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data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-09ba6b6f-3198-42f1-8e8e-d48c2ecbbf26"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-09ba6b6f-3198-42f1-8e8e-d48c2ecbbf26"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Maurizio Zazzi</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31400856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31400856/Both_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Cellular_DNA_Sequencing_and_Plasma_RNA_Sequencing_Are_Useful_for_Detection_of_Drug_Resistance_Mutations_in_Blood_Samples_from_Antiretroviral_Drug_Naive_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51770649/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31400856/Both_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Cellular_DNA_Sequencing_and_Plasma_RNA_Sequencing_Are_Useful_for_Detection_of_Drug_Resistance_Mutations_in_Blood_Samples_from_Antiretroviral_Drug_Naive_Patients">Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CrucianiM">M. Cruciani</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi">Maurizio Zazzi</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the m...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the material of choice is plasma RNA. Since drug resistance mutations (DRMs) may persist longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, we investigated whether the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA increases the sensitivity of genotypic testing in antiretroviral-drug-naive subjects. We compared the rate of primary drug resistance in plasma RNA and PBMC DNA in 288 HIV type 1-infected drug-naive persons tested at a single clinical virology center from June 2004 to October 2006. Resistance in the plasma compartment to at least one drug was detected for 64 out of 288 (22.2%) naive patients and in the PBMC compartment for 56 (19.4%) patients. Overall, DRMs were found in 80 out of 288 (27.8%) patients. PBMC DRMs were present in plasma RNA from 16 subjects with wild-type virus infections. Another nine patients had additional DRMs in PBMCs with respect to those detected in plasma RNA. On the other hand, extra plasma DRMs were detected in PBMCs for 24 and 8 subjects with wild-type and drug-resistant virus, respectively. Resistance to more than one class of antiretroviral drug was detected by plasma and PBMC analysis for 25.0% and 36.2% of the subjects, respectively. Our data support the potential utility of genotypic resistance testing of PBMC DNA in conjunction with the currently recommended plasma RNA analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bda7a2e339e42d162fb1dd106474b8ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51770649,"asset_id":31400856,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51770649/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31400856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31400856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31400856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31400856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31400856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31400856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31400856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31400856, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bda7a2e339e42d162fb1dd106474b8ed" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31400856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31400856,"title":"Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the material of choice is plasma RNA. Since drug resistance mutations (DRMs) may persist longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, we investigated whether the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA increases the sensitivity of genotypic testing in antiretroviral-drug-naive subjects. We compared the rate of primary drug resistance in plasma RNA and PBMC DNA in 288 HIV type 1-infected drug-naive persons tested at a single clinical virology center from June 2004 to October 2006. Resistance in the plasma compartment to at least one drug was detected for 64 out of 288 (22.2%) naive patients and in the PBMC compartment for 56 (19.4%) patients. Overall, DRMs were found in 80 out of 288 (27.8%) patients. PBMC DRMs were present in plasma RNA from 16 subjects with wild-type virus infections. Another nine patients had additional DRMs in PBMCs with respect to those detected in plasma RNA. 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Extreme HIV-1 genetic variability in Africa may affect the ability of commercially available assays to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA accurately. The aim of this study was to compare three real-time PCR assays for quantitation of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients from the Republic of Congo, an area with highly diversified HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. The Abbott RealTime HIV-1, BioMérieux HIV-1 EasyQ test 1.2 and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 1.0 were compared for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 37 HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Kento-Mwana project for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. The sample panel included a variety of HIV-1 subtypes with as many as 21 (56.8%) putative unique recombinant forms. Qualitative detection of HIV-1 RNA was concordant by all three assays in 33/37 (89.2%) samples. Of the...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630136"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630136]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630136']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630136, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630136]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630136,"title":"Discordances with HIV-1 RNA quantitative determinations by three commercial assays in Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Accurate HIV-1 RNA quantitation is required to support the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in African countries. 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Of the...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of virological methods"},"translated_abstract":"Accurate HIV-1 RNA quantitation is required to support the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in African countries. Extreme HIV-1 genetic variability in Africa may affect the ability of commercially available assays to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA accurately. The aim of this study was to compare three real-time PCR assays for quantitation of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients from the Republic of Congo, an area with highly diversified HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. The Abbott RealTime HIV-1, BioMérieux HIV-1 EasyQ test 1.2 and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 1.0 were compared for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 37 HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Kento-Mwana project for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. The sample panel included a variety of HIV-1 subtypes with as many as 21 (56.8%) putative unique recombinant forms. Qualitative detection of HIV-1 RNA was concordant by all three assays in 33/37 (89.2%) samples. Of the...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630136/Discordances_with_HIV_1_RNA_quantitative_determinations_by_three_commercial_assays_in_Pointe_Noire_Republic_of_Congo","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:39.498-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Discordances_with_HIV_1_RNA_quantitative_determinations_by_three_commercial_assays_in_Pointe_Noire_Republic_of_Congo","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":47541,"name":"Congo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congo"},{"id":62550,"name":"Pregnancy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pregnancy"},{"id":117555,"name":"Plasma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasma"},{"id":216801,"name":"Journal of Virological Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Virological_Methods"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630135"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630135/Interplay_Between_Transmitted_and_Acquired_HIV_Type_1_Drug_Resistance_Reasons_for_a_Disconnect"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Interplay Between Transmitted and Acquired HIV Type 1 Drug Resistance: Reasons for a Disconnect" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46039004/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630135/Interplay_Between_Transmitted_and_Acquired_HIV_Type_1_Drug_Resistance_Reasons_for_a_Disconnect">Interplay Between Transmitted and Acquired HIV Type 1 Drug Resistance: Reasons for a Disconnect</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of infectious diseases</span><span>, Jan 9, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4d6f9f7df829774f869994668208ee5b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46039004,"asset_id":12630135,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46039004/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630135"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630135; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630133"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630133/Time_on_drug_analysis_based_on_real_life_data"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Time on drug analysis based on real life data" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038997/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630133/Time_on_drug_analysis_based_on_real_life_data">Time on drug analysis based on real life data</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong antiretroviral treatment is still needed. However resistance, multiple side effects and drug to drug interactions of antiretrovirals challenge the establishment of a long lasting regimen. The average running time of each antiretroviral drug composing the therapy episodes combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may be seen as an indicator of effectiveness and tolerability. To evaluate the running time of each drug used in HIV-1 treatment, we extracted therapy episodes from the latest release of the EuResist database (<a href="http://www.euresist.org" rel="nofollow">www.euresist.org</a>). The evaluation period was from Oct 2006 to Oct 2012. Inclusion criteria for this analysis were continuous patient monitoring for at least two years (i.e. latest therapy start in Oct 2010), and the extraction of at least 100 cases per drug analyzed. Drug intake interruptions of less than a month were ignored. At the time of data extraction (Feb 2013), the ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="000ca6edf13652425714f69075cb960a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038997,"asset_id":12630133,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038997/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630133"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630133"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630133; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630133]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630133]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630133; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630133']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630133, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "000ca6edf13652425714f69075cb960a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630133]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630133,"title":"Time on drug analysis based on real life data","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong antiretroviral treatment is still needed. However resistance, multiple side effects and drug to drug interactions of antiretrovirals challenge the establishment of a long lasting regimen. The average running time of each antiretroviral drug composing the therapy episodes combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may be seen as an indicator of effectiveness and tolerability. To evaluate the running time of each drug used in HIV-1 treatment, we extracted therapy episodes from the latest release of the EuResist database (www.euresist.org). The evaluation period was from Oct 2006 to Oct 2012. Inclusion criteria for this analysis were continuous patient monitoring for at least two years (i.e. latest therapy start in Oct 2010), and the extraction of at least 100 cases per drug analyzed. Drug intake interruptions of less than a month were ignored. At the time of data extraction (Feb 2013), the ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},"translated_abstract":"The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong antiretroviral treatment is still needed. However resistance, multiple side effects and drug to drug interactions of antiretrovirals challenge the establishment of a long lasting regimen. The average running time of each antiretroviral drug composing the therapy episodes combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may be seen as an indicator of effectiveness and tolerability. To evaluate the running time of each drug used in HIV-1 treatment, we extracted therapy episodes from the latest release of the EuResist database (www.euresist.org). The evaluation period was from Oct 2006 to Oct 2012. Inclusion criteria for this analysis were continuous patient monitoring for at least two years (i.e. latest therapy start in Oct 2010), and the extraction of at least 100 cases per drug analyzed. Drug intake interruptions of less than a month were ignored. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630132"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Switch to raltegravir-based regimens and HIV DNA decrease in patients with suppressed HIV RNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA">Switch to raltegravir-based regimens and HIV DNA decrease in patients with suppressed HIV RNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7828b38988a2f5c228244a8fef39b21f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038996,"asset_id":12630132,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630132; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7828b38988a2f5c228244a8fef39b21f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630132]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630132,"title":"Switch to raltegravir-based regimens and HIV DNA decrease in patients with suppressed HIV RNA","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"Raltegravir intensification in patients with suppressed HIV RNA has been associated with elevated levels of 2-LTR episomal HIV DNA, suggesting persistent low-level replication. In this study, 46 HIV-infected individuals on protease inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) regimens were monitored after switching to a raltegravir-based regimen. Results showed that at 48 weeks, HIV DNA was detectable in fewer patients from the raltegravir group compared to controls, and there was a significant decrease in HIV DNA levels. These findings indicate that switching to raltegravir may help reduce the HIV reservoir, although further research with larger samples is needed to confirm these results.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:37.080-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46038996,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038996/Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5-libre.pdf?1464519979=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSwitch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=GmHjJfvoUMekg4YTAa2W8UGxwryMuxnn~TYpuCQjxm047HoeqKw3RSPTaAtAB6Ee3Q9T9mgde3~dsIETzQvP3tpmTTwFoEOSPV0JYmGkGawgfjQL6d0hKWq-gKheUwh8SiujekgxsBf~c3R62oYpDg258nyaDlty2n3EJg3A3B5HvgJiVM0A9B~DC8WBSFA7YULcUUbWFJb7ltfQ5dmYl2cDxMvEGrwdfW3yBSpmhoT5X-tHZoYubD9G~hhLh-2aQkq5Er5YpVTNrOXP5usODfnQgewdbsU2Ad9wN61kwzkLYMfNm2B4YE6XG4L8MW6HycMtOn2chmpTvzDyfZCiug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":46038996,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038996/Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5-libre.pdf?1464519979=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSwitch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=GmHjJfvoUMekg4YTAa2W8UGxwryMuxnn~TYpuCQjxm047HoeqKw3RSPTaAtAB6Ee3Q9T9mgde3~dsIETzQvP3tpmTTwFoEOSPV0JYmGkGawgfjQL6d0hKWq-gKheUwh8SiujekgxsBf~c3R62oYpDg258nyaDlty2n3EJg3A3B5HvgJiVM0A9B~DC8WBSFA7YULcUUbWFJb7ltfQ5dmYl2cDxMvEGrwdfW3yBSpmhoT5X-tHZoYubD9G~hhLh-2aQkq5Er5YpVTNrOXP5usODfnQgewdbsU2Ad9wN61kwzkLYMfNm2B4YE6XG4L8MW6HycMtOn2chmpTvzDyfZCiug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630131"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma">Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Virological Methods</span><span>, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An ultrasensitive version of an &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive poly...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An ultrasensitive version of an &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive &amp;#39;in-house assay&amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630131"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630131]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630131']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630131, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630131]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630131,"title":"Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An ultrasensitive version of an \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive \u0026amp;#39;in-house assay\u0026amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Virological Methods"},"translated_abstract":"An ultrasensitive version of an \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive \u0026amp;#39;in-house assay\u0026amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:35.710-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction"},{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness"},{"id":184682,"name":"Coefficient of Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coefficient_of_Variation"},{"id":216801,"name":"Journal of Virological Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Virological_Methods"},{"id":230809,"name":"DNA Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_Structure"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus"},{"id":414331,"name":"Centrifugation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centrifugation"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity"},{"id":1275886,"name":"Clinical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Application"},{"id":1956581,"name":"Dynamic Range","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Range"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630130"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630130/Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37752003/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630130/Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma">Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. The procedure involves (i) extraction of RNA with spin columns, (ii) ready-to-use bead-mediated RT, (iii) competitive PCR in a microtiter plate, (iv) agarose gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, and (v) densitometric analysis of the digitized image of the gel. Quadruplicate tests and dilution studies showed that the sensitivity and intertest coefficient of variability of the RT-cPCR are comparable to those of the reference AMPLICOR HIV-1 MON- ITOR test. The results obtained by the two assays with a panel of 45 clinical samples were in good agreement (mean difference, 0.36 6 0.25 log units). Analysis of 1,982 clinical samples by the in-house RT-cPCR yielded the typical range of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with the expected inverse correlation between CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA titers. In addition, ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d369c81ffca40524a0ba6764eea90d0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37752003,"asset_id":12630130,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37752003/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630130"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630130; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630130]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630130]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630130; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630130']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630130, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1d369c81ffca40524a0ba6764eea90d0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630130]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630130,"title":"Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. The procedure involves (i) extraction of RNA with spin columns, (ii) ready-to-use bead-mediated RT, (iii) competitive PCR in a microtiter plate, (iv) agarose gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, and (v) densitometric analysis of the digitized image of the gel. Quadruplicate tests and dilution studies showed that the sensitivity and intertest coefficient of variability of the RT-cPCR are comparable to those of the reference AMPLICOR HIV-1 MON- ITOR test. The results obtained by the two assays with a panel of 45 clinical samples were in good agreement (mean difference, 0.36 6 0.25 log units). Analysis of 1,982 clinical samples by the in-house RT-cPCR yielded the typical range of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with the expected inverse correlation between CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA titers. In addition, ..."},"translated_abstract":"An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. The procedure involves (i) extraction of RNA with spin columns, (ii) ready-to-use bead-mediated RT, (iii) competitive PCR in a microtiter plate, (iv) agarose gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, and (v) densitometric analysis of the digitized image of the gel. Quadruplicate tests and dilution studies showed that the sensitivity and intertest coefficient of variability of the RT-cPCR are comparable to those of the reference AMPLICOR HIV-1 MON- ITOR test. The results obtained by the two assays with a panel of 45 clinical samples were in good agreement (mean difference, 0.36 6 0.25 log units). Analysis of 1,982 clinical samples by the in-house RT-cPCR yielded the typical range of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with the expected inverse correlation between CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA titers. In addition, ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630130/Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:35.256-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37752003,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37752003/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"333.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37752003/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Rever.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37752003/333-libre.pdf?1432738953=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DClinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Rever.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=OR70DfwFzErQ2zzIGQJGhgyNqF8sGZNpYlo1haUz4b8xPOkgn7d9QRXKmN9bRfoK8H~sQLeMNl7gMbt2OxxwpKRwxm7vHKbgOwuHxivJ6V3tbTZUTEHmNy2aaemU8zNBK~jJQkvZmSr-V4Z2hEIyC2Y2VAGujqEk0gMCRXXd7htqY8o4QrvkuDGw~e5DVSgAL~AnKOQ1~SJftWe0pBGwTSyQikGT8gWtESmtPdOVkhCNylaKjHK48Abf54E5wOW4Fosky-IMxY47dNaH7mI-wkA0e-RLXASpkAtowMnShAnnKAi01cK9C9QPQn2SO3hDVLQNd9eLnuLxCCwURqcUnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":37752003,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37752003/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"333.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37752003/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Rever.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/37752003/333-libre.pdf?1432738953=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DClinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Rever.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=OR70DfwFzErQ2zzIGQJGhgyNqF8sGZNpYlo1haUz4b8xPOkgn7d9QRXKmN9bRfoK8H~sQLeMNl7gMbt2OxxwpKRwxm7vHKbgOwuHxivJ6V3tbTZUTEHmNy2aaemU8zNBK~jJQkvZmSr-V4Z2hEIyC2Y2VAGujqEk0gMCRXXd7htqY8o4QrvkuDGw~e5DVSgAL~AnKOQ1~SJftWe0pBGwTSyQikGT8gWtESmtPdOVkhCNylaKjHK48Abf54E5wOW4Fosky-IMxY47dNaH7mI-wkA0e-RLXASpkAtowMnShAnnKAi01cK9C9QPQn2SO3hDVLQNd9eLnuLxCCwURqcUnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":43666,"name":"Clinical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Microbiology"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results"},{"id":759403,"name":"Gel electrophoresis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gel_electrophoresis"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity"},{"id":907382,"name":"Digital Image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Image"},{"id":1666741,"name":"Clinical evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_evaluation"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[{"id":4817812,"url":"http://jcm.asm.org/cgi/reprint/37/2/333.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630129"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies">Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NN...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630129"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630129"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630129; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630129]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630129]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630129; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630129']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630129, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630129]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630129,"title":"Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:33.951-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630128"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort">Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Intervirology</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many recent trials. However, there is limited data on time trends of HAART efficacy after treatment change. Methods: Data from different European cohorts were compiled within the EuResist Project. The efficacy of HAART defined by suppression of viral replication at 24 weeks after therapy switch was analyzed</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630128, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630128,"title":"Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many recent trials. 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The efficacy of HAART defined by suppression of viral replication at 24 weeks after therapy switch was analyzed","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:33.913-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome"},{"id":60426,"name":"Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":160242,"name":"Hiv Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiv_Infection"},{"id":462473,"name":"Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Highly_Active_Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":584594,"name":"Drug Efficacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Efficacy"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[{"id":4817811,"url":"http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000332018"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630127"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630127/Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630127/Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy">Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Medical Virology</span><span>, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. Although alterations of nef may be relatively frequent and continue to evolve in LTNPs, this study of a small number of patients does not indicate that gross deletions or loss of functional motifs play a major role in delaying or halting disease progression in infected drug abusers in Italy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630127"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630127"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630127; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630127]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630127]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630127; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630127']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630127, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630127]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630127,"title":"Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. Although alterations of nef may be relatively frequent and continue to evolve in LTNPs, this study of a small number of patients does not indicate that gross deletions or loss of functional motifs play a major role in delaying or halting disease progression in infected drug abusers in Italy.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Medical Virology"},"translated_abstract":"Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. 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"profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630125"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630125/Identification_of_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_complex_Mycobacterium_avium_and_Mycobacterium_intracellulare_by_selective_nested_polymerase_chain_reaction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare by selective nested polymerase chain reaction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630125/Identification_of_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_complex_Mycobacterium_avium_and_Mycobacterium_intracellulare_by_selective_nested_polymerase_chain_reaction">Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare by selective nested polymerase chain reaction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular and Cellular Probes</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630125"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item 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/></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630124/Prevalence_of_transmitted_HIV_1_drug_resistance_in_HIV_1_infected_patients_in_Italy_evolution_over_12_years_and_predictors">Prevalence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients in Italy: evolution over 12 years and predictors</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a910079c52d5a2fa05b270d0cdec628c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46039000,"asset_id":12630124,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy">Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="186d844ec18d97d702316d1b3bc2c976" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038984,"asset_id":12630123,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630123"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span 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WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630123,"title":"Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA load is the reference marker for response to antiretroviral therapy. To compare peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)associated and plasma HIV-1 RNA response to treatment, HIV-1 RNA was quantified by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction in 20 patients at 0, 12, and 24 weeks following addition of saquinavir to their treatment regimens. HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in 15 plasma samples but in only 2 PBMC samples ( ) and CD4 cell counts P ϭ .002 correlated more with PBMC than with plasma HIV-1 RNA load. Changes in HIV-1 RNA load in PBMC and in plasma were correlated, and the decrease was higher in plasma than in PBMC at weeks 12 ( ) and 24 ( ). Moreover, PBMC, but not plasma HIV-P ϭ .002 P ϭ .017 1 load, at week 12 was predictive of HIV-1 RNA levels at week 24 in both plasma (P ϭ ) and PBMC ( ). Thus, measurement of PBMC HIV-1 RNA may be useful during .004 P ! .001 antiretroviral therapy.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46038984},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:32.729-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46038984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"361.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038984/361.full-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEvaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=JJ~-DrVHV20QB8V3M-yAw1FQ50Lrc000iqZuTQkOUdqP0EtPaAmBkvwGjkKfxHeZBJDmmVOdBwyZGoab3GGQo15IxFyO3OFEj6BNILFGcWNNjJ9HjnYlF-h93Gx8pTKmIjpqkGiDPtUMdssi6UopeczR4PDR1AOjJPksuv3Nkq~UahE67ZEGgwNTlVkfnXxcYmjPixzLecG7TrLpwFtSVJirnpp7E49CUoc5owEmEIPq0IbC6qIMJHJ-IfG7gjJaHW8JLTtYIxq4USUt9qGn8~7wZ9Jb0GXMRgUcjGxoQR~nRm~MiNwpy0-QSXZmJ9Ir1lnYC~IfhBrdZL560QoBlQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":46038984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"361.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038984/361.full-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEvaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=JJ~-DrVHV20QB8V3M-yAw1FQ50Lrc000iqZuTQkOUdqP0EtPaAmBkvwGjkKfxHeZBJDmmVOdBwyZGoab3GGQo15IxFyO3OFEj6BNILFGcWNNjJ9HjnYlF-h93Gx8pTKmIjpqkGiDPtUMdssi6UopeczR4PDR1AOjJPksuv3Nkq~UahE67ZEGgwNTlVkfnXxcYmjPixzLecG7TrLpwFtSVJirnpp7E49CUoc5owEmEIPq0IbC6qIMJHJ-IfG7gjJaHW8JLTtYIxq4USUt9qGn8~7wZ9Jb0GXMRgUcjGxoQR~nRm~MiNwpy0-QSXZmJ9Ir1lnYC~IfhBrdZL560QoBlQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":60426,"name":"Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies"},{"id":965028,"name":"Cell free System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_free_System"}],"urls":[{"id":4817809,"url":"http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/314583"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630122"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630122/Identification_of_a_new_HIV_1_BC_circulating_recombinant_form_CRF60_BC_in_Italian_young_men_having_sex_with_men"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Identification of a new HIV-1 BC circulating recombinant form (CRF60_BC) in Italian young men having sex with men" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038986/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630122/Identification_of_a_new_HIV_1_BC_circulating_recombinant_form_CRF60_BC_in_Italian_young_men_having_sex_with_men">Identification of a new HIV-1 BC circulating recombinant form (CRF60_BC) in Italian young men having sex with men</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Infection, Genetics and Evolution</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cc32a4bb79bbbffadf48cd21cd95379c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038986,"asset_id":12630122,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038986/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630122"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630122; 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Different sets of HIV-1 ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ea117e99264cb708c3e91c556f8a47d4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038987,"asset_id":12630120,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038987/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630120"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630120"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630120; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630120]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630120]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630120; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630120']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630120, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ea117e99264cb708c3e91c556f8a47d4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630120]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630120,"title":"Long-read direct infrared sequencing of crude PCR products for prediction of resistance to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Patients infected with human irnmunodeficiency virus type 1 (H1V-1) are being treated with a number of different combinations of antiretroviral compounds that target the essential viral enzymes reverse transcriptase and protease. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12630119/Increased_reliability_of_selective_PCR_by_using_additionally_mutated_primers_and_a_commercial_Taq_DNA_polymerase_enhancer">Increased reliability of selective PCR by using additionally mutated primers and a commercial Taq DNA polymerase enhancer</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular Biotechnology</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A reliable selective PCR procedure that combines the use of additionally mutated primers with the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A reliable selective PCR procedure that combines the use of additionally mutated primers with the specificity-enhancing properties of a commercial preparation (Perfect Match, Stratagene) is described. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1pol gene point mutations known to confer in vitro resistance to azidothymidine were examined as a model for optimization of the assay. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630118/Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630118/Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology">Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Human pathology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue sarcoma. It was first described in 1977, and only approximately 30 cases have been reported to date, yet this entity is probably more frequent. The pathogenesis of FM is totally unknown. It has been proposed that it represents a nodular form of myositis, which can evolve into polymyositis, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed by follow-up studies. We describe seven cases of FM, five of which have never been reported before. Histology of the lesions was very similar, showing a destructive inflammatory myopathy with evidence of regeneration. Our study attempted to better understand the pathogenesis of this focal inflammatory myopathy. We performed a polymerase chain reaction study to explore the presence of a number of viral infectious agents in the inflammed tissue. The present study failed to show the presence of a known viral agent with a recognized tropism for myofibers. With a panel of lymphoid cell markers, we also characterized the phenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate that was composed of many T-lymphocytes with few CD4+ cells. Lastly, we reviewed the published cases and discuss the possible pathogenesis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630118]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630118']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630118, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630118]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630118,"title":"Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue sarcoma. 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With a panel of lymphoid cell markers, we also characterized the phenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate that was composed of many T-lymphocytes with few CD4+ cells. Lastly, we reviewed the published cases and discuss the possible pathogenesis.","publisher":"Elsevier","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Human pathology"},"translated_abstract":"Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue sarcoma. It was first described in 1977, and only approximately 30 cases have been reported to date, yet this entity is probably more frequent. The pathogenesis of FM is totally unknown. It has been proposed that it represents a nodular form of myositis, which can evolve into polymyositis, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed by follow-up studies. We describe seven cases of FM, five of which have never been reported before. Histology of the lesions was very similar, showing a destructive inflammatory myopathy with evidence of regeneration. Our study attempted to better understand the pathogenesis of this focal inflammatory myopathy. We performed a polymerase chain reaction study to explore the presence of a number of viral infectious agents in the inflammed tissue. The present study failed to show the presence of a known viral agent with a recognized tropism for myofibers. With a panel of lymphoid cell markers, we also characterized the phenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate that was composed of many T-lymphocytes with few CD4+ cells. Lastly, we reviewed the published cases and discuss the possible pathogenesis.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630118/Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:30.856-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":51791,"name":"PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PCR"},{"id":60302,"name":"HSV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HSV"},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus"},{"id":112993,"name":"Cytomegalovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytomegalovirus"},{"id":114531,"name":"Ct","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ct"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":267008,"name":"FM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FM"},{"id":289271,"name":"Aged","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aged"},{"id":407851,"name":"Myositis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myositis"},{"id":588667,"name":"RT PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RT_PCR"},{"id":615506,"name":"Soft Tissue Sarcoma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Tissue_Sarcoma"},{"id":674257,"name":"Human Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Pathology"}],"urls":[{"id":4817805,"url":"http://direct.bl.uk/research/02/29/RN020219830.html"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630117"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630117/Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow transplant" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038988/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630117/Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant">Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow transplant</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bone Marrow Transplantation</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a0231ed56d7484cb63b022d0b5001f3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038988,"asset_id":12630117,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038988/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630117"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630117; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630117]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630117]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630117; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630117']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630117, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a0231ed56d7484cb63b022d0b5001f3b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630117]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630117,"title":"Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow transplant","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"A complex pattern of neurological dysfunctions with generalized seizures and visual allucinations, but without focal signs, suddenly arose 20 days after an unrelated bone marrow transplant for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in a 13-year-old girl, accompanied by signs of acute skin graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple bilateral foci of signal abnormalities, which were exclusively localized in the grey matter, sparing the white. Extensive microbiological and virological assays of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allowed the identification of HHV-6, variant A, DNA. Further progression of both neurological alterations and of skin and gut GVHD led to a fatal outcome 2 weeks later. A retrospective analysis of both the recipient and donor mononuclear cell suspensions supported the hypothesis that HHV-6 had been acquired from the donor with the bone marrow graft. This report suggests a pathogenetic role of HHV-6 in viral encephalitis in immunocompromised bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients, and its possible association with GVHD.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46038988},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630117/Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:30.745-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46038988,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038988/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"5446914c0cf2f14fb80f6698.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038988/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_u.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038988/5446914c0cf2f14fb80f6698-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_u.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=XdajVvgsQRdkdQ-eh~lbbbYw9wKNwzXdsLzT8jvGz4DaGFOomPOVt3rAKl8EwyGLcdNUkkzt~li9UZtjSqPATPJKpDH-U4GiGLpTXjD1cS~i8RwGbHrWcTPT-sUsMZmtCm-gcAm8Zr5zV3k5Qm3gB9a~HWZTPJrOF~HGFi2EWlZ47MNG9VhCeTAbJUPzhULDE09EE11s9u2oH8kvUPZZNxw0IpHXzIig7gzzJm~dw7yp7h86AfMZbLzBGabuJ5Dddpb1wSCOEIyoyxvG~tvf5kg9ayD0RJO4q6UN3MqfR9qt-NI3OlXvr7fApAaFhHPzHp-R9dzRpBaPlxPfh8fgBg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":46038988,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038988/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"5446914c0cf2f14fb80f6698.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038988/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_u.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038988/5446914c0cf2f14fb80f6698-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_u.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=XdajVvgsQRdkdQ-eh~lbbbYw9wKNwzXdsLzT8jvGz4DaGFOomPOVt3rAKl8EwyGLcdNUkkzt~li9UZtjSqPATPJKpDH-U4GiGLpTXjD1cS~i8RwGbHrWcTPT-sUsMZmtCm-gcAm8Zr5zV3k5Qm3gB9a~HWZTPJrOF~HGFi2EWlZ47MNG9VhCeTAbJUPzhULDE09EE11s9u2oH8kvUPZZNxw0IpHXzIig7gzzJm~dw7yp7h86AfMZbLzBGabuJ5Dddpb1wSCOEIyoyxvG~tvf5kg9ayD0RJO4q6UN3MqfR9qt-NI3OlXvr7fApAaFhHPzHp-R9dzRpBaPlxPfh8fgBg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6200,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging"},{"id":10904,"name":"Electroencephalography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroencephalography"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":60971,"name":"Cerebrospinal Fluid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebrospinal_Fluid"},{"id":159239,"name":"Bone marrow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_marrow"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences"},{"id":354937,"name":"Bone Marrow Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bone_Marrow_Transplantation"},{"id":1521551,"name":"Graft-Versus-Host Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graft-Versus-Host_Disease"},{"id":1815217,"name":"Chronic myelogenous leukemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronic_myelogenous_leukemia"},{"id":2439414,"name":"Magnetic resonance image","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_resonance_image"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2980512" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31400856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31400856/Both_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Cellular_DNA_Sequencing_and_Plasma_RNA_Sequencing_Are_Useful_for_Detection_of_Drug_Resistance_Mutations_in_Blood_Samples_from_Antiretroviral_Drug_Naive_Patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51770649/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31400856/Both_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Cellular_DNA_Sequencing_and_Plasma_RNA_Sequencing_Are_Useful_for_Detection_of_Drug_Resistance_Mutations_in_Blood_Samples_from_Antiretroviral_Drug_Naive_Patients">Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CrucianiM">M. Cruciani</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi">Maurizio Zazzi</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the m...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the material of choice is plasma RNA. Since drug resistance mutations (DRMs) may persist longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, we investigated whether the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA increases the sensitivity of genotypic testing in antiretroviral-drug-naive subjects. We compared the rate of primary drug resistance in plasma RNA and PBMC DNA in 288 HIV type 1-infected drug-naive persons tested at a single clinical virology center from June 2004 to October 2006. Resistance in the plasma compartment to at least one drug was detected for 64 out of 288 (22.2%) naive patients and in the PBMC compartment for 56 (19.4%) patients. Overall, DRMs were found in 80 out of 288 (27.8%) patients. PBMC DRMs were present in plasma RNA from 16 subjects with wild-type virus infections. Another nine patients had additional DRMs in PBMCs with respect to those detected in plasma RNA. On the other hand, extra plasma DRMs were detected in PBMCs for 24 and 8 subjects with wild-type and drug-resistant virus, respectively. Resistance to more than one class of antiretroviral drug was detected by plasma and PBMC analysis for 25.0% and 36.2% of the subjects, respectively. Our data support the potential utility of genotypic resistance testing of PBMC DNA in conjunction with the currently recommended plasma RNA analysis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bda7a2e339e42d162fb1dd106474b8ed" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51770649,"asset_id":31400856,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51770649/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31400856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31400856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31400856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31400856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31400856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31400856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31400856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31400856, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bda7a2e339e42d162fb1dd106474b8ed" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31400856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31400856,"title":"Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cellular DNA Sequencing and Plasma RNA Sequencing Are Useful for Detection of Drug Resistance Mutations in Blood Samples from Antiretroviral-Drug-Naive Patients","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the material of choice is plasma RNA. Since drug resistance mutations (DRMs) may persist longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, we investigated whether the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA increases the sensitivity of genotypic testing in antiretroviral-drug-naive subjects. We compared the rate of primary drug resistance in plasma RNA and PBMC DNA in 288 HIV type 1-infected drug-naive persons tested at a single clinical virology center from June 2004 to October 2006. Resistance in the plasma compartment to at least one drug was detected for 64 out of 288 (22.2%) naive patients and in the PBMC compartment for 56 (19.4%) patients. Overall, DRMs were found in 80 out of 288 (27.8%) patients. PBMC DRMs were present in plasma RNA from 16 subjects with wild-type virus infections. Another nine patients had additional DRMs in PBMCs with respect to those detected in plasma RNA. On the other hand, extra plasma DRMs were detected in PBMCs for 24 and 8 subjects with wild-type and drug-resistant virus, respectively. Resistance to more than one class of antiretroviral drug was detected by plasma and PBMC analysis for 25.0% and 36.2% of the subjects, respectively. Our data support the potential utility of genotypic resistance testing of PBMC DNA in conjunction with the currently recommended plasma RNA analysis."},"translated_abstract":"Genotypic antiretroviral testing is recommended for newly infected drug-naive subjects, and the material of choice is plasma RNA. Since drug resistance mutations (DRMs) may persist longer in cellular DNA than in plasma RNA, we investigated whether the use of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) human immu-nodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA increases the sensitivity of genotypic testing in antiretroviral-drug-naive subjects. We compared the rate of primary drug resistance in plasma RNA and PBMC DNA in 288 HIV type 1-infected drug-naive persons tested at a single clinical virology center from June 2004 to October 2006. Resistance in the plasma compartment to at least one drug was detected for 64 out of 288 (22.2%) naive patients and in the PBMC compartment for 56 (19.4%) patients. Overall, DRMs were found in 80 out of 288 (27.8%) patients. PBMC DRMs were present in plasma RNA from 16 subjects with wild-type virus infections. Another nine patients had additional DRMs in PBMCs with respect to those detected in plasma RNA. On the other hand, extra plasma DRMs were detected in PBMCs for 24 and 8 subjects with wild-type and drug-resistant virus, respectively. Resistance to more than one class of antiretroviral drug was detected by plasma and PBMC analysis for 25.0% and 36.2% of the subjects, respectively. 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Extreme HIV-1 genetic variability in Africa may affect the ability of commercially available assays to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA accurately. The aim of this study was to compare three real-time PCR assays for quantitation of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients from the Republic of Congo, an area with highly diversified HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. The Abbott RealTime HIV-1, BioMérieux HIV-1 EasyQ test 1.2 and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 1.0 were compared for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 37 HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Kento-Mwana project for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. The sample panel included a variety of HIV-1 subtypes with as many as 21 (56.8%) putative unique recombinant forms. Qualitative detection of HIV-1 RNA was concordant by all three assays in 33/37 (89.2%) samples. Of the...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630136"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630136]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630136']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630136, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630136]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630136,"title":"Discordances with HIV-1 RNA quantitative determinations by three commercial assays in Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Accurate HIV-1 RNA quantitation is required to support the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in African countries. Extreme HIV-1 genetic variability in Africa may affect the ability of commercially available assays to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA accurately. The aim of this study was to compare three real-time PCR assays for quantitation of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients from the Republic of Congo, an area with highly diversified HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. The Abbott RealTime HIV-1, BioMérieux HIV-1 EasyQ test 1.2 and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 1.0 were compared for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 37 HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Kento-Mwana project for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. The sample panel included a variety of HIV-1 subtypes with as many as 21 (56.8%) putative unique recombinant forms. Qualitative detection of HIV-1 RNA was concordant by all three assays in 33/37 (89.2%) samples. Of the...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of virological methods"},"translated_abstract":"Accurate HIV-1 RNA quantitation is required to support the scale up of antiretroviral therapy in African countries. Extreme HIV-1 genetic variability in Africa may affect the ability of commercially available assays to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA accurately. The aim of this study was to compare three real-time PCR assays for quantitation of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in patients from the Republic of Congo, an area with highly diversified HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. The Abbott RealTime HIV-1, BioMérieux HIV-1 EasyQ test 1.2 and Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 1.0 were compared for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 37 HIV-1 seropositive pregnant women enrolled in the Kento-Mwana project for prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo. The sample panel included a variety of HIV-1 subtypes with as many as 21 (56.8%) putative unique recombinant forms. Qualitative detection of HIV-1 RNA was concordant by all three assays in 33/37 (89.2%) samples. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630133"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630133/Time_on_drug_analysis_based_on_real_life_data"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Time on drug analysis based on real life data" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038997/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630133/Time_on_drug_analysis_based_on_real_life_data">Time on drug analysis based on real life data</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The health condition of HIV-1 infected patients has improved during the last years, but lifelong antiretroviral treatment is still needed. However resistance, multiple side effects and drug to drug interactions of antiretrovirals challenge the establishment of a long lasting regimen. The average running time of each antiretroviral drug composing the therapy episodes combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) may be seen as an indicator of effectiveness and tolerability. To evaluate the running time of each drug used in HIV-1 treatment, we extracted therapy episodes from the latest release of the EuResist database (<a href="http://www.euresist.org" rel="nofollow">www.euresist.org</a>). The evaluation period was from Oct 2006 to Oct 2012. Inclusion criteria for this analysis were continuous patient monitoring for at least two years (i.e. latest therapy start in Oct 2010), and the extraction of at least 100 cases per drug analyzed. Drug intake interruptions of less than a month were ignored. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630132"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Switch to raltegravir-based regimens and HIV DNA decrease in patients with suppressed HIV RNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA">Switch to raltegravir-based regimens and HIV DNA decrease in patients with suppressed HIV RNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7828b38988a2f5c228244a8fef39b21f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038996,"asset_id":12630132,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630132"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630132"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630132; 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In this study, 46 HIV-infected individuals on protease inhibitor (PI) or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) regimens were monitored after switching to a raltegravir-based regimen. Results showed that at 48 weeks, HIV DNA was detectable in fewer patients from the raltegravir group compared to controls, and there was a significant decrease in HIV DNA levels. These findings indicate that switching to raltegravir may help reduce the HIV reservoir, although further research with larger samples is needed to confirm these results.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630132/Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:37.080-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46038996,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038996/Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5-libre.pdf?1464519979=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSwitch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=GmHjJfvoUMekg4YTAa2W8UGxwryMuxnn~TYpuCQjxm047HoeqKw3RSPTaAtAB6Ee3Q9T9mgde3~dsIETzQvP3tpmTTwFoEOSPV0JYmGkGawgfjQL6d0hKWq-gKheUwh8SiujekgxsBf~c3R62oYpDg258nyaDlty2n3EJg3A3B5HvgJiVM0A9B~DC8WBSFA7YULcUUbWFJb7ltfQ5dmYl2cDxMvEGrwdfW3yBSpmhoT5X-tHZoYubD9G~hhLh-2aQkq5Er5YpVTNrOXP5usODfnQgewdbsU2Ad9wN61kwzkLYMfNm2B4YE6XG4L8MW6HycMtOn2chmpTvzDyfZCiug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and_HIV_DNA_decrease_in_patients_with_suppressed_HIV_RNA","translated_slug":"","page_count":1,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":46038996,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038996/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038996/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Switch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038996/Switch_to_raltegravir-based_regimens_and20160529-19863-ei12e5-libre.pdf?1464519979=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSwitch_to_raltegravir_based_regimens_and.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350633\u0026Signature=GmHjJfvoUMekg4YTAa2W8UGxwryMuxnn~TYpuCQjxm047HoeqKw3RSPTaAtAB6Ee3Q9T9mgde3~dsIETzQvP3tpmTTwFoEOSPV0JYmGkGawgfjQL6d0hKWq-gKheUwh8SiujekgxsBf~c3R62oYpDg258nyaDlty2n3EJg3A3B5HvgJiVM0A9B~DC8WBSFA7YULcUUbWFJb7ltfQ5dmYl2cDxMvEGrwdfW3yBSpmhoT5X-tHZoYubD9G~hhLh-2aQkq5Er5YpVTNrOXP5usODfnQgewdbsU2Ad9wN61kwzkLYMfNm2B4YE6XG4L8MW6HycMtOn2chmpTvzDyfZCiug__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630131"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma">Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Virological Methods</span><span>, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An ultrasensitive version of an &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive poly...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An ultrasensitive version of an &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive &amp;#39;in-house assay&amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the &amp;#39;in-house&amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630131"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630131]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630131']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630131, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630131]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630131,"title":"Ultrasensitive in-house reverse transcription-competitive PCR for quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in plasma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An ultrasensitive version of an \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive \u0026amp;#39;in-house assay\u0026amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Virological Methods"},"translated_abstract":"An ultrasensitive version of an \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay described previously for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma was developed. The increase in sensitivity from 400 to 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml was achieved by pelleting virus particles from 1.8 ml plasma by centrifugation prior to RNA extraction, modifying competitor DNA structure and amounts, and redesigning primers. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in 130 samples tested previously by the standard assay showed that the two procedures yield comparable results (mean absolute difference, 0.26+/-0.20 log) and that the ultrasensitive version detects HIV-1 RNA below the threshold of sensitivity of the standard method. The ultrasensitive \u0026amp;#39;in-house assay\u0026amp;#39; and the reference QUANTIPLEX HIV-1 RNA 3.0 had the same sensitivity and gave equivalent results (mean absolute difference, 0.19+/-0.11 log), as shown by parallel blinded testing of 47 plasma samples. Titration experiments with reconstructed plasma samples allowed the determination of a dynamic range of 50-500000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml for the \u0026amp;#39;in-house\u0026amp;#39; system. The interassay coefficient of variation for samples nominally containing 200, 4000 and 80000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml were 33.4, 22.9 and 38.2%, respectively. The performance, turnaround time, and cost-effectiveness of this system make it suitable for medium-scale clinical application.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630131/Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:35.710-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Ultrasensitive_in_house_reverse_transcription_competitive_PCR_for_quantitation_of_HIV_1_RNA_in_plasma","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction"},{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness"},{"id":184682,"name":"Coefficient of Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coefficient_of_Variation"},{"id":216801,"name":"Journal of Virological Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Virological_Methods"},{"id":230809,"name":"DNA Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_Structure"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus"},{"id":414331,"name":"Centrifugation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centrifugation"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity"},{"id":1275886,"name":"Clinical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Application"},{"id":1956581,"name":"Dynamic Range","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Range"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630130"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630130/Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/37752003/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630130/Clinical_Evaluation_of_an_In_House_Reverse_Transcription_Competitive_PCR_for_Quantitation_of_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_in_Plasma">Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human im...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. The procedure involves (i) extraction of RNA with spin columns, (ii) ready-to-use bead-mediated RT, (iii) competitive PCR in a microtiter plate, (iv) agarose gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, and (v) densitometric analysis of the digitized image of the gel. Quadruplicate tests and dilution studies showed that the sensitivity and intertest coefficient of variability of the RT-cPCR are comparable to those of the reference AMPLICOR HIV-1 MON- ITOR test. The results obtained by the two assays with a panel of 45 clinical samples were in good agreement (mean difference, 0.36 6 0.25 log units). Analysis of 1,982 clinical samples by the in-house RT-cPCR yielded the typical range of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with the expected inverse correlation between CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA titers. In addition, ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d369c81ffca40524a0ba6764eea90d0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":37752003,"asset_id":12630130,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37752003/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630130"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630130"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630130; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630130]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630130]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630130; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630130']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630130, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1d369c81ffca40524a0ba6764eea90d0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630130]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630130,"title":"Clinical Evaluation of an In-House Reverse Transcription-Competitive PCR for Quantitation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Plasma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. 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In addition, ..."},"translated_abstract":"An in-house reverse transcription (RT)-competitive PCR (RT-cPCR) for the quantitation of human immu- nodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma samples was developed and validated. The procedure involves (i) extraction of RNA with spin columns, (ii) ready-to-use bead-mediated RT, (iii) competitive PCR in a microtiter plate, (iv) agarose gel electrophoresis of the reaction products, and (v) densitometric analysis of the digitized image of the gel. Quadruplicate tests and dilution studies showed that the sensitivity and intertest coefficient of variability of the RT-cPCR are comparable to those of the reference AMPLICOR HIV-1 MON- ITOR test. The results obtained by the two assays with a panel of 45 clinical samples were in good agreement (mean difference, 0.36 6 0.25 log units). Analysis of 1,982 clinical samples by the in-house RT-cPCR yielded the typical range of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels with the expected inverse correlation between CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA titers. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630129"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies">Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the International AIDS Society</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NN...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630129"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630129"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630129; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630129]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630129]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630129; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630129']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630129, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630129]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630129,"title":"Etravirine in protease inhibitor-free antiretroviral combination therapies","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},"translated_abstract":"ABSTRACT Etravirine (ETR) is a next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). The studies for ETR EMA approval were almost exclusively performed together with the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir. However the fact that ETR can be active against NNRTI-pretreated HIV variants and that it is well tolerated suggests its application in PI-free antiretroviral combination therapies. Although approved only for PI-containing therapies, a number of ETR treatments without PIs are performed currently. To evaluate the performance of ETR in PI-free regimens, we analyzed the EURESIST database. We observed a total of 70 therapy switches to a PI-free, ETR containing antiretroviral combination with detectable baseline viral load. 50/70 switches were in male patients and 20/70 in females. The median of previous treatments was 10. The following combinations were detected in the EURESIST database: ETR+MVC+RAL (20.0%); ETR+FTC+TDF (18.6%); 3TC+ETR+RAL (7.1%); 3TC+ABC+ETR (5.7%); other combinations (31.4%). A switch was defined as successful when either ≤50 copies/mL or a decline of the viral load of 2 log10, both at week 24 (range 18-30) were achieved. The overall success rate (SR) was 77% (54/70), and for the different combinations: ETR+MVC+RAL=78.6% (11/14); ETR+FTC+TDF=92.3% (12/13); 3TC+ETR+RAL =80.0% (4/5), 3TC+ABC+ETR=100% (SR 4/4); and for other combinations=67.6% (23/34). These SR values are comparable to those for other therapy combinations in such pretreated patients.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630129/Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:33.951-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Etravirine_in_protease_inhibitor_free_antiretroviral_combination_therapies","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630128"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort">Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Intervirology</span><span>, 2012</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many recent trials. However, there is limited data on time trends of HAART efficacy after treatment change. Methods: Data from different European cohorts were compiled within the EuResist Project. The efficacy of HAART defined by suppression of viral replication at 24 weeks after therapy switch was analyzed</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630128"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630128"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630128; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630128]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630128]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630128; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630128']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630128, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630128]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630128,"title":"Efficacy of Antiretroviral Therapy Switch in HIV-Infected Patients: A 10Year Analysis of the EuResist Cohort","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many recent trials. However, there is limited data on time trends of HAART efficacy after treatment change. Methods: Data from different European cohorts were compiled within the EuResist Project. The efficacy of HAART defined by suppression of viral replication at 24 weeks after therapy switch was analyzed","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2012,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Intervirology"},"translated_abstract":"Introduction: Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to be effective in many recent trials. However, there is limited data on time trends of HAART efficacy after treatment change. Methods: Data from different European cohorts were compiled within the EuResist Project. The efficacy of HAART defined by suppression of viral replication at 24 weeks after therapy switch was analyzed","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630128/Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:33.913-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Efficacy_of_Antiretroviral_Therapy_Switch_in_HIV_Infected_Patients_A_10Year_Analysis_of_the_EuResist_Cohort","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":12426,"name":"Treatment Outcome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment_Outcome"},{"id":60426,"name":"Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":160242,"name":"Hiv Infection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hiv_Infection"},{"id":462473,"name":"Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Highly_Active_Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":584594,"name":"Drug Efficacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Efficacy"},{"id":1819400,"name":"Cohort Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cohort_Studies"},{"id":2249317,"name":"Viral Load","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_Load"}],"urls":[{"id":4817811,"url":"http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?doi=10.1159/000332018"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630127"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630127/Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630127/Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy">Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Medical Virology</span><span>, 2000</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. Although alterations of nef may be relatively frequent and continue to evolve in LTNPs, this study of a small number of patients does not indicate that gross deletions or loss of functional motifs play a major role in delaying or halting disease progression in infected drug abusers in Italy.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630127"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630127"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630127; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630127]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630127]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630127; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630127']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630127, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630127]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630127,"title":"Analysis of the HIV-1 nef gene in five intravenous drug users with long-term nonprogressive HIV-1 infection in Italy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. Although alterations of nef may be relatively frequent and continue to evolve in LTNPs, this study of a small number of patients does not indicate that gross deletions or loss of functional motifs play a major role in delaying or halting disease progression in infected drug abusers in Italy.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2000,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Medical Virology"},"translated_abstract":"Great variability in the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection results from a complex interplay between host and virus factors. Some of the patients with prolonged nonprogressive infection have been reported to harbor virus variants with gross deletions in the accessory nef gene that has been implicated in in vivo pathogenicity in simian and mouse models. To investigate the role of nef-deleted HIV-1 in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) drug addicts in Italy the nef sequence from proviral DNA was analyzed from five LTNPs and five rapid progressor controls. Only small (2-12 amino acids) in-frame deletions and insertions were detected in the N-terminal polymorphic and variable regions obtained from three LTNPs and one rapid progressor. There was no evidence of premature termination of the Nef protein and all of the identified functional motifs were well conserved in both groups. Phylogenetic analysis showed interdigitation of nef sequences obtained from LTNPs and rapid progressors. The nef sequence of one LTNP, however, diverged significantly from those of the other patients. Availability of two additional blood DNA samples obtained previously from this subject allowed to detect evolution of nef at 14-17 years of HIV-1 infection, including progressive deletions. Although alterations of nef may be relatively frequent and continue to evolve in LTNPs, this study of a small number of patients does not indicate that gross deletions or loss of functional motifs play a major role in delaying or halting disease progression in infected drug abusers in Italy.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630127/Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:33.855-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Analysis_of_the_HIV_1_nef_gene_in_five_intravenous_drug_users_with_long_term_nonprogressive_HIV_1_infection_in_Italy","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology"},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology"},{"id":22506,"name":"Adolescent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adolescent"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy"},{"id":118339,"name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerase_Chain_Reaction"},{"id":397749,"name":"Medical virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_virology"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation"},{"id":652845,"name":"Intravenous Drug Users","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intravenous_Drug_Users"},{"id":809881,"name":"Amino Acid Sequence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acid_Sequence"},{"id":2467566,"name":"Molecular Sequence Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Sequence_Data"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630126"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630126/Antiretroviral_therapy_with_protease_inhibitors_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_and_human_herpesvirus_8_coinfected_patients"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1- and human herpesvirus 8-coinfected patients" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46039011/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630126/Antiretroviral_therapy_with_protease_inhibitors_in_human_immunodeficiency_virus_type_1_and_human_herpesvirus_8_coinfected_patients">Antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1- and human herpesvirus 8-coinfected patients</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Medical Virology</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ca3c7848033243fa254746da94e74248" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46039011,"asset_id":12630126,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46039011/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630126"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630126"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630126; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630126]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630126]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630126; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630126']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630126, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ca3c7848033243fa254746da94e74248" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630126]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630126,"title":"Antiretroviral therapy with protease inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1- and human herpesvirus 8-coinfected patients","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Highly active anti-retroviral therapies (HAART) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) or nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were compared for their effect on prevalence, aspartyl proteinase (Sap) production and the biotypes and anti-mycotic sequential susceptibility of Candida spp. isolates from the oral cavity in a longitudinal prospective study. HAART-PI, but not HAART-NNRTI strongly inhibited Sap expression in the oral cavity without exerting any consistent effect on the role of Candida spp. isolation or selection of low virulence or anti-mycotic resistant fungus biotype. More importantly, the sequential isolates of Candida albicans from HAART-PI, but not those from suspended HAART-NNRTI, showed an increased Sap production in vitro. While further demonstrating that HIV-PI inhibit Sap expressions, our results do not support the view that the mentioned inhibition could eliminate Candida or its selection of the oral cavity.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Medical 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy">Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Infectious Diseases</span><span>, 1999</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="186d844ec18d97d702316d1b3bc2c976" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038984,"asset_id":12630123,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630123"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa 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$('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630123]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630123,"title":"Evaluation of Cell‐Free and Cell‐Associated Peripheral Blood Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Response to Antiretroviral Therapy","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 RNA load is the reference marker for response to antiretroviral therapy. To compare peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)associated and plasma HIV-1 RNA response to treatment, HIV-1 RNA was quantified by reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction in 20 patients at 0, 12, and 24 weeks following addition of saquinavir to their treatment regimens. HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in 15 plasma samples but in only 2 PBMC samples ( ) and CD4 cell counts P ϭ .002 correlated more with PBMC than with plasma HIV-1 RNA load. Changes in HIV-1 RNA load in PBMC and in plasma were correlated, and the decrease was higher in plasma than in PBMC at weeks 12 ( ) and 24 ( ). Moreover, PBMC, but not plasma HIV-P ϭ .002 P ϭ .017 1 load, at week 12 was predictive of HIV-1 RNA levels at week 24 in both plasma (P ϭ ) and PBMC ( ). Thus, measurement of PBMC HIV-1 RNA may be useful during .004 P ! .001 antiretroviral therapy.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1999,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Infectious Diseases","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":46038984},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12630123/Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:57:32.729-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":31597037,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46038984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"361.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038984/361.full-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEvaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=JJ~-DrVHV20QB8V3M-yAw1FQ50Lrc000iqZuTQkOUdqP0EtPaAmBkvwGjkKfxHeZBJDmmVOdBwyZGoab3GGQo15IxFyO3OFEj6BNILFGcWNNjJ9HjnYlF-h93Gx8pTKmIjpqkGiDPtUMdssi6UopeczR4PDR1AOjJPksuv3Nkq~UahE67ZEGgwNTlVkfnXxcYmjPixzLecG7TrLpwFtSVJirnpp7E49CUoc5owEmEIPq0IbC6qIMJHJ-IfG7gjJaHW8JLTtYIxq4USUt9qGn8~7wZ9Jb0GXMRgUcjGxoQR~nRm~MiNwpy0-QSXZmJ9Ir1lnYC~IfhBrdZL560QoBlQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associated_Peripheral_Blood_Human_Immunodeficiency_Virus_Type_1_RNA_Response_to_Antiretroviral_Therapy","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":31597037,"first_name":"Maurizio","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Zazzi","page_name":"MaurizioZazzi","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2015-05-27T07:56:11.621-07:00","display_name":"Maurizio Zazzi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MaurizioZazzi"},"attachments":[{"id":46038984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"361.full.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038984/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Evaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/46038984/361.full-libre.pdf?1464519980=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEvaluation_of_Cell_Free_and_Cell_Associa.pdf\u0026Expires=1733350634\u0026Signature=JJ~-DrVHV20QB8V3M-yAw1FQ50Lrc000iqZuTQkOUdqP0EtPaAmBkvwGjkKfxHeZBJDmmVOdBwyZGoab3GGQo15IxFyO3OFEj6BNILFGcWNNjJ9HjnYlF-h93Gx8pTKmIjpqkGiDPtUMdssi6UopeczR4PDR1AOjJPksuv3Nkq~UahE67ZEGgwNTlVkfnXxcYmjPixzLecG7TrLpwFtSVJirnpp7E49CUoc5owEmEIPq0IbC6qIMJHJ-IfG7gjJaHW8JLTtYIxq4USUt9qGn8~7wZ9Jb0GXMRgUcjGxoQR~nRm~MiNwpy0-QSXZmJ9Ir1lnYC~IfhBrdZL560QoBlQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases"},{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences"},{"id":60426,"name":"Antiretroviral Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiretroviral_Therapy"},{"id":318308,"name":"Human immunodeficiency virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_immunodeficiency_virus"},{"id":469105,"name":"Retrospective Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retrospective_Studies"},{"id":965028,"name":"Cell free System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_free_System"}],"urls":[{"id":4817809,"url":"http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/314583"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630122"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630122/Identification_of_a_new_HIV_1_BC_circulating_recombinant_form_CRF60_BC_in_Italian_young_men_having_sex_with_men"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Identification of a new HIV-1 BC circulating recombinant form (CRF60_BC) in Italian young men having sex with men" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038986/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630122/Identification_of_a_new_HIV_1_BC_circulating_recombinant_form_CRF60_BC_in_Italian_young_men_having_sex_with_men">Identification of a new HIV-1 BC circulating recombinant form (CRF60_BC) in Italian young men having sex with men</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Infection, Genetics and Evolution</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cc32a4bb79bbbffadf48cd21cd95379c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038986,"asset_id":12630122,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038986/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630122"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630122; 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href="https://www.academia.edu/12630119/Increased_reliability_of_selective_PCR_by_using_additionally_mutated_primers_and_a_commercial_Taq_DNA_polymerase_enhancer">Increased reliability of selective PCR by using additionally mutated primers and a commercial Taq DNA polymerase enhancer</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Molecular Biotechnology</span><span>, 1995</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A reliable selective PCR procedure that combines the use of additionally mutated primers with the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A reliable selective PCR procedure that combines the use of additionally mutated primers with the specificity-enhancing properties of a commercial preparation (Perfect Match, Stratagene) is described. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1pol gene point mutations known to confer in vitro resistance to azidothymidine were examined as a model for optimization of the assay. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630118"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630118/Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630118/Focal_myositis_a_polymerase_chain_reaction_analysis_for_a_viral_etiology">Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Human pathology</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue sarcoma. It was first described in 1977, and only approximately 30 cases have been reported to date, yet this entity is probably more frequent. The pathogenesis of FM is totally unknown. It has been proposed that it represents a nodular form of myositis, which can evolve into polymyositis, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed by follow-up studies. We describe seven cases of FM, five of which have never been reported before. Histology of the lesions was very similar, showing a destructive inflammatory myopathy with evidence of regeneration. Our study attempted to better understand the pathogenesis of this focal inflammatory myopathy. We performed a polymerase chain reaction study to explore the presence of a number of viral infectious agents in the inflammed tissue. The present study failed to show the presence of a known viral agent with a recognized tropism for myofibers. With a panel of lymphoid cell markers, we also characterized the phenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate that was composed of many T-lymphocytes with few CD4+ cells. Lastly, we reviewed the published cases and discuss the possible pathogenesis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630118"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630118"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630118; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12630118]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630118; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='12630118']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12630118, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=12630118]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":12630118,"title":"Focal myositis: a polymerase chain reaction analysis for a viral etiology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Focal myositis (FM) is a benign inflammatory condition that may clinically simulate a soft tissue sarcoma. 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Histology of the lesions was very similar, showing a destructive inflammatory myopathy with evidence of regeneration. Our study attempted to better understand the pathogenesis of this focal inflammatory myopathy. We performed a polymerase chain reaction study to explore the presence of a number of viral infectious agents in the inflammed tissue. The present study failed to show the presence of a known viral agent with a recognized tropism for myofibers. With a panel of lymphoid cell markers, we also characterized the phenotype of the inflammatory infiltrate that was composed of many T-lymphocytes with few CD4+ cells. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="12630117"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630117/Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow transplant" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/46038988/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/12630117/Fatal_herpesvirus_6_encephalitis_after_unrelated_bone_marrow_transplant">Fatal herpesvirus 6 encephalitis after unrelated bone marrow transplant</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Bone Marrow Transplantation</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a0231ed56d7484cb63b022d0b5001f3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46038988,"asset_id":12630117,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46038988/download_file?st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMzM0NzAzNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="12630117"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12630117"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12630117; 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