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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_social_science_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>General social science concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_social_science_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_science_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_science_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social science organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_science_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_science_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_science_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social science publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_science_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_scientists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_scientists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Social scientists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_scientists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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title="Outline (list)">outline</a> is provided as an overview of and topical guide to social science: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></b> – main branch of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> comprising scientific fields concerned with <a href="/wiki/Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies">societies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Human behaviour">human behaviour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Social relationship">social relationships</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social science can be described as all of the following: </p> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> – systematic enterprise that builds and organizes <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heilbron_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbron-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines_and_sub-disciplines#Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="List of academic disciplines and sub-disciplines">Major category</a> of <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discipline (academia)">academic disciplines</a> – an academic discipline is focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with academic areas of study or areas of professional practice. For example, the branches of science are commonly referred to as the scientific disciplines. For instance, gravitation is strongly associated with the discipline of physics, and is considered to be part of that disciplinary knowledge.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_of_social_science">Branches of social science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Branches of social science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> - the study of humans, past and present, that draws and builds upon knowledge from the social sciences and biological sciences, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> and the natural sciences. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a> – the study of religious institutions about other social institutions, and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied anthropology</a> – application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> – the study of cultures via material remains and environmental data (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_archaeology" title="Outline of archaeology">Outline of archaeology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a> – a branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans, collecting data about the effect of global economic and political processes on local cultural realities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> – the scientific study of dynamic relationships between peoples, biota, and environments, from the distant past to the immediate present.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> – is the study of a region's plants and their practical uses through the traditional knowledge of local culture and people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> – the systematic study of people and cultures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a> – a branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, religion, language, and social structure of the ethnic, racial, and/or national divisions of humanity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a> – method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e., verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a> – an interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominids and non-hominid primates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experimental archaeology</a> – Experimental archaeology employs several different methods, techniques, analyses, and approaches to generate and test hypotheses, based upon the archaeological source material, like ancient structures or artifacts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical archaeology</a> – a form of archaeology dealing with topics that are already attested in written records.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic anthropology</a> – is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a> – an interdisciplinary field that studies "human health and disease, health care systems, and biocultural adaptation".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">Physical anthropology</a> – the study of the physical development of the human species.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological anthropology</a> – interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a> – study of faunal remains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a> – study of human-animal interaction.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a> – an academic area that consists of many sub-areas about the social relationships that compose the human economic systems. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountancy">Accountancy</a> – the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a> – a field dealing with the study of investments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> – the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">Human resource management</a> – a function in organizations designed to maximize employee performance in service of an employer's strategic objectives.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> – the study and management of exchange relationships.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">Organizational studies</a> – the examination of how individuals construct organizational structures, processes, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and create institutions that ultimately influence people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a> –</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a> – study of the effects upon economic activity of international differences in productive resources and consumer preferences and the institutions that affect them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Economic methodology</a> – the study of methods, especially the scientific method, about economics, including principles underlying economic reasoning. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural economics">Behavioural economics</a> – the study of the effects of social, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> factors on economic decisions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a> – application of mathematical methods to represent economic theories and analyze problems posed in economics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a> – research discipline at the interface between computer science and economic and management science.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> – study of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> methods for dealing with economic data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a> – application of experimental methods to study economic questions</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Price_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Price theory">price theory</a> – branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual households and firms in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">Consumer choice</a> – study of consumers' behaviour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">Theory of the firm</a> – study of firms' behaviour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a> – study of family behaviours such as marriage through an economic lens</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a> – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behaviour, and decision-making of the whole economy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a> – branch of economics that historically prefigured and remains integrally linked to macroeconomics.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial economics</a> – branch of economics concerned with "the allocation and deployment of economic resources, both spatially and across time, in an uncertain environment".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public economics</a> – the study of government policy through the lens of economic efficiency and equity. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a> – the study of the role of the government in the economy.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare economics</a> – branch of economics that studies economic evaluate <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a> – the branch of economics that studies <a href="/wiki/Voting_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rule">voting rules</a> and collective decision-making</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a> – the study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor economics">Labor economics</a> – seeks to understand the functioning and dynamics of the markets for labour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic economics</a> – application of economic methodology to <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Economics">Law and Economics</a> – application of economic methods to the analysis of law.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a> – field of economics that builds on the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">theory of the firm</a> in examining the structure of, and boundaries between, firms and markets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business economics</a> – economic study of business <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial Economics">Entrepreneurial Economics</a> – the study of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship within the economy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial economics</a> – application of economic concepts and economic analysis to the problems of formulating rational managerial decisions.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Economic history</a> – study of economies or economic phenomena in the past.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a> – branch of economics which deals with economic aspects of the development process in low-income countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a> – the study of the production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative economics">Comparative economics</a> – <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#P._Economic_Systems" title="JEL classification codes">comparative study of different systems of economic organization</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economics</a> – the study of the role of institutions in shaping economic behaviour.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociology</a> – studies both the social effects and the social causes of various economic phenomena.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a> – subfield of economics concerned with environmental issues. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resource_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource economics">Resource economics</a> – the study of supply, demand, and allocation of the Earth's natural resources.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">Energy economics</a> – broad scientific subject area which includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</a> – considers behavioural interactions of individuals and groups through social capital and social "markets" and the formation of social norms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a> – the subfield of <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a> that studies economic activity and factors affecting it. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a> – branch of economics that deals with the allocation of resources within the transport sector and has strong linkages with civil engineering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate economics</a> – application of economic techniques to <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> markets.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> – the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines what cognition is, what it does and how it works.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a> – academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a> – a multidisciplinary branch of social science that addresses issues of concern to developing countries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_education" title="Outline of education">Education</a> – in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmental_studies" title="Outline of environmental studies">Environmental studies</a> – the interdisciplinary academic field which systematically studies human interaction with the environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender and sexuality studies</a> – field of interdisciplinary study and academic field devoted to gender identity and gendered representation as central categories of analysis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Geography</a> – the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a> – a branch of the science that studies physical features on the Earth's surface, water, the atmosphere and biodiversity on the Earth (is also listed in <a href="/wiki/Earth_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Science">Earth Science</a>). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a> – branch of physical geography that studies the Earth and its landforms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> – study of water on the Earth's surface and in its atmosphere.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a> – study of ice sheets and glaciers on the Earth's surface.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> – study of the distribution of living organisms on the Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> – the study of climate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a> – the study of weather.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Soil geography</a> – the study of soil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> – the study of oceans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a> – study of coasts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a> – the study of effects of the ecological process on the Earth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a> – studies distribution of continents and oceans over time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental geography">Environmental geography</a> – studies the interaction between humans and the physical environment.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cartography" title="Outline of cartography">Cartography</a> – study and practice of making maps or globes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a> – the branch of the social sciences that studies the world, its people, communities, and cultures with an emphasis on relations of and across space and place. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical geography</a> – takes a critical theory (Frankfurt School) approach to the study and analysis of geography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a> – the study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Feminist geography</a> – approach in human geography which applies the theories, methods and critiques of feminism to the study of the human environment, society and geographical space.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a> – study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development geography</a> – branch of geography concerning the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical geography</a> – study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political geography</a> & <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist geography</a> – strand of critical geography that uses the theories and philosophy of Marxism to examine the spatial relations of human geography.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military geography</a> – sub-field of geography that is used by, not only the military but also academics and politicians to understand the geopolitical sphere through the militaristic lens.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic geography</a> – concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population geography</a> – the study of how spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social geography</a> – branch of human geography that is most closely related to social theory in general and sociology in particular, dealing with the relation of social phenomena and its spatial components.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral geography</a> – approach to human geography that examines human behaviour using a disaggregated approach.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's geographies</a> – area of study within human geography and Childhood Studies which involves researching the places and spaces of children's lives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health geography</a> – application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism geography</a> – a study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban geography</a> – the study of areas that have a high concentration of buildings and infrastructure.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental geography">Environmental geography</a> – a branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional geography</a> – the study of world regions.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_history" title="Outline of history">History</a> – discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about past events. History can also mean the period after writing was invented. This category includes many sub-domains of history such as art history, diplomatic history, history of science, economic history, environmental history, military history, political history, urban history, women's history and many others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">Industrial relations</a> – the multidisciplinary field that studies the employment relationship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="International studies">International studies</a> – the study of the major political, economic, social, cultural and sacral issues that dominate the international agenda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Law</a> – set of rules and principles (laws) by which a society is governed, through enforcement by governmental authorities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_management_(academic_discipline)" title="Legal management (academic discipline)">Legal management</a> – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paralegal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralegal studies">Paralegal studies</a> – social sciences discipline that is designed for students interested in the study of State and its elements, Law, Law Practice, Legal Research and Jurisprudence, legal Philosophy, Criminal Justice, Governance, Government structure, Political history and theories, Business Organization and Management, Entrepreneurship, Public Administration and Human Resource Development.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Library science</a> – the study of issues related to libraries and the information fields.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Linguistics</a> – the scientific study of natural language. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological linguistics</a> – the study of the relations between language and culture and the relations between human biology, cognition and language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a> – an interdisciplinary field of study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolinguistics" title="Biolinguistics">Biolinguistics</a> – study of the biology and evolution of language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_linguistics" title="Clinical linguistics">Clinical linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech and language pathology">speech and language pathology</a> – a sub-discipline of linguistics that involves the application of linguistic theory to the field of Speech-Language Pathology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">Cognitive linguistics</a> – a branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlies its forms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">Comparative linguistics</a> – the branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their historical relatedness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a> – interdisciplinary field dealing with the statistical or rule-based modelling of natural language from a computational perspective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_linguistics" title="Developmental linguistics">Developmental linguistics</a> – the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> – the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a> – the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectometry" title="Dialectometry">dialectometry</a> – the study of high levels of structure in geographical dialect networks.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a> – a general term for several approaches to analyzing the use of written, oral or sign language or any significant semiotic event.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a> – the study of the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a> – the scientific study of both the origins and development of language as well as the cultural evolution of languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic linguistics</a> – application of linguistic knowledge, methods and insights to the forensic context of law, language, crime investigation, trial, and judicial procedure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Geolinguistics</a> – branch of human geography that studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a> – the study of language change.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">structured</a> means of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexis_(linguistics)" title="Lexis (linguistics)">Lexis</a> – total vocabulary or lexicon having items of lexical, rather than grammatical, meaning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Linguistic typology</a> – subfield of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> – refers to writing considered to be an art form or any single writing deemed to have artistic or intellectual value, often due to deploying language in ways that differ from ordinary usage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical linguistics">Mathematical linguistics</a> – Mathematics has been applied in linguistics for analysis, grammar logic and other theoretical aspects in linguistics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a> – identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a> – the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> – the study of language in written historical sources; it is a combination of literary studies, history and linguistics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a> – a branch of linguistics that consists of the study of the sounds of human speech, or the equivalent aspects of sign.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a> – the branch of linguistics concerned with the systematic organization of sounds in languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phraseology" title="Phraseology">Phraseology</a> – the study of the set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a> – subfield of linguistics that studies how context contributes to meaning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a> – the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a> – a descriptive study of the effect of any aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language, is used, and the effects of language use on society.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_science" title="Speech science">Speech science</a> – Speech science refers to the study of production, transmission and perception of speech. Speech science involves anatomy, in particular the anatomy of the oro-facial region and neuroanatomy, physiology, and acoustics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (linguistics)">Stylistics</a> – study and interpretation of texts from a linguistic perspective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a> – "the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a> – the study of meaning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> – representation of language in a textual medium through the use of a set of signs or symbols (known as a writing system).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a>– in addition to the administration of an organization, it is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a> – academic discipline and field of study that deals with the content, history and effects of various media; in particular, the mass media. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> – an academic field that deals with processes of human communication, commonly defined as the sharing of symbols to create meaning.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Political science</a> – social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, government, and politics. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civics" title="Civics">Civics</a> – the study of the theoretical and practical aspects of citizenship, its rights and duties; the duties of citizens to each other as members of a political body and to the government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a> – field and a method used in political science, characterized by an empirical approach based on the comparative method.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> – the study of strategic decision making.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a> – a theory that describes the relationship between politics and territory whether on a local or international scale. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_geography" title="Political geography">political geography</a> – field of human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a> – a set of ideas that constitute one's goals, expectations, and actions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a> – Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying, and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government, as well as with the distribution of national income and wealth, including through the budget process. Political economy originated in moral philosophy. It developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states, polities, hence political economy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a> – bureaucratic, administrative and judicial behaviour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a> – the branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting systems">Voting systems</a> – methods by which voters choose between options, often in an election or on a policy referendum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a> – houses the implementation of government policy and an academic discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> – generally the principled guide to action taken by the administrative or executive branches of the state about a class of issues in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a> – the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government studies</a> – a form of public administration which is a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within the given state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="International politics">International politics</a> – the study of relationships between countries, including the roles of states, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and multinational corporations (MNCs). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a> – the study of international relations from a theoretical perspective; it attempts to provide a conceptual framework upon which international relations can be analyzed.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_diplomacy" title="Science diplomacy">Science diplomacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Psychology</a> – the science of behaviour and mental processes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal psychology</a> - the study of unusual behaviour, emotion, and thought in an individual, likely of that as a mental disorder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied psychology</a> – use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas, such as mental health, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Psychological testing</a> – field characterized by the use of samples of behaviour to assess psychological construct(s), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a> – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community psychology</a> – Sense of community Social capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a> – study of when, why, how, and where people do or do not buy a product.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling psychology</a> – a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied for work in several broad domains: counselling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counselling; and prevention and health.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational psychology</a> – the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic psychology</a> – the intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a> – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational psychology</a> – the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal psychology</a> – involves empirical, psychological research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a> – seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military psychology</a> – research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a> – concerned with the psychosocial characteristics of workplaces that contribute to the development of health-related problems in people who work.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a> – an interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to understanding political science, politicians and political behaviour through the use of psychological theories.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a> – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a> – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School psychology</a> – the field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioural and learning problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport psychology</a> – interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of Kinesiology and Psychology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems psychology</a> – the branch of applied psychology that studies human behaviour and experience in complex systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic psychology</a> – the study of the behaviour of road users and the psychological processes underlying that behaviour (Rothengatter, 1997, 223) as well as to the relationship between behaviour and accidents</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior analysis">Behaviour analysis</a> – philosophy of psychology based on the proposition that all things that organisms do can and should be regarded as behaviours, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behaviour patterns or modifying the environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsychology">Biopsychology</a> – application of the principles of biology (in particular neurobiology), to the study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behaviour in human and non-human animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a> – integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a> – subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a> – field of psychology which assumes the idea that culture and mind are inseparable, and that psychological theories grounded in one culture are likely to be limited in applicability when applied to a different culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a> – the scientific study of systematic psychological changes, emotional changes, and perception changes that occur in human beings throughout their life span.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational psychology</a> – the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> – approach in the social and natural sciences that examines psychological traits such as memory, perception, and language from a modern evolutionary perspective.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental psychology</a> – application of experimental methods to the study of behaviour and the processes that underlie it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic psychology</a> – the intersection between psychology and the courtroom—criminal, civil, family and Federal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a> – concerned with understanding how biological, psychological, environmental, and cultural factors are involved in physical health and illness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a> – a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in the context of the tertiary sector beginning to produce in the most developed countries in the world more than the secondary sector was producing, for the first time in human history demanding creativity and a new understanding of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational psychology</a> – the scientific study of employees, workplaces, and organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical psychology</a> – understanding of human nature and mind, all through applications of mathematics theories and concepts along with other methods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a> – allied health profession and one of the expressive therapies, consisting of an interpersonal process in which a trained music therapist uses music to help clients to improve or maintain their health.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a> – studies the structure and function of the brain as they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviours.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality psychology</a> – the branch of psychology that studies personality and individual differences.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a> – field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, personality traits, and educational measurement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a> – application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious traditions, as well as to both religious and irreligious individuals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a> – quantitatively investigates the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they affect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensation_and_perception_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensation and perception psychology">Sensation and perception psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a> – is an academic field devoted to research into <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> beliefs, <a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">behaviours</a>, and institutions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a> – the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a> – a professional and academic discipline that seeks to improve the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and teaching on behalf of those afflicted with poverty or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Sociology</a> – studies society using various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to understand the human social activity, from the micro-level of individual agency and interaction to the macro level of systems and social structure. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a> – the study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behaviour in both the individual and in society. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_science" title="Crime science">Crime science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">Penology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a> – statistical study of human populations and sub-populations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural sociology</a> - the analysis of social life in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a> – the process of meeting human development goals while sustaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and natural system services upon which the economy of human society depends. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a> – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>, the study of relationships between organisms and their environment.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Sustainability studies</a> – focuses on the interdisciplinary perspective of the sustainability concept. Programs include instruction in sustainable development, geography, environmental policies, ethics, ecology, landscape architecture, city and regional planning, economics, natural resources, sociology, and anthropology, many of which are considered social sciences in their own right.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_social_science">History of social science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of social science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History of the social sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History of anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archaeology" title="History of archaeology">History of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies#History" title="Area studies">History of area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History of communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies#History" title="Cultural studies">History of cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies#History" title="Development studies">History of development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="History of economics">History of economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education" title="History of education">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies#History" title="Environmental studies">History of environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies#Influences" title="Gender studies">History of gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History of geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography#History" title="Human geography">History of human geography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">History of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science#History" title="Information science">History of information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law">History of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management#History" title="Management">History of management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_science" title="History of political science">History of political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_studies#History" class="mw-redirect" title="International studies">History of international studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of international relations">History of international relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of political economy">History of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration#History" title="Public administration">History of public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History of psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology#History" title="Social psychology">History of social psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_work" title="History of social work">History of social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History of sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_criminal_justice" title="History of criminal justice">History of criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography#History" title="Demography">History of demography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sustainability">History of sustainability</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_degrees">Education and degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education and degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Social_Science" title="Bachelor of Social Science">Bachelor of Social Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Economics" title="Bachelor of Economics">Bachelor of Economics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_social_science_concepts">General social science concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General social science concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethical_research_in_social_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethical research in social science (page does not exist)">Ethical research in social science</a></li> <li>Open and closed systems in social science</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_science_organizations">Social science organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social science organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_science_publications">Social science publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social science publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_scientists">Social scientists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social scientists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropologists" title="List of anthropologists">List of anthropologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_theorists" title="List of business theorists">List of business theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economists" title="List of economists">List of economists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographers" title="List of geographers">List of geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">List of political scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">List of psychologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_developmental_psychologists" title="List of developmental psychologists">List of developmental psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_educational_psychologists" title="List of educational psychologists">List of educational psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_psychologists" title="List of social psychologists">List of social psychologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">List of sociologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_planners" title="List of urban planners">List of urban planners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_theorists" title="List of urban theorists">List of urban theorists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science" title="Outline of science">Outline of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_natural_science" title="Outline of natural science">Outline of natural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science" title="Outline of physical science">Outline of physical science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_earth_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of earth science">Outline of earth science</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_formal_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of formal science">Outline of formal science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wilson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilson1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Edward O. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils/page/49"><i>Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consilienceunity00wils/page/49">49–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45077-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45077-7"><bdi>0-679-45077-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consilience%3A+The+Unity+of+Knowledge&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=49-71&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-679-45077-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edward+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsilienceunity00wils%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+social+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilbron-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heilbron_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions." —p.vii, <a href="/wiki/J._L._Heilbron" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Heilbron">J. L. Heilbron</a>, (2003, editor-in-chief). <i>The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511229-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511229-6">0-19-511229-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/science">"science"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-16</span></span>. <q><b>3 a:</b> knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method <b>b:</b> such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=science&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fscience&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOutline+of+social+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_social_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External 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data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_science" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Social science">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_science" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Social science">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306014508/http://www.dialogical.net/socialsciences/index.html">Social Science Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xlab.berkeley.edu">UC Berkeley Experimental Social Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intute.ac.uk/socialsciences/">Intute: Social Sciences</a> (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdx.ac.uk/www/study/sshtim.htm">History of Social Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polyarchy.org/poststatism/english/index.html">On the Social Sciences</a> Critical Essays</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/rothbard/praxeologymethod.pdf">praxeology as the method of the social sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mises.org/rothbard/extreme.pdf">in defense of extreme apriourism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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