CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Unconscionable Bargain Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="+ciOTT1waYYCZvwZ3susV9Kf1nX/0jLcmWY/LuAOy26BfZqKaUD4lJrc/OPCh1vukuBzzFmL3lMqcyc/RPr55g==" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Unconscionable Bargain Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"113 million","monthly_visitor_count":113468711,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":113,"user_count":277168712,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732450053000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732450053000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Unconscionable Bargain</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">114 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Unconscionable Bargain</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Unconscionable_Bargain">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34545964" data-work_id="34545964" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34545964/Quelques_pr%C3%A9cisions_importantes_sur_le_champ_dapplication_et_les_modalit%C3%A9s_du_d%C3%A9s%C3%A9quilibre_significatif_dans_larticle_L_442_6_I_2_du_Code_de_commerce_Commentaire_de_Cass_com_25_janv_2017_no_15_23_547_P_B_Revue_Lamy_Droit_civil_No_148_1er_mai_2017">Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif dans l'article L. 442-6, I, 2°) du Code de commerce (Commentaire de Cass. com., 25 janv. 2017, nº 15-23.547, P+B) , Revue Lamy Droit civil, Nº 148, 1er mai 2017</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce I-« SOUMISSION » ÉGALE « CONTRAT D'ADHÉSION » II-LES CLAUSES CONTRÔLABLES... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34545964" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce I-« SOUMISSION » ÉGALE « CONTRAT D'ADHÉSION » II-LES CLAUSES CONTRÔLABLES III-L'INTERDÉPENDANCE DES STIPULATIONS-Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce Revue Lamy Droit civil, Nº 148, 1er mai 2017 C'est un véritable arrêt de principe qu'a rendu la Chambre commerciale de la Cour de cassation le 25 janvier 2017 à propos du champ d'application et des modalités du déséquilibre significatif opéré sur le fondement de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce. Il en ressort que les conventions susceptibles d'être contrôlées sont les contrats d'adhésion, que le juge peut contrôler l'adéquation du prix à la prestation promise et que l'appréciation du déséquilibre significatif doit tenir compte de l'indépendance des stipulations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34545964" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a08c08151e14be64efe8cd88204dc343" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54410831,"asset_id":34545964,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54410831/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2032406" href="https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI">Dr. François-Xavier LICARI</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2032406" type="text/json">{"id":2032406,"first_name":"Dr. François-Xavier","last_name":"LICARI","domain_name":"univ-lorraine","page_name":"FrançoisXavierLICARI","display_name":"Dr. François-Xavier LICARI","profile_url":"https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2032406/9840185/10967015/s65_fran_ois-xavier.licari.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34545964 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34545964"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34545964, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34545964", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34545964 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34545964; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34545964"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34545964 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34545964"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34545964; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34545964]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34545964").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34545964").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34545964"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law">French Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10490" type="text/json">{"id":10490,"name":"French Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12281" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Law">Business Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12281" type="text/json">{"id":12281,"name":"Business Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="581109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory">Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="581109" type="text/json">{"id":581109,"name":"Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34545964]'), work: {"id":34545964,"title":"Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif dans l'article L. 442-6, I, 2°) du Code de commerce (Commentaire de Cass. com., 25 janv. 2017, nº 15-23.547, P+B) , Revue Lamy Droit civil, Nº 148, 1er mai 2017","created_at":"2017-09-12T00:30:27.676-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34545964/Quelques_pr%C3%A9cisions_importantes_sur_le_champ_dapplication_et_les_modalit%C3%A9s_du_d%C3%A9s%C3%A9quilibre_significatif_dans_larticle_L_442_6_I_2_du_Code_de_commerce_Commentaire_de_Cass_com_25_janv_2017_no_15_23_547_P_B_Revue_Lamy_Droit_civil_No_148_1er_mai_2017?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_34545964","summary":"Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce I-« SOUMISSION » ÉGALE « CONTRAT D'ADHÉSION » II-LES CLAUSES CONTRÔLABLES III-L'INTERDÉPENDANCE DES STIPULATIONS-Quelques précisions importantes sur le champ d'application et les modalités du déséquilibre significatif de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce Revue Lamy Droit civil, Nº 148, 1er mai 2017 C'est un véritable arrêt de principe qu'a rendu la Chambre commerciale de la Cour de cassation le 25 janvier 2017 à propos du champ d'application et des modalités du déséquilibre significatif opéré sur le fondement de l'article L. 442-6, I, 2º, du Code de commerce. Il en ressort que les conventions susceptibles d'être contrôlées sont les contrats d'adhésion, que le juge peut contrôler l'adéquation du prix à la prestation promise et que l'appréciation du déséquilibre significatif doit tenir compte de l'indépendance des stipulations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54410831,"asset_id":34545964,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2032406,"first_name":"Dr. François-Xavier","last_name":"LICARI","domain_name":"univ-lorraine","page_name":"FrançoisXavierLICARI","display_name":"Dr. François-Xavier LICARI","profile_url":"https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2032406/9840185/10967015/s65_fran_ois-xavier.licari.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":10490,"name":"French Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":12281,"name":"Business Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":581109,"name":"Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"},{"id":1162021,"name":"Droit Des Contrats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Droit_Des_Contrats?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6381990" data-work_id="6381990" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6381990/_The_doctrine_of_unconscionable_bargains_is_too_uncertain_and_undermines_the_classical_theory_of_contract_">"The doctrine of unconscionable bargains is too uncertain and undermines the classical theory of contract."</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6381990" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="80bbf382d4ffa07cf17daa6964fe8359" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33196022,"asset_id":6381990,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33196022/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3775640" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/VeronikaTimofeeva">Veronika Timofeeva</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3775640" type="text/json">{"id":3775640,"first_name":"Veronika","last_name":"Timofeeva","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"VeronikaTimofeeva","display_name":"Veronika Timofeeva","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/VeronikaTimofeeva?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3775640/1367583/1686484/s65_veronika.timofeeva.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6381990 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6381990"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6381990, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6381990", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6381990 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6381990; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6381990"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6381990 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6381990"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6381990; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6381990]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6381990").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6381990").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6381990"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="810675" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain">Unconscionable Bargain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="810675" type="text/json">{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6381990]'), work: {"id":6381990,"title":"\"The doctrine of unconscionable bargains is too uncertain and undermines the classical theory of contract.\"","created_at":"2014-03-11T22:54:26.149-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6381990/_The_doctrine_of_unconscionable_bargains_is_too_uncertain_and_undermines_the_classical_theory_of_contract_?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_6381990","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33196022,"asset_id":6381990,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3775640,"first_name":"Veronika","last_name":"Timofeeva","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"VeronikaTimofeeva","display_name":"Veronika Timofeeva","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/VeronikaTimofeeva?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3775640/1367583/1686484/s65_veronika.timofeeva.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17051505" data-work_id="17051505" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17051505/Essay_on_Undue_Influence_and_Duress_in_the_light_of_Reasonable_Expectations">Essay on Undue Influence and Duress in the light of Reasonable Expectations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17051505" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f0cc0f304cf4e81cad22134442fa172" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39320214,"asset_id":17051505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39320214/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5087019" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/NicGundlach">Nicolas Gundlach</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5087019" type="text/json">{"id":5087019,"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Gundlach","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"NicGundlach","display_name":"Nicolas Gundlach","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/NicGundlach?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5087019/2222896/21239528/s65_nicolas.gundlach.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17051505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17051505"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17051505, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17051505", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17051505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17051505; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17051505"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17051505 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17051505"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17051505; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17051505]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17051505").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17051505").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17051505"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="810675" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain">Unconscionable Bargain</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="810675" type="text/json">{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1135331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence">Undue Influence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1135331" type="text/json">{"id":1135331,"name":"Undue Influence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2000249" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress">Duress</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2000249" type="text/json">{"id":2000249,"name":"Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17051505]'), work: {"id":17051505,"title":"Essay on Undue Influence and Duress in the light of Reasonable Expectations","created_at":"2015-10-20T09:21:47.154-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17051505/Essay_on_Undue_Influence_and_Duress_in_the_light_of_Reasonable_Expectations?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_17051505","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39320214,"asset_id":17051505,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5087019,"first_name":"Nicolas","last_name":"Gundlach","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"NicGundlach","display_name":"Nicolas Gundlach","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/NicGundlach?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5087019/2222896/21239528/s65_nicolas.gundlach.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":1135331,"name":"Undue Influence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":2000249,"name":"Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40925137" data-work_id="40925137" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40925137/Walking_the_Divide_A_Critical_Examination_of_the_Nature_of_Undue_Influence_and_Unconscionable_Dealing">Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40925137" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable dealing, this paper argues that substantive unfairness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for establishing either doctrine. Rather, it is the stronger party’s exploitation of the weaker party’s position which is of importance when granting relief in equity. Notwithstanding the centrality of exploitation when making a finding of undue influence or unconscionable dealing, the law presently demarcates between the doctrines by reference to the contexts in which they operate. The conclusion is therefore that although conceptual coherence between both doctrines is welcome, any attempt at assimilation ought to be sensitive to the contexts which undue influence and unconscionable dealing currently regulate.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40925137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fa5664edfd65a4a5d399cc74dac7812" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61213730,"asset_id":40925137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61213730/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="111421375" href="https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielCook">Daniel J Cook</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="111421375" type="text/json">{"id":111421375,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Cook","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"DanielCook","display_name":"Daniel J Cook","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielCook?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/111421375/35729843/30875148/s65_daniel.cook.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40925137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40925137"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40925137, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40925137", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40925137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40925137"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40925137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40925137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40925137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40925137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40925137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40925137"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="542" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="542" type="text/json">{"id":542,"name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16823" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16823" type="text/json">{"id":16823,"name":"Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation">Exploitation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38872" type="text/json">{"id":38872,"name":"Exploitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40925137]'), work: {"id":40925137,"title":"Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing","created_at":"2019-11-14T03:23:57.140-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40925137/Walking_the_Divide_A_Critical_Examination_of_the_Nature_of_Undue_Influence_and_Unconscionable_Dealing?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_40925137","summary":"This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable dealing, this paper argues that substantive unfairness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for establishing either doctrine. Rather, it is the stronger party’s exploitation of the weaker party’s position which is of importance when granting relief in equity. Notwithstanding the centrality of exploitation when making a finding of undue influence or unconscionable dealing, the law presently demarcates between the doctrines by reference to the contexts in which they operate. The conclusion is therefore that although conceptual coherence between both doctrines is welcome, any attempt at assimilation ought to be sensitive to the contexts which undue influence and unconscionable dealing currently regulate. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61213730,"asset_id":40925137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":111421375,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Cook","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"DanielCook","display_name":"Daniel J Cook","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielCook?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/111421375/35729843/30875148/s65_daniel.cook.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":542,"name":"Jurisprudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurisprudence?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":16823,"name":"Vulnerability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":38872,"name":"Exploitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":84904,"name":"Law of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contract?f_ri=810675"},{"id":566575,"name":"Contract Remedies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Remedies?f_ri=810675"},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"},{"id":1135331,"name":"Undue Influence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2000249,"name":"Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2522998,"name":"Vitiating Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitiating_Factors?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14247831" data-work_id="14247831" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14247831/Quelques_r%C3%A9flexions_et_propositions_au_sujet_des_clauses_d%C3%A9raisonnables_ou_abusives_dans_les_contrats_conclus_entre_professionnels_%C3%A0_la_lueur_du_droit_compar%C3%A9_et_des_sources_savantes_in_M%C3%A9langes_en_l_honneur_de_Philippe_le_Tourneau_Dalloz_2008_pp_655_703">Quelques réflexions et propositions au sujet des clauses "déraisonnables" ou "abusives" dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels, à la lueur du droit comparé et des sources savantes, in Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe le Tourneau, Dalloz, 2008, pp. 655-703</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14247831" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c19cd75bcbcfcd69c20217083c4ac310" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38245287,"asset_id":14247831,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38245287/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2032406" href="https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI">Dr. François-Xavier LICARI</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2032406" type="text/json">{"id":2032406,"first_name":"Dr. François-Xavier","last_name":"LICARI","domain_name":"univ-lorraine","page_name":"FrançoisXavierLICARI","display_name":"Dr. François-Xavier LICARI","profile_url":"https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2032406/9840185/10967015/s65_fran_ois-xavier.licari.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14247831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14247831"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14247831, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14247831", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_14247831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14247831; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_14247831"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_14247831 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="14247831"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 14247831; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14247831]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14247831").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14247831").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14247831"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10490" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law">French Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10490" type="text/json">{"id":10490,"name":"French Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13975" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract">Contract</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13975" type="text/json">{"id":13975,"name":"Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="456742" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts">Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="456742" type="text/json">{"id":456742,"name":"Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14247831]'), work: {"id":14247831,"title":"Quelques réflexions et propositions au sujet des clauses \"déraisonnables\" ou \"abusives\" dans les contrats conclus entre professionnels, à la lueur du droit comparé et des sources savantes, in Mélanges en l’honneur de Philippe le Tourneau, Dalloz, 2008, pp. 655-703","created_at":"2015-07-21T00:33:48.146-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14247831/Quelques_r%C3%A9flexions_et_propositions_au_sujet_des_clauses_d%C3%A9raisonnables_ou_abusives_dans_les_contrats_conclus_entre_professionnels_%C3%A0_la_lueur_du_droit_compar%C3%A9_et_des_sources_savantes_in_M%C3%A9langes_en_l_honneur_de_Philippe_le_Tourneau_Dalloz_2008_pp_655_703?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_14247831","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38245287,"asset_id":14247831,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2032406,"first_name":"Dr. François-Xavier","last_name":"LICARI","domain_name":"univ-lorraine","page_name":"FrançoisXavierLICARI","display_name":"Dr. François-Xavier LICARI","profile_url":"https://univ-lorraine.academia.edu/Fran%C3%A7oisXavierLICARI?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2032406/9840185/10967015/s65_fran_ois-xavier.licari.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":10490,"name":"French Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":13975,"name":"Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":456742,"name":"Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfair_Terms_in_Consumer_Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37884355" data-work_id="37884355" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37884355/Can_the_law_fix_the_problems_of_fashion_An_empirical_study_on_social_norms_and_power_imbalance_in_the_fashion_industry">Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The fashion industry is affected by an imbalance of power that goes beyond the outsourcing of part of the manufacture to developing countries. Said imbalance characterises the whole supply chain and hinders freedom of expression, freedom... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37884355" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The fashion industry is affected by an imbalance of power that goes beyond the outsourcing of part of the manufacture to developing countries. Said imbalance characterises the whole supply chain and hinders freedom of expression, freedom to conduct business and, hence, creativity and innovation. In order to understand fashion, IP lawyers and lawmakers need to take into account that the law is not the main device the regulating the relevant relationships. Indeed, fashion is a closed community, a family where complaining is rather frowned upon and where contracts do not reflect the actual relationships between the parties. In order to rebalance power, this article explores the possibility to treat good faith and inequality of bargaining power as unifying principles of contract law. However, in light of the evidence collected during a number of in-depth interviews with fashion stakeholders, it seems clear that social norms are the main source of regulation of relationships and, therefore, intervening at the level of the contracts may not be helpful. Competition law, in turn, may be of more help in rebalancing power; however, cases such as Coty v Parfümerie Akzente do not augur well. Moreover, competition law is useful when the relationship is over, but it is in all the stakeholders' interest to keep the relationship alive while fixing its imbalance. This study confirms recent findings that social norms do not only have a positive impact on fields with low IP-equilibrium and it sheds light on the broader consequences of the reliance on social norms and on its relationship to power imbalance. This work makes a twofold recommendation. First, IP lawyers should engage more with the unfamiliar field of social norms. Second, advocates of a reform of IP aimed at transforming the industry in an IP-intensive one should be mindful that the effort may prove useless, in light of the role of social norms, especially if<br />power is not distributed.<br />This research has been carried out with the generous support of the SLS Society of Legal Scholars.<br />Please cite as Guido Noto La Diega, ‘‘Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry’ (2018) Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, jpy097, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy097" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy097</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37884355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b76f0888b9c68895bd47e5904f4f4e66" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57891644,"asset_id":37884355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57891644/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="736533" href="https://strathclyde.academia.edu/GuidoNotoLaDiega">Guido Noto La Diega</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="736533" type="text/json">{"id":736533,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Noto La Diega","domain_name":"strathclyde","page_name":"GuidoNotoLaDiega","display_name":"Guido Noto La Diega","profile_url":"https://strathclyde.academia.edu/GuidoNotoLaDiega?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/736533/251443/111612223/s65_guido.noto_la_diega.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37884355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37884355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37884355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37884355", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37884355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37884355; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37884355"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37884355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37884355"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37884355; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37884355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37884355").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37884355").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37884355"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts">Contracts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="550" type="text/json">{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="967" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property">Intellectual Property</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="967" type="text/json">{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14943" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Norms">Social Norms</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14943" type="text/json">{"id":14943,"name":"Social Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Norms?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37884355]'), work: {"id":37884355,"title":"Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry","created_at":"2018-11-30T06:32:02.696-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37884355/Can_the_law_fix_the_problems_of_fashion_An_empirical_study_on_social_norms_and_power_imbalance_in_the_fashion_industry?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_37884355","summary":"The fashion industry is affected by an imbalance of power that goes beyond the outsourcing of part of the manufacture to developing countries. Said imbalance characterises the whole supply chain and hinders freedom of expression, freedom to conduct business and, hence, creativity and innovation. In order to understand fashion, IP lawyers and lawmakers need to take into account that the law is not the main device the regulating the relevant relationships. Indeed, fashion is a closed community, a family where complaining is rather frowned upon and where contracts do not reflect the actual relationships between the parties. In order to rebalance power, this article explores the possibility to treat good faith and inequality of bargaining power as unifying principles of contract law. However, in light of the evidence collected during a number of in-depth interviews with fashion stakeholders, it seems clear that social norms are the main source of regulation of relationships and, therefore, intervening at the level of the contracts may not be helpful. Competition law, in turn, may be of more help in rebalancing power; however, cases such as Coty v Parfümerie Akzente do not augur well. Moreover, competition law is useful when the relationship is over, but it is in all the stakeholders' interest to keep the relationship alive while fixing its imbalance. This study confirms recent findings that social norms do not only have a positive impact on fields with low IP-equilibrium and it sheds light on the broader consequences of the reliance on social norms and on its relationship to power imbalance. This work makes a twofold recommendation. First, IP lawyers should engage more with the unfamiliar field of social norms. Second, advocates of a reform of IP aimed at transforming the industry in an IP-intensive one should be mindful that the effort may prove useless, in light of the role of social norms, especially if\npower is not distributed.\nThis research has been carried out with the generous support of the SLS Society of Legal Scholars.\nPlease cite as Guido Noto La Diega, ‘‘Can the law fix the problems of fashion? An empirical study on social norms and power imbalance in the fashion industry’ (2018) Journal of Intellectual Property Law \u0026 Practice, jpy097, https://doi.org/10.1093/jiplp/jpy097","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57891644,"asset_id":37884355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":736533,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Noto La Diega","domain_name":"strathclyde","page_name":"GuidoNotoLaDiega","display_name":"Guido Noto La Diega","profile_url":"https://strathclyde.academia.edu/GuidoNotoLaDiega?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/736533/251443/111612223/s65_guido.noto_la_diega.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":14943,"name":"Social Norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Norms?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=810675"},{"id":136043,"name":"Good faith","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Good_faith?f_ri=810675"},{"id":173813,"name":"Law of Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contracts?f_ri=810675"},{"id":638520,"name":"Fashion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fashion?f_ri=810675"},{"id":808859,"name":"Fashion Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fashion_Law?f_ri=810675"},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"},{"id":825941,"name":"Fashion Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fashion_Industry?f_ri=810675"},{"id":1190618,"name":"Inequality of Bargaining Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_of_Bargaining_Power?f_ri=810675"},{"id":1939710,"name":"Power Imbalances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Imbalances?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2067313,"name":"Defence of Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defence_of_Duress?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2454244,"name":"Law for the fashion and textile industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_for_the_fashion_and_textile_industry?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2846855,"name":"fashion lawyer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/fashion_lawyer?f_ri=810675"},{"id":3072938,"name":"fashion regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/fashion_regulation?f_ri=810675"},{"id":3072939,"name":"innovation norms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/innovation_norms?f_ri=810675"},{"id":3072940,"name":"negative space of intellectual property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/negative_space_of_intellectual_property?f_ri=810675"},{"id":3072941,"name":"non-conventional copyright","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/non-conventional_copyright?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44897992" data-work_id="44897992" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44897992/From_a_Gasp_to_a_Gamble_A_Proposed_Test_for_Unconscionability">From a Gasp to a Gamble: A Proposed Test for Unconscionability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article takes a comparative approach to answering the question of what "unconscionability" means, as referenced in Section 2-302 of the US's Uniform Commercial Code. It describes the US courts' failure to develop a clear test for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44897992" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article takes a comparative approach to answering the question of what "unconscionability" means, as referenced in Section 2-302 of the US's Uniform Commercial Code.  It describes the US courts' failure to develop a clear test for the doctrine, and the need for a clearer doctrine.  It then introduces and explains the basi relevant Islamic legal concepts regarding invalid contracts, and proposes a test for unconscionability that brings together Islamic and American and illustrates this proposed test by applying it to typical cases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44897992" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74b6cdb2ec97004cc49218d77f5db95c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65416963,"asset_id":44897992,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65416963/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10484616" href="https://wisc.academia.edu/AsifaQuraishiLandes">Asifa Quraishi-Landes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10484616" type="text/json">{"id":10484616,"first_name":"Asifa","last_name":"Quraishi-Landes","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"AsifaQuraishiLandes","display_name":"Asifa Quraishi-Landes","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/AsifaQuraishiLandes?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10484616/3180519/40417747/s65_asifa.quraishi-landes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44897992 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44897992"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44897992, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44897992", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44897992 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44897992; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44897992"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44897992 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44897992"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44897992; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44897992]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44897992").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44897992").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44897992"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="540" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law">Islamic Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="540" type="text/json">{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts">Contracts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="550" type="text/json">{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44897992]'), work: {"id":44897992,"title":"From a Gasp to a Gamble: A Proposed Test for Unconscionability","created_at":"2021-01-13T10:18:38.747-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44897992/From_a_Gasp_to_a_Gamble_A_Proposed_Test_for_Unconscionability?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_44897992","summary":"This article takes a comparative approach to answering the question of what \"unconscionability\" means, as referenced in Section 2-302 of the US's Uniform Commercial Code. It describes the US courts' failure to develop a clear test for the doctrine, and the need for a clearer doctrine. It then introduces and explains the basi relevant Islamic legal concepts regarding invalid contracts, and proposes a test for unconscionability that brings together Islamic and American and illustrates this proposed test by applying it to typical cases.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65416963,"asset_id":44897992,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10484616,"first_name":"Asifa","last_name":"Quraishi-Landes","domain_name":"wisc","page_name":"AsifaQuraishiLandes","display_name":"Asifa Quraishi-Landes","profile_url":"https://wisc.academia.edu/AsifaQuraishiLandes?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10484616/3180519/40417747/s65_asifa.quraishi-landes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":540,"name":"Islamic Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":66015,"name":"Shariah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shariah?f_ri=810675"},{"id":426630,"name":"UCC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UCC?f_ri=810675"},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2597549,"name":"unconscionability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/unconscionability?f_ri=810675"},{"id":3597272,"name":"unconscionable contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/unconscionable_contracts?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34835264" data-work_id="34835264" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract">Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34835264" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. <br /><br />This article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.<br /><br />Based upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. <br /><br />This article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34835264" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0951b6f1af6fa9afd6d6e0a5fa40e474" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66062460,"asset_id":34835264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1MDA1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="69427178" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett">Matthew Marinett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="69427178" type="text/json">{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Marinett","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69427178/17975884/17999422/s65_matthew.marinett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34835264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34835264"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34835264, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34835264", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34835264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34835264"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34835264 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34835264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34835264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34835264").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34835264").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34835264"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7495" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics">Law and Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7495" type="text/json">{"id":7495,"name":"Law and Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="581109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory">Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="581109" type="text/json">{"id":581109,"name":"Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="810675" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain">Unconscionable Bargain</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="810675" type="text/json">{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34835264]'), work: {"id":34835264,"title":"Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract","created_at":"2017-10-11T19:23:03.001-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_34835264","summary":"Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. \n\nThis article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.\n\nBased upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. \n\nThis article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66062460,"asset_id":34835264,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Marinett","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/69427178/17975884/17999422/s65_matthew.marinett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":7495,"name":"Law and Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":581109,"name":"Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":1135331,"name":"Undue Influence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence?f_ri=810675"},{"id":2000249,"name":"Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32839454" data-work_id="32839454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32839454/Paternalism_and_contract_law">Paternalism and contract law</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is a chapter published in The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Paternalism (ed. Kalle Grill and Jason Hanna). I suggest a classification of contract law rules and doctrines that are potentially or prima facie paternalistic, as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32839454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is a chapter published in The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Paternalism (ed. Kalle Grill and Jason Hanna). I suggest a classification of contract law rules and doctrines that are potentially or prima facie paternalistic, as constitutive, procedural, informational and substantive limits to freedom of contract. I also discuss non-paternalistic rationalisations of some of these rules in terms of justice or as responses to externalities and collective action problems.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32839454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="226093" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/PeterCserne">Péter Cserne</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="226093" type="text/json">{"id":226093,"first_name":"Péter","last_name":"Cserne","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"PeterCserne","display_name":"Péter Cserne","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/PeterCserne?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/226093/50549/11717977/s65_p_ter.cserne.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32839454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32839454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32839454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32839454", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32839454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32839454; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32839454"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32839454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32839454"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32839454; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32839454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32839454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32839454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32839454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts">Contracts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="550" type="text/json">{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2098" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2098" type="text/json">{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35668" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Stuart_Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35668" type="text/json">{"id":35668,"name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Stuart_Mill?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation">Exploitation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38872" type="text/json">{"id":38872,"name":"Exploitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32839454]'), work: {"id":32839454,"title":"Paternalism and contract law","created_at":"2017-05-04T10:43:54.133-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32839454/Paternalism_and_contract_law?f_ri=810675","dom_id":"work_32839454","summary":"This is a chapter published in The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Paternalism (ed. Kalle Grill and Jason Hanna). I suggest a classification of contract law rules and doctrines that are potentially or prima facie paternalistic, as constitutive, procedural, informational and substantive limits to freedom of contract. I also discuss non-paternalistic rationalisations of some of these rules in terms of justice or as responses to externalities and collective action problems. ","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":226093,"first_name":"Péter","last_name":"Cserne","domain_name":"aberdeen","page_name":"PeterCserne","display_name":"Péter Cserne","profile_url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/PeterCserne?f_ri=810675","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/226093/50549/11717977/s65_p_ter.cserne.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":550,"name":"Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contracts?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":35668,"name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Stuart_Mill?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":38872,"name":"Exploitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exploitation?f_ri=810675","nofollow":false},{"id":84904,"name":"Law of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contract?f_ri=810675"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=810675"},{"id":149228,"name":"Paternalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paternalism?f_ri=810675"},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain?f_ri=810675"},{"id":972389,"name":"Freedom of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom_of_Contract?f_ri=810675"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Law">French Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="10490">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="10490">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Trusts">Equity and Trusts</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="12450">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="12450">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Law">Public Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="51429">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="51429">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law">Contract Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="2098">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="2098">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Commercial_Arbitration">International Commercial Arbitration</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="9381">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="9381">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence">Undue Influence</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1135331">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1135331">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Property_Law">Property Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="3688">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="3688">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law">Philosophy Of Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="6728">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="6728">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jurgen_Habermas">Jurgen Habermas</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5340">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5340">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="535">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="535">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "22c3a5d81b10bf21c5e346a48a3f20c8aa7f92e919c54be816847ef04d43efaa", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="Tgt5TIoge6hbnW57HqDmnBG70g/LUs/63RukLMio+C02vm2L3hDqusMnboEC7BElUcR3tm0LI3VuDrw9bFzKpQ==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="/losf7iHaiQKiljx53WtQpeYmMTcjvOUTSIcQm6LfkeG7zi47Lf7NpIwWAv7OVr71+c9fXrXHxv+NwRTyn9Mzw==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>