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Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Politik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="بوابة:السياسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:السياسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Политика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Портал:Политика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politika" title="Portal:Politika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Portal:Politika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Politika" title="Portál:Politika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Politika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Politik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Poliitika" title="Portaal:Poliitika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Poliitika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Portal:Política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Politiko" title="Portalo:Politiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Politiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="درگاه:سیاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:سیاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Politique" title="Portail:Politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="प्रवेशद्वार:राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portale:Politica" title="Portale:Politica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portale:Politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Politika" title="Portál:Politika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Politika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Политика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Политика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="بوابة:سياسة – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوابة:سياسة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politik" title="Portal:Politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Politiek" title="Portaal:Politiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Politiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:政治学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:政治学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Politikk" title="Tema:Politikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tema:Politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politica" title="Portal:Politica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Politica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Портал:Политике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Портал:Политике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siyosat" title="Portal:Siyosat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portal:Siyosat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Polityka" title="Portal:Polityka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portal:Polityka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pol%C3%ADtica" title="Portal:Política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politic%C4%83" title="Portal:Politică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Llaqta_pusay" title="Punku p'anqa: Llaqta pusay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Llaqta pusay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Портал:Политика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Политика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purtali:Pul%C3%ACtica" title="Purtali:Pulìtica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Purtali:Pulìtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්වාරය:දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Politika" title="Portál:Politika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Politika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siyaasadda" title="Portal:Siyaasadda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Siyaasadda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دەروازە:سیاسەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:سیاسەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Politiikka" title="Teemasivu:Politiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Politiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலைவாசல்:அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82" title="Портал:Сәясәт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Сәясәт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สถานีย่อย:การเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:การเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siyaset" title="Portal:Siyaset – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="باب:سیاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باب:سیاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Polletiek" title="Portoal:Polletiek – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Portoal:Polletiek" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Portal:政治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siyaset" title="Portal:Siyaset – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Portal:Siyaset" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:政治" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8133239#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia portal for content related to Politics</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%; background-color: transparent; color: inherit; vertical-align: top; border: 0px; border-spacing: 0; margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="width: 0.05%; border-bottom: 3px solid #CC4E5C"></td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: 3px solid #CC4E5C; font-size: 110%; background-color: #0F70D2; border-bottom-color: #0F70D2; font-weight:bold; width: 4.9%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFF"><b>Main</b></span></a></td><td style="width: 0.1%; border-bottom: 3px solid #CC4E5C"></td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: 3px solid #CC4E5C; font-size: 110%; background-color: #1E4BDF; width: 4.9%;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Categories_and_topics" title="Portal:Politics/Categories and topics"><span style="color:#FFF"><b>Topics and categories</b></span></a></td><td style="width: 0.1%; border-bottom: 3px solid #CC4E5C"></td><td style="text-align: center; padding:0.3em; border: 3px solid #CC4E5C; font-size: 110%; background-color: #1E4BDF; width: 4.9%;"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Tasks_and_projects" title="Portal:Politics/Tasks and projects"><span style="color:#FFF"><b>Tasks and projects</b></span></a></td><td style="width: 0.05%; border-bottom: 3px solid #CC4E5C"></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="border: 3px solid #CC4E5C; border-top: none; background-color: #0F70D2; color: black; padding: .5em 1em 1em 1em;"><div style="padding: 1ex"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="The_Politics_portal" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><big>The Politics portal</big></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:πολιτικά">πολιτικά</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>politiká</i></span>)</i> 'affairs of the cities') is the set of activities that are associated with <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">making decisions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">groups</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power relations</a> among individuals, such as the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> or <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a>. The branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> that studies politics and government is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>. </p><p>Politics may be used positively in the context of a "political solution" which is compromising and non-violent, or descriptively as "the art or science of government", but the word often also carries a negative connotation. The concept has been defined in various ways, and different approaches have fundamentally differing views on whether it should be used extensively or in a limited way, empirically or normatively, and on whether conflict or co-operation is more essential to it. </p><p>A variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> with other political subjects, making <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a>, and exercising internal and external <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes">tribes</a> of traditional societies, through modern <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">companies</a> and institutions up to <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/International_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International politics">international level</a>. </p><p>In modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a>, people often form <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a> to represent their ideas. Members of a party often agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders. An <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> is usually a competition between different parties. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a society. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">history of political thought</a> can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>'s political manuscripts and <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="background-color: #FFFFFF;"><div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Politics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FSelected_article&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_article" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected article</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees,_May_8,_2007_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="Elizabeth II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/115px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/173px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg/230px-Elizabeth_II_greets_NASA_GSFC_employees%2C_May_8%2C_2007_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy of the United Kingdom</a></b> is a system of government in which a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> of the United Kingdom and its <a href="/wiki/British_overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British overseas territory">overseas territories</a>. The terms <i>British monarch</i> and <i>British monarchy</i> may mean different things in different contexts beyond the United Kingdom. The present monarch is <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>, who has reigned since 8 September 2022. The <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> is his brother,. They and the Queen's husband and <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">consort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, undertake various public duties in accordance with their positions. Elizabeth II is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a> and also reigns as head of state of 15 other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries. This developed from the former colonial relationship of these countries to Britain, but they are now independent and the monarchy of each is legally distinct. </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Selected_article" title="Portal:Politics/Selected article">More selected articles</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Read more</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FFeatured_picture&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Featured_picture" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Featured picture</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrew_Curtin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andrew_Curtin2.jpg/300px-Andrew_Curtin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="441" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andrew_Curtin2.jpg/450px-Andrew_Curtin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Andrew_Curtin2.jpg/600px-Andrew_Curtin2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4171" data-file-height="6138" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;" width="33%"><small>Credit: Photo: <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levin_Corbin_Handy" title="Levin Corbin Handy">Levin Handy</a>; Restoration: <a href="/wiki/User:Mvuijlst" title="User:Mvuijlst">Michel Vuijlsteke</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Andrew Gregg Curtin</a></b> (1817–1894) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Pennsylvania">15th Governor of Pennsylvania</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. During the Civil War, Curtin organized the Pennsylvania reserves into combat units, and oversaw the construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> military camp for training <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, Governor Curtin was the principal force behind the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_National_Cemetery" title="Gettysburg National Cemetery">National Cemetery</a> there. After serving two terms as governor, Curtin was appointed <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Russia by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, and he later served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from 1881 until 1887. </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Featured_picture" title="Portal:Politics/Featured picture">More featured pictures</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Read more</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="_Featured_lists_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cscr-featured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/23px-Cscr-featured.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/35px-Cscr-featured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cscr-featured.png/46px-Cscr-featured.png 2x" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="158" /></a></span>  Featured lists - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Politics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:ivory"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; 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margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1 The U.S. state of Massachusetts has 14 counties, though eight of these fourteen county governments were abolished between 1997 and 2000. The counties in the southeastern portion of the state retain county-level local government (Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Norfolk, Plymouth) or, in one case, (Nantucket County) consolidated city-county government. Vestigial judicial and law enforcement districts still follow county boundaries even in the counties whose county-level government has been disestablished, and the counties are still generally recognized as geographic entities if not political ones. Three counties (Hampshire, Barnstable, and Franklin) have formed new county regional compacts to serve as a form of regional governance. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 1 The U.S. state of Massachusetts has 14 counties, though eight of these fourteen county governments were abolished between 1997 and 2000. The counties in the southeastern portion of the state retain county-level local government (Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Norfolk, Plymouth) or, in one case, (Nantucket County) consolidated city-county government. Vestigial judicial and law enforcement districts still follow county boundaries even in the counties whose county-level government has been disestablished, and the counties are still generally recognized as geographic entities if not political ones. Three counties (Hampshire, Barnstable, and Franklin) have formed new county regional compacts to serve as a form of regional governance. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> has 14 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>, though eight of these fourteen county governments were abolished between 1997 and 2000. The counties in the southeastern portion of the state retain county-level local government (Barnstable, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a>, Dukes, Norfolk, Plymouth) or, in one case, (<a href="/wiki/Nantucket_County,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantucket County, Massachusetts">Nantucket County</a>) consolidated city-county government. Vestigial judicial and law enforcement districts still follow county boundaries even in the counties whose county-level government has been disestablished, and the counties are still generally recognized as geographic entities if not political ones. Three counties (Hampshire, Barnstable, and Franklin) have formed new county regional compacts to serve as a form of regional governance. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2 The president of the Indian National Congress is the chief executive of the Indian National Congress (INC), one of the principal political parties in India. Constitutionally, the president is elected by an electoral college composed of members drawn from the Pradesh Congress Committees and members of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). In the event of any emergency because of any cause such as the death or resignation of the president elected as above, the most senior general secretary discharges the routine functions of the president until the Working Committee appoints a provisional president pending the election of a regular president by the AICC. The president of the party has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the party's organisation, head of the Working Committee, the chief spokesman, and all chief Congress committees. After the party's foundation in December 1885, Womesh Chandra Banerjee became its first president. From 1885 to 1933, the presidency had a term of one year only. From 1933 onwards, there was no such fixed term for the president. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Parliamentary Party. Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold any organisational elections after 1978. In 1978, Gandhi split from the INC and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I), which the national election commission declared to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1980 general election. Gandhi institutionalised the practice of having the same person as the Congress president and the prime minister of India after the formation of Congress (I). Her successors Rajiv Gandhi and P. V. Narasimha Rao also continued that practice. Nonetheless, in 2004, when the Congress was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first and only prime minister not to be the president of the party since establishment of the practice of the president holding both positions. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 2 The president of the Indian National Congress is the chief executive of the Indian National Congress (INC), one of the principal political parties in India. Constitutionally, the president is elected by an electoral college composed of members drawn from the Pradesh Congress Committees and members of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). In the event of any emergency because of any cause such as the death or resignation of the president elected as above, the most senior general secretary discharges the routine functions of the president until the Working Committee appoints a provisional president pending the election of a regular president by the AICC. The president of the party has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the party's organisation, head of the Working Committee, the chief spokesman, and all chief Congress committees. After the party's foundation in December 1885, Womesh Chandra Banerjee became its first president. From 1885 to 1933, the presidency had a term of one year only. From 1933 onwards, there was no such fixed term for the president. During Jawaharlal Nehru's premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Parliamentary Party. Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under Indira Gandhi did not hold any organisational elections after 1978. In 1978, Gandhi split from the INC and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I), which the national election commission declared to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1980 general election. Gandhi institutionalised the practice of having the same person as the Congress president and the prime minister of India after the formation of Congress (I). Her successors Rajiv Gandhi and P. V. Narasimha Rao also continued that practice. Nonetheless, in 2004, when the Congress was voted back into power, Manmohan Singh became the first and only prime minister not to be the president of the party since establishment of the practice of the president holding both positions. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/220px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/330px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg/440px-Indian_National_Congress_hand_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of national presidents of the Indian National Congress">president of the Indian National Congress</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive">chief executive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC), one of the principal political parties in India. Constitutionally, the president is elected by an electoral college composed of members drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Pradesh Congress Committees</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (AICC). In the event of any emergency because of any cause such as the death or resignation of the president elected as above, the most senior general secretary discharges the routine functions of the president until the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Working Committee</a> appoints a provisional president pending the election of a regular president by the AICC. The president of the party has effectively been the party's national leader, head of the party's organisation, head of the Working Committee, the chief spokesman, and all chief Congress committees.<br /><br />After the party's foundation in December 1885, <a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chandra_Bonnerjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee">Womesh Chandra Banerjee</a> became its first president. From 1885 to 1933, the presidency had a term of one year only. From 1933 onwards, there was no such fixed term for the president. During <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s premiership, he rarely held the Presidency of INC, even though he was always head of the Parliamentary Party. Despite being a party with a structure, Congress under <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> did not hold any organisational elections after 1978. In 1978, Gandhi split from the INC and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I), which the <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_India" title="Election Commission of India">national election commission</a> declared to be the real Indian National Congress for the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">1980 general election</a>. Gandhi institutionalised the practice of having the same person as the Congress president and the prime minister of India after the formation of Congress (I). Her successors <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> also continued that practice. Nonetheless, in 2004, when the Congress was voted back into power, <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> became the first and only prime minister not to be the president of the party since establishment of the practice of the president holding both positions. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3 Map of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red) and Townships (white) Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, United States, is divided into 13 incorporated municipalities. State law defines the two kinds of municipalities present in the county: four boroughs and nine townships. In the 2010 census, the population of Sullivan County was 6,428, making it an "Eighth Class County", defined by Pennsylvania law as "having a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants". Its county seat is Laporte, which was the smallest county seat in Pennsylvania by population, as of 2001. Sullivan County is located in north central Pennsylvania, about 123 miles (198 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 195 miles (314 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh. The county covers 452 square miles (1,170 km2), of which 450 square miles (1,165 km2) is land and 2 square miles (5.2 km2) (0.53%) is water. Its municipalities range in size from the borough of Dushore with 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) to Davidson Township with 78.2 square miles (203 km2). Cherry Township has the highest population of any municipality (1,705 or 26.5% of the county total as of 2010), while the borough of Eagles Mere has the lowest population (120 or 1.9%). (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 3 Map of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red) and Townships (white) Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, United States, is divided into 13 incorporated municipalities. State law defines the two kinds of municipalities present in the county: four boroughs and nine townships. In the 2010 census, the population of Sullivan County was 6,428, making it an "Eighth Class County", defined by Pennsylvania law as "having a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants". Its county seat is Laporte, which was the smallest county seat in Pennsylvania by population, as of 2001. Sullivan County is located in north central Pennsylvania, about 123 miles (198 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 195 miles (314 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh. The county covers 452 square miles (1,170 km2), of which 450 square miles (1,165 km2) is land and 2 square miles (5.2 km2) (0.53%) is water. Its municipalities range in size from the borough of Dushore with 0.9 square miles (2.3 km2) to Davidson Township with 78.2 square miles (203 km2). Cherry Township has the highest population of any municipality (1,705 or 26.5% of the county total as of 2010), while the borough of Eagles Mere has the lowest population (120 or 1.9%). (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The county has nine township and four small boroughs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png/220px-Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png/330px-Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png/440px-Map_of_Sullivan_County_Pennsylvania_with_Municipal_and_Township_Labels.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sullivan County, Pennsylvania with Municipal Labels showing Boroughs (red) and Townships (white)</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Sullivan County, Pennsylvania</a>, United States, is divided into 13 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal incorporation">incorporated municipalities</a>. State law defines the two kinds of municipalities present in the county: four <a href="/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)" title="Borough (Pennsylvania)">boroughs</a> and nine <a href="/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)" title="Township (Pennsylvania)">townships</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 census</a>, the population of Sullivan County was 6,428, making it an "Eighth Class County", defined by Pennsylvania law as "having a population of less than 20,000 inhabitants". Its <a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">county seat</a> is <a href="/wiki/Laporte,_Pennsylvania" title="Laporte, Pennsylvania">Laporte</a>, which was the smallest county seat in Pennsylvania by population, as of 2001.<br /><br />Sullivan County is located in north central Pennsylvania, about 123 miles (198 km) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia</a> and 195 miles (314 km) east-northeast of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh</a>. The county covers 452 square miles (1,170 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 450 square miles (1,165 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 2 square miles (5.2 km<sup>2</sup>) (0.53%) is water. Its municipalities range in size from the borough of <a href="/wiki/Dushore,_Pennsylvania" title="Dushore, Pennsylvania">Dushore</a> with 0.9 square miles (2.3 km<sup>2</sup>) to <a href="/wiki/Davidson_Township,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Davidson Township, Pennsylvania">Davidson Township</a> with 78.2 square miles (203 km<sup>2</sup>). <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Township,_Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Cherry Township, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Cherry Township</a> has the highest population of any municipality (1,705 or 26.5% of the county total as of 2010), while the borough of <a href="/wiki/Eagles_Mere,_Pennsylvania" title="Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania">Eagles Mere</a> has the lowest population (120 or 1.9%). (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Sullivan_County,_Pennsylvania" title="List of municipalities in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4 The Canadian province of New Brunswick was a British crown colony before it joined Canada in 1867. It had a system of responsible government beginning in 1854, and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. New Brunswick has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that has the confidence of the Legislative Assembly to form a government. The premier is New Brunswick's head of government, and the king of Canada is its head of state and is represented by the lieutenant governor of New Brunswick. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of New Brunswick, and presides over that body. Members are first elected to the legislature during general elections. General elections must be conducted every five years from the date of the last election, but the premier may ask for early dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. An election may also take place if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 4 The Canadian province of New Brunswick was a British crown colony before it joined Canada in 1867. It had a system of responsible government beginning in 1854, and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. New Brunswick has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that has the confidence of the Legislative Assembly to form a government. The premier is New Brunswick's head of government, and the king of Canada is its head of state and is represented by the lieutenant governor of New Brunswick. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of New Brunswick, and presides over that body. Members are first elected to the legislature during general elections. General elections must be conducted every five years from the date of the last election, but the premier may ask for early dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. An election may also take place if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">The <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian province</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> was a British <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">crown colony</a> before it joined <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 1867. It had a system of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> beginning in 1854, and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. New Brunswick has a unicameral <a href="/wiki/Westminster-style" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster-style">Westminster-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary government">parliamentary government</a>, in which the premier is the leader of the party that has the confidence of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">Legislative Assembly</a> to form a government. The premier is New Brunswick's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Canada">king of Canada</a> is its <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">lieutenant governor of New Brunswick</a>. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Brunswick" title="Executive Council of New Brunswick">Executive Council of New Brunswick</a>, and presides over that body.<br /><br />Members are first elected to the legislature during <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Brunswick general elections">general elections</a>. General elections must be conducted every five years from the date of the last election, but the premier may ask for early dissolution of the Legislative Assembly. An election may also take place if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of premiers of New Brunswick">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5 Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2024.   Partly free   Not free EU member states are marked by a brighter colour. Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union: Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime. As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 5 Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2024.   Partly free   Not free EU member states are marked by a brighter colour. Member states of the European Union use various forms of democracy. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union: Consequently, all member states have direct elections, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "free" or "partly free" according to the criteria of Freedom House. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a hybrid regime. As of 2015, all European Union member states are representative democracies; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg/220px-European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg/330px-European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg/440px-European_Union_neighbour_states_by_freedom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption><br />Freedom House ratings for European Union and surrounding states, as of 2024. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFCC00; color:black;"> </span> Partly free</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF3333; color:black;"> </span> Not free</div>EU member states are marked by a brighter colour.</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states of the European Union</a> use various forms of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) is a <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">states</a>. At a <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> Summit held in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, on 21 June and 22 June 1993, the European Union defined the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a> regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">accession to the European Union</a>:<br /><br />Consequently, all member states have <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a>, nominally democratic states that are considered to be "<a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">free</a>" or "partly free" according to the criteria of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>. As of 2020, there is no expert consensus on how to classify Hungary's regime type; Freedom House considers it a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>. As of 2015, all European Union member states are <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracies</a>; however, they do not all have the same political system, with most of the differences arising from different historical backgrounds. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_political_system" title="List of European Union member states by political system">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6 Map of the counties of colonial Connecticut, 1766. There are eight counties in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Four of the counties – Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven and New London – were created in 1666, shortly after the Connecticut Colony and the New Haven Colony combined. Windham and Litchfield counties were created later in the colonial era, while Middlesex and Tolland counties were created after American independence (both in 1785). Six of the counties are named for locations in England, where many early Connecticut settlers originated; Fairfield County was named after the salt marshes that bordered the coast, while New Haven County was named for the New Haven Colony. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 6 Map of the counties of colonial Connecticut, 1766. There are eight counties in the U.S. state of Connecticut. Four of the counties – Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven and New London – were created in 1666, shortly after the Connecticut Colony and the New Haven Colony combined. Windham and Litchfield counties were created later in the colonial era, while Middlesex and Tolland counties were created after American independence (both in 1785). Six of the counties are named for locations in England, where many early Connecticut settlers originated; Fairfield County was named after the salt marshes that bordered the coast, while New Haven County was named for the New Haven Colony. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut,_Moses_Park,_1766.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg/300px-Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg/450px-Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg/600px-Plan_of_the_Colony_of_Connecticut%2C_Moses_Park%2C_1766.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Map of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Connecticut">colonial Connecticut</a>, 1766.</figcaption></figure><br />There are eight <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<br /><br />Four of the counties – Fairfield, Hartford, New Haven and New London – were created in 1666, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a> combined. Windham and Litchfield counties were created later in the colonial era, while Middlesex and Tolland counties were created after American independence (both in 1785). Six of the counties are named for locations in England, where many early Connecticut settlers originated; Fairfield County was named after the salt marshes that bordered the coast, while New Haven County was named for the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven Colony</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Connecticut" title="List of counties in Connecticut">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7 During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not always necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary. Under the 1977 Constitution, the chairman of the Council of Ministers was the head of government and the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the head of state. The office of the chairman of the Council of Ministers was comparable to a prime minister in the First World whereas the office of the chairman of the Presidium was comparable to a president. In the ideology of Vladimir Lenin, the head of the Soviet state was a collegiate body of the vanguard party (as described in What Is to Be Done?). Following Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s, the post of the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party became synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the Communist Party and, via party membership, the Soviet government. Often the general secretary also held high positions in the government. The post of general secretary lacked clear guidelines of succession, so after the death or removal of a Soviet leader the successor needed the support of the Political Bureau (Politburo), the Central Committee, or another government or party apparatus to both take and stay in power. The President of the Soviet Union, an office created in March 1990, replaced the general secretary as the highest Soviet political office. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 7 During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not always necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary. Under the 1977 Constitution, the chairman of the Council of Ministers was the head of government and the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was the head of state. The office of the chairman of the Council of Ministers was comparable to a prime minister in the First World whereas the office of the chairman of the Presidium was comparable to a president. In the ideology of Vladimir Lenin, the head of the Soviet state was a collegiate body of the vanguard party (as described in What Is to Be Done?). Following Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s, the post of the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party became synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the Communist Party and, via party membership, the Soviet government. Often the general secretary also held high positions in the government. The post of general secretary lacked clear guidelines of succession, so after the death or removal of a Soviet leader the successor needed the support of the Political Bureau (Politburo), the Central Committee, or another government or party apparatus to both take and stay in power. The President of the Soviet Union, an office created in March 1990, replaced the general secretary as the highest Soviet political office. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">During <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">its 69-year history</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> usually had a <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> leader who would not always necessarily be <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> but would lead while holding an office such as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party General Secretary</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">chairman of the Council of Ministers</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. The office of the chairman of the Council of Ministers was comparable to a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> whereas the office of the chairman of the Presidium was comparable to a <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">ideology of Vladimir Lenin</a>, the head of the Soviet state was a collegiate body of the <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a> (as described in <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></i>).<br /><br />Following <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Joseph Stalin">consolidation of power</a> in the 1920s, the post of the general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party</a> became synonymous with leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> and, via party membership, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Soviet government</a>. Often the general secretary also held high positions in the government. The post of general secretary lacked clear guidelines of succession, so after the death or removal of a Soviet leader the successor needed the support of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Political Bureau</a> (Politburo), the Central Committee, or another government or party apparatus to both take and stay in power. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a>, an office created in March 1990, replaced the general secretary as the highest Soviet political office. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8 Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected Pope Francis by the conclave on 13 March 2013. The papal conclave of 2013 was convened to elect a pope, the leader of the Catholic Church, to succeed Benedict XVI following his resignation on 28 February 2013. In accordance with the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, which governed the vacancy of the Holy See, only cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the Holy See became vacant (in this case, those who were born on or after 28 February 1933) were eligible to participate in the conclave. Although not a formal requirement, the cardinal electors invariably elect the pope from among their number. The election was carried out by secret ballot (Latin: per scrutinium). Of the 207 members of the College of Cardinals at the time of Benedict XVI's resignation, there were 117 cardinal electors who were eligible to participate in the subsequent conclave. Two cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number in attendance to 115. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority was 77. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 8 Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected Pope Francis by the conclave on 13 March 2013. The papal conclave of 2013 was convened to elect a pope, the leader of the Catholic Church, to succeed Benedict XVI following his resignation on 28 February 2013. In accordance with the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, which governed the vacancy of the Holy See, only cardinals who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the Holy See became vacant (in this case, those who were born on or after 28 February 1933) were eligible to participate in the conclave. Although not a formal requirement, the cardinal electors invariably elect the pope from among their number. The election was carried out by secret ballot (Latin: per scrutinium). Of the 207 members of the College of Cardinals at the time of Benedict XVI's resignation, there were 117 cardinal electors who were eligible to participate in the subsequent conclave. Two cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number in attendance to 115. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds supermajority was 77. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Pope Francis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Francis_2013.jpg/170px-Francis_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Francis_2013.jpg/255px-Francis_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Francis_2013.jpg/340px-Francis_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio was elected <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> by the conclave on 13 March 2013.</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <a href="/wiki/2013_papal_conclave" title="2013 papal conclave">papal conclave of 2013</a> was convened to elect a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, to succeed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> following <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI">his resignation</a> on 28 February 2013. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i>, which governed the <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">vacancy of the Holy See</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinals</a> who had not passed their 80th birthday on the day on which the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> became vacant (in this case, those who were born on or after 28 February 1933) were eligible to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Conclave">conclave</a>. Although not a formal requirement, the cardinal electors invariably elect the pope from among their number. The election was carried out by secret ballot (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">per scrutinium</i>).<br /><br />Of the 207 members of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a> at the time of Benedict XVI's resignation, there were 117 cardinal electors who were eligible to participate in the subsequent conclave. Two cardinal electors did not participate, decreasing the number in attendance to 115. The number of votes required to be elected pope with a two-thirds <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> was 77. (<b><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_electors_for_the_2013_papal_conclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal electors for the 2013 papal conclave">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9 West Virginia counties (clickable map) The U.S. state of West Virginia has 55 counties. Fifty of them existed at the time of the Wheeling Convention in 1861, during the American Civil War, when those counties seceded from the Commonwealth of Virginia to form the new state of West Virginia. West Virginia was admitted as a separate state of the United States on June 20, 1863. Five additional counties (Grant, Mineral, Lincoln, Summers, and Mingo) were formed from the original counties in the decades following admission. After the Civil War, Berkeley County and Jefferson County, the two easternmost counties of West Virginia, refused to recognize their inclusion in the state, and the Virginia General Assembly passed legislation attempting to reclaim them. In March 1866, the United States Congress passed a joint mandate assenting to their inclusion in the new state, and the Supreme Court of the United States confirmed this outcome in the case of Virginia v. West Virginia (1871). (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 9 West Virginia counties (clickable map) The U.S. state of West Virginia has 55 counties. Fifty of them existed at the time of the Wheeling Convention in 1861, during the American Civil War, when those counties seceded from the Commonwealth of Virginia to form the new state of West Virginia. West Virginia was admitted as a separate state of the United States on June 20, 1863. Five additional counties (Grant, Mineral, Lincoln, Summers, and Mingo) were formed from the original counties in the decades following admission. After the Civil War, Berkeley County and Jefferson County, the two easternmost counties of West Virginia, refused to recognize their inclusion in the state, and the Virginia General Assembly passed legislation attempting to reclaim them. In March 1866, the United States Congress passed a joint mandate assenting to their inclusion in the new state, and the Supreme Court of the United States confirmed this outcome in the case of Virginia v. West Virginia (1871). (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Virginia_counties_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/West_Virginia_counties_map.png/480px-West_Virginia_counties_map.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/West_Virginia_counties_map.png/720px-West_Virginia_counties_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/West_Virginia_counties_map.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>West Virginia counties (clickable map)</figcaption></figure><br />The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> has 55 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a>. Fifty of them existed at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Wheeling_Convention" title="Wheeling Convention">Wheeling Convention</a> in 1861, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when those counties seceded from the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> to form the new state of West Virginia. West Virginia was admitted as a separate state of the United States on June 20, 1863. Five additional counties (<a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_West_Virginia" title="Grant County, West Virginia">Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mineral County, West Virginia">Mineral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_West_Virginia" title="Lincoln County, West Virginia">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summers_County,_West_Virginia" title="Summers County, West Virginia">Summers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mingo_County,_West_Virginia" title="Mingo County, West Virginia">Mingo</a>) were formed from the original counties in the decades following admission.<br /><br />After the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_County,_West_Virginia" title="Berkeley County, West Virginia">Berkeley County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson County</a>, the two easternmost counties of West Virginia, refused to recognize their inclusion in the state, and the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> passed legislation attempting to reclaim them. In March 1866, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> passed a joint mandate assenting to their inclusion in the new state, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> confirmed this outcome in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia" title="Virginia v. West Virginia">Virginia v. West Virginia</a></i> (1871). (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_West_Virginia" title="List of counties in West Virginia">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10 Imperial Coat of arms (from 1882) The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as Edirne in English) in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II. The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the Central Powers, with whom it had allied itself during World War I. The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1922. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 10 Imperial Coat of arms (from 1882) The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from Hungary in the north to Yemen in the south and from Algeria in the west to Iraq in the east. Administered at first from the city of Söğüt since before 1280 and then from the city of Bursa since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as Edirne in English) in 1363 following its conquest by Murad I and then to Constantinople (present-day Istanbul) in 1453 following its conquest by Mehmed II. The Ottoman Empire's early years have been the subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was Osman I. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the Central Powers, with whom it had allied itself during World War I. The partitioning of the Empire by the victorious Allies and the ensuing Turkish War of Independence led to the abolition of the sultanate in 1922 and the birth of the modern Republic of Turkey in 1922. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"><br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Imperial Coat of arms</a></b> (from 1882)</div></div></div></div><br />The <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Osmanlı padişahları</i>), who were all members of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> (House of Osman), ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents" title="Boundaries between the continents">transcontinental</a> empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">its dissolution</a> in 1922. At its height, the Ottoman Empire spanned an area from <a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Hungary</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a> in the south and from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algeria</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Iraq</a> in the east. Administered at first from the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6%C4%9F%C3%BCt" title="Söğüt">Söğüt</a> since before 1280 and then from the city of <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> since 1323 or 1324, the empire's capital was moved to Adrianople (now known as <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> in English) in 1363 following <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Adrianople" title="Ottoman conquest of Adrianople">its conquest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) in 1453 following <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">its conquest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a>.<br /><br />The <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire's early years</a> have been the subject of varying narratives, due to the difficulty of discerning fact from legend. The empire came into existence at the end of the 13th century, and its first ruler (and the namesake of the Empire) was <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>. According to later, often unreliable Ottoman tradition, Osman was a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Kay%C4%B1_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayı tribe">Kayı tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a>. The eponymous Ottoman dynasty he founded endured for six centuries through the reigns of 36 sultans. The Ottoman Empire disappeared as a result of the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, with whom it had allied itself during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Empire</a> by the victorious <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolition of the sultanate</a> in 1922 and the birth of the modern <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1922. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11 The twenty signatories The signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania were the twenty Lithuanian men who signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918. The signatories were elected to the Council of Lithuania by the Vilnius Conference in September 1917 and entrusted with the mission of establishing an independent Lithuanian state. The proclaimed independence was established only in late 1918, after Germany lost World War I and its troops retreated from Lithuanian territory. What followed was a long process of building the state, determining its borders, and gaining international diplomatic recognition. The signatories succeeded in their mission and independent Lithuania survived until the Soviet Union occupied the state on June 15, 1940. Their political, professional, and social backgrounds were diverse. Several rose to political prominence; Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis were later elected Presidents of Lithuania and Jonas Vileišis went on to become mayor of Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania. After Lithuania lost its independence during World War II, six of the surviving signatories were sent to prison or executed by the Soviet government and six others emigrated to Western countries. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 11 The twenty signatories The signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania were the twenty Lithuanian men who signed the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918. The signatories were elected to the Council of Lithuania by the Vilnius Conference in September 1917 and entrusted with the mission of establishing an independent Lithuanian state. The proclaimed independence was established only in late 1918, after Germany lost World War I and its troops retreated from Lithuanian territory. What followed was a long process of building the state, determining its borders, and gaining international diplomatic recognition. The signatories succeeded in their mission and independent Lithuania survived until the Soviet Union occupied the state on June 15, 1940. Their political, professional, and social backgrounds were diverse. Several rose to political prominence; Antanas Smetona and Aleksandras Stulginskis were later elected Presidents of Lithuania and Jonas Vileišis went on to become mayor of Kaunas, the temporary capital of Lithuania. After Lithuania lost its independence during World War II, six of the surviving signatories were sent to prison or executed by the Soviet government and six others emigrated to Western countries. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg/250px-Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg/375px-Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg/500px-Signatarai.Signatories_of_Lithuania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>The twenty signatories</figcaption></figure><br /><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Signatories_of_the_Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania">signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania</a></b> were the twenty <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> men who signed the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Act of Independence of Lithuania">Act of Independence of Lithuania</a> on February 16, 1918. The signatories were elected to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania" title="Council of Lithuania">Council of Lithuania</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Conference" title="Vilnius Conference">Vilnius Conference</a> in September 1917 and entrusted with the mission of establishing an independent <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> state. The proclaimed independence was established only in late 1918, after Germany lost <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and its troops retreated from Lithuanian territory. What followed was a long process of building the state, determining its borders, and gaining international diplomatic recognition. The signatories succeeded in their mission and independent Lithuania survived until the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> occupied the state on June 15, 1940.<br /><br />Their political, professional, and social backgrounds were diverse. Several rose to political prominence; <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Smetona" title="Antanas Smetona">Antanas Smetona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aleksandras_Stulginskis" title="Aleksandras Stulginskis">Aleksandras Stulginskis</a> were later elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Presidents of Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Vilei%C5%A1is" title="Jonas Vileišis">Jonas Vileišis</a> went on to become mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_capital_of_Lithuania" title="Temporary capital of Lithuania">temporary capital of Lithuania</a>. After Lithuania lost its independence during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, six of the surviving signatories were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Lithuania" title="Soviet deportations from Lithuania">sent to prison or executed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">the Soviet government</a> and six others emigrated to Western countries. (<b><a href="/wiki/Signatories_of_the_Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania" title="Signatories of the Act of Independence of Lithuania">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12 The governor of Utah is the head of government of Utah and the commander-in-chief of its military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws as well as the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Utah Legislature. The governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions". The self-proclaimed State of Deseret, precursor to the organization of the Utah Territory, had only one governor, Brigham Young. Utah Territory had 15 territorial governors from its organization in 1850 until the formation of the state of Utah in 1896, appointed by the President of the United States. John W. Dawson had the shortest term of only three weeks and Brigham Young, the first territorial governor, had the longest term at seven years. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 12 The governor of Utah is the head of government of Utah and the commander-in-chief of its military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws as well as the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Utah Legislature. The governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions". The self-proclaimed State of Deseret, precursor to the organization of the Utah Territory, had only one governor, Brigham Young. Utah Territory had 15 territorial governors from its organization in 1850 until the formation of the state of Utah in 1896, appointed by the President of the United States. John W. Dawson had the shortest term of only three weeks and Brigham Young, the first territorial governor, had the longest term at seven years. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12,_2022_47_(crop)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-DCM_Reception_for_the_Governor_of_Utah._September_12%2C_2022_47_%28crop%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Utah" title="List of governors of Utah">governor of Utah</a></b> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and the commander-in-chief of its <a href="/wiki/Utah_National_Guard" title="Utah National Guard">military forces</a>. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws as well as the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the <a href="/wiki/Utah_State_Legislature" title="Utah State Legislature">Utah Legislature</a>. The governor may also convene the legislature on "extraordinary occasions".<br /><br />The self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a>, precursor to the organization of the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a>, had only one governor, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>. Utah Territory had 15 <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">territorial</a> governors from its organization in 1850 until the formation of the state of Utah in 1896, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dawson" title="John W. Dawson">John W. Dawson</a> had the shortest term of only three weeks and Brigham Young, the first territorial governor, had the longest term at seven years. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Utah" title="List of governors of Utah">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13 Since the office was established in 1789, 45 persons have served as president of the United States. Of these, eight have died in office: four were assassinated, and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is now governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, "the Vice President shall become President" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns. The initial authorization for this practice was provided by Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, of the U.S. Constitution. The first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia. The second American president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis. Abraham Lincoln was the first U.S. president to be killed while in office. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning. Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for over two months before dying on September 19, 1881. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 13 Since the office was established in 1789, 45 persons have served as president of the United States. Of these, eight have died in office: four were assassinated, and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the vice president has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is now governed by Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967, which declares that, "the Vice President shall become President" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns. The initial authorization for this practice was provided by Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, of the U.S. Constitution. The first incumbent U.S. president to die was William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only one month after Inauguration Day. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be pneumonia. The second American president to die in office, Zachary Taylor, died on July 9, 1850, from acute gastroenteritis. Abraham Lincoln was the first U.S. president to be killed while in office. He was shot by John Wilkes Booth on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning. Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau, surviving for over two months before dying on September 19, 1881. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span><div style="text-align:left;">Since the office was established in 1789, 45 persons have served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. Of these, eight have died in office: four were <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated">assassinated</a>, and four died of natural causes. In each of these instances, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> has succeeded to the presidency. This practice is now governed by <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Section One of the Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">ratified</a> in 1967, which declares that, "the Vice President shall become President" if the president is removed from office, dies, or resigns. The initial authorization for this practice was provided by <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_6:_Vacancy_and_disability" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 6</a>, of the U.S. Constitution.<br /><br />The first incumbent U.S. president to die was <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, on April 4, 1841, only one month after <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">Inauguration Day</a>. He died from complications of what at the time was believed to be <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. The second American president to die in office, <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>, died on July 9, 1850, from acute <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was the first U.S. president to be <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">killed</a> while in office. He <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">was shot</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> on the night of April 14, 1865, and died the following morning. Sixteen years later, on July 2, 1881, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">was shot</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, surviving for over two months before dying on September 19, 1881. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_died_in_office" title="List of presidents of the United States who died in office">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14 The leader of the Official Opposition (French: chef de l'Opposition officielle), formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (French: chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition. Pierre Poilievre has been the leader of the Opposition since September 10, 2022, when he was elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, following the 2022 leadership election. He succeeded Candice Bergen, who had served as the party's interim leader from February 2, 2022. She had succeeded former permanent leader Erin O'Toole when the party declared non-confidence in his leadership. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 14 The leader of the Official Opposition (French: chef de l'Opposition officielle), formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (French: chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition. Pierre Poilievre has been the leader of the Opposition since September 10, 2022, when he was elected leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, following the 2022 leadership election. He succeeded Candice Bergen, who had served as the party's interim leader from February 2, 2022. She had succeeded former permanent leader Erin O'Toole when the party declared non-confidence in his leadership. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Pierre_Poilievre_in_2023_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br />The <b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the Official Opposition</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">chef de l'Opposition officielle</i>), formally known as the <b>leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</b> (French: <i lang="fr">chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté</i>), is the politician who leads the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a> in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition.<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a> has been the leader of the Opposition since September 10, 2022, when he was elected leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2022 leadership election</a>. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen_(politician)" title="Candice Bergen (politician)">Candice Bergen</a>, who had served as the party's <a href="/wiki/Interim_leader_(Canada)" title="Interim leader (Canada)">interim leader</a> from February 2, 2022. She had succeeded former permanent leader <a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">Erin O'Toole</a> when the party declared non-confidence in his leadership. (<b><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15 As of 2023,[update] there have been 23 members appointed to the Cabinet of the United States who had been born outside the present-day United States. Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers who signed the U.S. Constitution, was the first cabinet member to be born outside of the United States. President George Washington appointed Hamilton, born in Nevis in 1755 or in 1757, as the United States' first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. Irish-born James McHenry, whom Washington appointed as Secretary of War in 1796 and who served in the same post in John Adams's administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's cabinet. (Full article...)"><img alt="Image 15 As of 2023,[update] there have been 23 members appointed to the Cabinet of the United States who had been born outside the present-day United States. Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers who signed the U.S. Constitution, was the first cabinet member to be born outside of the United States. President George Washington appointed Hamilton, born in Nevis in 1755 or in 1757, as the United States' first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. Irish-born James McHenry, whom Washington appointed as Secretary of War in 1796 and who served in the same post in John Adams's administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's cabinet. (Full article...)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span><div style="text-align:left;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_A._Kissinger,_U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1973-1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/220px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/330px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/440px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>As of 2023,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Politics&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there have been 23 members appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> who had been born outside the present-day <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> who signed the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, was the first cabinet member to be born outside of the United States. President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> appointed Hamilton, born in <a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> in 1755 or in 1757, as the United States' first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> in 1789. Irish-born <a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a>, whom Washington appointed as Secretary of War in 1796 and who served in the same post in <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>'s administration, was the other foreign-born individual in Washington's cabinet. (<b><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members">Full article...</a></b>)</div></div> </li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Featured_lists" title="Portal:Politics/Featured lists">More featured lists</a></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FSelected_quote&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_quote" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected quote</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table class="noprint" style="text-align:left; padding:0; margin:1em auto; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="float:left;margin-right:1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmund Burke"><img alt="Edmund Burke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg/100px-Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg/150px-Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Edmund_Burke2_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="232" /></a></span> </div>Last of all he exercised his interest and his patience for eight years together at the court of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a>. There is a fort of enthusiasm in all projectors, absolutely necessary for their affairs, which makes them, proof against the <a href="/wiki/Moil" class="mw-disambig" title="Moil">moil</a>: fatiguing delays, the moil mortifying disappointments, the moll mocking insults; and, what is severer than all, the presumptuous judgments of the ignorant upon their designs. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Columbus</a> had a sufficient share of this <a href="/wiki/Quality" class="mw-disambig" title="Quality">quality</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disambiguation/Fixing_links" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation/Fixing links"><span title="Link needs disambiguation (March 2018)">disambiguation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He had every day, during this long space, to combat with every objection that want of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, or that a false knowledge, could propose. Some held that the known world, which they thought was all that could be known, floated like a vast scum upon the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>; that the ocean itself was <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a>. Others, who entertained more just notions, and believed that the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a> and waters composed one vast globe, drew a consequence from it as absurd as the former opinion. For they argued, that if Columbus should fail beyond a certain point, the convexity of this globe would prevent his return. As is usual in such cafes, every one abounded with objections. His whole time was spent in fruitless endeavors to enlighten ignorance, to remove prejudice, and to vanquish that obstinate incredulity, which is of all others the greatest enemy to improvement, rejecting every thing as false and absurd, which is ever little out of the track of common experience ; and it is of the more dangerous consequence, as it carries a delusive air of <a href="/wiki/Coolness" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolness">coolness</a>, of temper and <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>. With all this, he had yet greater difficulties from the interests of mankind, than from their malignity and <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">ignorance</a>. The expence of the undertaking, inconsiderable as this expense was, was at the bottom the chief support of the other objections, and had more weight than all the rest together. However, with an assiduity and firmness of mind, never enough to be admired and applauded, he at length overcame all difficulties; and, to his inexpreflible joy, with a fleet of three {hips, and the title and command of an admiral, set fail on the third of August, <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>, on a voyage the most daring and grand in the design, and in the event of which the world was the most concerned, of any that ever yet was undertaken. <div style="text-align:right; margin-right:10px"> — <b> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></b>, An account of the European Settlements in America, 1757 </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="noprint" width="100%" style="padding:0; margin:0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Selected_quote" title="Portal:Politics/Selected quote">More selected quotes</a></b></div> </td> <td><div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Politics">More at Wikiquote</a></b></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FSelected_biography&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_biography" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected biography</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.2em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Samuel Adams by John Singleton Copley"><img alt="Portrait of Samuel Adams by John Singleton Copley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg/100px-SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg/150px-SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg/200px-SamuelAdamsLarge.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></b> (1722–1803) was an <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">statesman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a> who was one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. Adams was instrumental in garnering the support of the colonies in rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, ultimately resulting in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. He was also one of the key architects of the principles of American <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> that shaped <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American political culture</a>. Adams organized protests against the British, including the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1773, and participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>. He also advocated for the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a>. Following the American Revolution, Adams helped draft the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. After the war ended, he ran for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st United States Congressional</a> election, but was unsuccessful in his bid. He was elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts#Lieutenant_Governor" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts</a> in 1789 and after <a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a>'s death in 1793, Adams served as the acting governor, until he was elected governor in January of the following year. He served in that position until June 1797 when he decided to retire from politics. </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Selected_biography" title="Portal:Politics/Selected biography">More selected biographies</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Read more</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)_-_load_new_batch" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29_-_load_new_batch"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small> - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Politics&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white"><i>load new batch</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elva_Pinckert" title="María Elva Pinckert">María Elva Pinckert</a></b>, motivated by the murder of her brother, started her political career in local politics in 1999?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Red-boxing" title="Red-boxing">red-boxing</a></b> by American politicians is used to coordinate with <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee#Super_PACs" title="Political action committee">Super PACs</a>, an activity that the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Legal_Center" title="Campaign Legal Center">Campaign Legal Center</a> called the "primary mechanism for corruption of federal campaigns in 2022"?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mutch_McKay" title="Jessica Mutch McKay">Jessica Mutch McKay</a></b> hosted debates between the leaders of New Zealand's two major political parties?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Grace" title="Patricia Grace">Patricia Grace</a> did not intend for her novel <i><b><a href="/wiki/Potiki" title="Potiki">Potiki</a></b></i>, about the impact of land development on an indigenous community, to be seen as political?</li> <li>... that the historian and political journalist <b><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Lawton" title="Lancelot Lawton">Lancelot Lawton</a></b> addressed a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> committee in London in 1935, beginning: "The chief problem in Europe to-day is the Ukrainian problem"?</li> <li>... that the only purpose of the <i><b><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Straight-Out_Truth_Teller" title="Delaware Straight-Out Truth Teller">Delaware Straight-Out Truth Teller</a></b></i> was to promote a political candidate?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FDid_you_know&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="More_did_you_know..." style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More did you know...</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.9em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Updated_DYK_query.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Did you know?"><img alt="Did you know?" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Updated_DYK_query.svg/30px-Updated_DYK_query.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Updated_DYK_query.svg/45px-Updated_DYK_query.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Updated_DYK_query.svg/60px-Updated_DYK_query.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="71" /></a></span></div> <ul><li>...that the traditional form of government in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> from 1642 to 1951 was the <b><a href="/wiki/Dual_system_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government"><i>Cho-sid-nyi</i></a></b>?</li></ul> <ul><li>...that <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini's</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Quota_90" title="Quota 90">Quota 90</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lira</a> <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> at the prevailing rate from five years earlier, when he assumed power?</li> <li>...that the <b><a href="/wiki/Energy_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Lobby">energy lobby</a></b> contributed 19 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> political campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in 2006">2006 election cycle</a>?</li> <li>...that the lifelong <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Jim_Naugle" title="Jim Naugle">Jim Naugle</a></b> is in his sixth straight term as the Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida" title="Fort Lauderdale, Florida">Fort Lauderdale</a> and supported only <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> since <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>?</li></ul> <ul><li>...that just before the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">German minority</a> from <b><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Volksverband" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Volksverband">Deutscher Volksverband</a></b> were trained in sabotage by the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> agents arriving in Poland from Germany?</li></ul> <ul><li>...that in April 2009, <a href="/wiki/Lim_Hwee_Hua" title="Lim Hwee Hua">Lim Hwee Hua</a> became the first woman to be appointed a full Minister in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>'s <b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></b>?</li></ul> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:right;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Did_you_know" title="Portal:Politics/Did you know">More did you know facts</a></b></div></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FSelected_anniversaries%2FNovember&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="In_this_month" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">In this month</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in the <b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">presidential election</a></b> and becomes the 40th President of the United States.</li> <li>November 4, <a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was <b><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">elected</a></b> as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> elected to the office. Congressional elections for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> and one third of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senators</a> (second class) were also held.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> – <b><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a></b> is <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate election, 2000">elected</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, becoming the first <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> to win <a href="/wiki/Public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Public office">public office</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> – The workers of the <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">Petrograd</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Soviet</a> in Russia, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Bolshevik Party</a> and leader <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, storm the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> and successfully destroy the <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kerensky" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kerensky">Kerensky</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>, resulting in the first overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> – Former Palestinian President <b><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></b> dies from a mysterious illness, aged 75.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a>, 2004 – <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_presidential_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian presidential election, 2004">Ukrainian presidential election, 2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> is declared the winner in the final round. International election observers express severe criticism, and large crowds gather in a protest rally in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>; 12 days later, the Supreme Court annuls the result, and a new poll is scheduled.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a>, – In <a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas, Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> is assassinated, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/John_B._Connally" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. Connally">John B. Connally</a> is seriously wounded, and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Baines Johnson</a> becomes the 36th President. All television coverage for the next four days is devoted to the assassination, its aftermath, the procession of the horsedrawn casket to the Capitol Rotunda, and the funeral of President Kennedy. Stores and businesses shut down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="margin:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; padding:0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; text-align:right;"><b><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Selected_anniversaries" title="Portal:Politics/Selected anniversaries">More selected anniversaries</a></b></b></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FNews&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="News_and_Current_events" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">News and Current events</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Portal:Politics_and_conflicts" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Portal:Politics and conflicts">Wikinews on Politics and conflicts</a></b> <div style="float:right;margin-left:0.9em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Read and edit Wikinews"><img alt="Read and edit Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/75px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/113px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/150px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:4_local_government_areas_in_New_South_Wales,_Australia_locked_down_after_COVID-19_case" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:4 local government areas in New South Wales, Australia locked down after COVID-19 case">4 local government areas in New South Wales, Australia locked down after COVID-19 case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Australia:_AstraZeneca_vaccine_access_expanded_by_Victorian_government" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Australia: AstraZeneca vaccine access expanded by Victorian government">Australia: AstraZeneca vaccine access expanded by Victorian government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Australia:_Victorian_lockdown_lifted" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Australia: Victorian lockdown lifted">Australia: Victorian lockdown lifted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_29" title="July 29">July 29</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Tunisia%27s_president_dismisses_prime_minister,_suspends_parliament" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Tunisia's president dismisses prime minister, suspends parliament">Tunisia's president dismisses prime minister, suspends parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Australia:_Wikinews_interviews_Reg_Kidd,_mayor_of_the_City_of_Orange,_about_COVID-19_lockdown_and_local_government" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Australia: Wikinews interviews Reg Kidd, mayor of the City of Orange, about COVID-19 lockdown and local government">Australia: Wikinews interviews Reg Kidd, mayor of the City of Orange, about COVID-19 lockdown and local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_23" title="July 23">July 23</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:South_Australia_enters_week-long_lockdown_to_contain_COVID-19_Delta_variant_spread" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:South Australia enters week-long lockdown to contain COVID-19 Delta variant spread">South Australia enters week-long lockdown to contain COVID-19 Delta variant spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Technological_University_Dublin_senior_lecturer_Dr_Lorcan_Sirr_speaks_to_Wikinews_on_housing_market_in_Ireland" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Technological University Dublin senior lecturer Dr Lorcan Sirr speaks to Wikinews on housing market in Ireland">Technological University Dublin senior lecturer Dr Lorcan Sirr speaks to Wikinews on housing market in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Three_rural_councils_in_New_South_Wales,_Australia_enter_7-day_lockdown" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Three rural councils in New South Wales, Australia enter 7-day lockdown">Three rural councils in New South Wales, Australia enter 7-day lockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:Australia:_Victoria_lockdown_extended_by_a_week_with_85_active_cases_recorded" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:Australia: Victoria lockdown extended by a week with 85 active cases recorded">Australia: Victoria lockdown extended by a week with 85 active cases recorded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_15" title="July 15">July 15</a>: <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/en:California_governor_signs_new_state_budget,_eligible_Californians_to_get_stimulus_payments" class="extiw" title="wikinews:en:California governor signs new state budget, eligible Californians to get stimulus payments">California governor signs new state budget, eligible Californians to get stimulus payments</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Topics_and_categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Topics and categories</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">See the portal's <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics/Categories_and_topics" title="Portal:Politics/Categories and topics">Topics and categories</a></b> page for a comprehensive overview.</div><br /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996214246"><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="General_images" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">General images</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="text-align: center;"><small><b>The following are images from various politics-related articles on Wikipedia.</b></small></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1021884966"><div class="randomSlideshow-container" style="max-width:100%; margin:-4em auto;"><div class="nomobile"></div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow switcher-container"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 1Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister (from Civil and political rights)"><img alt="Image 1Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister (from Civil and political rights)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg/97px-Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg/146px-Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg/194px-Savka_Dabcevic_Kucar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 1</span></span><a href="/wiki/Savka_Dab%C4%8Devi%C4%87-Ku%C4%8Dar" title="Savka Dabčević-Kučar">Savka Dabčević-Kučar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> participant; Europe's first female prime minister (from <b><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 2The Flag of the United Nations flying at United Nations Plaza in the Civic Center, San Francisco, California. The UN is one of the key organizations in the process of the political globalization. (from Political globalization)"><img alt="Image 2The Flag of the United Nations flying at United Nations Plaza in the Civic Center, San Francisco, California. The UN is one of the key organizations in the process of the political globalization. (from Political globalization)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg/120px-Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg/180px-Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg/240px-Flag-of-the-United-Nations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 2</span></span>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag of the United Nations</a> flying at United Nations Plaza in the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Center, San Francisco, California">Civic Center, San Francisco, California</a>. The UN is one of the key organizations in the process of the political globalization. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 3Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the Panama Papers leak on April 15, 2016 (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 3Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the Panama Papers leak on April 15, 2016 (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/120px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/180px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg/240px-Countries_implicated_in_the_Panama_Papers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 3</span></span>Countries with politicians, public officials or close associates implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Papers" title="Panama Papers">Panama Papers</a> leak on April 15, 2016 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Marx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 4Karl Marx and his theory of Communism, developed with Friedrich Engels, proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century. (from History of political thought)"><img alt="Image 4Karl Marx and his theory of Communism, developed with Friedrich Engels, proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century. (from History of political thought)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/102px-Karl_Marx.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/154px-Karl_Marx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Karl_Marx.jpg/205px-Karl_Marx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 4</span></span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and his theory of Communism, developed with <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 5Detail from Corrupt Legislation (1896) by Elihu Vedder. Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 5Detail from Corrupt Legislation (1896) by Elihu Vedder. Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/120px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/180px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg/240px-Corrupt-Legislation-Vedder-Highsmith-detail-1.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 5</span></span>Detail from <i>Corrupt Legislation</i> (1896) by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Vedder" title="Elihu Vedder">Elihu Vedder</a>. Library of Congress <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, Washington, D.C. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pivot_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 6Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in the Theory of the Heartland. He later revised it to mark Northern Eurasia as a pivot while keeping area marked above as Heartland. (from Geopolitics)"><img alt="Image 6Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in the Theory of the Heartland. He later revised it to mark Northern Eurasia as a pivot while keeping area marked above as Heartland. (from Geopolitics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pivot_area.png/120px-Pivot_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pivot_area.png/180px-Pivot_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pivot_area.png/240px-Pivot_area.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 6</span></span>Sir Halford Mackinder's Heartland concept showing the situation of the "pivot area" established in the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Heartland" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of the Heartland">Theory of the Heartland</a>. He later revised it to mark Northern Eurasia as a pivot while keeping area marked above as Heartland. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 7This is the divide of the different political parties in Estonia where in the 2013 elections, over 133,000 people (roughly 21.2% of participating voters) voted over the Internet. The 2013 elections were also the first elections to allow vote verification with mobile devices. (from Politics and technology)"><img alt="Image 7This is the divide of the different political parties in Estonia where in the 2013 elections, over 133,000 people (roughly 21.2% of participating voters) voted over the Internet. The 2013 elections were also the first elections to allow vote verification with mobile devices. (from Politics and technology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png/120px-Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png/180px-Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png/240px-Estonian_municipal_elections_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 7</span></span>This is the divide of the different political parties in Estonia where in the 2013 elections, over 133,000 people (roughly 21.2% of participating voters) voted over the Internet. The 2013 elections were also the first elections to allow vote verification with mobile devices. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_technology" title="Politics and technology">Politics and technology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 8Malaysia's former Prime Minister Najib Razak was found guilty in the corruption trial over the multi-billion-dollar 1MDB scandal. He is currently serving his sentence in Kajang Prison. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 8Malaysia's former Prime Minister Najib Razak was found guilty in the corruption trial over the multi-billion-dollar 1MDB scandal. He is currently serving his sentence in Kajang Prison. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG/99px-Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG/149px-Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG/199px-Dato_Sri_Mohd_Najib_Tun_Razak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="6635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 8</span></span>Malaysia's former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a> was found guilty in the corruption trial over the multi-billion-dollar <a href="/wiki/1Malaysia_Development_Berhad_scandal" title="1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal">1MDB scandal</a>. He is currently serving his sentence in <a href="/wiki/Kajang_Prison" title="Kajang Prison">Kajang Prison</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:-FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_(14898357029)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 9Protesters in support of American whistleblower Edward Snowden, Berlin, Germany, 30 August 2014 (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 9Protesters in support of American whistleblower Edward Snowden, Berlin, Germany, 30 August 2014 (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/-FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg/120px--FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/-FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg/180px--FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/-FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg/240px--FsA14_-_Freiheit_statt_Angst_062_%2814898357029%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="1655" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 9</span></span>Protesters in support of American whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, Berlin, Germany, 30 August 2014 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 10Montenegro's president Milo Đukanović is often described as having strong links to Montenegrin mafia. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 10Montenegro's president Milo Đukanović is often described as having strong links to Montenegrin mafia. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg/84px-Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg/127px-Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg/169px-Milo_%C3%90ukanovi%C4%87_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 10</span></span>Montenegro's president <a href="/wiki/Milo_%C4%90ukanovi%C4%87" title="Milo Đukanović">Milo Đukanović</a> is often described as having strong links to <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_mafia" title="Montenegrin mafia">Montenegrin mafia</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 11Reformers like the American Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 11Reformers like the American Joseph Keppler depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/120px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/180px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/240px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3372" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 11</span></span>Reformers like the American <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Keppler" title="Joseph Keppler">Joseph Keppler</a> depicted the Senate as controlled by the giant moneybags, who represented the nation's financial trusts and monopolies. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_(191877143).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 12Candlelight protest against South Korean President Park Geun-hye in Seoul, South Korea, 7 January 2017 (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 12Candlelight protest against South Korean President Park Geun-hye in Seoul, South Korea, 7 January 2017 (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg/120px-Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg/180px-Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg/240px-Protest_Of_President_Park_Geun_Hye_%28191877143%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 12</span></span><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_South_Korean_protests" title="2016–2017 South Korean protests">Candlelight protest</a> against South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea, 7 January 2017 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 13A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations (green) from unitary states (blue), a work of political science (from Political science)"><img alt="Image 13A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations (green) from unitary states (blue), a work of political science (from Political science)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/120px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/180px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg/240px-Map_of_unitary_and_federal_states.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 13</span></span>A world map distinguishing countries of the world as <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federations</a> (green) from <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary states</a> (blue), a work of political science (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Change.org.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 14The logo and slogan for change.org (from Politics and technology)"><img alt="Image 14The logo and slogan for change.org (from Politics and technology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Change.org.jpg/120px-Change.org.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Change.org.jpg/180px-Change.org.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Change.org.jpg/240px-Change.org.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 14</span></span>The logo and slogan for change.org (from <b><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_technology" title="Politics and technology">Politics and technology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 15US Military Police officer restraining and sedating prisoner, while a soldier holds him down (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 15US Military Police officer restraining and sedating prisoner, while a soldier holds him down (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg/120px-Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg/180px-Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg/240px-Abu_Ghraib_91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 15</span></span>US Military Police officer restraining and sedating prisoner, while a soldier holds him down (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Medicare_for_All_(36492682584).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 16Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders campaigning for extended US Medicare coverage in 2017. (from Health politics)"><img alt="Image 16Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders campaigning for extended US Medicare coverage in 2017. (from Health politics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg/120px-Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg/180px-Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg/240px-Warren_Medicare_for_All_%2836492682584%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3822" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 16</span></span><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> campaigning for extended <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> coverage in 2017. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 17Blockchain technology has created cryptocurrencies similarly to voting tokens seen in blockchain voting platforms, with recognizable names including Bitcoin and Ethereum. (from Politics and technology)"><img alt="Image 17Blockchain technology has created cryptocurrencies similarly to voting tokens seen in blockchain voting platforms, with recognizable names including Bitcoin and Ethereum. (from Politics and technology)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg/120px-Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg/180px-Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg/240px-Blockchain_Currency_Examples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 17</span></span>Blockchain technology has created cryptocurrencies similarly to voting tokens seen in blockchain voting platforms, with recognizable names including Bitcoin and Ethereum. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_technology" title="Politics and technology">Politics and technology</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 18World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied (from Geopolitics)"><img alt="Image 18World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied (from Geopolitics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg/120px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg/180px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg/240px-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 18</span></span>World map with the concepts of Heartland and Rimland applied (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UNCAC_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 19United Nations Convention against Corruption (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 19United Nations Convention against Corruption (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/85px-UNCAC_1.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/128px-UNCAC_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UNCAC_1.png/170px-UNCAC_1.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 19</span></span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Q._Adams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 20The sixth president of the United States, John Quincy Adams' "corrupt bargain" of 1824 is an example of patronage. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="The sixth president of the United States, John Quincy Adams' "corrupt bargain" of 1824 is an example of patronage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Q._Adams.jpg/91px-John_Q._Adams.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Q._Adams.jpg/137px-John_Q._Adams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/John_Q._Adams.jpg/183px-John_Q._Adams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="3386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 20</span></span>The sixth <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>" of 1824 is an example of patronage. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 21American lobbyist and businessman Jack Abramoff was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 21American lobbyist and businessman Jack Abramoff was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg/120px-Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg/180px-Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg/240px-Abramoff_SIAC_20040929_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 21</span></span><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">American lobbyist</a> and businessman <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Jack Abramoff</a> was at the center of an extensive corruption investigation. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 22Russia handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar in June 2018 (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 22Russia handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the 2022 FIFA World Cup to Qatar in June 2018 (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg/120px-Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg/180px-Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg/240px-Rusia_entreg%C3%B3_el_relevo_de_la_antorcha_de_la_Copa_del_Mundo_a_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 22</span></span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> handing over the symbolic relay baton for the hosting rights of the <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022 FIFA World Cup</a> to <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> in June 2018 (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 23Ferdinand Marcos (pictured with his daughter Imee) was a Philippine dictator and kleptocrat. His regime was infamous for its corruption. (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 23Ferdinand Marcos (pictured with his daughter Imee) was a Philippine dictator and kleptocrat. His regime was infamous for its corruption. (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg/120px-Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg/180px-Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg/240px-Imee_and_Ferdinand_Marcos_during_the_latter%27s_21_year_reign_as_Philippine_president.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 23</span></span><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (pictured with his daughter <a href="/wiki/Imee_Marcos" title="Imee Marcos">Imee</a>) was a Philippine dictator and <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocrat</a>. His regime was infamous for its corruption. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_(2023).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 24A map depicting Corruption Perceptions Index in the world in 2023; a higher score indicates lower levels of perceived corruption.   100 – 90   89 – 80   79 – 70   69 – 60   59 – 50   49 – 40   39 – 30   29 – 20   19 – 10   9 – 0   No data (from Political corruption)"><img alt="Image 24A map depicting Corruption Perceptions Index in the world in 2023; a higher score indicates lower levels of perceived corruption.   100 – 90   89 – 80   79 – 70   69 – 60   59 – 50   49 – 40   39 – 30   29 – 20   19 – 10   9 – 0   No data (from Political corruption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg/120px-Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg/180px-Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg/240px-Countries_by_Corruption_Perceptions_Index_%282023%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 24</span></span>A map depicting <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> in the world in 2023; a higher score indicates lower levels of perceived corruption.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> 100 – 90</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00bf00; color:black;"> </span> 89 – 80</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00ff00; color:black;"> </span> 79 – 70</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80ff00; color:black;"> </span> 69 – 60</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffff00; color:black;"> </span> 59 – 50</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffbf00; color:black;"> </span> 49 – 40</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8000; color:black;"> </span> 39 – 30</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff4000; color:black;"> </span> 29 – 20</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> 19 – 10</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#bf0000; color:white;"> </span> 9 – 0</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;"> </span> No data</div> (from <b><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 25Division of the world according to Haushofer's pan-regions doctrine (from Geopolitics)"><img alt="Image 25Division of the world according to Haushofer's pan-regions doctrine (from Geopolitics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/120px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 25</span></span>Division of the world according to Haushofer's <a href="/wiki/Pan-region" title="Pan-region">pan-regions</a> doctrine (from <b><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 26A memorial to the Great Famine (Ireland), a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK's domestic policy failures at the time under the Prime Ministers Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell. (from Health politics)"><img alt="Image 26A memorial to the Great Famine (Ireland), a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK's domestic policy failures at the time under the Prime Ministers Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell. (from Health politics)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg/120px-Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg/180px-Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg/240px-Irish_Famine_Sculpture_-_Flickr_-_boulanger.IE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 26</span></span>A memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine (Ireland)</a>, a famine event in Ireland that faced elongated suffering from the UK's domestic policy failures at the time under the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Ministers</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Lord John Russell</a>. (from <b><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></b>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image 27Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. (from History of political thought)"><img alt="Image 27Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. (from History of political thought)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/120px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/180px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg/240px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_La_libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none"><span class="randomSlideshow-sr-only">Image 27</span></span>Eugène Delacroix's <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People" title="Liberty Leading the People">Liberty Leading the People</a></i> (1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. (from <b><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></b>)</div> </li> </ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3APolitics%2FRelated_portals&action=edit"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/25px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/50px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/26px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/40px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/53px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/25px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/50px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/23px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/46px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/27px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/41px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/54px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/25px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/50px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/27px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/41px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/54px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/25px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/50px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/27px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/41px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg/54px-Sample_09-F9_protest_art%2C_Free_Speech_Flag_by_John_Marcotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="288" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/19px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/29px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/39px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/27px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/41px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/54px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/25px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/38px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/50px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/27px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/54px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/23px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/46px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/25px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/50px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/27px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/53px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/25px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/38px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/50px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/16px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/32px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/27px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/41px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/54px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/27px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/41px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/54px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/27px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/41px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/54px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 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data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Politics" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Politics">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Politics">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Politics">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Politics">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Politics">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Politics">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Politics">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Politics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Politics">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Sources" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Sources</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:#FFFFFF;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#08457E;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:#FFFFFF;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="More_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More portals</h2></div><div style="color:#000000;opacity:1;border:1px solid #CC4E5C;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#FFFFFF;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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