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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavioral_revolution_and_new_institutionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_revolution_and_new_institutionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Behavioral revolution and new institutionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_revolution_and_new_institutionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country-specific_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country-specific_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Country-specific studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-specific_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticipating_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticipating_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anticipating crises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticipating_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Library guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Political science</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_wetenskap" title="Politieke wetenskap – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politieke wetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikwissenschaft" title="Politikwissenschaft – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Politikwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%96%E1%88%88%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የፖለቲካ ጥናት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የፖለቲካ ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علوم سياسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم سياسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքագիտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քաղաքագիտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciencia política – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciencia política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologiya" title="Politologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Politologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="سیاسی علم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیاسی علم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политология – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Политология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паліталогія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паліталогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Паліталёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паліталёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="राजनीति बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="राजनीति बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dke_nauke" title="Političke nauke – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Političke nauke" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A8ncies_pol%C3%ADtiques" title="Ciències polítiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciències polítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalamdag_sa_politika" title="Kaalamdag sa politika – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kaalamdag sa politika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologie" title="Politologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddor_gwleidyddiaeth" title="Gwyddor gwleidyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddor gwleidyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statskundskab" title="Statskundskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statskundskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikwissenschaft" title="Politikwissenschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politikwissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politoloogia" title="Politoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Politoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Πολιτική επιστήμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτική επιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciencia política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciencia política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_scienco" title="Politika scienco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika scienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_zientzia" title="Politika zientzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Politika zientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="علوم سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1lafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Stjórnmálafrøði – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjórnmálafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_politique" title="Science politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Science politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikology" title="Politikology – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Politikology" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siencis_politichis" title="Siencis politichis – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Siencis politichis" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eola%C3%ADocht_pholaiti%C3%BAil" title="Eolaíocht pholaitiúil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eolaíocht pholaitiúil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaylleeaght_pholitickagh" title="Oaylleeaght pholitickagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oaylleeaght pholitickagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidheans_Poileataigeach" title="Saidheans Poileataigeach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Saidheans Poileataigeach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciencia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciencia política – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ciencia política" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%ED%95%99" title="정치학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyyar_siyasa" title="Kimiyyar siyasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyyar siyasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքագիտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="राजनीति विज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dke_znanosti" title="Političke znanosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Političke znanosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_politik" title="Ilmu politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_scientie" title="Political scientie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Political scientie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1lafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stjórnmálafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnmálafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scienza_politica" title="Scienza politica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scienza politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מדע המדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדע המדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_pulitik" title="Èlmu pulitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èlmu pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiki_t%C9%A9l%C9%A9y%C9%9B_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3za" title="Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Politiki tɩlɩyɛ lɩmaɣza" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politoloh%C3%ADa" title="Politolohía – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Politolohía" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკის მეცნიერება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკის მეცნიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2litologij%C3%B4" title="Pòlitologijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlitologijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Саясаттану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саясаттану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syans_politik" title="Syans politik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Syans politik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syans_politik" title="Syans politik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Syans politik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasetnas%C3%AE" title="Siyasetnasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siyasetnasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политология – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Политология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_civilis" title="Scientia civilis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia civilis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politolo%C4%A3ija" title="Politoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologija" title="Politologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciensa_politica" title="Sciensa politica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sciensa politica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicologie" title="Politicologie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Politicologie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikatudom%C3%A1ny" title="Politikatudomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikatudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Политички науки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политички науки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാഷ്ട്രതന്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="राज्यशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राज्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტოლოგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლიტოლოგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="علوم سياسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علوم سياسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sains_politik" title="Sains politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sains politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A9ncia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciéncia política – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ciéncia política" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Политологиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Политологиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Улс төрийн шинжлэх ухаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төрийн шинжлэх ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9%E1%80%95%E1%80%B6" title="နိုင်ငံရေးသိပ္ပံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေးသိပ္ပံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicologie" title="Politicologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politicologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="राजनीति विज्ञान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsvitenskap" title="Statsvitenskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statsvitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsvitskap" title="Statsvitskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statsvitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikal_sientie" title="Politikal sientie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Politikal sientie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରାଜନୀତି ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barumsa_taliigaa" title="Barumsa taliigaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Barumsa taliigaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosatshunoslik" title="Siyosatshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosatshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="سیاسي علوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیاسي علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palitikal_sayans" title="Palitikal sayans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Palitikal sayans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologia" title="Politologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Politologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%AAncia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Ciência política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ciência política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologie" title="Politologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політолоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Політолоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политология – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Политология" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isci%C3%A8ntzia_Pol%C3%ACtica" title="Iscièntzia Polìtica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscièntzia Polìtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkenca_politike" title="Shkenca politike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkenca politike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political science" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3" title="سياسي سائنس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سياسي سائنس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politol%C3%B3gia" title="Politológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dne_znanosti" title="Politične znanosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politične znanosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زانستی سیاسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانستی سیاسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политикологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политикологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politologija" title="Politologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiikan_tutkimus" title="Politiikan tutkimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Politiikan tutkimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statsvetenskap" title="Statsvetenskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statsvetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agham_pampolitika" title="Agham pampolitika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Agham pampolitika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசறிவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="రాజనీతి శాస్త్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజనీతి శాస్త్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Сиёсатшиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёсатшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaset_bilimi" title="Siyaset bilimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyaset bilimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سیاسیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngciyoz" title="Cwngciyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngciyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Khoa học chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoa học chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syensya_politika" title="Syensya politika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syensya politika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="政治學 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="政治學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政治學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politolociye" title="Politolociye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Politolociye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政治学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmu_politik" title="Elmu politik – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Elmu politik" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36442#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Political_science" rel="discussion" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Political science</b> is the scientific study of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> dealing with systems of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, <a href="/wiki/Political_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Political behavior">political behavior</a>, and associated <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_political_science" title="History of political science">History of political science</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political science is a social science dealing with systems of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and power, and the analysis of political activities, political institutions, political thought and behavior, and associated <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws">laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a social science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century and began to separate itself from political <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and history.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into the late 19th century, it was still uncommon for political science to be considered a distinct field from history.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "political science" was not always distinguished from political philosophy, and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including moral philosophy, political economy, <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a>, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, classical <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> is primarily defined by a concern for <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thought,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political scientists are also marked by a great concern for "<a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>" and the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, along with the study of classical thought, and as such share more terminology with <a href="/wiki/Sociologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologists">sociologists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and agency</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. The designation "political scientist" is commonly used to denote someone with a doctorate or master's degree in the field.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positive_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive (social sciences)">positive</a> political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i> were founded in 1903 and 1906, respectively, in an effort to distinguish the study of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> from economics and other social phenomena. APSA membership rose from 204 in 1904 to 1,462 in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APSA members played a key role in setting up political science departments that were distinct from history, philosophy, law, sociology, and economics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/300px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/450px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/600px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>A world map distinguishing countries of the world as <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a> (green) from <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a> (blue), a work of political science</figcaption></figure><p>The journal <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i> was established in 1886 by the Academy of Political Science. In the inaugural issue of <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, <a href="/wiki/Munroe_Smith" title="Munroe Smith">Munroe Smith</a> defined political science as "the science of the state. Taken in this sense, it includes the organization and functions of the state, and the relation of states one to another."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of a UNESCO initiative to promote political science in the late 1940s, the International Political Science Association was founded in 1949, as well as national associations in France in 1949, Britain in 1950, and West Germany in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_revolution_and_new_institutionalism">Behavioral revolution and new institutionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavioral revolution and new institutionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline. A focus on studying political behavior, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioral political science, including work by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Converse" title="Philip Converse">Philip Converse</a>, and in the collaboration between sociologist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld" title="Paul Lazarsfeld">Paul Lazarsfeld</a> and public opinion scholar <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Berelson" title="Bernard Berelson">Bernard Berelson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a takeoff in the use of deductive, <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game-theoretic</a> formal modelling techniques aimed at generating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline. This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions, such as the United States Congress, as well as political behavior, such as voting. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a> and his colleagues and students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> were the main proponents of this shift.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite considerable research progress in the discipline based on all types of scholarship discussed above, scholars have noted that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Perestroika Movement">Perestroika Movement</a> in political science was introduced as a reaction against what supporters of the movement called the mathematicization of political science. Those who identified with the movement argued for a plurality of methodologies and approaches in political science and for more relevance of the discipline to those outside of it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> theories argue that humans have evolved a highly developed set of psychological mechanisms for dealing with politics. However, these mechanisms evolved for dealing with the small group politics that characterized the ancestral environment and not the much larger political structures in today's world. This is argued to explain many important features and systematic <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> of current politics.<sup id="cite_ref-AEP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:314px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:312px;"> <div style="background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid white;width:300px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:3px 0 0 3px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="National and regional politics and government (sometimes referred to as area studies)"><img alt="National and regional politics and government (sometimes referred to as area studies)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg/148px-2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg/222px-2011_Philippine_State_of_the_Nation_Address.jpg 1.5x, 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Hall_%283%29.jpg/296px-United_Nations_General_Assembly_Hall_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reading of Voltaire's "L'Orpheline de la Chine" in the salon of Madame Geoffrin"><img alt="A reading of Voltaire's "L'Orpheline de la Chine" in the salon of Madame Geoffrin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg/148px-ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg/222px-ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg/296px-ANICET-CHARLES-GABRIEL_LEMONNIER_A_READING_OF_VOLTAIRE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1309" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockmarket.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stock Market"><img alt="The Stock Market" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stockmarket.jpg/148px-Stockmarket.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stockmarket.jpg/222px-Stockmarket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stockmarket.jpg/296px-Stockmarket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of a Social Network"><img alt="Visualization of a Social Network" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/148px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/222px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png/296px-Social_Network_Analysis_Visualization.png 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#FFFFFF;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of the School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg (1840)"><img alt="Hall of the School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg (1840)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg/148px-Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg/222px-Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg/296px-Zal_Uchilischa_pravovedenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="806" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 3px 3px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flags of the European Union outside of the European Commission"><img alt="Flags of the European Union outside of the European Commission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg/148px-Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg/222px-Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg/296px-Banderas_europeas_en_la_Comisi%C3%B3n_Europea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2405" data-file-height="1647" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Main sub-disciplines of political science</b>, from top left to right: <b>1.</b> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic politics and government</a>; <b>2.</b> <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a>; <b>3.</b> <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a>; <b>4.</b> <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">Political theory</a>; <b>5.</b> <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a>; <b>6.</b> <a href="/wiki/Political_methodology" title="Political methodology">Political methodology</a>; <b>7.</b> <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a>; <b>8.</b> <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></div></div></div><p>Political science is a social study concerning the allocation and transfer of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a>, the roles and systems of governance including <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">governments</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">international organizations</a>, political behaviour, and <a href="/wiki/Public_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policies">public policies</a>. It measures the success of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> and specific policies by examining many factors, including <a href="/wiki/Economic_stability" title="Economic stability">stability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Material_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Material wealth">material wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. Some political scientists seek to advance <a href="/wiki/Positive_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive (social sciences)">positive</a> theses (which attempt to describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be) by analysing politics; others advance <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">normative</a> theses, such as by making specific policy recommendations. The study of politics and policies can be closely connected—for example, in comparative analyses of which types of political institutions tend to produce certain types of policies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political science provides analysis and predictions about political and governmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddocks_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddocks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists examine the processes, systems and political dynamics of countries and regions of the world, often to raise public awareness or to influence specific governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Maddocks_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maddocks-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientists may provide the frameworks from which journalists, special interest groups, politicians, and the <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">electorate</a> analyze issues. According to Chaturvedy, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians, or even run for office as politicians themselves. Political scientists can be found working in governments, in political parties, or as civil servants. They may be involved with <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organizations">non-governmental organizations</a> (NGOs) or political movements. In a variety of capacities, people educated and trained in political science can add value and expertise to <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>. Private enterprises such as <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a>, research institutes, polling and <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> firms often employ political scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country-specific_studies">Country-specific studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Country-specific studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political scientists may study political phenomena within one specific country. For example, they may study just the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">politics of the United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">politics of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientists look at a variety of data, including constitutions, <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>, legislatures, and judiciaries. Political scientists will often focus on the politics of their own country; for example, a political scientist from Indonesia may become an expert in the politics of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticipating_crises">Anticipating crises</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anticipating crises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory of political transitions,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the methods of analyzing and anticipating<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crises,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> form an important part of political science. Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them, one statistical indicator of crisis, a simultaneous increase of <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Correlations" class="mw-redirect" title="Correlations">correlations</a> in large groups, was proposed for crisis anticipation and may be successfully used in various areas.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its applicability for early diagnosis of political crises was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society (by about 64%) and in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre-crisis years.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of major crises, both political crises and external crises that can affect politics, is not limited to attempts to predict regime transitions or major changes in political institutions. Political scientists also study how governments handle unexpected disasters, and how voters in democracies react to their governments' preparations for and responses to crises.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_methods">Research methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Research methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_methodology" title="Political methodology">Political methodology</a></div> <p>Political science is <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodologically</a> diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">social research</a>, political philosophy, and many others, in addition to those that developed chiefly within the field of political science. </p><p>Political scientists approach the study of politics from a host of different ontological orientations and with a variety of different tools. Because political science is essentially a study of <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human behavior</a>, in all aspects of <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental</a> methods are increasingly common (see <a href="/wiki/Experimental_political_science" title="Experimental political science">experimental political science</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citing this difficulty, former <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a> President <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Lowell">Lawrence Lowell</a> once said "We are limited by the impossibility of experiment. Politics is an observational, not an experimental science."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, political scientists have historically observed political elites, institutions, and individual or group behaviour in order to identify patterns, draw generalizations, and build theories of politics. </p><p>Like all social sciences, political science faces the difficulty of observing human actors that can only be partially observed and who have the capacity for making conscious choices, unlike other subjects, such as non-human organisms in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, minerals in <a href="/wiki/Geoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoscience">geoscience</a>, chemical elements in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, stars in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, or particles in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. Despite the complexities, contemporary political science has progressed by adopting a variety of methods and theoretical approaches to understanding politics, and <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> pluralism is a defining feature of contemporary political science. </p><p>Empirical political science methods include the use of field experiments,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surveys and survey experiments,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> case studies,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> process tracing,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historical and institutional analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnography,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> participant observation,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and interview research.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientists also use and develop theoretical tools like game theory and agent-based models to study a host of political systems and situations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other approaches include the study of equation-based models and opinion dynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political theorists approach theories of political phenomena with a similar diversity of positions and tools, including <a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">feminist political theory</a>, historical analysis associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_School_(intellectual_history)" title="Cambridge School (intellectual history)">Cambridge school</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss#Straussianism" title="Leo Strauss">Straussian approaches</a>. </p><p>Political science may overlap with topics of study that are the traditional focuses of other social sciences—for example, when sociological <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a> or psychological <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">biases</a> are connected to political phenomena. In these cases, political science may either inherit their methods of study or develop a contrasting approach.<sup id="cite_ref-wedeen02_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedeen02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Wedeen" title="Lisa Wedeen">Lisa Wedeen</a> has argued that political science's approach to the idea of culture, originating with <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Verba" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a> and exemplified by authors like <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>, could benefit from aligning more closely with the study of culture in anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-wedeen02_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wedeen02-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, methodologies that are developed within political science may influence how researchers in other fields, like public health, conceive of and approach political processes and policies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common piece of academic writing in generalist political sciences is the research paper, which investigates an original <a href="/wiki/Research_question" title="Research question">research question</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">Public policy school</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Arts and Sciences">College of Arts and Sciences</a></div> <p>Political science, possibly like the social sciences as a whole, can be described "as a discipline which lives on the fault line between the 'two cultures' in the academy, the <a href="/wiki/Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences">sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Stoner_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoner-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in most American colleges, especially <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts colleges</a>, it would be located within the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Arts and Sciences">school or college of arts and sciences</a>. If no separate college of arts and sciences exists, or if the college or university prefers that it be in a separate constituent college or academic department, then political science may be a separate department housed as part of a division or school of humanities or <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Arts">liberal arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marist_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marist-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some universities, especially <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a> and in particular those that have a strong cooperation between research, undergraduate, and graduate faculty with a stronger more applied emphasis in public administration, political science would be taught by the university's <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">public policy school</a>. </p><p>Most United States <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">colleges and universities</a> offer BA programs in political science. MA or MAT and PhD or EdD programs are common at larger universities. The term <i>political science</i> is more popular in post-1960s <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> than elsewhere while universities predating the 1960s or those historically influenced by them would call the field of study <i>government</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other institutions, especially those outside the United States, see political science as part of a broader discipline of <i>political studies</i> or <i>politics</i> in general. While <i>political science</i> implies the use of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>, <i>political studies</i> implies a broader approach, although the naming of degree courses does not necessarily reflect their content. Separate, specialized or, in some cases, professional degree programs in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> are common at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, although most but not all undergraduate level education in these sub-fields of political science is generally found in <a href="/wiki/Academic_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic concentration">academic concentrations</a> within a political science <a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">academic major</a>. Master's-level programs in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> are <a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">professional degrees</a> covering public policy along with other applied subjects; they are often seen as more linked to politics than any other discipline, which may be reflected by being housed in that department.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main national honor society for college and university students of government and politics in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Pi_Sigma_Alpha" title="Pi Sigma Alpha">Pi Sigma Alpha</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pi_Alpha_Alpha" title="Pi Alpha Alpha">Pi Alpha Alpha</a> is a national honor society specifically designated for <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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identity">Political identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lists" title="Political lists">Political lists</a> – lists of political topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230225002/https://www.lexico.com/definition/political_science">"Definition from <i>Lexico</i> powered by Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 February 2020"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/political_science">the original</a> on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+from+Lexico+powered+by+Oxford+University+Press.+Retrieved+23+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpolitical_science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230225002/https://www.lexico.com/definition/political_science">"Definition from <i>Lexico</i> powered by Oxford University Press. Retrieved 23 February 2020"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/political_science">the original</a> on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+from+Lexico+powered+by+Oxford+University+Press.+Retrieved+23+February+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpolitical_science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevir2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bevir, Mark (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/history-of-political-science/F1FADCBCCCCB95BB3B8DF694A0A805F3">"A History of Political Science"</a>. <i>Cambridge University Press</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009043458">10.1017/9781009043458</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1009043458" title="Special:BookSources/978-1009043458"><bdi>978-1009043458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009043458&rft.isbn=978-1009043458&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Felements%2Fhistory-of-political-science%2FF1FADCBCCCCB95BB3B8DF694A0A805F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlin1997" class="citation book cs1">Zeitlin, Irving M. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442679498"><i>Rulers and Ruled: An Introduction to Classical Political Theory</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442679498">10.3138/9781442679498</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7877-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-7877-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/9781442679498">10.3138/9781442679498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers+and+Ruled%3A+An+Introduction+to+Classical+Political+Theory&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442679498%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442679498&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7877-3&rft.aulast=Zeitlin&rft.aufirst=Irving+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2F9781442679498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigelman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sigelman, Lee (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956439">"Terminological Interchange Between Sociology and Political Science"</a>. <i>Social Science Quarterly</i>. <b>91</b> (4): 883–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6237.2010.00740.x">10.1111/j.1540-6237.2010.00740.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4941">0038-4941</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956439">42956439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Terminological+Interchange+Between+Sociology+and+Political+Science&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=883-905&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0038-4941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42956439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6237.2010.00740.x&rft.aulast=Sigelman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42956439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Labor_Statistics,_U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="citation web cs1">Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/political-scientists.htm#tab-4">"How to Become a Political Scientist"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627210137/https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-science/political-scientists.htm#tab-4">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Become+a+Political+Scientist&rft.au=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fooh%2Flife-physical-and-social-science%2Fpolitical-scientists.htm%23tab-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1886" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Munroe (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2139299">"Introduction: The Domain of Political Science"</a>. <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2139299">10.2307/2139299</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139299">2139299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118154703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2139299">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+The+Domain+of+Political+Science&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2139299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Munroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2139299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim Quaile Hill, "In Search of General Theory", <i>Journal of Politics</i> <b>74</b> (October 2012), 917–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veelUVVHg8MC"><i>Perestroika!: The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science</i></a>. Yale University Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300130201" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300130201"><bdi>978-0300130201</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820003122/https://books.google.com/books?id=veelUVVHg8MC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Writing+Center+%E2%80%A2+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.atitle=Political+Science&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwritingcenter.unc.edu%2Ftips-and-tools%2Fpolitical-science%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoner-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stoner_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoner2008" class="citation web cs1">Stoner, J.R. (22 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130234044/http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/5/8/p245585_index.html">"Political Science and Political Education"</a>. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA Teaching and Learning Conference (<a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">APSA</a>), San Jose Marriott, <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/4/5/5/8/p245585_index.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>…although one might allege the same for social science as a whole, political scientists receive funding from and play an active role in both the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> [in the United States].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+Science+and+Political+Education&rft.pub=Paper+presented+at+the+annual+meeting+of+the+APSA+Teaching+and+Learning+Conference+%28APSA%29%2C+San+Jose+Marriott%2C+San+Jose%2C+California&rft.date=2008-02-22&rft.aulast=Stoner&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F2%2F4%2F5%2F5%2F8%2Fp245585_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marist-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marist_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., the department of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marist.edu/liberalarts/polsci/">Political Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319012259/http://www.marist.edu/liberalarts/polsci/">Archived</a> 19 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marist_College" title="Marist College">Marist College</a>, part of a Division of Humanities before that division became the School of Liberal Arts (c. 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSalvo2013" class="citation journal cs1">DiSalvo, Daniel (1 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-013-9631-7">"The Politics of Studying Politics: Political Science Since the 1960s"</a>. <i>Society</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 132–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-013-9631-7">10.1007/s12115-013-9631-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4725">1936-4725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255514132">255514132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Studying+Politics%3A+Political+Science+Since+the+1960s&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=132-139&rft.date=2013-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255514132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1936-4725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-013-9631-7&rft.aulast=DiSalvo&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-013-9631-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernardakis1998" class="citation book cs1">Vernardakis, George (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3DDiQm3M8C&pg=PA77"><i>Graduate education in government</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761811718" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761811718"><bdi>978-0761811718</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904012526/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd3DDiQm3M8C&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>…existing practices at Harvard University, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Michigan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graduate+education+in+government&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0761811718&rft.aulast=Vernardakis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRd3DDiQm3M8C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716091610/http://www.apsanet.org/content_34140.cfm">The Evolution of Political Science</a></i> (November 2006). APSR Centennial Volume of <i><a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Review" title="American Political Science Review">American Political Science Review</a></i>. <i>Apsanet</i>. 4 February 2009.</li> <li>Alter, Karen J., et al. "Gender and status in American political science: Who determines whether a scholar is noteworthy?." <i>Perspectives on Politics</i> 18.4 (2020): 1048–1067. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/xbhhphrsbvcpthqsatywdzbafm/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/E2682D0FF7BA686CF20BDA89FA2C30C3/S1537592719004985a.pdf/div-class-title-gender-and-status-in-american-political-science-who-determines-whether-a-scholar-is-noteworthy-div.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Atchison, Amy L, ed. <i>Political Science Is for Everybody : An Introduction to Political Science</i>. University of Toronto Press, 2021.</li> <li>Badie, Bertrand, et al. <i>International Encyclopedia of Political Science</i>. SAGE, 2011.</li> <li>Berlin, Mark Stephen, and Anum Pasha Syed. "The Middle East and North Africa in Political Science Scholarship: Analyzing Publication Patterns in Leading Journals, 1990–2019". <i>International Studies Review</i> 24.3 (2022): viac027.</li> <li>Blatt, Jessica. <i>Race and the Making of American Political Science</i> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.</li> <li>Breuning, Marijke, Joseph Bredehoft, and Eugene Walton. "Promise and performance: an evaluation of journals in International Relations." <i>International Studies Perspectives</i> 6.4 (2005): 447–461. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/68292348/j.1528-3577.2005.00220.x20210724-3457-eoc4t4.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Frickel, Scott. "Political scientists". <i>Sociological Forum</i> 33#1 (2018).</li> <li>Garand, James C., and Micheal W. Giles. "Journals in the discipline: a report on a new survey of American political scientists". <i>PS: Political Science & Politics</i> 36.2 (2003): 293–308. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231955121_Journals_in_the_Discipline_A_Report_on_a_New_Survey_of_American_Political_Scientists">available from the authors</a></li> <li>Gerardo L. Munck and Richard Snyder, eds. <i>Passion, Craft, and Method in Comparative Politics.</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007)</li> <li>Goodin, R.E.; Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. <i>A New Handbook of Political Science</i>. (Oxford University Press, 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198294719" title="Special:BookSources/0198294719">0198294719</a>.</li> <li>Goodin, Robert E, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Science</i>. Oxford University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Hochschild, Jennifer L. "Race and Class in Political Science" <i>Michigan Journal of Race and Law</i>, 2005 11(1): 99–114.</li> <li>Hunger, Sophia, and Fred Paxton. "What's in a buzzword? A systematic review of the state of populism research in political science". <i>Political Science Research and Methods</i> (2021): 1–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D9CD5E7E13DFA30FD05D41F32E6C122B/S2049847021000443a.pdf/whats-in-a-buzzword-a-systematic-review-of-the-state-of-populism-research-in-political-science.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Katznelson, Ira, et al. <i>Political Science: The State of the Discipline</i>. W.W. Norton, 2002.</li> <li>Kellstedt, Paul M, and Guy D Whitten. <i>The Fundamentals of Political Science Research</i> Third ed., Cambridge University Press, 2018.</li> <li>Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, ed. <i>The State of Political Science in Western Europe</i> (Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publisher 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3866490451" title="Special:BookSources/978-3866490451">978-3866490451</a>.</li> <li>Kostova, Dobrinka, et al. "Determinants and Diversity of Internationalisation in Political Science: The Role of National Policy Incentives". <i>European Political Science</i> (2022): 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41304-022-00365-x">online</a></li> <li>Lowndes, Vivien, et al., editors. <i>Theory and Methods in Political Science.</i> Fourth ed., Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.</li> <li>Noel, Hans (2010-10-14 | DOI <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202/1540-8884.1393">Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/for.2010.8.3_20120105083456/for.2010.8.3/for.2010.8.3.1393/for.2010.8.3.1393.xml">"Ten Things Political Scientists Know that You Don't"</a> <i>The Forum</i>: Vol. 8: Iss. 3, Article 12.</li> <li>Morlino, Leonardo, et al. <i>Political Science: A Global Perspective</i>. Sage, 2017.</li> <li>Nisonger, Thomas E. "Journals of the Century in Political Science and International Relations". in <i>Journals of the Century</i> (Routledge, 2019) pp. 271–288.</li> <li>Peez, Anton. "Contributions and blind spots of constructivist norms research in international relations, 1980–2018: A systematic evidence and gap analysis". <i>International Studies Review</i> 24.1 (2022): viab055. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isr/article/24/1/viab055/6506126">online</a></li> <li>Raadschelders, Jos CN, and Kwang‐Hoon Lee. "Trends in the study of public administration: Empirical and qualitative observations from Public Administration Review, 2000–2009." <i>Public Administration Review</i> 71.1 (2011): 19–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jos-Raadschelders/publication/229494370_Trends_in_the_Study_of_Public_Administration_Empirical_and_Qualitative_Observations_from_Public_Administration_Review_2000-2009/links/59c24d060f7e9b21a82a53ee/Trends-in-the-Study-of-Public-Administration-Empirical-and-Qualitative-Observations-from-Public-Administration-Review-2000-2009.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roskin" title="Michael Roskin">Roskin, M.</a> et al. <i>Political Science: An Introduction</i> (14th ed. Pearson, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Political-Science-Introduction-Updated-2-downloads-ebook/dp/B08DFWBPMK/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Schram, S.F.; Caterino, B., eds. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kyJ5GJ7DeMQC">Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method</a></i>. (New York University Press, 2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendon_A._Schubert" title="Glendon A. Schubert">Schubert,Glendon A.</a> (1958) The Theory of "The Public Interest" in Judicial Decision-Making – <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2109163">2109163</a></li> <li>—— (1958) The Study of Judicial Decision-Making as an Aspect of Political Behavior – <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1951981">1951981</a></li> <li>—— (1959) Quantitative Analysis of Judicial Behavior</li> <li>Shively, W. Phillips, and David Schultz. <i>Power and choice: An introduction to political science</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022).</li> <li>Simon, Douglas W., and Joseph Romance. <i>The challenge of politics: an introduction to political science</i> (CQ press, 2022).</li> <li>Tausch, Arno, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3950846">For a globally visible political science in the 21st Century. Bibliometric analyses and strategic consequences</a>" (2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch,_Arno2023" class="citation cs2">Tausch, Arno (2023), <i>Farewell - peace and justice? : a look back at (my) half a century of political science in times of the Ukraine crisis</i>, Nova Science Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798891130555" title="Special:BookSources/9798891130555"><bdi>9798891130555</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farewell+-+peace+and+justice%3F+%3A+a+look+back+at+%28my%29+half+a+century+of+political+science+in+times+of+the+Ukraine+crisis&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9798891130555&rft.au=Tausch%2C+Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, C. L., & Russett, B. M. Eds..<i> Karl W. Deutsch: Pioneer in the Theory of International Relations</i> (Springer, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Karl-Deutsch-International-Humanities-Engineering-ebook/dp/B0825NM1NZ/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Tronconi, Filippo, and Isabelle Engeli. "The networked researcher, the editorial manager, and the traveller: the profiles of international political scientists and the determinants of internationalisation". <i>European Political Science</i> (2022): 1–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41304-022-00368-8online">[1]</a></li> <li>Van Evera, Stephen. <i>Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science</i>. Cornell University Press, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Guide-Methods-Students-Political-Science/dp/080148457X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Weber, Erik, et al. "Thinking about laws in political science (and beyond)". <i>Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour</i> 52.1 (2022): 199–222.</li> <li>Zippelius, Reinhold (2003). <i>Geschichte der Staatsideen (History of political Ideas)</i>, 10th ed. Munich: <a href="/wiki/C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406494943" title="Special:BookSources/3406494943">3406494943</a>.</li> <li>Zippelius, Reinhold (2010). <i>Allgemeine Staatslehre, Politikwissenschaft (Political Science)</i>, 16th ed. Munich: <a href="/wiki/C.H._Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Beck">C.H. Beck</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3406603426" title="Special:BookSources/978-3406603426">978-3406603426</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002032919/http://www.ecpr.eu/">European Consortium for Political Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415202647/http://icrhs.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/">Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR) in Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iapss.org/">International Association for Political Science Students</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipsa.org/">International Political Science Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isanet.org/">International Studies Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025031651/http://www.mpsanet.org/">Midwest Political Science Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa.ac.uk/">Political Studies Association of the UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219111720/http://spsa.net/">Southern Political Science Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading_2">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsaportal.unina.it/">IPSAPortal: Top 300 websites for Political Science</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227123603/http://ipsaportal.unina.it/">Archived</a> 27 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ooir.org/index.php?field=Social+Sciences&category=Political+Science">Observatory of International Research (OOIR): Latest Papers and Trends in Political Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicalscience.org/">PROL: Political Science Research Online (prepublished research)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_guides">Library guides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_science&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Library guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary" class="citation web cs1">Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707175200/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084">"Political Science"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. Michigan: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guides.lib.umich.edu/content.php?pid=17084">the original</a> on 7 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=Political+Science&rft.au=Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguides.lib.umich.edu%2Fcontent.php%3Fpid%3D17084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodleian_Libraries" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Libraries" title="Bodleian Libraries">Bodleian Libraries</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218121858/http://ox.libguides.com/politics">"Political Science"</a>. <i>LibGuides</i>. UK: University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ox.libguides.com/politics">the original</a> on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LibGuides&rft.atitle=Political+Science&rft.au=Bodleian+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fox.libguides.com%2Fpolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+science" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary" class="citation web cs1">Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140723120001/http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics">"Politics Research Guide"</a>. <i>LibGuides</i>. New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.princeton.edu/politics">the original</a> on 23 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Portal:Social Sciences">Wikiversity</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background: lightblue"><div id="Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_and_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_and_government" title="Template talk:Politics and government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_and_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics and government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_and_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">Central government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><i>Levels:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_government" class="mw-redirect" title="County government">County government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Lists:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">Govt systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">Countries by system</a></li> <li><i>Systems:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electocracy" title="Electocracy">Electocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergatocracy">Ergatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniocracy" title="Geniocracy">Geniocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_e-democracy" title="Collaborative e-democracy">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanaticism" title="Fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><i>Theoreticians:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="National healthcare">National healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><i>Regulation:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental regulation">Environmental regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking regulation">Banking regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Food inspection">Food inspection</a></li> <li><i>Municipal:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lights">Traffic lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Street cleaning">Street cleaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Documents</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">Uncodified constitution</a></li> <li><i>Roles:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><i>Bodies:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><i>Legislative bodies</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_council" title="Legislative council">Legislative council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance <br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Process:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li> <li><i>Outcomes:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">Elections</a>:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Campaigns</a></li> <li><i>Groups:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy groups">Advocacy groups</a></li> <li><i>Issues:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Fields of study</i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Overviews:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><i>Reforms</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><i>Documents:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">Embassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><i>World:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="World Government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="World Court">World Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">History of philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><i>Templates:</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies">Political ideologies</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_culture" title="Template:Political culture">Political culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Social and political philosophy">Social and political philosophy</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism">liberalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox">Conservatism navbox</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aspects of capitalism">aspects of capitalism</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Western culture">Western culture</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous types of first-tier administration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:World_government" title="Template:World government">World government</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_government" title="Category:Forms of government">Forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_democracy" title="Category:Types of democracy">Types of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties" title="Category:Political parties">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common types of government <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">ministries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">Vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state" title="Secretary of state">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_by_portfolio" title="Category:Government ministers by portfolio">Government ministers by portfolio</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ministries_by_portfolio" title="Category:Ministries by portfolio">Ministries by portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Science politique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13319064q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570484">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="politologie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115796&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000051546&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998006996">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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