidase?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":202413,"name":"Arabidopsis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabidopsis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":432129,"name":"Substrate Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substrate_Specificity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":687738,"name":"SIGNAL PEPTIDE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SIGNAL_PEPTIDE?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":717335,"name":"Codon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Codon?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":998170,"name":"Poly A","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poly_A?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":999803,"name":"Gene Family","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Family?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1035358,"name":"Translational Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translational_Control?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1556410,"name":"Full Length Movies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Full_Length_Movies?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1588981,"name":"Protein Biosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Biosynthesis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34106875" data-work_id="34106875" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34106875/Involvement_of_astrocytes_in_purine_mediated_reparative_processes_in_the_brain">Involvement of astrocytes in purine-mediated reparative processes in the brain</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Astrocytes are involved in multiple brain functions in physiological conditions, participating in neuronal development, synaptic activity and homeostatic control of the extracellular environment. They also actively participate in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34106875" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Astrocytes are involved in multiple brain functions in physiological conditions, participating in neuronal development, synaptic activity and homeostatic control of the extracellular environment. They also actively participate in the processes triggered by brain injuries, aimed at limiting and repairing brain damages. Purines may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of numerous acute and chronic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are the main source of cerebral purines. They release either adenine-based purines, e.g. adenosine and adenosine triphosphate, or guanine-based purines, e.g. guanosine and guanosine triphosphate, in physiological conditions and release even more of these purines in pathological conditions. Astrocytes express several receptor subtypes of P1 and P2 types for adenine-based purines. Receptors for guanine-based purines are being characterised. Specific ecto-enzymes such as nucleotidases, adenosine deaminase and, likely, purine nu...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34106875" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37afae64bab05862978f31a8edf91c40" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54038132,"asset_id":34106875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54038132/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27103618" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelPRathbone">Michel P Rathbone</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27103618" type="text/json">{"id":27103618,"first_name":"Michel P","last_name":"Rathbone","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichelPRathbone","display_name":"Michel P Rathbone","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichelPRathbone?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34106875 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34106875"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34106875, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34106875", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34106875]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34106875").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34106875").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34106875"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">39</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6946" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cystic_Fibrosis">Cystic Fibrosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6946" type="text/json">{"id":6946,"name":"Cystic Fibrosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cystic_Fibrosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience">Developmental neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8322" type="text/json">{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36213" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism">Energy Metabolism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36213" type="text/json">{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34106875]'), work: {"id":34106875,"title":"Involvement of astrocytes in purine-mediated reparative processes in the brain","created_at":"2017-08-02T03:12:50.973-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34106875/Involvement_of_astrocytes_in_purine_mediated_reparative_processes_in_the_brain?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_34106875","summary":"Astrocytes are involved in multiple brain functions in physiological conditions, participating in neuronal development, synaptic activity and homeostatic control of the extracellular environment. They also actively participate in the processes triggered by brain injuries, aimed at limiting and repairing brain damages. Purines may play a significant role in the pathophysiology of numerous acute and chronic disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are the main source of cerebral purines. They release either adenine-based purines, e.g. adenosine and adenosine triphosphate, or guanine-based purines, e.g. guanosine and guanosine triphosphate, in physiological conditions and release even more of these purines in pathological conditions. Astrocytes express several receptor subtypes of P1 and P2 types for adenine-based purines. Receptors for guanine-based purines are being characterised. Specific ecto-enzymes such as nucleotidases, adenosine deaminase and, likely, purine nu...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54038132,"asset_id":34106875,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27103618,"first_name":"Michel P","last_name":"Rathbone","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichelPRathbone","display_name":"Michel P Rathbone","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichelPRathbone?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":6946,"name":"Cystic Fibrosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cystic_Fibrosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":38831,"name":"Signal Transduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Transduction?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":61474,"name":"Brain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":92680,"name":"cyclic AMP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cyclic_AMP?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":130116,"name":"Astrocyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocyte?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":147195,"name":"Central Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Nervous_System?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":182188,"name":"Neuronal Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuronal_Development?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":196442,"name":"Astrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrocytes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":207421,"name":"Brain injury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_injury?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":402759,"name":"Chickens","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chickens?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":418954,"name":"Guanosine Triphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guanosine_Triphosphate?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":469092,"name":"Benzoic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benzoic_Acid?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":527900,"name":"Transforming Growth Factor Beta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transforming_Growth_Factor_Beta?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":792141,"name":"Nerve Growth Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nerve_Growth_Factor?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":815023,"name":"Ion Transport","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Transport?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":858769,"name":"Trophic Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trophic_Factors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":963360,"name":"Nucleosides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":968358,"name":"Brain Function","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Function?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1147382,"name":"Adenosine Deaminase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Deaminase?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1242506,"name":"Binding Site","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Binding_Site?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1281442,"name":"Extracellular Space","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extracellular_Space?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1431361,"name":"Brain Damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Damage?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1765793,"name":"Brain Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Diseases?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1816594,"name":"Adenosine Triphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Triphosphate?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1831948,"name":"Adenosine Diphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Diphosphate?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1953419,"name":"Neuroprotective Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroprotective_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2260947,"name":"Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2273474,"name":"Transforming Growth Factor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transforming_Growth_Factor?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2450733,"name":"Brain injuries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_injuries?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4675954" data-work_id="4675954" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4675954/Guanine_Adenine_and_Hypoxanthine_Production_in_UV_Irradiated_Formamide_Solutions_Relaxation_of_the_Requirements_for_Prebiotic_Purine_Nucleobase_Formation">Guanine, Adenine, and Hypoxanthine Production in UV-Irradiated Formamide Solutions: Relaxation of the Requirements for Prebiotic Purine Nucleobase Formation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4675954" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-user="5938477" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HannahBarks">Hannah Barks</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5938477" type="text/json">{"id":5938477,"first_name":"Hannah","last_name":"Barks","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HannahBarks","display_name":"Hannah Barks","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannahBarks?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4675954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4675954"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4675954, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4675954", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4675954 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x 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$(".js-view-count-work_4675954").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4675954").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4675954"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5104" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5104" type="text/json">{"id":5104,"name":"Photochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18329" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics">Prebiotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18329" type="text/json">{"id":18329,"name":"Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4675954]'), work: {"id":4675954,"title":"Guanine, Adenine, and Hypoxanthine Production in UV-Irradiated Formamide Solutions: Relaxation of the Requirements for Prebiotic Purine Nucleobase Formation","created_at":"2013-10-04T06:24:13.786-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4675954/Guanine_Adenine_and_Hypoxanthine_Production_in_UV_Irradiated_Formamide_Solutions_Relaxation_of_the_Requirements_for_Prebiotic_Purine_Nucleobase_Formation?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_4675954","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49702002,"asset_id":4675954,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5938477,"first_name":"Hannah","last_name":"Barks","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HannahBarks","display_name":"Hannah Barks","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannahBarks?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5104,"name":"Photochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":18329,"name":"Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":485597,"name":"UV irradiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UV_irradiation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1491514,"name":"*Hot Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/_Hot_Temperature?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28917326 coauthored" data-work_id="28917326" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28917326/Simultaneous_Delivery_of_Tenofovir_and_Acyclovir_via_an_Intravaginal_Ring">Simultaneous Delivery of Tenofovir and Acyclovir via an Intravaginal Ring</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">HIV has been observed, and epidemiological studies demonstrate that HSV infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Incorporation of the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) along with the antiherpetic acyclovir (ACV) into combination... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28917326" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">HIV has been observed, and epidemiological studies demonstrate that HSV infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Incorporation of the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) along with the antiherpetic acyclovir (ACV) into combination intravaginal rings (IVRs) for sustained mucosal delivery of both compounds could lead to increased microbicide product adherence and efficacy compared with conventional vaginal formulations. A novel, dual-protection "pod IVR" platform developed in-house and delivering ACV and TFV was evaluated in rabbit and sheep models. The devices were safe and exhibited sustained release of both drugs independently and at controlled rates over the 28-day studies. Daily release rates were estimated based on residual drug content of the used devices: rabbits, 343 ؎ 335 g day ؊1 (ACV) and 321 ؎ 207 g day ؊1 (TFV); sheep, 174 ؎ 14 g day ؊1 (ACV) and 185 ؎ 34 g day ؊1 (TFV). Mean drug levels in sheep vaginal samples were as follows: secretions, 5.25 ؎ 7.31 g ml ؊1 (ACV) and 20.6 ؎ 16.2 g ml ؊1 (TFV); cervicovaginal lavage fluid, 118 ؎ 113 ng ml ؊1 (ACV) and 191 ؎ 125 ng ml ؊1 (TFV); tissue, 173 ng g ؊1 (ACV) and 93 ng g ؊1 (TFV). An in vitro-in vivo correlation was established for both drugs and will allow the development of future formulations delivering target levels for prophylaxis and therapy. These data suggest that the IVR based on the pod design has potential in the prevention of transmission of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28917326" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="734b3640fb406141a8ff4a5116d294d3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49351968,"asset_id":28917326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49351968/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54478852" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EKopin">E. Kopin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54478852" type="text/json">{"id":54478852,"first_name":"E.","last_name":"Kopin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EKopin","display_name":"E. Kopin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EKopin?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-28917326">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-28917326"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/IButkyavichene">I. Butkyavichene</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-28917326'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-28917326').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28917326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28917326"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28917326, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28917326", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28917326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28917326; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28917326"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28917326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28917326"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28917326; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28917326]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28917326").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28917326").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28917326"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28917326]'), work: {"id":28917326,"title":"Simultaneous Delivery of Tenofovir and Acyclovir via an Intravaginal Ring","created_at":"2016-10-04T11:34:31.523-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28917326/Simultaneous_Delivery_of_Tenofovir_and_Acyclovir_via_an_Intravaginal_Ring?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_28917326","summary":"HIV has been observed, and epidemiological studies demonstrate that HSV infection increases the risk of HIV acquisition. Incorporation of the antiretroviral tenofovir (TFV) along with the antiherpetic acyclovir (ACV) into combination intravaginal rings (IVRs) for sustained mucosal delivery of both compounds could lead to increased microbicide product adherence and efficacy compared with conventional vaginal formulations. A novel, dual-protection \"pod IVR\" platform developed in-house and delivering ACV and TFV was evaluated in rabbit and sheep models. The devices were safe and exhibited sustained release of both drugs independently and at controlled rates over the 28-day studies. Daily release rates were estimated based on residual drug content of the used devices: rabbits, 343 ؎ 335 g day ؊1 (ACV) and 321 ؎ 207 g day ؊1 (TFV); sheep, 174 ؎ 14 g day ؊1 (ACV) and 185 ؎ 34 g day ؊1 (TFV). Mean drug levels in sheep vaginal samples were as follows: secretions, 5.25 ؎ 7.31 g ml ؊1 (ACV) and 20.6 ؎ 16.2 g ml ؊1 (TFV); cervicovaginal lavage fluid, 118 ؎ 113 ng ml ؊1 (ACV) and 191 ؎ 125 ng ml ؊1 (TFV); tissue, 173 ng g ؊1 (ACV) and 93 ng g ؊1 (TFV). An in vitro-in vivo correlation was established for both drugs and will allow the development of future formulations delivering target levels for prophylaxis and therapy. These data suggest that the IVR based on the pod design has potential in the prevention of transmission of HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted pathogens.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49351968,"asset_id":28917326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54478852,"first_name":"E.","last_name":"Kopin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EKopin","display_name":"E. Kopin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EKopin?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":54969153,"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Butkyavichene","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IButkyavichene","display_name":"I. Butkyavichene","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IButkyavichene?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":159187,"name":"Drug Delivery Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_Systems?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":509981,"name":"Antimicrobial agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimicrobial_agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":788677,"name":"Rabbits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rabbits?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1137107,"name":"Delayed-Action Preparations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delayed-Action_Preparations?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1145520,"name":"Equipment Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equipment_Design?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1720508,"name":"Acyclovir","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acyclovir?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13974943" data-work_id="13974943" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13974943/Stereoselective_Route_to_Oxetanocin_Carbocyclic_Analogues_Based_on_a_2_2_Photocycloaddition_to_a_Chiral_2_5_H_Furanone">Stereoselective Route to Oxetanocin Carbocyclic Analogues Based on a [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition to a Chiral 2(5 H )-Furanone</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The synthesis of the trisubstituted cyclobutane 7, which is a suitable precursor for the preparation of oxetanocin carbocyclic analogues, is described. The key step involves a regio-and diastereoselective [2 + 2] photochemical reaction of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13974943" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The synthesis of the trisubstituted cyclobutane 7, which is a suitable precursor for the preparation of oxetanocin carbocyclic analogues, is described. The key step involves a regio-and diastereoselective [2 + 2] photochemical reaction of ketene diethyl acetal with (S)-5-pivaloyloxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone, 3. As an application of this methodology, (−)-cyclobut-A has been prepared from the intermediate 7.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13974943" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f6af91a984078c1a280cca8f014522d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44746504,"asset_id":13974943,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44746504/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33021280" href="https://uab.academia.edu/MartaFigueredo">Marta Figueredo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33021280" type="text/json">{"id":33021280,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Figueredo","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"MartaFigueredo","display_name":"Marta Figueredo","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/MartaFigueredo?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13974943 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13974943"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13974943, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13974943", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13974943 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13974943; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13974943"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13974943 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13974943"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13974943; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13974943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13974943").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13974943").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13974943"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5104" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5104" type="text/json">{"id":5104,"name":"Photochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="147267" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic">Organic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="147267" type="text/json">{"id":147267,"name":"Organic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1169265" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine">Adenine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1169265" type="text/json">{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13974943]'), work: {"id":13974943,"title":"Stereoselective Route to Oxetanocin Carbocyclic Analogues Based on a [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition to a Chiral 2(5 H )-Furanone","created_at":"2015-07-13T01:03:40.217-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13974943/Stereoselective_Route_to_Oxetanocin_Carbocyclic_Analogues_Based_on_a_2_2_Photocycloaddition_to_a_Chiral_2_5_H_Furanone?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_13974943","summary":"The synthesis of the trisubstituted cyclobutane 7, which is a suitable precursor for the preparation of oxetanocin carbocyclic analogues, is described. The key step involves a regio-and diastereoselective [2 + 2] photochemical reaction of ketene diethyl acetal with (S)-5-pivaloyloxymethyl-2(5H)-furanone, 3. As an application of this methodology, (−)-cyclobut-A has been prepared from the intermediate 7.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44746504,"asset_id":13974943,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33021280,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Figueredo","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"MartaFigueredo","display_name":"Marta Figueredo","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/MartaFigueredo?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5104,"name":"Photochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photochemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":147267,"name":"Organic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1260097,"name":"Furans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Furans?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74819757" data-work_id="74819757" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74819757/Effect_of_autophagy_on_multiple_myeloma_cell_viability">Effect of autophagy on multiple myeloma cell viability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Because accumulation of potentially toxic malfolded protein may be extensive in immunoglobulin-producing multiple myeloma (MM) cells, we investigated the phenomenon of autophagy in myeloma, a physiologic process that can protect against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74819757" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Because accumulation of potentially toxic malfolded protein may be extensive in immunoglobulin-producing multiple myeloma (MM) cells, we investigated the phenomenon of autophagy in myeloma, a physiologic process that can protect against malfolded protein under some circumstances. Autophagy in MM cell lines that express and secrete immunoglobulin and primary specimens was significantly increased by treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent thapsigargin, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Inhibition of basal autophagy in these cell lines and primary cells by use of the inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine resulted in a cytotoxic effect that was associated with enhanced apoptosis. Use of small interfering RNA to knock down expression of beclin-1, a key protein required for autophagy, also inhibited viable recovery of MM cells. Because the data suggested that autophagy protected MM cell viability, we...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74819757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f8558a04a169d70ad3dc365e205a5e5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82833810,"asset_id":74819757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82833810/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="209164561" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlanBenavides5">Alan Benavides</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="209164561" type="text/json">{"id":209164561,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Benavides","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlanBenavides5","display_name":"Alan Benavides","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlanBenavides5?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209164561/69037623/57429871/s65_alan.benavides.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74819757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74819757"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74819757, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74819757", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74819757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74819757").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74819757").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74819757"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11298" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins">Membrane Proteins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11298" type="text/json">{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors">Enzyme Inhibitors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12981" type="text/json">{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autophagy">Autophagy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17923" type="text/json">{"id":17923,"name":"Autophagy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autophagy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74819757]'), work: {"id":74819757,"title":"Effect of autophagy on multiple myeloma cell viability","created_at":"2022-03-28T12:34:49.858-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74819757/Effect_of_autophagy_on_multiple_myeloma_cell_viability?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_74819757","summary":"Because accumulation of potentially toxic malfolded protein may be extensive in immunoglobulin-producing multiple myeloma (MM) cells, we investigated the phenomenon of autophagy in myeloma, a physiologic process that can protect against malfolded protein under some circumstances. Autophagy in MM cell lines that express and secrete immunoglobulin and primary specimens was significantly increased by treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent thapsigargin, the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin, and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. Inhibition of basal autophagy in these cell lines and primary cells by use of the inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine resulted in a cytotoxic effect that was associated with enhanced apoptosis. Use of small interfering RNA to knock down expression of beclin-1, a key protein required for autophagy, also inhibited viable recovery of MM cells. Because the data suggested that autophagy protected MM cell viability, we...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82833810,"asset_id":74819757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":209164561,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Benavides","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlanBenavides5","display_name":"Alan Benavides","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlanBenavides5?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/209164561/69037623/57429871/s65_alan.benavides.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":17923,"name":"Autophagy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autophagy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":111110,"name":"Multiple Myeloma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple_Myeloma?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":165002,"name":"Cell Viability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Viability?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":362538,"name":"Boronic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boronic_Acids?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":454707,"name":"Antimalarials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimalarials?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":552209,"name":"Antifungal Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":782251,"name":"Cell Proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Proliferation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":787715,"name":"Molecular Cancer Therapeutics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Cancer_Therapeutics?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":919274,"name":"Chloroquine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chloroquine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1150115,"name":"Sirolimus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sirolimus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1212103,"name":"Antineoplastic Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antineoplastic_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2058817,"name":"Immunoblotting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoblotting?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":3789884,"name":"Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology_and_pharmaceutical_sciences?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6339251" data-work_id="6339251" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6339251/Production_of_the_Bioactive_Compound_Eritadenine_by_Submerged_Cultivation_of_Shiitake_Lentinus_edodes_Mycelia">Production of the Bioactive Compound Eritadenine by Submerged Cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) Mycelia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fruit bodies and mycelia of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) have been shown to contain the cholesterol-reducing compound eritadenine, 2(R),3(R)-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)butyric acid. In the search for a production method for eritadenine,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6339251" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fruit bodies and mycelia of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) have been shown to contain the cholesterol-reducing compound eritadenine, 2(R),3(R)-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)butyric acid. In the search for a production method for eritadenine, shiitake mycelia were investigated in the present study. The mycelia were cultivated both in shake flasks and in bioreactors, to investigate the effects of pH, stirring rate, and reactor type on the production and distribution of eritadenine. Both the biomass and the culture broth were examined for their eritadenine content. In the shake flasks, the final concentration of eritadenine was 1.76 mg/L and eritadenine was equally distributed between the mycelia and the growth media. In the bioreactors, the shiitake mycelia were found to contain eritadenine in relatively low levels, whereas the majority, 90.6-98.9%, was detected in the growth media. Applying a stirring rate of 250 rpm during bioreactor cultivation resulted in the highest eritadenine concentrations: 10.23 mg/L when the pH was uncontrolled and 9.59 mg/L when the pH was controlled at 5.7. Reducing the stirring rate to 50 rpm resulted in a decreased eritadenine concentration, both at pH 5.7 (5.25 mg/L) and when pH was not controlled (5.50 mg/L). The mycelia in the shake flask cultures appeared as macroscopic aggregates, whereas mycelia cultivated in bioreactors grew more as freely dispersed filaments. This study demonstrates for the first time the extra-and intracellular distribution of eritadenine produced by shiitake mycelial culture and the influence of reactor conditions on the mycelial morphology and eritadenine concentrations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6339251" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33464e806cb445e25896a1bab3c89c66" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48911037,"asset_id":6339251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48911037/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9878502" href="https://ltu-se.academia.edu/UlrikaRova">Ulrika Rova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9878502" type="text/json">{"id":9878502,"first_name":"Ulrika","last_name":"Rova","domain_name":"ltu-se","page_name":"UlrikaRova","display_name":"Ulrika Rova","profile_url":"https://ltu-se.academia.edu/UlrikaRova?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6339251 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6339251"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6339251, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6339251", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6339251]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6339251").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6339251").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6339251"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="231318" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural">Agricultural</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="231318" type="text/json">{"id":231318,"name":"Agricultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="501201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioreactors">Bioreactors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="501201" type="text/json">{"id":501201,"name":"Bioreactors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioreactors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6339251]'), work: {"id":6339251,"title":"Production of the Bioactive Compound Eritadenine by Submerged Cultivation of Shiitake (Lentinus edodes) Mycelia","created_at":"2014-03-08T16:24:21.590-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6339251/Production_of_the_Bioactive_Compound_Eritadenine_by_Submerged_Cultivation_of_Shiitake_Lentinus_edodes_Mycelia?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_6339251","summary":"Fruit bodies and mycelia of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) have been shown to contain the cholesterol-reducing compound eritadenine, 2(R),3(R)-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)butyric acid. In the search for a production method for eritadenine, shiitake mycelia were investigated in the present study. The mycelia were cultivated both in shake flasks and in bioreactors, to investigate the effects of pH, stirring rate, and reactor type on the production and distribution of eritadenine. Both the biomass and the culture broth were examined for their eritadenine content. In the shake flasks, the final concentration of eritadenine was 1.76 mg/L and eritadenine was equally distributed between the mycelia and the growth media. In the bioreactors, the shiitake mycelia were found to contain eritadenine in relatively low levels, whereas the majority, 90.6-98.9%, was detected in the growth media. Applying a stirring rate of 250 rpm during bioreactor cultivation resulted in the highest eritadenine concentrations: 10.23 mg/L when the pH was uncontrolled and 9.59 mg/L when the pH was controlled at 5.7. Reducing the stirring rate to 50 rpm resulted in a decreased eritadenine concentration, both at pH 5.7 (5.25 mg/L) and when pH was not controlled (5.50 mg/L). The mycelia in the shake flask cultures appeared as macroscopic aggregates, whereas mycelia cultivated in bioreactors grew more as freely dispersed filaments. This study demonstrates for the first time the extra-and intracellular distribution of eritadenine produced by shiitake mycelial culture and the influence of reactor conditions on the mycelial morphology and eritadenine concentrations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48911037,"asset_id":6339251,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9878502,"first_name":"Ulrika","last_name":"Rova","domain_name":"ltu-se","page_name":"UlrikaRova","display_name":"Ulrika Rova","profile_url":"https://ltu-se.academia.edu/UlrikaRova?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":231318,"name":"Agricultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":501201,"name":"Bioreactors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioreactors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":596974,"name":"Agricultural and Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1005523,"name":"Bioactive Compound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioactive_Compound?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1137254,"name":"Hydrogen-Ion Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen-Ion_Concentration?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17801072" data-work_id="17801072" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17801072/The_red_white_colony_color_assay_in_the_yeast_Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_epistatic_growth_advantage_of_white_ade8_18_ade2_cells_over_red_ade2_cells">The red/white colony color assay in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: epistatic growth advantage of white ade8-18, ade2 cells over red ade2 cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the ade2, and/or the ade1, mutation in the adenine biosynthetic pathway leads to the accumulation of a cell-limited red pigment, while epistatic mutations in the same pathway, i.e. ade8, preclude this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17801072" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the ade2, and/or the ade1, mutation in the adenine biosynthetic pathway leads to the accumulation of a cell-limited red pigment, while epistatic mutations in the same pathway, i.e. ade8, preclude this phenomenon, resulting in normal white colonies. The shift in color from red to white (or vice versa) with a combination of appropriate wild-type and mutant alleles of the adenine-pathway genes has been widely utilized as a non-selective phenotype to visualise and quantify the occurrence of various genetic events such as recombination, conversion and aneuploidy. It has provided an invaluable tool for the study of gene dosage and plasmid stability. In competition experiments between disrupted ade2, ade8-18 transformants carrying either a functional or non-functional episomal ADE8 gene, we verified that white ade8 ade2 cells show a remarkable selective advantage over red ade2 cells, with important implications on the use of this assay for the monitoring of genetic events. The accumulation of the red pigment in ade2 cells is likely to be the cause for impaired growth in these cells.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17801072" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2f83442f44deb63340d9b8f707c3c6ad" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39718166,"asset_id":17801072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39718166/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28529085" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneUgolini">Simone Ugolini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28529085" type="text/json">{"id":28529085,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Ugolini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SimoneUgolini","display_name":"Simone Ugolini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneUgolini?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28529085/8066919/9032619/s65_simone.ugolini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17801072 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17801072"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17801072, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17801072", }); 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The shift in color from red to white (or vice versa) with a combination of appropriate wild-type and mutant alleles of the adenine-pathway genes has been widely utilized as a non-selective phenotype to visualise and quantify the occurrence of various genetic events such as recombination, conversion and aneuploidy. It has provided an invaluable tool for the study of gene dosage and plasmid stability. In competition experiments between disrupted ade2, ade8-18 transformants carrying either a functional or non-functional episomal ADE8 gene, we verified that white ade8 ade2 cells show a remarkable selective advantage over red ade2 cells, with important implications on the use of this assay for the monitoring of genetic events. The accumulation of the red pigment in ade2 cells is likely to be the cause for impaired growth in these cells.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39718166,"asset_id":17801072,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28529085,"first_name":"Simone","last_name":"Ugolini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SimoneUgolini","display_name":"Simone Ugolini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SimoneUgolini?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28529085/8066919/9032619/s65_simone.ugolini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":49123,"name":"Saccharomyces 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href="https://www.academia.edu/15418884/Phenotype_of_the_202_adenine_deletion_in_the_parkin_gene_40_years_of_follow_up">Phenotype of the 202 adenine deletion in the parkin gene: 40 years of follow-up</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15418884" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70c2d7e4457aaeb6bbf78245c5d23033" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43216376,"asset_id":15418884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button 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tract: implications for oral pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Objectives-To describe first dose and steady state antiretroviral drug exposure in the female genital tract.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33833693" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b657c37d9cd9d6833187b8e48c218361" rel="nofollow" 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current treatment guidelines, challenges, and new developments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is a global public health problem, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. The clinical spectrum is wide, ranging from a subclinical inactive carrier state, to progressive chronic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22591984" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is a global public health problem, affecting more than 400 million people worldwide. The clinical spectrum is wide, ranging from a subclinical inactive carrier state, to progressive chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, complications of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease may be reduced by viral suppression. Current international guidelines recommend first-line treatment of CHB infection with pegylated interferon, entecavir, or tenofovir, but the optimal treatment for an individual patient is controversial. The indications for treatment are contentious, and increasing evidence suggests that HBV genotyping, as well as serial on-treatment measurements of hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA kinetics should be used to predict antiviral treatment response. The likelihood of achieving a sustained virological response is also increased by extending treatment duration, and using combination therapy. Hence the paradigm for treatment of CHB is constantly evolving. This article summarizes the different indications for treatment, and systematically reviews the evidence for the efficacy of various antiviral agents. It further discusses the shortcomings of current guidelines, use of rescue therapy in drug-resistant strains of HBV, and highlights the promising clinical trials for emerging therapies in the pipeline. This concise overview presents an updated practical approach to guide the clinical management of CHB.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22591984" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d237e61c5ab394267d42248905e8b011" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61647343,"asset_id":22591984,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61647343/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19230909" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaytonYau">Payton Yau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19230909" type="text/json">{"id":19230909,"first_name":"Payton","last_name":"Yau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaytonYau","display_name":"Payton Yau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaytonYau?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22591984 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22591984"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22591984, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22591984", }); 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The clinical spectrum is wide, ranging from a subclinical inactive carrier state, to progressive chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, complications of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related chronic liver disease may be reduced by viral suppression. Current international guidelines recommend first-line treatment of CHB infection with pegylated interferon, entecavir, or tenofovir, but the optimal treatment for an individual patient is controversial. The indications for treatment are contentious, and increasing evidence suggests that HBV genotyping, as well as serial on-treatment measurements of hepatitis B surface antigen and HBV DNA kinetics should be used to predict antiviral treatment response. The likelihood of achieving a sustained virological response is also increased by extending treatment duration, and using combination therapy. Hence the paradigm for treatment of CHB is constantly evolving. This article summarizes the different indications for treatment, and systematically reviews the evidence for the efficacy of various antiviral agents. It further discusses the shortcomings of current guidelines, use of rescue therapy in drug-resistant strains of HBV, and highlights the promising clinical trials for emerging therapies in the pipeline. This concise overview presents an updated practical approach to guide the clinical management of CHB.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61647343,"asset_id":22591984,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19230909,"first_name":"Payton","last_name":"Yau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaytonYau","display_name":"Payton Yau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaytonYau?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159187,"name":"Drug Delivery Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Delivery_Systems?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":906958,"name":"Disease 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href="https://www.academia.edu/16403507/Synthesis_and_Properties_of_Aminopropyl_Nucleic_Acids">Synthesis and Properties of Aminopropyl Nucleic Acids</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16403507" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="93263ae65d8e1eb99052c03c4e0bff97" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42499761,"asset_id":16403507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amines">Amines</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="83838" type="text/json">{"id":83838,"name":"Amines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amines?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133177" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature">Temperature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133177" type="text/json">{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="362534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amides">Amides</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="362534" type="text/json">{"id":362534,"name":"Amides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amides?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="963360" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosides">Nucleosides</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="963360" type="text/json">{"id":963360,"name":"Nucleosides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosides?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16403507]'), work: {"id":16403507,"title":"Synthesis and Properties of Aminopropyl Nucleic Acids","created_at":"2015-10-02T07:40:23.896-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16403507/Synthesis_and_Properties_of_Aminopropyl_Nucleic_Acids?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_16403507","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42499761,"asset_id":16403507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35541989,"first_name":"Roger","last_name":"Busson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RogerBusson","display_name":"Roger Busson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RogerBusson?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":35539005,"first_name":"Arthur Van","last_name":"Aerschot","domain_name":"kuleuven","page_name":"ArthurVanAerschot","display_name":"Arthur Van Aerschot","profile_url":"https://kuleuven.academia.edu/ArthurVanAerschot?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":83838,"name":"Amines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amines?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":362534,"name":"Amides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amides?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":963360,"name":"Nucleosides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosides?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1649745,"name":"Oligonucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oligonucleotides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9140770" data-work_id="9140770" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9140770/Direct_somatic_embryogenesis_and_synthetic_seed_production_from_Paulownia_elongata">Direct somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production from Paulownia elongata</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9140770" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Several plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin and thidiazuron (TDZ)] alone or in combination were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.6% Phytagel, 500 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 mg l-1 TDZ (medium MS10). Somatic embryos were induced from leaf (69.8%) and internode (58.5%) explants on MS10 medium after 7 days. Subsequent withdrawal of TDZ from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and growth of the embryos into plantlets on MS basal media. The maturation frequency of somatic embryos from leaf and internodal explants was 50.8% and 45.8%, respectively. Subculturing of mature embryos led to their germination on the same medium with a germination frequency of 50.1% and 29.8% from leaf and internode explants, respectively. Somatic embryos obtained directly on leaf explants were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of sodium alginate with a 30-min exposure to 50 mM CaCl2. A 3% sodium alginate concentration provided a uniform encapsulation of the embryos with survival and germination frequencies of 73.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Storage at 4°C for 30 days or 60 days significantly reduced the survival and complete germination frequencies of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated embryos relative to those of non-stored somatic embryos. However, the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C. After 30 days or 60 days of storage, the survival rates of encapsulated embryos were 67.8% and 53.5% and the germination frequencies were 43.2% and 32.4%, respectively. These systems could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material of Paulownia elongata.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9140770" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="db49c4ade05a7a44006c0867d1c75f4b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47871626,"asset_id":9140770,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47871626/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20686316" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZelihaSen">Zeliha Sen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20686316" type="text/json">{"id":20686316,"first_name":"Zeliha","last_name":"Sen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZelihaSen","display_name":"Zeliha Sen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZelihaSen?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20686316/104398152/93585437/s65_zeliha.sen.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9140770 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9140770"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9140770, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9140770", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9140770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9140770").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9140770").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9140770"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111012" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques">Plant tissue Culture Techniques</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="111012" type="text/json">{"id":111012,"name":"Plant tissue Culture Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="115090" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulators">Plant Growth Regulators</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="115090" type="text/json">{"id":115090,"name":"Plant Growth Regulators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulators?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="127006" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_growth">Plant growth</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="127006" type="text/json">{"id":127006,"name":"Plant growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_growth?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9140770]'), work: {"id":9140770,"title":"Direct somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seed production from Paulownia elongata","created_at":"2014-11-05T05:17:42.347-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9140770/Direct_somatic_embryogenesis_and_synthetic_seed_production_from_Paulownia_elongata?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_9140770","summary":"We have developed a reproducible system for efficient direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf and internodal explants of Paulownia elongata. The somatic embryos obtained were subsequently encapsulated as single embryos to produce synthetic seeds. Several plant growth regulators [6-benzylaminopurine, indole-3-acetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, kinetin and thidiazuron (TDZ)] alone or in combination were tested for their capacity to induce somatic embryogenesis. The highest induction frequencies of somatic embryos were obtained on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.6% Phytagel, 500 mg l-1 casein hydrolysate and 10 mg l-1 TDZ (medium MS10). Somatic embryos were induced from leaf (69.8%) and internode (58.5%) explants on MS10 medium after 7 days. Subsequent withdrawal of TDZ from the induction medium resulted in the maturation and growth of the embryos into plantlets on MS basal media. The maturation frequency of somatic embryos from leaf and internodal explants was 50.8% and 45.8%, respectively. Subculturing of mature embryos led to their germination on the same medium with a germination frequency of 50.1% and 29.8% from leaf and internode explants, respectively. Somatic embryos obtained directly on leaf explants were used for encapsulation in liquid MS medium containing different concentrations of sodium alginate with a 30-min exposure to 50 mM CaCl2. A 3% sodium alginate concentration provided a uniform encapsulation of the embryos with survival and germination frequencies of 73.7% and 53.3%, respectively. Storage at 4°C for 30 days or 60 days significantly reduced the survival and complete germination frequencies of both encapsulated and non-encapsulated embryos relative to those of non-stored somatic embryos. However, the survival and germination rates of encapsulated embryos increased following storage at 4°C. After 30 days or 60 days of storage, the survival rates of encapsulated embryos were 67.8% and 53.5% and the germination frequencies were 43.2% and 32.4%, respectively. These systems could be useful for the rapid clonal propagation and dissemination of synthetic seed material of Paulownia elongata.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47871626,"asset_id":9140770,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20686316,"first_name":"Zeliha","last_name":"Sen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZelihaSen","display_name":"Zeliha Sen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZelihaSen?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20686316/104398152/93585437/s65_zeliha.sen.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":111012,"name":"Plant tissue Culture Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":115090,"name":"Plant Growth Regulators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Growth_Regulators?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":127006,"name":"Plant growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_growth?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":143511,"name":"Somatic Embryogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Embryogenesis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":315117,"name":"Germination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germination?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":386438,"name":"Seeds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seeds?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":865585,"name":"Clonal propagation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clonal_propagation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":957359,"name":"Culture Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_Media?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1222674,"name":"Naphthaleneacetic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naphthaleneacetic_Acids?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1342381,"name":"Murashige and Skoog","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Murashige_and_Skoog?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1351587,"name":"Scrophulariaceae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scrophulariaceae?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1574260,"name":"Sodium Alginate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Alginate?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1891237,"name":"Kinetin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetin?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1905343,"name":"Plant Leaves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaves?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19239195" data-work_id="19239195" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19239195/Development_and_validation_of_a_highly_sensitive_LC_MS_MS_method_for_quantification_of_IC87114_in_mice_plasma_bronchoalveolar_lavage_and_lung_samples_Application_to_pharmacokinetic_study">Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of IC87114 in mice plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung samples: Application to pharmacokinetic study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A highly sensitive, specific and simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of dexlansoprazole (DEX) with 50 μL of human plasma using omeprazole as an internal standard (IS). The API-4000 LC-MS/ MS was operated... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19239195" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A highly sensitive, specific and simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of dexlansoprazole (DEX) with 50 μL of human plasma using omeprazole as an internal standard (IS). The API-4000 LC-MS/ MS was operated under multiple reaction-monitoring mode using electrospray ionization. A simple liquid-liquid extraction process was used to extract DEX and IS from human plasma. The total run time was 2.00 min and the elution of DEX and IS occurred at 1.20 min. This was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% ammonia-acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on an X-terra RP 18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column. The developed method was validated in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 2 ng/mL for DEX. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 2.00-2500.0 ng/mL (r > 0.998) for DEX. The intra-and inter-day precision values for DEX met the acceptance criteria as per FDA guidelines. DEX was stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. bench-top, auto-sampler and freeze-thaw cycles. The developed assay method was applied to an oral bioequivalence study in humans.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19239195" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="811684a9cf62ab96e49ccb4dc8fa794f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40509496,"asset_id":19239195,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40509496/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39475338" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CraigHofmeister">Craig Hofmeister</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39475338" type="text/json">{"id":39475338,"first_name":"Craig","last_name":"Hofmeister","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CraigHofmeister","display_name":"Craig Hofmeister","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CraigHofmeister?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19239195 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19239195"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19239195, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19239195", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19239195]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19239195").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19239195").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19239195"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="163275" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tandem_Mass_Spectrometry">Tandem Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="163275" type="text/json">{"id":163275,"name":"Tandem Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tandem_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="197297" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung">Lung</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="197297" type="text/json">{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19239195]'), work: {"id":19239195,"title":"Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method for quantification of IC87114 in mice plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung samples: Application to pharmacokinetic study","created_at":"2015-11-30T08:50:49.198-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19239195/Development_and_validation_of_a_highly_sensitive_LC_MS_MS_method_for_quantification_of_IC87114_in_mice_plasma_bronchoalveolar_lavage_and_lung_samples_Application_to_pharmacokinetic_study?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_19239195","summary":"A highly sensitive, specific and simple LC-MS/MS method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of dexlansoprazole (DEX) with 50 μL of human plasma using omeprazole as an internal standard (IS). The API-4000 LC-MS/ MS was operated under multiple reaction-monitoring mode using electrospray ionization. A simple liquid-liquid extraction process was used to extract DEX and IS from human plasma. The total run time was 2.00 min and the elution of DEX and IS occurred at 1.20 min. This was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% ammonia-acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on an X-terra RP 18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) column. The developed method was validated in human plasma with a lower limit of quantitation of 2 ng/mL for DEX. A linear response function was established for the range of concentrations 2.00-2500.0 ng/mL (r \u003e 0.998) for DEX. The intra-and inter-day precision values for DEX met the acceptance criteria as per FDA guidelines. DEX was stable in the battery of stability studies, viz. bench-top, auto-sampler and freeze-thaw cycles. The developed assay method was applied to an oral bioequivalence study in humans.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40509496,"asset_id":19239195,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39475338,"first_name":"Craig","last_name":"Hofmeister","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CraigHofmeister","display_name":"Craig Hofmeister","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CraigHofmeister?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":163275,"name":"Tandem Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tandem_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":197297,"name":"Lung","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":225787,"name":"High Performance Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1947600,"name":"Quinazolines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quinazolines?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2005397,"name":"Bronchoalveolar lavage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronchoalveolar_lavage?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14753229" data-work_id="14753229" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14753229/Nitric_oxide_production_in_mouse_and_rat_macrophages_A_rapid_and_efficient_assay_for_screening_of_drugs_immunostimulatory_effects_in_human_cells">Nitric oxide production in mouse and rat macrophages: A rapid and efficient assay for screening of drugs immunostimulatory effects in human cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Activation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and resulting high-output NO release is known to depend on the action of cytokines. We investigated in vitro production of NO by resident peritoneal macrophages from mice and rats,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14753229" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Activation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and resulting high-output NO release is known to depend on the action of cytokines. We investigated in vitro production of NO by resident peritoneal macrophages from mice and rats, and secretion of cytokines by these cells as well as by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cells were cultured in the presence of a selected group of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates that have previously been shown to possess immunobiological potential. Several of the compounds enhanced production of NO in animal macrophages. This activity was associated with stimulatory effects on secretion of cytokines such as TNF-a in all mouse and rat macrophages and human PBMC, and IL-10 in mouse and human cells. Statistically highly significant correlation between the range of NO biosynthesis in rodent cells and extent of cytokine stimulation in human PBMC has been observed. It is suggested that the NO assay may be regarded as an efficient, economical and relatively reliable tool in primary screening for intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of compounds in human cell system, at least from the point of view of cytokine secretion.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14753229" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c72dda3d1b44ff5dfe3e032e4fd38443" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43916317,"asset_id":14753229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43916317/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33717738" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZdenekZidek">Zdenek Zidek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33717738" type="text/json">{"id":33717738,"first_name":"Zdenek","last_name":"Zidek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZdenekZidek","display_name":"Zdenek Zidek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZdenekZidek?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14753229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14753229"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14753229, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14753229", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14753229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14753229; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14753229"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14753229 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14753229"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14753229; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14753229]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14753229").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14753229").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14753229"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84760" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice">Mice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84760" type="text/json">{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93922" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide">Nitric oxide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="93922" type="text/json">{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="207708" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production">In Vitro Embryo Production</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="207708" type="text/json">{"id":207708,"name":"In Vitro Embryo Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14753229]'), work: {"id":14753229,"title":"Nitric oxide production in mouse and rat macrophages: A rapid and efficient assay for screening of drugs immunostimulatory effects in human cells","created_at":"2015-08-07T21:52:42.576-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14753229/Nitric_oxide_production_in_mouse_and_rat_macrophages_A_rapid_and_efficient_assay_for_screening_of_drugs_immunostimulatory_effects_in_human_cells?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_14753229","summary":"Activation of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) and resulting high-output NO release is known to depend on the action of cytokines. We investigated in vitro production of NO by resident peritoneal macrophages from mice and rats, and secretion of cytokines by these cells as well as by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The cells were cultured in the presence of a selected group of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates that have previously been shown to possess immunobiological potential. Several of the compounds enhanced production of NO in animal macrophages. This activity was associated with stimulatory effects on secretion of cytokines such as TNF-a in all mouse and rat macrophages and human PBMC, and IL-10 in mouse and human cells. Statistically highly significant correlation between the range of NO biosynthesis in rodent cells and extent of cytokine stimulation in human PBMC has been observed. It is suggested that the NO assay may be regarded as an efficient, economical and relatively reliable tool in primary screening for intrinsic immunostimulatory activity of compounds in human cell system, at least from the point of view of cytokine secretion.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43916317,"asset_id":14753229,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33717738,"first_name":"Zdenek","last_name":"Zidek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZdenekZidek","display_name":"Zdenek Zidek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZdenekZidek?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":93922,"name":"Nitric oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitric_oxide?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":207708,"name":"In Vitro Embryo Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro_Embryo_Production?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":335983,"name":"Lipopolysaccharides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipopolysaccharides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":474029,"name":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":892890,"name":"Point of View","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Point_of_View?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1654024,"name":"Nitrites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitrites?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1924712,"name":"Interleukin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interleukin?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2058663,"name":"Interferon gamma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_gamma?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4596472" data-work_id="4596472" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4596472/Synthesis_metabolic_stability_and_antiviral_evaluation_of_various_alkoxyalkyl_esters_of_cidofovir_and_9_S_3_hydroxy_2_phosphonomethoxy_propyl_adenine">Synthesis, metabolic stability and antiviral evaluation of various alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and 9-( S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (CDV) are orally active agents which inhibit the replication of a variety of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses including variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4596472" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (CDV) are orally active agents which inhibit the replication of a variety of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses including variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and others. One of these compounds, hexadecyloxypropyl-CDV (HDP-CDV, CMX001) is in clinical development for prevention and treatment of poxvirus infection, vaccination complications, and for infections caused by cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, herpesviruses and other dsDNA viruses. This class of lipid analogs is potentially prone to undergo omega oxidation of the alkyl moiety which can lead to a short chain carboxylic acid lacking antiviral activity. To address this issue, we synthesized a series of alkoxyalkyl or alkyl glycerol esters of CDV and (S)-HPMPA having modifications in the structure of the alkyl residue. Antiviral activity was assessed in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox or ectromelia viruses. Metabolic stability was determined in S9 membrane fractions from rat, guinea pig, monkey and human liver. All compounds had substantial antiviral activity in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox or ectromelia. Metabolic stability was lowest in monkey liver S9 incubations where rapid disappearance of HDP-CDV and HDP-(S)-HPMPA was noted. Metabolic stability in monkey preparations increased substantially when a ω-1 methyl group (15-methyl-HDP-CDV) or a terminal cyclopropyl residue (14-cyclopropyl-tetradecyloxypropyl-CDV) was present in the alkyl chain. The most stable compound was 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-snglycero-3-CDV (ODBG-CDV) which was not metabolized extensively by monkey liver S9. In rat,</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4596472" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41c020366eecf58d00cc20573b60cac7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49771380,"asset_id":4596472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49771380/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5775982" href="https://national.academia.edu/JacquelineRuiz">Jacqueline Ruiz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5775982" type="text/json">{"id":5775982,"first_name":"Jacqueline","last_name":"Ruiz","domain_name":"national","page_name":"JacquelineRuiz","display_name":"Jacqueline Ruiz","profile_url":"https://national.academia.edu/JacquelineRuiz?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5775982/2489481/2891553/s65_jacqueline.ruiz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4596472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4596472"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4596472, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4596472", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4596472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4596472; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4596472"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4596472 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4596472"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4596472; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4596472]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4596472").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4596472").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4596472"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531" type="text/json">{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro">In Vitro</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="59370" type="text/json">{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64461" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prodrugs">Prodrugs</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64461" type="text/json">{"id":64461,"name":"Prodrugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prodrugs?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71437" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver">Liver</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71437" type="text/json">{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4596472]'), work: {"id":4596472,"title":"Synthesis, metabolic stability and antiviral evaluation of various alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir and 9-( S)-[3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine","created_at":"2013-09-26T08:51:05.444-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4596472/Synthesis_metabolic_stability_and_antiviral_evaluation_of_various_alkoxyalkyl_esters_of_cidofovir_and_9_S_3_hydroxy_2_phosphonomethoxy_propyl_adenine?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_4596472","summary":"Alkoxyalkyl esters of cidofovir (CDV) are orally active agents which inhibit the replication of a variety of double stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses including variola, vaccinia, ectromelia, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus and others. One of these compounds, hexadecyloxypropyl-CDV (HDP-CDV, CMX001) is in clinical development for prevention and treatment of poxvirus infection, vaccination complications, and for infections caused by cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, herpesviruses and other dsDNA viruses. This class of lipid analogs is potentially prone to undergo omega oxidation of the alkyl moiety which can lead to a short chain carboxylic acid lacking antiviral activity. To address this issue, we synthesized a series of alkoxyalkyl or alkyl glycerol esters of CDV and (S)-HPMPA having modifications in the structure of the alkyl residue. Antiviral activity was assessed in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox or ectromelia viruses. Metabolic stability was determined in S9 membrane fractions from rat, guinea pig, monkey and human liver. All compounds had substantial antiviral activity in cells infected with vaccinia, cowpox or ectromelia. Metabolic stability was lowest in monkey liver S9 incubations where rapid disappearance of HDP-CDV and HDP-(S)-HPMPA was noted. Metabolic stability in monkey preparations increased substantially when a ω-1 methyl group (15-methyl-HDP-CDV) or a terminal cyclopropyl residue (14-cyclopropyl-tetradecyloxypropyl-CDV) was present in the alkyl chain. The most stable compound was 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-snglycero-3-CDV (ODBG-CDV) which was not metabolized extensively by monkey liver S9. In rat,","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49771380,"asset_id":4596472,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5775982,"first_name":"Jacqueline","last_name":"Ruiz","domain_name":"national","page_name":"JacquelineRuiz","display_name":"Jacqueline Ruiz","profile_url":"https://national.academia.edu/JacquelineRuiz?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5775982/2489481/2891553/s65_jacqueline.ruiz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":64461,"name":"Prodrugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prodrugs?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":112993,"name":"Cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytomegalovirus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":178352,"name":"Prodrug","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prodrug?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":459820,"name":"Ether","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ether?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":485556,"name":"Guinea Pig","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guinea_Pig?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":561002,"name":"Vaccinia Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccinia_Virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":584986,"name":"Cowpox virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cowpox_virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":728493,"name":"Bioorganic and medicinal Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioorganic_and_medicinal_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":902999,"name":"Antiviral Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Activity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1121353,"name":"Esters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Esters?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1152821,"name":"Chemical Synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Synthesis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1322739,"name":"Mono","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mono?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1720789,"name":"Herpes Simplex Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herpes_Simplex_Virus?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13872944" data-work_id="13872944" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13872944/Canine_Olfactory_Receptor_Gene_Polymorphism_and_Its_Relation_to_Odor_Detection_Performance_by_Sniffer_Dogs">Canine Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Its Relation to Odor Detection Performance by Sniffer Dogs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The outstanding sensitivity of the canine olfactory system has been acknowledged by using sniffer dogs in military and civilian service for detection of a variety of odors. It is hypothesized that the canine olfactory ability is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13872944" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The outstanding sensitivity of the canine olfactory system has been acknowledged by using sniffer dogs in military and civilian service for detection of a variety of odors. It is hypothesized that the canine olfactory ability is determined by polymorphisms in olfactory receptor (OR) genes. We investigated 5 OR genes for polymorphic sites which might affect the olfactory ability of service dogs in different fields of specific substance detection. All investigated OR DNA sequences proved to have allelic variants, the majority of which lead to protein sequence alteration. Homozygous individuals at 2 gene loci significantly differed in their detection skills from other genotypes. This suggests a role of specific alleles in odor detection and a linkage between single-nucleotide polymorphism and odor recognition efficiency.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13872944" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="566542dd1da20869188331c72ce7ecdd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44853937,"asset_id":13872944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44853937/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32955082" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariuszSacharczuk">Mariusz Sacharczuk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32955082" type="text/json">{"id":32955082,"first_name":"Mariusz","last_name":"Sacharczuk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariuszSacharczuk","display_name":"Mariusz Sacharczuk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariuszSacharczuk?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13872944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13872944"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13872944, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13872944", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13872944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13872944; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13872944"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13872944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13872944"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13872944; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13872944]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13872944").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13872944").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13872944"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8206" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police">Police</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8206" type="text/json">{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42324" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity">Heredity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42324" type="text/json">{"id":42324,"name":"Heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52438" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs">Dogs</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52438" type="text/json">{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13872944]'), work: {"id":13872944,"title":"Canine Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Its Relation to Odor Detection Performance by Sniffer Dogs","created_at":"2015-07-10T02:07:52.258-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13872944/Canine_Olfactory_Receptor_Gene_Polymorphism_and_Its_Relation_to_Odor_Detection_Performance_by_Sniffer_Dogs?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_13872944","summary":"The outstanding sensitivity of the canine olfactory system has been acknowledged by using sniffer dogs in military and civilian service for detection of a variety of odors. It is hypothesized that the canine olfactory ability is determined by polymorphisms in olfactory receptor (OR) genes. We investigated 5 OR genes for polymorphic sites which might affect the olfactory ability of service dogs in different fields of specific substance detection. All investigated OR DNA sequences proved to have allelic variants, the majority of which lead to protein sequence alteration. Homozygous individuals at 2 gene loci significantly differed in their detection skills from other genotypes. This suggests a role of specific alleles in odor detection and a linkage between single-nucleotide polymorphism and odor recognition efficiency.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44853937,"asset_id":13872944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32955082,"first_name":"Mariusz","last_name":"Sacharczuk","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariuszSacharczuk","display_name":"Mariusz Sacharczuk","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariuszSacharczuk?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":8206,"name":"Police","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Police?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":42324,"name":"Heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":52438,"name":"Dogs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dogs?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":102416,"name":"Smell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smell?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":306990,"name":"Gene Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Polymorphism?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":469018,"name":"Neoplasms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoplasms?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16359593" data-work_id="16359593" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16359593/Metaphase_I_Arrest_in_LT_Sv_Mouse_Oocytes_Involves_the_Spindle_Assembly_Checkpoint">Metaphase I Arrest in LT/Sv Mouse Oocytes Involves the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During meiotic maturation, the majority of oocytes from LT/Sv mice arrest at metaphase I. However, anaphase may be induced through parthenogenetic activation. If this happens within the ovary, it often results in the development of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16359593" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During meiotic maturation, the majority of oocytes from LT/Sv mice arrest at metaphase I. However, anaphase may be induced through parthenogenetic activation. If this happens within the ovary, it often results in the development of ovarian teratomas. Here, we show that the induction of first meiotic anaphase in LT/Sv oocytes results in incorrect chromosome segregation. In search of the molecular basis of this complex phenotype, we analyzed the localization/destruction of cohesins, as well as the function of the components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Both localization and removal of meiotic cohesin REC8 from chromosomes are unperturbed. In contrast, there is prolonged localization of SAC proteins BUB1 and MAD2L1 (MAD2) at the metaphase I kinetochores in mutant oocytes compared with the wild-type. Interfering with BUB1 function through expression of a dominant-negative mutant protein resulted in the increase of the number of LT/Sv oocytes completing the first meiosis, which indicates SAC involvement in metaphase I arrest. These data show for the first time that there is a direct link between the SAC function and the heritable meiotic incompetence of a mammalian oocyte. BUB1, gamete biology, gametogenesis, LT/Sv, MAD2L1, meiosis, metaphase I, mouse, oocyte, oocyte development, REC8, spindle assembly checkpoint 1 Supported by a grant from Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (4900) and Ligue Contre le Cancer (Comité d'Ille-et-Vilaine et de la Vandé e) to J.Z.K. M.A.C. was a recipient of a fellowship from the L'Oreal for Women and Science Foundation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16359593" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f96306daa7da95af33b2f5dcffd5b65" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42512385,"asset_id":16359593,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42512385/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35484075" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JKubiak">Jacek Kubiak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35484075" type="text/json">{"id":35484075,"first_name":"Jacek","last_name":"Kubiak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JKubiak","display_name":"Jacek Kubiak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JKubiak?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16359593 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16359593"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16359593, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16359593", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16359593]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16359593").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16359593").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16359593"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59370" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro">In Vitro</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="59370" type="text/json">{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16359593]'), work: {"id":16359593,"title":"Metaphase I Arrest in LT/Sv Mouse Oocytes Involves the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint","created_at":"2015-10-01T06:16:36.720-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16359593/Metaphase_I_Arrest_in_LT_Sv_Mouse_Oocytes_Involves_the_Spindle_Assembly_Checkpoint?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_16359593","summary":"During meiotic maturation, the majority of oocytes from LT/Sv mice arrest at metaphase I. However, anaphase may be induced through parthenogenetic activation. If this happens within the ovary, it often results in the development of ovarian teratomas. Here, we show that the induction of first meiotic anaphase in LT/Sv oocytes results in incorrect chromosome segregation. In search of the molecular basis of this complex phenotype, we analyzed the localization/destruction of cohesins, as well as the function of the components of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Both localization and removal of meiotic cohesin REC8 from chromosomes are unperturbed. In contrast, there is prolonged localization of SAC proteins BUB1 and MAD2L1 (MAD2) at the metaphase I kinetochores in mutant oocytes compared with the wild-type. Interfering with BUB1 function through expression of a dominant-negative mutant protein resulted in the increase of the number of LT/Sv oocytes completing the first meiosis, which indicates SAC involvement in metaphase I arrest. These data show for the first time that there is a direct link between the SAC function and the heritable meiotic incompetence of a mammalian oocyte. BUB1, gamete biology, gametogenesis, LT/Sv, MAD2L1, meiosis, metaphase I, mouse, oocyte, oocyte development, REC8, spindle assembly checkpoint 1 Supported by a grant from Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (4900) and Ligue Contre le Cancer (Comité d'Ille-et-Vilaine et de la Vandé e) to J.Z.K. M.A.C. was a recipient of a fellowship from the L'Oreal for Women and Science Foundation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42512385,"asset_id":16359593,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35484075,"first_name":"Jacek","last_name":"Kubiak","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JKubiak","display_name":"Jacek Kubiak","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JKubiak?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":73564,"name":"Meiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meiosis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":172350,"name":"Microtubules","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microtubules?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":323597,"name":"Fluorescent Antibody Technique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescent_Antibody_Technique?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":523117,"name":"Spindle Assembly Checkpoint","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spindle_Assembly_Checkpoint?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":523118,"name":"Chromosome segregation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosome_segregation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":956315,"name":"Oocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oocytes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":983317,"name":"Cell Cycle Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle_Proteins?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1147230,"name":"Chromosomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosomes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1212103,"name":"Antineoplastic Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antineoplastic_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1293238,"name":"Oocyte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oocyte?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1625995,"name":"Gametogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gametogenesis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1799766,"name":"Biology Reproduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology_Reproduction?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13947291 coauthored" data-work_id="13947291" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13947291/Hoogsteen_vs_Watson_Crick_Base_Pairing_Incorporation_of_2_Substituted_Adenine_and_7_Deazaadenine_2_Deoxy_%CE%B2_D_ribonucleosides_into_Oligonucleotides">Hoogsteen vs. Watson–Crick Base Pairing: Incorporation of 2-Substituted Adenine- and 7-Deazaadenine 2′-Deoxy-β-D-ribonucleosides into Oligonucleotides</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The chemodiversity of nucleic-acid base pairing leads to biodiversityWatson-Crick type base pairing is not necessarily mandatory for the formation of duplex DNA and RNA. Bulky groups such as NHMe, Me 2 N, SMe, or Me in position 2 of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13947291" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The chemodiversity of nucleic-acid base pairing leads to biodiversityWatson-Crick type base pairing is not necessarily mandatory for the formation of duplex DNA and RNA. Bulky groups such as NHMe, Me 2 N, SMe, or Me in position 2 of purine polynucleotides are sterically unfavorable for Watson-Crick double helix formation with pyrimidine polynucleotides with 2-keto groups. In such cases nature evades to Hoogsteen base pairing involving purine N-7 for H-bonding. Requirements for a preferential Hoogsteen base pairing are: (i) the syn conformarion of the purine base, thereby exposing N-7 for pairing; (ii) a high negative charge density of the exposed N-7; (III) electron-withdrawing and/or bulky substituents at C-2 of the purine; (iv) strong electron-donating substituents at C-2 enhancing the pK BH+ value of N-1, leading to protonation of the base at neutral pH and, thereby, to the abolishment of Watson-Crick pairing.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13947291" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="244ae4bebd36e54c2720f1d2cbe6b401" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44777160,"asset_id":13947291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44777160/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38322902" href="https://uni-osnabrueck.academia.edu/HelmutRosemeyer">Helmut Rosemeyer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38322902" type="text/json">{"id":38322902,"first_name":"Helmut","last_name":"Rosemeyer","domain_name":"uni-osnabrueck","page_name":"HelmutRosemeyer","display_name":"Helmut Rosemeyer","profile_url":"https://uni-osnabrueck.academia.edu/HelmutRosemeyer?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13947291">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13947291"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://129nowoursynowskastr.academia.edu/ZygmuntKazimierczuk">Zygmunt Kazimierczuk</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13947291'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13947291').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13947291 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13947291"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13947291; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13947291]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13947291").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13947291").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13947291"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531" type="text/json">{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21732" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy">Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21732" type="text/json">{"id":21732,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1169265" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine">Adenine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1169265" type="text/json">{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13947291]'), work: {"id":13947291,"title":"Hoogsteen vs. Watson–Crick Base Pairing: Incorporation of 2-Substituted Adenine- and 7-Deazaadenine 2′-Deoxy-β-D-ribonucleosides into Oligonucleotides","created_at":"2015-07-12T07:23:36.744-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13947291/Hoogsteen_vs_Watson_Crick_Base_Pairing_Incorporation_of_2_Substituted_Adenine_and_7_Deazaadenine_2_Deoxy_%CE%B2_D_ribonucleosides_into_Oligonucleotides?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_13947291","summary":"The chemodiversity of nucleic-acid base pairing leads to biodiversityWatson-Crick type base pairing is not necessarily mandatory for the formation of duplex DNA and RNA. Bulky groups such as NHMe, Me 2 N, SMe, or Me in position 2 of purine polynucleotides are sterically unfavorable for Watson-Crick double helix formation with pyrimidine polynucleotides with 2-keto groups. In such cases nature evades to Hoogsteen base pairing involving purine N-7 for H-bonding. Requirements for a preferential Hoogsteen base pairing are: (i) the syn conformarion of the purine base, thereby exposing N-7 for pairing; (ii) a high negative charge density of the exposed N-7; (III) electron-withdrawing and/or bulky substituents at C-2 of the purine; (iv) strong electron-donating substituents at C-2 enhancing the pK BH+ value of N-1, leading to protonation of the base at neutral pH and, thereby, to the abolishment of Watson-Crick pairing.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44777160,"asset_id":13947291,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38322902,"first_name":"Helmut","last_name":"Rosemeyer","domain_name":"uni-osnabrueck","page_name":"HelmutRosemeyer","display_name":"Helmut Rosemeyer","profile_url":"https://uni-osnabrueck.academia.edu/HelmutRosemeyer?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":33002717,"first_name":"Zygmunt","last_name":"Kazimierczuk","domain_name":"129nowoursynowskastr","page_name":"ZygmuntKazimierczuk","display_name":"Zygmunt Kazimierczuk","profile_url":"https://129nowoursynowskastr.academia.edu/ZygmuntKazimierczuk?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":21732,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1649745,"name":"Oligonucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oligonucleotides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23200485" data-work_id="23200485" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23200485/Third_Generation_Immucillins_Syntheses_and_Bioactivities_of_Acyclic_Immucillin_Inhibitors_of_Human_Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase">Third-Generation Immucillins: Syntheses and Bioactivities of Acyclic Immucillin Inhibitors of Human Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ImmH (1) and DADMe-ImmH (2) are potent inhibitors of human purine nucleoside phoshorylase (PNP), developed by us and currently in clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of T-cell related diseases. Compounds 1 and 2 were used as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23200485" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ImmH (1) and DADMe-ImmH (2) are potent inhibitors of human purine nucleoside phoshorylase (PNP), developed by us and currently in clinical trials for the treatment of a variety of T-cell related diseases. Compounds 1 and 2 were used as templates for the design and synthesis of a series of acyclic immucillin analogues (8-38) in order to identify simplified alternatives to 1 and 2. SerMe-ImmG (8) and DATMe-ImmG (9) displayed the lowest inhibition constants of 2.1 and 3.4 pM, respectively, vs PNP. It was postulated that the flexible natures of 8 and 9 enabled them to adopt conformations resembling those of 1 and 2 within the active site of PNP and that the positioning of two hydroxyl groups was critical for picomolar activity. SerMe-ImmH</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23200485" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27a3dfffa5e2672d8ae399de62d3519c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43689279,"asset_id":23200485,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43689279/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44809705" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/GaryEvans">Gary Evans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44809705" type="text/json">{"id":44809705,"first_name":"Gary","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"GaryEvans","display_name":"Gary Evans","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/GaryEvans?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23200485 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23200485"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23200485, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23200485", }); 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Compounds 1 and 2 were used as templates for the design and synthesis of a series of acyclic immucillin analogues (8-38) in order to identify simplified alternatives to 1 and 2. SerMe-ImmG (8) and DATMe-ImmG (9) displayed the lowest inhibition constants of 2.1 and 3.4 pM, respectively, vs PNP. It was postulated that the flexible natures of 8 and 9 enabled them to adopt conformations resembling those of 1 and 2 within the active site of PNP and that the positioning of two hydroxyl groups was critical for picomolar activity. 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Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has demonstrated potent antiviral activity in clinical trials, but data in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33793358" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background and aims: Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) disproportionately affects the Asian-American population in the USA. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has demonstrated potent antiviral activity in clinical trials, but data in Asian-Americans from community studies are lacking.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33793358" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="445099e1b73dbcdf8395b8cb3d37c8b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53783179,"asset_id":33793358,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53783179/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66184641" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HuyTrinh19">Huy Trinh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66184641" type="text/json">{"id":66184641,"first_name":"Huy","last_name":"Trinh","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HuyTrinh19","display_name":"Huy Trinh","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HuyTrinh19?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33793358 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33793358"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33793358, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33793358", }); 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28634175/Inflammation_markers_after_randomization_to_abacavir_lamivudine_or_tenofovir_emtricitabine_with_efavirenz_or_atazanavir_ritonavir">Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir/ritonavir</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: The effect of specific antiretrovirals on inflammation is unclear.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28634175" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="24d48bfffd870a887fe3b972d3699db8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49000283,"asset_id":28634175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49000283/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53735606" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NasreenJahed">Nasreen Jahed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53735606" type="text/json">{"id":53735606,"first_name":"Nasreen","last_name":"Jahed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NasreenJahed","display_name":"Nasreen Jahed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NasreenJahed?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28634175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28634175"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28634175, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28634175", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28634175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28634175; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28634175"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28634175 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28634175"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28634175; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28634175]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28634175").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28634175").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28634175"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136161" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AIDS">AIDS</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="136161" type="text/json">{"id":136161,"name":"AIDS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AIDS?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28634175]'), work: {"id":28634175,"title":"Inflammation markers after randomization to abacavir/lamivudine or tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz or atazanavir/ritonavir","created_at":"2016-09-20T18:40:10.886-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28634175/Inflammation_markers_after_randomization_to_abacavir_lamivudine_or_tenofovir_emtricitabine_with_efavirenz_or_atazanavir_ritonavir?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_28634175","summary":"Background: The effect of specific antiretrovirals on inflammation is unclear.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49000283,"asset_id":28634175,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53735606,"first_name":"Nasreen","last_name":"Jahed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NasreenJahed","display_name":"Nasreen Jahed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NasreenJahed?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":136161,"name":"AIDS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/AIDS?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":295452,"name":"C reactive protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/C_reactive_protein?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":474029,"name":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_necrosis_factor-alpha?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":490260,"name":"Pyridines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyridines?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":998417,"name":"Lamivudine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamivudine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1924712,"name":"Interleukin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interleukin?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1938362,"name":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acquired_immunodeficiency_syndrome?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12492231" data-work_id="12492231" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12492231/Safety_and_adherence_to_intermittent_pre_exposure_prophylaxis_PrEP_for_HIV_1_in_African_men_who_have_sex_with_men_and_female_sex_workers">Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings. We present safety and adherence data from the first trial of an intermittent PrEP regimen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12492231" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings. We present safety and adherence data from the first trial of an intermittent PrEP regimen among Kenyan men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12492231" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b9ceb0c5723439eadeb3555d0e3a6c0e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46146324,"asset_id":12492231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46146324/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31349150" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBangsberg">David Bangsberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31349150" type="text/json">{"id":31349150,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bangsberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBangsberg","display_name":"David Bangsberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBangsberg?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12492231 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12492231"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12492231, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12492231", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12492231]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12492231").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12492231").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12492231"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2065" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology">Research Methodology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2065" type="text/json">{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4307" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior">Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4307" type="text/json">{"id":4307,"name":"Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Behavior?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8910" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation">Evaluation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8910" type="text/json">{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8942" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment">Treatment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8942" type="text/json">{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12492231]'), work: {"id":12492231,"title":"Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers","created_at":"2015-05-20T12:12:51.439-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12492231/Safety_and_adherence_to_intermittent_pre_exposure_prophylaxis_PrEP_for_HIV_1_in_African_men_who_have_sex_with_men_and_female_sex_workers?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_12492231","summary":"Little is known about safety of and adherence to intermittent HIV PrEP regimens, which may be more feasible than daily dosing in some settings. We present safety and adherence data from the first trial of an intermittent PrEP regimen among Kenyan men who have sex with men (MSM) and female sex workers (FSW).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46146324,"asset_id":12492231,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31349150,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Bangsberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidBangsberg","display_name":"David Bangsberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBangsberg?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2065,"name":"Research 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Workers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_Workers?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":220780,"name":"PLoS one","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PLoS_one?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12601018 coauthored" data-work_id="12601018" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12601018/A_48_Week_Study_of_Fat_Molecular_Alterations_in_HIV_Naive_Patients_Starting_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_With_Lopinavir_Ritonavir_or_Efavirenz">A 48-Week Study of Fat Molecular Alterations in HIV Naive Patients Starting Tenofovir/Emtricitabine With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Efavirenz</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: Conflicting reports on the effects of efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) on subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) have been described.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12601018" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="beb8f83ca8fe6aeb0d59a7fa3d485202" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46057222,"asset_id":12601018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46057222/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31544470" href="https://ub.academia.edu/JoanVillarroya">Joan Villarroya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31544470" type="text/json">{"id":31544470,"first_name":"Joan","last_name":"Villarroya","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"JoanVillarroya","display_name":"Joan Villarroya","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/JoanVillarroya?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31544470/9326381/18946925/s65_joan.villarroya.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12601018">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12601018"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ub.academia.edu/MartaGiralt">Marta Giralt</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12601018'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12601018').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12601018 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" 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data-has-card-for-ri="43761" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome">Transcriptome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43761" type="text/json">{"id":43761,"name":"Transcriptome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="572282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy">Combination drug therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="572282" type="text/json">{"id":572282,"name":"Combination drug therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1169265" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine">Adenine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1169265" type="text/json">{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12601018]'), work: {"id":12601018,"title":"A 48-Week Study of Fat Molecular Alterations in HIV Naive Patients Starting Tenofovir/Emtricitabine With Lopinavir/Ritonavir or Efavirenz","created_at":"2015-05-26T03:06:37.818-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12601018/A_48_Week_Study_of_Fat_Molecular_Alterations_in_HIV_Naive_Patients_Starting_Tenofovir_Emtricitabine_With_Lopinavir_Ritonavir_or_Efavirenz?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_12601018","summary":"Background: Conflicting reports on the effects of efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) on subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) have been described.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46057222,"asset_id":12601018,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31544470,"first_name":"Joan","last_name":"Villarroya","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"JoanVillarroya","display_name":"Joan Villarroya","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/JoanVillarroya?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31544470/9326381/18946925/s65_joan.villarroya.jpg"},{"id":31373458,"first_name":"Marta","last_name":"Giralt","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"MartaGiralt","display_name":"Marta Giralt","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/MartaGiralt?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31373458/35936049/30972582/s65_marta.giralt.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":43761,"name":"Transcriptome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":572282,"name":"Combination drug therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14146657" data-work_id="14146657" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14146657/Red_blood_cell_storage_in_SAGM_and_AS3_a_comparison_through_the_membrane_two_dimensional_electrophoresis_proteome">Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3: a comparison through the membrane two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">SAGM is currently the standard additive solution used in Europe, while AS-3 is the third additive solution that has been licensed in the USA, and is also the one used in part of Canada. Although AS-3 is based on a saline-adenine-glucose... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14146657" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">SAGM is currently the standard additive solution used in Europe, while AS-3 is the third additive solution that has been licensed in the USA, and is also the one used in part of Canada. Although AS-3 is based on a saline-adenine-glucose solution, it also contains citrate and phosphate. Storage of red blood cell concentrates in CPD-SAGM is known to lead to the accumulation of a wide series of storage lesions, including membrane protein fragmentation and vesiculation, as we could previously determine through 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Through 2D-SDS-IEF-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis we performed a time course analysis (day 0, 21 and 42 of storage) of red blood cell membranes from leukocyte-filtered concentrates either stored in CPD-SAGM or CP2D-AS-3. From the present study it emerges that the membrane protein profile of red blood cells stored in presence of AS-3 appears to be slightly different from (better than) previous reports on SAGM-stored counterparts. However, the ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14146657" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5735277a528df4fe9b3c466760274b51" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44564160,"asset_id":14146657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44564160/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33137155" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AngeloDAlessandro">Angelo D'Alessandro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33137155" type="text/json">{"id":33137155,"first_name":"Angelo","last_name":"D'Alessandro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AngeloDAlessandro","display_name":"Angelo D'Alessandro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AngeloDAlessandro?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14146657 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14146657"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14146657, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14146657", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14146657]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14146657").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14146657").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14146657"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71289" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose">Glucose</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71289" type="text/json">{"id":71289,"name":"Glucose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="766010" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Two-Dimensional_Gel_Electrophoresis">Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="766010" type="text/json">{"id":766010,"name":"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Two-Dimensional_Gel_Electrophoresis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977996" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citric_Acid">Citric Acid</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977996" type="text/json">{"id":977996,"name":"Citric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citric_Acid?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="982534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes">Erythrocytes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="982534" type="text/json">{"id":982534,"name":"Erythrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14146657]'), work: {"id":14146657,"title":"Red blood cell storage in SAGM and AS3: a comparison through the membrane two-dimensional electrophoresis proteome","created_at":"2015-07-17T05:33:59.497-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14146657/Red_blood_cell_storage_in_SAGM_and_AS3_a_comparison_through_the_membrane_two_dimensional_electrophoresis_proteome?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_14146657","summary":"SAGM is currently the standard additive solution used in Europe, while AS-3 is the third additive solution that has been licensed in the USA, and is also the one used in part of Canada. Although AS-3 is based on a saline-adenine-glucose solution, it also contains citrate and phosphate. Storage of red blood cell concentrates in CPD-SAGM is known to lead to the accumulation of a wide series of storage lesions, including membrane protein fragmentation and vesiculation, as we could previously determine through 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Through 2D-SDS-IEF-polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis we performed a time course analysis (day 0, 21 and 42 of storage) of red blood cell membranes from leukocyte-filtered concentrates either stored in CPD-SAGM or CP2D-AS-3. From the present study it emerges that the membrane protein profile of red blood cells stored in presence of AS-3 appears to be slightly different from (better than) previous reports on SAGM-stored counterparts. However, the ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44564160,"asset_id":14146657,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33137155,"first_name":"Angelo","last_name":"D'Alessandro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AngeloDAlessandro","display_name":"Angelo D'Alessandro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AngeloDAlessandro?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":71289,"name":"Glucose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":766010,"name":"Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Two-Dimensional_Gel_Electrophoresis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":977996,"name":"Citric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citric_Acid?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":982534,"name":"Erythrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1035050,"name":"Proteome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteome?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1287480,"name":"Organ Preservation Solutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organ_Preservation_Solutions?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1703031,"name":"Mannitol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mannitol?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33279676" data-work_id="33279676" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33279676/Changes_in_Fat_Mitochondrial_DNA_and_Function_in_Subjects_Randomized_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_or_Tenofovir_DF_Emtricitabine_With_Atazanavir_Ritonavir_or_Efavirenz_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_Study_A5224s_Substudy_of_A5202">Changes in Fat Mitochondrial DNA and Function in Subjects Randomized to Abacavir-Lamivudine or Tenofovir DF-Emtricitabine With Atazanavir-Ritonavir or Efavirenz: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5224s, Substudy of A5202</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background. The effect of nonthymidine nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) on fat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and function is unclear.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33279676" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f16ceb2c3a33a02f4193b38cd6bc508" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53347580,"asset_id":33279676,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53347580/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32580358" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielLibutti">Daniel Libutti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32580358" type="text/json">{"id":32580358,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Libutti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielLibutti","display_name":"Daniel Libutti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielLibutti?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33279676 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33279676"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33279676, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33279676", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33279676]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33279676").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33279676").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33279676"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria">Mitochondria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15719" type="text/json">{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17960" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases">Infectious Diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17960" type="text/json">{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33279676]'), work: {"id":33279676,"title":"Changes in Fat Mitochondrial DNA and Function in Subjects Randomized to Abacavir-Lamivudine or Tenofovir DF-Emtricitabine With Atazanavir-Ritonavir or Efavirenz: AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5224s, Substudy of A5202","created_at":"2017-05-31T13:51:28.186-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33279676/Changes_in_Fat_Mitochondrial_DNA_and_Function_in_Subjects_Randomized_to_Abacavir_Lamivudine_or_Tenofovir_DF_Emtricitabine_With_Atazanavir_Ritonavir_or_Efavirenz_AIDS_Clinical_Trials_Group_Study_A5224s_Substudy_of_A5202?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_33279676","summary":"Background. The effect of nonthymidine nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) on fat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and function is unclear.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53347580,"asset_id":33279676,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32580358,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Libutti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielLibutti","display_name":"Daniel Libutti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielLibutti?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":63093,"name":"Mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondrial_DNA?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":490260,"name":"Pyridines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyridines?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":572282,"name":"Combination drug therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":998417,"name":"Lamivudine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamivudine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15940385" data-work_id="15940385" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15940385/A_Treatment_Algorithm_for_the_Management_of_Chronic_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Infection_in_the_United_States_An_Update">A Treatment Algorithm for the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: An Update</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15940385" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis of new developments in the understanding of the disorder, the availability of more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, and the licensure of new therapies. In addition, a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of new treatments has led to the development of strategies for reducing the rate of resistance associated with oral agents and optimizing treatment outcomes. This updated algorithm was based primarily on available evidence by using a systematic review of the literature. Where data were lacking, the panel relied on clinical experience and consensus expert opinion. The primary aim of antiviral therapy is durable suppression of serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels. Assays can now detect serum HBV DNA at levels as low as 10 IU/mL and should be used to establish a baseline level, monitor response to antiviral therapy, and survey for the development of drug resistance. Interferon alfa-2b, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, telbivudine, and tenofovir are approved as initial therapy for chronic hepatitis B and have certain advantages and disadvantages. Although all of these agents can be used in selected patients, the preferred first-line treatment choices are entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and tenofovir. Issues for consideration for therapy include efficacy, safety, rate of resistance, method of administration, and cost.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15940385" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1a2b72e52af4a8971d037d4e3908d43" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40959749,"asset_id":15940385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40959749/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35099636" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan">Steven-huy Han</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35099636" type="text/json">{"id":35099636,"first_name":"Steven-huy","last_name":"Han","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StevenhuyHan","display_name":"Steven-huy Han","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15940385 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15940385"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15940385, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15940385", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15940385]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15940385").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15940385").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15940385"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms">Algorithms</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="428" type="text/json">{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16288" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health">Public Health</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16288" type="text/json">{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17801" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR">HR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17801" type="text/json">{"id":17801,"name":"HR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15940385]'), work: {"id":15940385,"title":"A Treatment Algorithm for the Management of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: An Update","created_at":"2015-09-20T15:55:20.531-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15940385/A_Treatment_Algorithm_for_the_Management_of_Chronic_Hepatitis_B_Virus_Infection_in_the_United_States_An_Update?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_15940385","summary":"Chronic HBV infection is an important public health problem worldwide and in the United States. A treatment algorithm for the management of this disease, published previously by a panel of U.S. hepatologists, has been revised on the basis of new developments in the understanding of the disorder, the availability of more sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, and the licensure of new therapies. In addition, a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of new treatments has led to the development of strategies for reducing the rate of resistance associated with oral agents and optimizing treatment outcomes. This updated algorithm was based primarily on available evidence by using a systematic review of the literature. Where data were lacking, the panel relied on clinical experience and consensus expert opinion. The primary aim of antiviral therapy is durable suppression of serum HBV DNA to low or undetectable levels. Assays can now detect serum HBV DNA at levels as low as 10 IU/mL and should be used to establish a baseline level, monitor response to antiviral therapy, and survey for the development of drug resistance. Interferon alfa-2b, lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, telbivudine, and tenofovir are approved as initial therapy for chronic hepatitis B and have certain advantages and disadvantages. Although all of these agents can be used in selected patients, the preferred first-line treatment choices are entecavir, peginterferon alfa-2a, and tenofovir. Issues for consideration for therapy include efficacy, safety, rate of resistance, method of administration, and cost.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40959749,"asset_id":15940385,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35099636,"first_name":"Steven-huy","last_name":"Han","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"StevenhuyHan","display_name":"Steven-huy Han","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/StevenhuyHan?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":17801,"name":"HR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HR?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":29808,"name":"Molecular Diagnostics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Diagnostics?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":51791,"name":"PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":63331,"name":"Hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":99708,"name":"Clinical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":102583,"name":"Drug Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Resistance?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":147861,"name":"Expert Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expert_Opinion?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":187758,"name":"Case Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Management?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":221411,"name":"Systematic review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_review?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":231497,"name":"FDA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FDA?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":572282,"name":"Combination drug therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Combination_drug_therapy?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":816379,"name":"Virus infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus_infection?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":855510,"name":"Liver Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Disease?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1198599,"name":"chronic hepatitis B","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/chronic_hepatitis_B?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1434630,"name":"Polyethylene Glycols","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyethylene_Glycols?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2028055,"name":"Interferon Alpha","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interferon_Alpha?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17565225" data-work_id="17565225" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17565225/ApolipoproteinA1_75_G_A_M1_polymorphism_and_Lipoprotein_a_Anti_vs_Pro_Atherogenic_properties">ApolipoproteinA1-75 G/A (M1-) polymorphism and Lipoprotein(a); Anti- vs. Pro-Atherogenic properties</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: ApolipoproteinA1(apoA1) is the major apoprotein constituent of high-densitylipoprotein(HDL). The relationship of apoA1 -75 bp(M1 -) allele polymorphism with lipoprotein phenotype and cardiovascular diseae (CVD) remain unclear.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17565225" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1fd8ddf5340f593913f2b8a5b805478" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39583547,"asset_id":17565225,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39583547/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37369039" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LakshminarayanRanganath">Lakshminarayan Ranganath</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37369039" type="text/json">{"id":37369039,"first_name":"Lakshminarayan","last_name":"Ranganath","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LakshminarayanRanganath","display_name":"Lakshminarayan Ranganath","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LakshminarayanRanganath?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17565225 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17565225"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17565225, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17565225", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17565225]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17565225").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17565225").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17565225"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3855" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism">Polymorphism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3855" type="text/json">{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis">Atherosclerosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8015" type="text/json">{"id":8015,"name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24735" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24735" type="text/json">{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="103298" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling">Blood sampling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="103298" type="text/json">{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17565225]'), work: {"id":17565225,"title":"ApolipoproteinA1-75 G/A (M1-) polymorphism and Lipoprotein(a); Anti- vs. Pro-Atherogenic properties","created_at":"2015-11-01T01:09:58.049-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17565225/ApolipoproteinA1_75_G_A_M1_polymorphism_and_Lipoprotein_a_Anti_vs_Pro_Atherogenic_properties?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_17565225","summary":"Background: ApolipoproteinA1(apoA1) is the major apoprotein constituent of high-densitylipoprotein(HDL). The relationship of apoA1 -75 bp(M1 -) allele polymorphism with lipoprotein phenotype and cardiovascular diseae (CVD) remain unclear.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39583547,"asset_id":17565225,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37369039,"first_name":"Lakshminarayan","last_name":"Ranganath","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LakshminarayanRanganath","display_name":"Lakshminarayan Ranganath","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LakshminarayanRanganath?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":8015,"name":"Atherosclerosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atherosclerosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":24735,"name":"Cardiovascular disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cardiovascular_disease?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":103298,"name":"Blood sampling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_sampling?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":227285,"name":"Lipoprotein(a)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipoprotein_a_-1?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":227291,"name":"apolipoprotein A-I","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/apolipoprotein_A-I?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":227299,"name":"Triglycerides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triglycerides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":571290,"name":"High Density Lipoprotein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Density_Lipoprotein?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1371154,"name":"Lipoprotein a","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lipoprotein_a?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1487366,"name":"Allele Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Allele_Frequency?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12822691" data-work_id="12822691" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection">A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, n = 348) vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF, n = 352). At week 48,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12822691" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, n = 348) vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF, n = 352). At week 48, EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF (88% vs 84%, difference +3.6%, 95% confidence interval: 21.6% to 8.8%). Virologic success (HIV-1 RNA ,50 copies/mL) was maintained at week 96 (84% vs 82%, difference +2.7%, 95% CI: 22.9% to 8.3%). Discontinuation due to adverse events was low (5% vs 7%). Median changes in serum creatinine (mg/dL) at week 96 were similar to week 48. These results support the durable efficacy and long-term safety of EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12822691" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da158824017b35d4c9e4607285a272d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45911640,"asset_id":12822691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45911640/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31913276" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa">Andrew Zolopa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31913276" type="text/json">{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Zolopa","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12822691 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12822691"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12822691, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12822691", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12822691]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12822691").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12822691").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12822691"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12426" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome">Treatment Outcome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12426" type="text/json">{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_intervals">Confidence intervals</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="129744" type="text/json">{"id":129744,"name":"Confidence intervals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_intervals?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12822691]'), work: {"id":12822691,"title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Single-Tablet Regimen Elvitegravir/Cobicistat/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF Versus Single-Tablet Regimen Efavirenz/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir DF for Initial Treatment of HIV-1 Infection","created_at":"2015-06-05T15:01:16.585-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12822691/A_Randomized_Double_Blind_Comparison_of_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Elvitegravir_Cobicistat_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_Versus_Single_Tablet_Regimen_Efavirenz_Emtricitabine_Tenofovir_DF_for_Initial_Treatment_of_HIV_1_Infection?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_12822691","summary":"We report week 96 results from a phase 3 trial of elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF, n = 348) vs efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (EFV/FTC/TDF, n = 352). At week 48, EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF was noninferior to EFV/FTC/TDF (88% vs 84%, difference +3.6%, 95% confidence interval: 21.6% to 8.8%). Virologic success (HIV-1 RNA ,50 copies/mL) was maintained at week 96 (84% vs 82%, difference +2.7%, 95% CI: 22.9% to 8.3%). Discontinuation due to adverse events was low (5% vs 7%). Median changes in serum creatinine (mg/dL) at week 96 were similar to week 48. These results support the durable efficacy and long-term safety of EVG/COBI/FTC/TDF.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45911640,"asset_id":12822691,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31913276,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Zolopa","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"AndrewZolopa","display_name":"Andrew Zolopa","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/AndrewZolopa?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":129744,"name":"Confidence intervals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confidence_intervals?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":139532,"name":"Bone Density","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Density?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":178062,"name":"Bilirubin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bilirubin?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":195950,"name":"Quinolones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quinolones?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":227299,"name":"Triglycerides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triglycerides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":476883,"name":"Tablets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tablets?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":490260,"name":"Pyridines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pyridines?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":806503,"name":"Thiazoles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thiazoles?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1271293,"name":"Carbamates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbamates?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1281378,"name":"Aspartate Aminotransferases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspartate_Aminotransferases?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1438730,"name":"Creatinine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creatinine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2112739,"name":"Alanine Transaminase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alanine_Transaminase?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25308380" data-work_id="25308380" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25308380/Profiles_of_purine_biosynthesis_salvage_and_degradation_in_disks_of_potato_Solanum_tuberosum_L_tubers">Profiles of purine biosynthesis, salvage and degradation in disks of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To Wnd general metabolic proWles of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleotides in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants, we looked at the in situ metabolic fate of various 14 C-labelled precursors in disks from growing potato tubers. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25308380" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To Wnd general metabolic proWles of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleotides in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants, we looked at the in situ metabolic fate of various 14 C-labelled precursors in disks from growing potato tubers. The activities of key enzymes in potato tuber extracts were also studied. Of the precursors for the intermediates in de novo purine biosynthesis, [ 14 C]formate, [2-14 C]glycine and [2-14 C]5aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside were metabolised to purine nucleotides and were incorporated into nucleic acids. The rates of uptake of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleosides by the disks were in the following order: deoxyadenosine > adenosine > adenine > guanine > guanosine > deoxyguanosine > in osine > hypoxanthine > xanthine > xanthosine. The purine ribonucleosides, adenosine and guanosine, were salvaged exclusively to nucleotides, by adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) and inosine/guanosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.73) and non-speciWc nucleoside phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.77). Inosine was also salvaged by inosine/ guanosine kinase, but to a lesser extent. In contrast, no xanthosine was salvaged. Deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, was eYciently salvaged by deoxyadenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.76) and deoxyguanosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.113) and/or non-speciWc nucleoside phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.77). Of the purine bases, adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine but not xanthine were salvaged for nucleotide synthesis. Since purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) activity was not detected, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) seem to play the major role in salvage of adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine. Xanthine was catabolised by the oxidative purine degradation pathway via allantoin. Activity of the purine-metabolising enzymes observed in other organisms, such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1), xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.22), adenine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.2), adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and guanine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.3), were not detected in potato tuber extracts. These results suggest that the major catabolic pathways of adenine and guanine nucleotides are AMP ! IMP ! inosine ! hypoxanthine ! xanthine and GMP ! guano sine ! xanthosine ! xanthine pathways, respectively. Catabolites before xanthosine and xanthine can be utilised in salvage pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25308380" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="923ee1d7fc74c4ca2fb9ae6df0512c78" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45716568,"asset_id":25308380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45716568/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48605257" href="https://ocha.academia.edu/HiroshiAshihara">Hiroshi Ashihara</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48605257" type="text/json">{"id":48605257,"first_name":"Hiroshi","last_name":"Ashihara","domain_name":"ocha","page_name":"HiroshiAshihara","display_name":"Hiroshi Ashihara","profile_url":"https://ocha.academia.edu/HiroshiAshihara?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25308380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25308380"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25308380, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25308380", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25308380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25308380; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25308380"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25308380 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25308380"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25308380; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25308380]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25308380").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25308380").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25308380"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3770" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism">Metabolism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3770" type="text/json">{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41418" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato">Potato</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41418" type="text/json">{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="231661" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme">Enzyme</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="231661" type="text/json">{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25308380]'), work: {"id":25308380,"title":"Profiles of purine biosynthesis, salvage and degradation in disks of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers","created_at":"2016-05-13T14:16:00.215-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25308380/Profiles_of_purine_biosynthesis_salvage_and_degradation_in_disks_of_potato_Solanum_tuberosum_L_tubers?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_25308380","summary":"To Wnd general metabolic proWles of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleotides in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants, we looked at the in situ metabolic fate of various 14 C-labelled precursors in disks from growing potato tubers. The activities of key enzymes in potato tuber extracts were also studied. Of the precursors for the intermediates in de novo purine biosynthesis, [ 14 C]formate, [2-14 C]glycine and [2-14 C]5aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleoside were metabolised to purine nucleotides and were incorporated into nucleic acids. The rates of uptake of purine ribo-and deoxyribonucleosides by the disks were in the following order: deoxyadenosine \u003e adenosine \u003e adenine \u003e guanine \u003e guanosine \u003e deoxyguanosine \u003e in osine \u003e hypoxanthine \u003e xanthine \u003e xanthosine. The purine ribonucleosides, adenosine and guanosine, were salvaged exclusively to nucleotides, by adenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.20) and inosine/guanosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.73) and non-speciWc nucleoside phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.77). Inosine was also salvaged by inosine/ guanosine kinase, but to a lesser extent. In contrast, no xanthosine was salvaged. Deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, was eYciently salvaged by deoxyadenosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.76) and deoxyguanosine kinase (EC 2.7.1.113) and/or non-speciWc nucleoside phosphotransferase (EC 2.7.1.77). Of the purine bases, adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine but not xanthine were salvaged for nucleotide synthesis. Since purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1) activity was not detected, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.7) and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8) seem to play the major role in salvage of adenine, guanine and hypoxanthine. Xanthine was catabolised by the oxidative purine degradation pathway via allantoin. Activity of the purine-metabolising enzymes observed in other organisms, such as purine nucleoside phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.1), xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.22), adenine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.2), adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4) and guanine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.3), were not detected in potato tuber extracts. These results suggest that the major catabolic pathways of adenine and guanine nucleotides are AMP ! IMP ! inosine ! hypoxanthine ! xanthine and GMP ! guano sine ! xanthosine ! xanthine pathways, respectively. Catabolites before xanthosine and xanthine can be utilised in salvage pathways for nucleotide biosynthesis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45716568,"asset_id":25308380,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48605257,"first_name":"Hiroshi","last_name":"Ashihara","domain_name":"ocha","page_name":"HiroshiAshihara","display_name":"Hiroshi Ashihara","profile_url":"https://ocha.academia.edu/HiroshiAshihara?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":231661,"name":"Enzyme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":769473,"name":"Solanum Tuberosum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solanum_Tuberosum?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1147382,"name":"Adenosine Deaminase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Deaminase?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1322750,"name":"Planta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planta?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1597877,"name":"Nucleotides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1643345,"name":"Catabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catabolism?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2260947,"name":"Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Purine_Nucleoside_Phosphorylase?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23567785" data-work_id="23567785" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23567785/Washing_stored_red_blood_cells_in_an_albumin_solution_improves_their_morphologic_and_hemorheologic_properties">Washing stored red blood cells in an albumin solution improves their morphologic and hemorheologic properties</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">BACKGROUND: Prolonged storage of red blood cells (RBCs) leads to storage lesions, which may impair clinical outcomes after transfusion. A hallmark of storage lesions is progressive echinocytic shape transformation, which can be partially... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23567785" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">BACKGROUND: Prolonged storage of red blood cells (RBCs) leads to storage lesions, which may impair clinical outcomes after transfusion. A hallmark of storage lesions is progressive echinocytic shape transformation, which can be partially reversed by washing in albumin solutions. Here we have investigated the impact of this shape recovery on biorheologic variables.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23567785" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1644e06aa60907e31f2b4826d65f1247" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43992713,"asset_id":23567785,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43992713/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13793296" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BogdanovaAnna">Anna Bogdanova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13793296" type="text/json">{"id":13793296,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Bogdanova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BogdanovaAnna","display_name":"Anna Bogdanova","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BogdanovaAnna?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13793296/3830521/4482416/s65_anna.bogdanova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23567785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23567785"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23567785, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23567785", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23567785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23567785; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23567785"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23567785 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23567785"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23567785; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23567785]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23567785").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23567785").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23567785"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8065" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8065" type="text/json">{"id":8065,"name":"Refrigeration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refrigeration?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48732" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hemorheology">Hemorheology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48732" type="text/json">{"id":48732,"name":"Hemorheology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hemorheology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71289" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose">Glucose</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="71289" type="text/json">{"id":71289,"name":"Glucose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glucose?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23567785]'), work: {"id":23567785,"title":"Washing stored red blood cells in an albumin solution improves their morphologic and hemorheologic properties","created_at":"2016-03-22T07:57:27.762-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23567785/Washing_stored_red_blood_cells_in_an_albumin_solution_improves_their_morphologic_and_hemorheologic_properties?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_23567785","summary":"BACKGROUND: Prolonged storage of red blood cells (RBCs) leads to storage lesions, which may impair clinical outcomes after transfusion. A hallmark of storage lesions is progressive echinocytic shape transformation, which can be partially reversed by washing in albumin solutions. Here we have investigated the impact of this shape recovery on biorheologic variables.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43992713,"asset_id":23567785,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13793296,"first_name":"Anna","last_name":"Bogdanova","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BogdanovaAnna","display_name":"Anna 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Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":376308,"name":"Buffers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buffers?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":414692,"name":"Solutions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solutions?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":499747,"name":"Cell Shape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Shape?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":982534,"name":"Erythrocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Erythrocytes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1223913,"name":"Sodium Chloride","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Chloride?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1256747,"name":"Oxidation-Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidation-Reduction?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1307860,"name":"Transfusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfusion?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1703031,"name":"Mannitol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mannitol?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1816594,"name":"Adenosine Triphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Triphosphate?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2349258,"name":"Serum albumin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serum_albumin?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_646149" data-work_id="646149" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/646149/9_Benzyladenines_Potent_and_selective_cAMP_phosphodiesterase_inhibitors">9-Benzyladenines: Potent and selective cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/646149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85108fef4bda7c006739c35a36a4d128" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51314544,"asset_id":646149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51314544/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="272987" href="https://unistra.academia.edu/LaurentDesaubry">Laurent Desaubry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="272987" type="text/json">{"id":272987,"first_name":"Laurent","last_name":"Desaubry","domain_name":"unistra","page_name":"LaurentDesaubry","display_name":"Laurent Desaubry","profile_url":"https://unistra.academia.edu/LaurentDesaubry?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/272987/3190038/3754782/s65_laurent.desaubry.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_646149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="646149"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 646149, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_646149", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_646149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 646149; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_646149"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_646149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="646149"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 646149; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=646149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_646149").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_646149").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="646149"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531" type="text/json">{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2375" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicinal_Chemistry">Medicinal Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2375" type="text/json">{"id":2375,"name":"Medicinal Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicinal_Chemistry?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors">Enzyme Inhibitors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12981" type="text/json">{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="92680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cyclic_AMP">cyclic AMP</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="92680" type="text/json">{"id":92680,"name":"cyclic AMP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cyclic_AMP?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=646149]'), work: {"id":646149,"title":"9-Benzyladenines: Potent and selective cAMP phosphodiesterase 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Inhibitors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzyme_Inhibitors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":92680,"name":"cyclic AMP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cyclic_AMP?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":437728,"name":"Isoenzymes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isoenzymes?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":446162,"name":"Medicinal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicinal?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":967839,"name":"Structure activity Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_activity_Relationship?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1621881,"name":"cyclic GMP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/cyclic_GMP?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27254826" data-work_id="27254826" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27254826/Management_of_chronic_hepatitis_B_in_children_An_unresolved_issue">Management of chronic hepatitis B in children: An unresolved issue</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although a rather benign course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during childhood has been described, 3-5% and 0.01-0.03% of chronic carriers develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma before adulthood. Considering the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27254826" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although a rather benign course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during childhood has been described, 3-5% and 0.01-0.03% of chronic carriers develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma before adulthood. Considering the whole lifetime, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma rises to 9-24% and the incidence of cirrhosis to 2-3% per year. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children and to focus on critical aspects and unresolved questions in the management of childhood HBV infection. A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals from January 1980 to February 2013. The search terms used included "Hepatitis B virus infection," "children," "HBV," "interferon," "lamivudine," "adefovir," "entecavir," and "tenofovir." Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in the articles retrieved were reviewed. The current goals of therapy are to suppress viral replication, reduce liver inflammation, and reverse liver fibrosis. Therapeutic options for children are currently limited, and the risk for viral resistance to current and future therapies is a particular concern. Based on the data available at this time, it is the consensus of the panel that it is not appropriate to treat children in the immune-tolerant phase or in the inactive carrier state. For children in the immune-active or reactivation phases, liver histology can help guide treatment decisions. Outside of clinical trials, interferon is the agent of choice in most cases; currently, available nucleoside analogs are secondary therapies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27254826" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="431e688ef9a943d424070bbd7731125b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47515002,"asset_id":27254826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47515002/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51298509" href="https://puthisastra.academia.edu/SandroVento">Sandro Vento</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51298509" type="text/json">{"id":51298509,"first_name":"Sandro","last_name":"Vento","domain_name":"puthisastra","page_name":"SandroVento","display_name":"Sandro Vento","profile_url":"https://puthisastra.academia.edu/SandroVento?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51298509/13590309/144526959/s65_sandro.vento.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27254826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27254826"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27254826, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27254826", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27254826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27254826; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27254826"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27254826 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27254826"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27254826; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27254826]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27254826").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27254826").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27254826"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8207" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk">Risk</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8207" type="text/json">{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64933" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child">Child</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="64933" type="text/json">{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="71343" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Cirrhosis">Liver Cirrhosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="71343" type="text/json">{"id":71343,"name":"Liver Cirrhosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Cirrhosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatocellular_Carcinoma">Hepatocellular Carcinoma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111972" type="text/json">{"id":111972,"name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatocellular_Carcinoma?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27254826]'), work: {"id":27254826,"title":"Management of chronic hepatitis B in children: An unresolved issue","created_at":"2016-07-25T18:23:03.614-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27254826/Management_of_chronic_hepatitis_B_in_children_An_unresolved_issue?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_27254826","summary":"Although a rather benign course of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection during childhood has been described, 3-5% and 0.01-0.03% of chronic carriers develop cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma before adulthood. Considering the whole lifetime, the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma rises to 9-24% and the incidence of cirrhosis to 2-3% per year. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding the natural history and treatment of chronic hepatitis B in children and to focus on critical aspects and unresolved questions in the management of childhood HBV infection. A literature search was carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals from January 1980 to February 2013. The search terms used included \"Hepatitis B virus infection,\" \"children,\" \"HBV,\" \"interferon,\" \"lamivudine,\" \"adefovir,\" \"entecavir,\" and \"tenofovir.\" Articles resulting from these searches and relevant references cited in the articles retrieved were reviewed. The current goals of therapy are to suppress viral replication, reduce liver inflammation, and reverse liver fibrosis. Therapeutic options for children are currently limited, and the risk for viral resistance to current and future therapies is a particular concern. Based on the data available at this time, it is the consensus of the panel that it is not appropriate to treat children in the immune-tolerant phase or in the inactive carrier state. For children in the immune-active or reactivation phases, liver histology can help guide treatment decisions. Outside of clinical trials, interferon is the agent of choice in most cases; currently, available nucleoside analogs are secondary therapies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47515002,"asset_id":27254826,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51298509,"first_name":"Sandro","last_name":"Vento","domain_name":"puthisastra","page_name":"SandroVento","display_name":"Sandro Vento","profile_url":"https://puthisastra.academia.edu/SandroVento?f_ri=1169265","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51298509/13590309/144526959/s65_sandro.vento.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8207,"name":"Risk","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":64933,"name":"Child","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":71343,"name":"Liver Cirrhosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver_Cirrhosis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":111972,"name":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatocellular_Carcinoma?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":174502,"name":"Incidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incidence?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":214054,"name":"Bibliographic Databases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bibliographic_Databases?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":260020,"name":"GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GASTROENTEROLOGY_AND_HEPATOLOGY?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":894787,"name":"Immune Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_Tolerance?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":963360,"name":"Nucleosides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosides?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":998417,"name":"Lamivudine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamivudine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11533732 coauthored" data-work_id="11533732" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11533732/HIV_pre_exposure_prophylaxis_in_men_who_have_sex_with_men_and_transgender_women_a_secondary_analysis_of_a_phase_3_randomised_controlled_efficacy_trial">HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a secondary analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled efficacy trial</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background For maximum eff ect pre-exposure prophylaxis should be targeted to the subpopulations that account for the largest proportion of infections (population-attributable fraction [PAF]) and for whom the number needed to treat (NNT)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11533732" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background For maximum eff ect pre-exposure prophylaxis should be targeted to the subpopulations that account for the largest proportion of infections (population-attributable fraction [PAF]) and for whom the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent infection is lowest. We aimed to estimate the PAF and NNT of participants in the iPrEx (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiative) trial.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11533732" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f9b46f277d0458312d9725c1b400cf2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46649939,"asset_id":11533732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46649939/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28156946" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanGuanira">Juan Guanira</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28156946" type="text/json">{"id":28156946,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Guanira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JuanGuanira","display_name":"Juan Guanira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JuanGuanira?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-11533732">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-11533732"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KennethMayer">Kenneth Mayer</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-11533732'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-11533732').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11533732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11533732"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11533732, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11533732", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11533732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11533732; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11533732"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11533732 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11533732"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11533732; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11533732]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11533732").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11533732").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11533732"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10096" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand">Thailand</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10096" type="text/json">{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22506" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent">Adolescent</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22506" type="text/json">{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="61866" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa">South Africa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="61866" type="text/json">{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11533732]'), work: {"id":11533732,"title":"HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a secondary analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled efficacy trial","created_at":"2015-03-19T13:19:58.380-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11533732/HIV_pre_exposure_prophylaxis_in_men_who_have_sex_with_men_and_transgender_women_a_secondary_analysis_of_a_phase_3_randomised_controlled_efficacy_trial?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_11533732","summary":"Background For maximum eff ect pre-exposure prophylaxis should be targeted to the subpopulations that account for the largest proportion of infections (population-attributable fraction [PAF]) and for whom the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent infection is lowest. We aimed to estimate the PAF and NNT of participants in the iPrEx (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiative) trial.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46649939,"asset_id":11533732,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28156946,"first_name":"Juan","last_name":"Guanira","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JuanGuanira","display_name":"Juan Guanira","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JuanGuanira?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":31263670,"first_name":"Kenneth","last_name":"Mayer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KennethMayer","display_name":"Kenneth Mayer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KennethMayer?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":61866,"name":"South Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Africa?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":133057,"name":"Young Adult","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Young_Adult?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":176798,"name":"South America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_America?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":564955,"name":"Hiv seropositivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiv_seropositivity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":988244,"name":"Condoms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condoms?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":994197,"name":"Sexual Partners","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_Partners?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1138901,"name":"Sexually Transmitted Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1622318,"name":"Antiviral Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiviral_Agents?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22848484" data-work_id="22848484" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22848484/Tenofovir_Associated_Kidney_Toxicity_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_Review_of_the_Evidence">Tenofovir-Associated Kidney Toxicity in HIV-Infected Patients: A Review of the Evidence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tenofovir (TDF) is an effective and widely used treatment for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection. Although studies suggest that TDF has a low overall toxicity profile and only a modest effect on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22848484" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tenofovir (TDF) is an effective and widely used treatment for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection. Although studies suggest that TDF has a low overall toxicity profile and only a modest effect on estimated glomerular filtration rate, numerous case reports have since appeared in the literature describing TDF-associated renal tubular dysfunction, and this is now a significant source of HIV-related referrals to nephrologists. The main target of toxicity appears to be the proximal tubule, and in severe cases, patients can develop renal Fanconi syndrome. We review findings from recent studies in this area performed by ourselves and others and discuss our direct experience as practicing nephrologists. In particular, we discuss: (1) the nature and extent of TDF-associated kidney toxicity in the HIV-infected population, (2) potential underlying mechanisms of toxicity in the proximal tubule, (3) risk factors for developing tubular dysfunction, and (4) suggested strategies to monitor patients on TDF therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 57 :773-780.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22848484" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="336c7a5129d441ab88a0726cc7b00380" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43391596,"asset_id":22848484,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43391596/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44505552" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BruceHendry">Bruce Hendry</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44505552" type="text/json">{"id":44505552,"first_name":"Bruce","last_name":"Hendry","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BruceHendry","display_name":"Bruce Hendry","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BruceHendry?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22848484 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22848484"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22848484, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22848484", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22848484 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22848484; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22848484"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22848484 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22848484"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22848484; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22848484]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22848484").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22848484").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22848484"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="622" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology">Nephrology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="622" type="text/json">{"id":622,"name":"Nephrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="653" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urology">Urology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="653" type="text/json">{"id":653,"name":"Urology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8999" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_diseases">Kidney diseases</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8999" type="text/json">{"id":8999,"name":"Kidney diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_diseases?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="67405" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity">Toxicity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="67405" type="text/json">{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22848484]'), work: {"id":22848484,"title":"Tenofovir-Associated Kidney Toxicity in HIV-Infected Patients: A Review of the Evidence","created_at":"2016-03-05T07:48:47.922-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22848484/Tenofovir_Associated_Kidney_Toxicity_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_Review_of_the_Evidence?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_22848484","summary":"Tenofovir (TDF) is an effective and widely used treatment for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus infection. Although studies suggest that TDF has a low overall toxicity profile and only a modest effect on estimated glomerular filtration rate, numerous case reports have since appeared in the literature describing TDF-associated renal tubular dysfunction, and this is now a significant source of HIV-related referrals to nephrologists. The main target of toxicity appears to be the proximal tubule, and in severe cases, patients can develop renal Fanconi syndrome. We review findings from recent studies in this area performed by ourselves and others and discuss our direct experience as practicing nephrologists. In particular, we discuss: (1) the nature and extent of TDF-associated kidney toxicity in the HIV-infected population, (2) potential underlying mechanisms of toxicity in the proximal tubule, (3) risk factors for developing tubular dysfunction, and (4) suggested strategies to monitor patients on TDF therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 57 :773-780.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43391596,"asset_id":22848484,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44505552,"first_name":"Bruce","last_name":"Hendry","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BruceHendry","display_name":"Bruce Hendry","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BruceHendry?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":622,"name":"Nephrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":653,"name":"Urology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":8999,"name":"Kidney diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kidney_diseases?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":160242,"name":"Hiv Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiv_Infection?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":419061,"name":"Urinary System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urinary_System?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":816127,"name":"Nephrotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nephrotoxicity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1841651,"name":"Fanconi syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fanconi_syndrome?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2366663,"name":"Glomerular Filtration Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glomerular_Filtration_Rate?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6083376" data-work_id="6083376" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6083376/Mutations_in_the_cationic_trypsinogen_gene_are_associated_with_recurrent_acute_and_chronic_pancreatitis">Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene are associated with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6083376" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9166303" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/DavidWhitcomb">David Whitcomb</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9166303" type="text/json">{"id":9166303,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Whitcomb","domain_name":"pitt","page_name":"DavidWhitcomb","display_name":"David Whitcomb","profile_url":"https://pitt.academia.edu/DavidWhitcomb?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6083376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6083376"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6083376, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6083376", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6083376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6083376; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6083376"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6083376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6083376"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6083376; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6083376]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6083376").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6083376").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6083376"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3274" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3274" type="text/json">{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21143" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21143" type="text/json">{"id":21143,"name":"Pancreatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pancreatitis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96213" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitalization">Hospitalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="96213" type="text/json">{"id":96213,"name":"Hospitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitalization?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97269" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease">Chronic Disease</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="97269" type="text/json">{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6083376]'), work: {"id":6083376,"title":"Mutations in the cationic trypsinogen gene are associated with recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis","created_at":"2014-02-15T00:19:33.562-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6083376/Mutations_in_the_cationic_trypsinogen_gene_are_associated_with_recurrent_acute_and_chronic_pancreatitis?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_6083376","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49025921,"asset_id":6083376,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9166303,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Whitcomb","domain_name":"pitt","page_name":"DavidWhitcomb","display_name":"David Whitcomb","profile_url":"https://pitt.academia.edu/DavidWhitcomb?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3274,"name":"Gastroenterology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gastroenterology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":21143,"name":"Pancreatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pancreatitis?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":96213,"name":"Hospitalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hospitalization?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":97269,"name":"Chronic Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Disease?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":165023,"name":"Acute Pancreatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Pancreatitis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":188349,"name":"Pedigree","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pedigree?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":218617,"name":"Chronic Pancreatitis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_Pancreatitis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":224794,"name":"Genetic linkage analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_linkage_analysis?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":234187,"name":"Recurrence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recurrence?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1012503,"name":"Family Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Family_Study?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1152182,"name":"Asparagine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asparagine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2274872,"name":"DNA sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_sequence?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":2471455,"name":"Acute Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Disease?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20366451" data-work_id="20366451" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20366451/Quantification_of_hepatitis_B_e_antigen_between_Elecsys_HBeAg_and_Architect_HBeAg_assays_among_patients_infected_with_hepatitis_B_virus">Quantification of hepatitis B e antigen between Elecsys HBeAg and Architect HBeAg assays among patients infected with hepatitis B virus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Among patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), quantification of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is accruing substantial clinical relevance as a marker for HBeAg-loss during treatment. No direct comparison has been made... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20366451" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Among patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), quantification of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is accruing substantial clinical relevance as a marker for HBeAg-loss during treatment. No direct comparison has been made between assays that quantify HBeAg. Objectives: To compare the performance of HBeAg quantification (qHBeAg) between Architect and Elecsys HBeAg assays among 183 patients with chronic HBV infection (94 treatment-naïve HBV-monoinfected and 89 antiretroviral-experienced HIV-HBV co-infected). Study design: qHBeAg was determined in Paul Erlich Institute Units (PEIU)/mL using previously designed protocols. Values were compared with correlation and linear regression. Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare mean differences (d) between Elecsys and Architect assays and limits of agreement (LOA) (±2 standard deviations [SD]). Results: Between-assay correlation was significant overall (r = 0.970), yet stronger for qHBeAg < 1000 (n = 131) versus >1000 PEIU/mL (n = 52) as determined by the Elecsys assay (r = 0.969 vs. 0.880, respectively). On average, the Elecsys assay reported qHBeAg at 13.3 PEIU/mL lower than the Architect assay (LOA: −415.9, 389.3), while LOA between assays were much wider at higher levels (<1000: −198.2, 147.9; ≥1000 PEIU/mL: −688.4, 721.5). Further analysis indicated thatd did not change substantially with respect to HBV genotype, precore mutation, and CD4+ cell count, regardless of HBeAg-level. Nevertheless, seven of eight patients with highly divergent between-assay results had HBV-DNA > 2000 IU/mL. Conclusions: Elecsys and Architect assays report similar qHBeAg units with high correlation. Since qHBeAg was performed using an in-house approach, a commercially-available assay could reduce between-assay discrepancies, especially at higher HBeAg-levels.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20366451" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a898a3c7a683011dbdc130d06a25d38" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41317504,"asset_id":20366451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41317504/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41709685" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GBagnard">G. Bagnard</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41709685" type="text/json">{"id":41709685,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Bagnard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GBagnard","display_name":"G. Bagnard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GBagnard?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20366451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20366451"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20366451, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20366451", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20366451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20366451; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20366451"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20366451 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20366451"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20366451; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20366451]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20366451").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20366451").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20366451"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28850" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models">Linear models</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28850" type="text/json">{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49785" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Virology">Clinical Virology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49785" type="text/json">{"id":49785,"name":"Clinical Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Virology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20366451]'), work: {"id":20366451,"title":"Quantification of hepatitis B e antigen between Elecsys HBeAg and Architect HBeAg assays among patients infected with hepatitis B virus","created_at":"2016-01-18T20:48:40.391-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20366451/Quantification_of_hepatitis_B_e_antigen_between_Elecsys_HBeAg_and_Architect_HBeAg_assays_among_patients_infected_with_hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_20366451","summary":"Background: Among patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), quantification of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) is accruing substantial clinical relevance as a marker for HBeAg-loss during treatment. No direct comparison has been made between assays that quantify HBeAg. Objectives: To compare the performance of HBeAg quantification (qHBeAg) between Architect and Elecsys HBeAg assays among 183 patients with chronic HBV infection (94 treatment-naïve HBV-monoinfected and 89 antiretroviral-experienced HIV-HBV co-infected). Study design: qHBeAg was determined in Paul Erlich Institute Units (PEIU)/mL using previously designed protocols. Values were compared with correlation and linear regression. Bland-Altman analysis was used to compare mean differences (d) between Elecsys and Architect assays and limits of agreement (LOA) (±2 standard deviations [SD]). Results: Between-assay correlation was significant overall (r = 0.970), yet stronger for qHBeAg \u003c 1000 (n = 131) versus \u003e1000 PEIU/mL (n = 52) as determined by the Elecsys assay (r = 0.969 vs. 0.880, respectively). On average, the Elecsys assay reported qHBeAg at 13.3 PEIU/mL lower than the Architect assay (LOA: −415.9, 389.3), while LOA between assays were much wider at higher levels (\u003c1000: −198.2, 147.9; ≥1000 PEIU/mL: −688.4, 721.5). Further analysis indicated thatd did not change substantially with respect to HBV genotype, precore mutation, and CD4+ cell count, regardless of HBeAg-level. Nevertheless, seven of eight patients with highly divergent between-assay results had HBV-DNA \u003e 2000 IU/mL. Conclusions: Elecsys and Architect assays report similar qHBeAg units with high correlation. Since qHBeAg was performed using an in-house approach, a commercially-available assay could reduce between-assay discrepancies, especially at higher HBeAg-levels.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41317504,"asset_id":20366451,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41709685,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Bagnard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GBagnard","display_name":"G. Bagnard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GBagnard?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":49785,"name":"Clinical Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Virology?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":131824,"name":"Coinfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coinfection?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":372410,"name":"Genotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genotype?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":511535,"name":"Immunoassay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunoassay?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":825565,"name":"Hepatitis B virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hepatitis_B_virus?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18176404" data-work_id="18176404" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18176404/Preexposure_Prophylaxis_for_HIV_Prevention">Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reducing the incidence of HIV remains one of our greatest public health challenges. However, there is growing optimism that preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could have a major impact on preventing incident HIV infection. Recently presented... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18176404" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reducing the incidence of HIV remains one of our greatest public health challenges. However, there is growing optimism that preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could have a major impact on preventing incident HIV infection. Recently presented data on the use of oral PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) have provided proof-of-principle for this strategy. Additional clinical trials are evaluating whether PrEP provides similar protection to risk groups other than MSM, such as heterosexual persons and injection drug users. Still unanswered questions include optimal dosing strategies, long-term safety, maximizing adherence and minimizing costs, addressing drug resistance in the face of PrEP failure, optimizing access, and assessing effects on risk behavior. Future implementation will be guided by the results of clinical trials in progress. This article provides a review of the data on the potential strengths and limitations of PrEP as an HIV prevention strategy, identifies challenges to implementation of this approach, and outlines knowledge gaps.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18176404" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ca1e7d50a4fe0737dfc65a3baf07af8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39916748,"asset_id":18176404,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39916748/download_file?st=MTczNDAyNjUyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38038466" href="https://ucla.academia.edu/TheodorosKelesidis">Theodoros Kelesidis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38038466" type="text/json">{"id":38038466,"first_name":"Theodoros","last_name":"Kelesidis","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"TheodorosKelesidis","display_name":"Theodoros Kelesidis","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/TheodorosKelesidis?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18176404 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18176404"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18176404, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18176404", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18176404 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18176404; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18176404"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18176404 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18176404"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18176404; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18176404]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18176404").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18176404").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18176404"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8819" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medication_Adherence">Medication Adherence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8819" type="text/json">{"id":8819,"name":"Medication Adherence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medication_Adherence?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="192721" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors">Risk factors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="192721" type="text/json">{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="244814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences">Clinical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="244814" type="text/json">{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="620049" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1">Risk Factors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="620049" type="text/json">{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18176404]'), work: {"id":18176404,"title":"Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention","created_at":"2015-11-11T20:05:41.519-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18176404/Preexposure_Prophylaxis_for_HIV_Prevention?f_ri=1169265","dom_id":"work_18176404","summary":"Reducing the incidence of HIV remains one of our greatest public health challenges. However, there is growing optimism that preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could have a major impact on preventing incident HIV infection. Recently presented data on the use of oral PrEP in men who have sex with men (MSM) have provided proof-of-principle for this strategy. Additional clinical trials are evaluating whether PrEP provides similar protection to risk groups other than MSM, such as heterosexual persons and injection drug users. Still unanswered questions include optimal dosing strategies, long-term safety, maximizing adherence and minimizing costs, addressing drug resistance in the face of PrEP failure, optimizing access, and assessing effects on risk behavior. Future implementation will be guided by the results of clinical trials in progress. This article provides a review of the data on the potential strengths and limitations of PrEP as an HIV prevention strategy, identifies challenges to implementation of this approach, and outlines knowledge gaps.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39916748,"asset_id":18176404,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38038466,"first_name":"Theodoros","last_name":"Kelesidis","domain_name":"ucla","page_name":"TheodorosKelesidis","display_name":"Theodoros Kelesidis","profile_url":"https://ucla.academia.edu/TheodorosKelesidis?f_ri=1169265","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8819,"name":"Medication Adherence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medication_Adherence?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":192721,"name":"Risk factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_factors?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":620049,"name":"Risk Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors-1?f_ri=1169265","nofollow":false},{"id":1169265,"name":"Adenine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenine?f_ri=1169265"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Adenine?after=50%2C18176404" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Adenine?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker 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