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if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":35704401,"link":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/matthew-marinett-5983905a/","name":"Linkedin","link_domain":"www.linkedin.com","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.linkedin.com"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett","location":"/MatthewMarinett","scheme":"https","host":"utoronto.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/MatthewMarinett","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-de1dd9a1-80dc-4742-8ebf-b90f85fb99ff"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-de1dd9a1-80dc-4742-8ebf-b90f85fb99ff"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Matthew Marinett" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/69427178/17975884/17999422/s200_matthew.marinett.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Matthew Marinett</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/">University of Toronto</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/Departments/Faculty_of_Law/Documents">Faculty of Law</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Graduate Student</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Matthew" data-follow-user-id="69427178" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="69427178"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">4</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">0</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Matthew is a doctoral candidate in law at the University of Toronto. His research examines the rule of law implications of the corporate control and adjudication of consumer rights, especially with respect to consumer copyright, privacy and freedom of expression. His doctoral project examines the manner in which Internet corporations such as Google, Amazon and Facebook create rules and make rights-affecting decisions with worldwide impact and minimal governmental oversight. His doctoral project questions whether these law-like rules are consistent with the rule of law and the democratic control of lawmaking power, and explores the possibility of holding corporations to standards of procedural fairness, public participation and the rule of law when regulating or adjudicating consumer rights. <br /><br />Prior to pursuing an academic path, Matthew was most recently an associate at Gowling Lafleur Henderson (now Gowling WLG) in the Intellectual Property department. He worked primarily within the Entertainment Law Group and the Advertising, Marketing and Regulatory Affairs Group. Prior to joining Gowlings, he volunteered his time at Advocates for Injured Workers, a legal clinic which assisted low-income clients who had been injured in the course of their employment obtain workers' compensation benefits.<br /><span class="u-fw700">Supervisors: </span>Ariel Katz, Margaret Jane Radin, and Lisa Austin<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178">View All (10)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett","location":"/MatthewMarinett","scheme":"https","host":"utoronto.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/MatthewMarinett","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Contract Law"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-e502527e-8cf3-43e0-9fbe-1149f8666c1f"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-e502527e-8cf3-43e0-9fbe-1149f8666c1f"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property_Law"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Intellectual Property Law"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8787df18-dcb3-402e-aa0d-1f97fb4fd025"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8787df18-dcb3-402e-aa0d-1f97fb4fd025"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copyright"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Copyright"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-566f080e-19e3-49d9-9605-c44750599aa2"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-566f080e-19e3-49d9-9605-c44750599aa2"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Innovation_Law"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Innovation Law"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4c9ae9a9-20f8-4c83-ad16-1a90200856b3"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4c9ae9a9-20f8-4c83-ad16-1a90200856b3"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69427178" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Law and Economics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-e7a57c00-f9c2-4e6f-9166-14d35641e1ba"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-e7a57c00-f9c2-4e6f-9166-14d35641e1ba"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="left-most js-UserInfo-social-cv" data-broccoli-component="user-info.cv-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-cv" data-cv-filename="Marinett_Matthew_-_CV.pdf" data-placement="top" data-toggle="tooltip" href="/MatthewMarinett/CurriculumVitae"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--small" style="font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: 0.8px"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">CV</span></button></li><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Matthew Marinett</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="45584239"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders">The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>53:2 UBC Law Review 464</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.<br /><br />This article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.<br /><br />In order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="34aa6c3bab7a0aa8679f77b780714dbe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66062465,"asset_id":45584239,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45584239"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45584239"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45584239; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45584239]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45584239]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45584239; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='45584239']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45584239, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "34aa6c3bab7a0aa8679f77b780714dbe" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=45584239]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":45584239,"title":"The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.\n\nThis article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.\n\nIn order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"53:2 UBC Law Review 464"},"translated_abstract":"In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.\n\nThis article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.\n\nIn order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-03-19T21:39:05.206-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69427178,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66062465,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Marinett_Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062465/Marinett_Final-libre.pdf?1616216551=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=G0yeQYEyJubmvn9x5UFK5fwJWLGaGfrpOMFNUvjfE-xip6RZYGZIWEt7fP7fu5Codzq8YBBfq8PqHWH5xzMnCYtJIqjzG6Qpu84chlc7YlulQjzhayLqw38bRLfKIeJYjZAkel0QSAI2OD2FkggmieKBY~M9AgB3uoV4~4uxs6yndqE6Pbe3iwm~ljJcEgs1UcOSBdGD2SWxe-zjFiU58SIwCavsdpIDQk4ShxkN~2nG~FFGg0jz1mfFhhhiFrrjWjLZ~xPZ7SuC4lSzqqDO-hywpcukJjJqOoL5Fjo7iZSZdfCTgB0KIZF1lnUJQnfwbUG9rzkT6yU48jByrfX2UQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders","translated_slug":"","page_count":68,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Marinett","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","domain_name":"utoronto","created_at":"2017-10-10T13:32:13.802-07:00","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett"},"attachments":[{"id":66062465,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Marinett_Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062465/Marinett_Final-libre.pdf?1616216551=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=G0yeQYEyJubmvn9x5UFK5fwJWLGaGfrpOMFNUvjfE-xip6RZYGZIWEt7fP7fu5Codzq8YBBfq8PqHWH5xzMnCYtJIqjzG6Qpu84chlc7YlulQjzhayLqw38bRLfKIeJYjZAkel0QSAI2OD2FkggmieKBY~M9AgB3uoV4~4uxs6yndqE6Pbe3iwm~ljJcEgs1UcOSBdGD2SWxe-zjFiU58SIwCavsdpIDQk4ShxkN~2nG~FFGg0jz1mfFhhhiFrrjWjLZ~xPZ7SuC4lSzqqDO-hywpcukJjJqOoL5Fjo7iZSZdfCTgB0KIZF1lnUJQnfwbUG9rzkT6yU48jByrfX2UQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":982,"name":"Cyberlaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberlaw"},{"id":1759,"name":"Internet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Studies"},{"id":3781,"name":"Private International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_International_Law"},{"id":14200,"name":"Freedom Of Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom_Of_Expression"},{"id":16416,"name":"Internet \u0026 Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_and_Society"},{"id":33174,"name":"Conflict of Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_of_Laws"},{"id":35838,"name":"Search Engines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Search_Engines"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34884122"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34884122/The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64460073/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34884122/The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright">The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Intellectual Property Journal</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada Limited] <br /> <br />Abstract Only: <br /> <br />The limited empirical literature examining the effects of strengthened copyright laws suggests that the primary winners of copyright protectionism are the intermediaries, such as the publishers and distributors of creative works, rather than the authors themselves. This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. It looks at examples of similar rights from other jurisdictions and addresses a number of counterarguments from recent scholarship.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="793a1f66f4580407f0bc23d1315c2eda" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64460073,"asset_id":34884122,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64460073/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34884122"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34884122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34884122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34884122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34884122]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34884122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34884122']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34884122, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "793a1f66f4580407f0bc23d1315c2eda" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34884122]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34884122,"title":"The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright","translated_title":"","metadata":{"issue":"1","volume":"30","abstract":"[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada Limited] \r\n\r\nAbstract Only: \r\n\r\nThe limited empirical literature examining the effects of strengthened copyright laws suggests that the primary winners of copyright protectionism are the intermediaries, such as the publishers and distributors of creative works, rather than the authors themselves. This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. It looks at examples of similar rights from other jurisdictions and addresses a number of counterarguments from recent scholarship.","page_numbers":"125 - 170","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Intellectual Property Journal"},"translated_abstract":"[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada Limited] \r\n\r\nAbstract Only: \r\n\r\nThe limited empirical literature examining the effects of strengthened copyright laws suggests that the primary winners of copyright protectionism are the intermediaries, such as the publishers and distributors of creative works, rather than the authors themselves. This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. It looks at examples of similar rights from other jurisdictions and addresses a number of counterarguments from recent scholarship.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34884122/The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-10-17T14:05:49.194-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69427178,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64460073,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64460073/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"IPJ_30.1_MARINETT.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64460073/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64460073/IPJ_30.1_MARINETT-libre.pdf?1600405515=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=GaSXXJw6H8jD9jFMKWXi-JyCd7q6XOQRkfzoPAhKT4x2AnHHzyE6FjY5TQc722bndksSgbrixKwD8SI3caBwTjtxQYPPQ3L4HQ7oPmf1KNTS8uk-YnFi71ybrNzdHRNZA1HsRAHR6VGcQcP9jBCxV9sNFZUJ4nxJ4k4vvHcJywyHEf-Mj0Oc3FY-Hqf4mtbhT~CXXqnbTFXdMDec-foWFUG9uve4yavAJb-sgxlIxOGaGygDftnWsKHCB-AjnTcLPGKMRUjBdyXgl6l0A-lstjtKjJNH4XFkOr-1NazrRTBamjWCX5~7Bp8-Y-qp73xzA6D~Hf9xN2NZ1J5XVVx1bQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright","translated_slug":"","page_count":46,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Marinett","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","domain_name":"utoronto","created_at":"2017-10-10T13:32:13.802-07:00","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett"},"attachments":[{"id":64460073,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64460073/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"IPJ_30.1_MARINETT.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64460073/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64460073/IPJ_30.1_MARINETT-libre.pdf?1600405515=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=GaSXXJw6H8jD9jFMKWXi-JyCd7q6XOQRkfzoPAhKT4x2AnHHzyE6FjY5TQc722bndksSgbrixKwD8SI3caBwTjtxQYPPQ3L4HQ7oPmf1KNTS8uk-YnFi71ybrNzdHRNZA1HsRAHR6VGcQcP9jBCxV9sNFZUJ4nxJ4k4vvHcJywyHEf-Mj0Oc3FY-Hqf4mtbhT~CXXqnbTFXdMDec-foWFUG9uve4yavAJb-sgxlIxOGaGygDftnWsKHCB-AjnTcLPGKMRUjBdyXgl6l0A-lstjtKjJNH4XFkOr-1NazrRTBamjWCX5~7Bp8-Y-qp73xzA6D~Hf9xN2NZ1J5XVVx1bQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law"},{"id":13151,"name":"Intellectual Property Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property_Law"},{"id":19431,"name":"Entertainment Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entertainment_Law"},{"id":29883,"name":"Authorship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authorship"},{"id":90776,"name":"Copyright Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copyright_Law"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34835264"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062460/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract">Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Alberta Law Review</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. <br /><br />This article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.<br /><br />Based upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. <br /><br />This article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8e8b9193371f24d5d10e3531b070c43e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66062460,"asset_id":34835264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34835264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34835264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34835264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34835264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34835264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34835264, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8e8b9193371f24d5d10e3531b070c43e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34835264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34835264,"title":"Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract","translated_title":"","metadata":{"issue":"3","volume":"55","abstract":"Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. \n\nThis article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.\n\nBased upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. \n\nThis article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.","page_numbers":"703-754","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Alberta Law Review"},"translated_abstract":"Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. \n\nThis article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.\n\nBased upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. \n\nThis article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-10-11T19:23:03.001-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69427178,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66062460,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062460/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Matthew_Marinett_55_Alberta_Law_Review_703_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062460/Matthew_Marinett_55_Alberta_Law_Review_703_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract-libre.pdf?1616216554=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProtecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=TWxoYr~3rCGy1AXgPW9W4-BEswSRL~lEIFl3fXFuFYklb02DYH5EPgR48EoakPPK5Mx0CF4vJzE6yuGUyoM4aASk7ygax3NcvcFkeTEO-CCWUvP~SFeyctaTH59RnfYvEgDCi5sVYWqldmqUABEYq6CYdZZEMw1xveDFA4N3-JC3MndUFDtG7jwbNrCnczKT5o9X~HqvSXksBwyPYUS-ID2ahqt3td0qdmproo2yUJ5hsKtwhceP0JhVIiHli7pbHHKDPOjZRZoxKOer8B4d4n4L-bN3z8Ecwpj3r~J2hfXroa04Sw5t6IVbYGR~vCcP0CQJVnChKvrDGNAPuZx4lA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract","translated_slug":"","page_count":52,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Marinett","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","domain_name":"utoronto","created_at":"2017-10-10T13:32:13.802-07:00","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett"},"attachments":[{"id":66062460,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062460/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Matthew_Marinett_55_Alberta_Law_Review_703_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062460/Matthew_Marinett_55_Alberta_Law_Review_703_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract-libre.pdf?1616216554=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProtecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=TWxoYr~3rCGy1AXgPW9W4-BEswSRL~lEIFl3fXFuFYklb02DYH5EPgR48EoakPPK5Mx0CF4vJzE6yuGUyoM4aASk7ygax3NcvcFkeTEO-CCWUvP~SFeyctaTH59RnfYvEgDCi5sVYWqldmqUABEYq6CYdZZEMw1xveDFA4N3-JC3MndUFDtG7jwbNrCnczKT5o9X~HqvSXksBwyPYUS-ID2ahqt3td0qdmproo2yUJ5hsKtwhceP0JhVIiHli7pbHHKDPOjZRZoxKOer8B4d4n4L-bN3z8Ecwpj3r~J2hfXroa04Sw5t6IVbYGR~vCcP0CQJVnChKvrDGNAPuZx4lA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law"},{"id":7495,"name":"Law and Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics"},{"id":581109,"name":"Contract, Contracts of Adhesion, Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Contracts_of_Adhesion_Contract_Theory"},{"id":810675,"name":"Unconscionable Bargain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconscionable_Bargain"},{"id":1135331,"name":"Undue Influence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undue_Influence"},{"id":2000249,"name":"Duress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Duress"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="7549624" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="45584239"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders">The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>53:2 UBC Law Review 464</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.<br /><br />This article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.<br /><br />In order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="34aa6c3bab7a0aa8679f77b780714dbe" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66062465,"asset_id":45584239,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45584239"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45584239"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45584239; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45584239]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45584239]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45584239; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='45584239']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45584239, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "34aa6c3bab7a0aa8679f77b780714dbe" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=45584239]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":45584239,"title":"The Race to the Bottom: Comity and Cooperation in Global Internet Takedown Orders","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.\n\nThis article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.\n\nIn order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"53:2 UBC Law Review 464"},"translated_abstract":"In Google v Equustek, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld an injunction requiring Google to delist certain websites from its search results worldwide. The decision raised the spectre of nations using their domestic laws to control information available to Internet users around the globe. The possibility that the case could set a precedent to be repeated by foreign courts, to the detriment of freedom of expression, was a concern raised not just by Google, but by numerous civil society organizations and commentators. The same concern has also arisen with respect to a number of similar cases outside of Canada.\n\nThis article argues that the fear that such cases might set a precedent that will encourage more restrictive global injunctions is a serious concern, and may already be happening. It explores how this international cross-pollination can occur either through persuasive authority or through reciprocity.\n\nIn order to mitigate this possible threat to freedom of expression on the Internet, this article proposes that Canadian courts should make use of the principle of comity to create a robust analysis for extraterritorial Internet take-down orders that considers both domestic and foreign interests. Comity is ideally suited to this as it is not a prescriptive rule, but rather a tool that helps guide courts’ discretion and allows for norm generation across borders. This article considers how Canadian courts could employ comity to negotiate international norms around global Internet take-down orders that achieve the balance between protecting domestic rights and preserving the open Internet.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45584239/The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-03-19T21:39:05.206-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69427178,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66062465,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Marinett_Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062465/Marinett_Final-libre.pdf?1616216551=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=G0yeQYEyJubmvn9x5UFK5fwJWLGaGfrpOMFNUvjfE-xip6RZYGZIWEt7fP7fu5Codzq8YBBfq8PqHWH5xzMnCYtJIqjzG6Qpu84chlc7YlulQjzhayLqw38bRLfKIeJYjZAkel0QSAI2OD2FkggmieKBY~M9AgB3uoV4~4uxs6yndqE6Pbe3iwm~ljJcEgs1UcOSBdGD2SWxe-zjFiU58SIwCavsdpIDQk4ShxkN~2nG~FFGg0jz1mfFhhhiFrrjWjLZ~xPZ7SuC4lSzqqDO-hywpcukJjJqOoL5Fjo7iZSZdfCTgB0KIZF1lnUJQnfwbUG9rzkT6yU48jByrfX2UQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooperation_in_Global_Internet_Takedown_Orders","translated_slug":"","page_count":68,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69427178,"first_name":"Matthew","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Marinett","page_name":"MatthewMarinett","domain_name":"utoronto","created_at":"2017-10-10T13:32:13.802-07:00","display_name":"Matthew Marinett","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewMarinett"},"attachments":[{"id":66062465,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062465/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Marinett_Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062465/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66062465/Marinett_Final-libre.pdf?1616216551=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Race_to_the_Bottom_Comity_and_Cooper.pdf\u0026Expires=1732463099\u0026Signature=G0yeQYEyJubmvn9x5UFK5fwJWLGaGfrpOMFNUvjfE-xip6RZYGZIWEt7fP7fu5Codzq8YBBfq8PqHWH5xzMnCYtJIqjzG6Qpu84chlc7YlulQjzhayLqw38bRLfKIeJYjZAkel0QSAI2OD2FkggmieKBY~M9AgB3uoV4~4uxs6yndqE6Pbe3iwm~ljJcEgs1UcOSBdGD2SWxe-zjFiU58SIwCavsdpIDQk4ShxkN~2nG~FFGg0jz1mfFhhhiFrrjWjLZ~xPZ7SuC4lSzqqDO-hywpcukJjJqOoL5Fjo7iZSZdfCTgB0KIZF1lnUJQnfwbUG9rzkT6yU48jByrfX2UQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":982,"name":"Cyberlaw","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberlaw"},{"id":1759,"name":"Internet Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_Studies"},{"id":3781,"name":"Private International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_International_Law"},{"id":14200,"name":"Freedom Of Expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom_Of_Expression"},{"id":16416,"name":"Internet \u0026 Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Internet_and_Society"},{"id":33174,"name":"Conflict of Laws","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_of_Laws"},{"id":35838,"name":"Search Engines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Search_Engines"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34884122"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34884122/The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64460073/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34884122/The_Alienation_of_Economic_Rights_and_the_Case_for_Stickier_Copyright">The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Intellectual Property Journal</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada L...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada Limited] <br /> <br />Abstract Only: <br /> <br />The limited empirical literature examining the effects of strengthened copyright laws suggests that the primary winners of copyright protectionism are the intermediaries, such as the publishers and distributors of creative works, rather than the authors themselves. This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. It looks at examples of similar rights from other jurisdictions and addresses a number of counterarguments from recent scholarship.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="793a1f66f4580407f0bc23d1315c2eda" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64460073,"asset_id":34884122,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64460073/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34884122"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34884122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34884122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34884122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34884122]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34884122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34884122']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34884122, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "793a1f66f4580407f0bc23d1315c2eda" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34884122]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34884122,"title":"The Alienation of Economic Rights and the Case for Stickier Copyright","translated_title":"","metadata":{"issue":"1","volume":"30","abstract":"[Intellectual Property Journal, Volume 30 (2017), Page 125, published by Thomson Reuters Canada Limited] \r\n\r\nAbstract Only: \r\n\r\nThe limited empirical literature examining the effects of strengthened copyright laws suggests that the primary winners of copyright protectionism are the intermediaries, such as the publishers and distributors of creative works, rather than the authors themselves. This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. 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This article argues that this is a result of the free alienability of authors’ economic rights: authors are divested of their copyrights at a significant discount in favour of the rights-aggregating intermediaries, leading to underpaid artists and an ultimate reduction in the quality of disseminated works, if not quantity. This article therefore proposes that copyright be made stickier by granting authors a right to terminate any exclusive grants of copyright after a term of 10 years. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="34835264"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66062460/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34835264/Protecting_Self_Interest_in_Aggregate_as_the_Basis_of_Fairness_in_Contract">Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Alberta Law Review</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. <br /><br />This article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.<br /><br />Based upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. <br /><br />This article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. This article also explores what it means to be able to rationally protect one’s self-interest, and addresses a number of possible objections and concerns to the argument presented.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8e8b9193371f24d5d10e3531b070c43e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66062460,"asset_id":34835264,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66062460/download_file?st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjQ1OTQ5OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34835264"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34835264"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34835264]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34835264]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34835264; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34835264']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34835264, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8e8b9193371f24d5d10e3531b070c43e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34835264]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34835264,"title":"Protecting Self-Interest in Aggregate as the Basis of Fairness in Contract","translated_title":"","metadata":{"issue":"3","volume":"55","abstract":"Despite the existence of a near consensus on most of the specifics of common law contract law, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how doctrines of contractual fairness are to be applied to excuse a party from a contract, and no clear justificatory principle has been found to explain them. This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. \n\nThis article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.\n\nBased upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. It then proposes that where both parties could not, the agreement should be set aside, as the purposes of contract are undermined. Where only one party could not, the agreement should be set aside where the other party knew, or should have known, that the other party could not rationally consider and protect their own interests. This latter caveat serves to protect the societal and aggregative nature of contract law. \n\nThis article then demonstrates that this approach can justify existing doctrines of fairness and can also explain the outcomes of seminal contractual fairness cases. 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This article attempts to reach a unifying principle for the exceptions to contractual enforcement, including unconscionability, undue influence, duress, and mistake, based on the premise that, in order to find a unifying principle for why we provide exceptions to contractual enforcement on the basis that the contract is unfair, we must first determine why contract is enforced at all. The exceptions to contractual enforcement can then be united by a principle that contracts should not be enforced where to do so would undermine the purposes of enforcing contract, or where the reasons for non-enforcement outweigh the reasons for enforcement. \n\nThis article therefore establishes three general premises that underlie contractual enforcement: (1) the utility of contract law, as a state-enforced law of general application, should be judged on aggregative and societal level; (2) contractual enforcement encourages and enforces welfare-enhancing agreements, but only if we can assume that each party is able to rationally consider her own self-interest with respect to the terms of the agreement such that both parties increase their utility in the bargain; and (3) agreements that are rationally welfare-enhancing at the time of their formation should generally be enforced even in cases in which one party later regrets the agreement to protect the welfare-enhancing societal institution of contracting.\n\nBased upon these premises, this article argues that the doctrines of contractual fairness can be unified by an inquiry into whether, in the circumstances, both parties were rationally able to consider and protect their self-interest in the formation of the agreement. 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