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I am currently undertaking the Philosophy M.A. at King's College London with a focus on Philosophy and its relationship with Law.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://bu.academia.edu/RobertTsai"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Robert Tsai related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/55015106/14505501/15388549/s200_robert.tsai.jpg" 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src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65311427/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44315276/Cutting_to_the_Core_On_the_Concepts_of_the_People_and_the_Elite_in_Populist_Ideology">Cutting to the Core: On the Concepts of 'the People' and 'the Elite' in Populist Ideology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Postgraduate Dissertation (Philosophy)</span><span>, Sep 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f39c55cb1de2b56100d5bf48a18e4e94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65311427,"asset_id":44315276,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" 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It presents a four-part argument: it establishes the ideational approach to populism, identifies the common good as a key aspect, critiques the ideational characterization of the elite, and introduces 'the Other' as a potential substitute for the elite. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-44315276-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41078963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41078963/New_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in_Times_Travel_UK_Ltd_v_Pakistan_International_Airlines_Corporation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61951354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41078963/New_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in_Times_Travel_UK_Ltd_v_Pakistan_International_Airlines_Corporation">New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Contract & Commercial Law e-Journal</span><span>, May 11, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. Instead, this note recommends that the law should employ an amended formulation of the criminal offence of blackmail in its place.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="21fc1614140b4d77278af03bb0db0f72" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61951354,"asset_id":41078963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61951354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41078963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41078963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41078963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41078963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41078963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41078963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41078963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "21fc1614140b4d77278af03bb0db0f72" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41078963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41078963,"title":"New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3521252","issue":"14","volume":"21","abstract":"This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. Instead, this note recommends that the law should employ an amended formulation of the criminal offence of blackmail in its place. ","journal_name":"Contract \u0026 Commercial Law e-Journal","publication_date":{"day":11,"month":5,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Contract \u0026 Commercial Law e-Journal"},"translated_abstract":"This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. 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The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. Instead, this note recommends that the law should employ an amended formulation of the criminal offence of blackmail in its place. ","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":111421375,"first_name":"Daniel","middle_initials":"J","last_name":"Cook","page_name":"DanielCook","domain_name":"kcl","created_at":"2019-05-02T14:43:20.545-07:00","display_name":"Daniel J Cook","url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/DanielCook"},"attachments":[{"id":61951354,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61951354/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61951354/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"New_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/61951354/Final-libre.pdf?1580480952=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNew_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1744279595\u0026Signature=Xf2svnfv4mU4B7cZUQGkgSEhCrWGqO0VVnLFstZMeRkMk2wrlC~85EyBFX-RBPnewD076nQ5ZqNDW~K58eAXIKtwA66X5gcj2Qy9TBUIVQds1q5BuTtF~-UY~CnfM6wKS6fMv3tgpt3eG7gnrFH5B8ENXVPmyM7pjZ0pAXxsRq8fyocx3OLhBlM0FerklNXRf711feuNDytuL1idWz4V~YMFBZujaZDhV5xJachdiPw6Bi7X23p-rDHPnZoZBYJ3SfHIN8PI5S5gK~bTMfj2OWCasMa~HtC9keeJYM6yvPTOTFPdB8QarN9HtiNJYCccyW8KwZ6a3FIDUA3GtOsZMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2098,"name":"Contract Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contract_Law"},{"id":84904,"name":"Law of Contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_of_Contract"},{"id":281998,"name":"Causation in the law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Causation_in_the_law"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-41078963-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40925137"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40925137/Walking_the_Divide_A_Critical_Examination_of_the_Nature_of_Undue_Influence_and_Unconscionable_Dealing"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61213730/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40925137/Walking_the_Divide_A_Critical_Examination_of_the_Nature_of_Undue_Influence_and_Unconscionable_Dealing">Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Undergraduate Dissertation (Revised Version Forthcoming, Winter 2020)</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable dealing, this paper argues that substantive unfairness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for establishing either doctrine. Rather, it is the stronger party’s exploitation of the weaker party’s position which is of importance when granting relief in equity. Notwithstanding the centrality of exploitation when making a finding of undue influence or unconscionable dealing, the law presently demarcates between the doctrines by reference to the contexts in which they operate. The conclusion is therefore that although conceptual coherence between both doctrines is welcome, any attempt at assimilation ought to be sensitive to the contexts which undue influence and unconscionable dealing currently regulate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6d478f9779e26545a1e5bd8e96151c50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61213730,"asset_id":40925137,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61213730/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40925137"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40925137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40925137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40925137]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40925137']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6d478f9779e26545a1e5bd8e96151c50" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40925137]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40925137,"title":"Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. 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(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83074259/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75215329/One_Year_on_Michael_Sandel_s_Tyranny_of_Merit_What_s_Become_of_the_Common_Good_New_York_Farrar_Straus_and_Giroux_2020_">One Year on: Michael Sandel’s Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Res Publica</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="01ce9c7fd1b03ae719ae9b911d3873d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83074259,"asset_id":75215329,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83074259/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="75215329"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75215329"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75215329; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75215329]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75215329]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75215329; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='75215329']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "01ce9c7fd1b03ae719ae9b911d3873d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=75215329]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":75215329,"title":"One Year on: Michael Sandel’s Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","ai_abstract":"Michael Sandel's book, \"The Tyranny of Merit: What's Become of the Common Good?\" offers a critical examination of the meritocratic belief system that underpins contemporary societies, particularly in the context of rising populist movements. Sandel argues that meritocracy fosters a dangerous hubris among the elite, who view success as solely a product of their own talent and efforts, while deeming the less fortunate as deserving of their plight. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-75215329-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9885491" id="drafts"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44315276"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/44315276/Cutting_to_the_Core_On_the_Concepts_of_the_People_and_the_Elite_in_Populist_Ideology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cutting to the Core: On the Concepts of 'the People' and 'the Elite' in Populist Ideology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65311427/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/44315276/Cutting_to_the_Core_On_the_Concepts_of_the_People_and_the_Elite_in_Populist_Ideology">Cutting to the Core: On the Concepts of 'the People' and 'the Elite' in Populist Ideology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Postgraduate Dissertation (Philosophy)</span><span>, Sep 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f39c55cb1de2b56100d5bf48a18e4e94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65311427,"asset_id":44315276,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65311427/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44315276"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44315276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44315276; 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It presents a four-part argument: it establishes the ideational approach to populism, identifies the common good as a key aspect, critiques the ideational characterization of the elite, and introduces 'the Other' as a potential substitute for the elite. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-44315276-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41078963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/41078963/New_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in_Times_Travel_UK_Ltd_v_Pakistan_International_Airlines_Corporation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/61951354/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/41078963/New_Dog_Old_Tricks_Lawful_Act_Duress_in_Times_Travel_UK_Ltd_v_Pakistan_International_Airlines_Corporation">New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Contract & Commercial Law e-Journal</span><span>, May 11, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. Instead, this note recommends that the law should employ an amended formulation of the criminal offence of blackmail in its place.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="21fc1614140b4d77278af03bb0db0f72" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61951354,"asset_id":41078963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61951354/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41078963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41078963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41078963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41078963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41078963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41078963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41078963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "21fc1614140b4d77278af03bb0db0f72" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41078963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41078963,"title":"New Dog, Old Tricks: Lawful Act Duress in Times Travel (UK) Ltd v Pakistan International Airlines Corporation","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3521252","issue":"14","volume":"21","abstract":"This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. 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","journal_name":"Contract \u0026 Commercial Law e-Journal","publication_date":{"day":11,"month":5,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Contract \u0026 Commercial Law e-Journal"},"translated_abstract":"This note examines the decisions of the High Court and Court of Appeal in Times Travel concerning the development of lawful act economic duress. The Court of Appeal’s judgment in 2019 sought to clarify and restrict the scope of the ‘illegitimate pressure’ requirement by reserving the label of illegitimacy for cases in which a defendant holds a ‘bad faith’ belief in their entitlement to a demand. The purpose of this note is to highlight two fronts on which the present architecture of lawful act duress can be improved. Firstly, the requirement of ‘but for’ causation in cases of economic duress ought to be jettisoned in favour of ‘a reason’ causation. Secondly, the ‘bad faith’ test posited by the Court of Appeal is unclear and incoherent. 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In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable dealing, this paper argues that substantive unfairness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for establishing either doctrine. Rather, it is the stronger party’s exploitation of the weaker party’s position which is of importance when granting relief in equity. Notwithstanding the centrality of exploitation when making a finding of undue influence or unconscionable dealing, the law presently demarcates between the doctrines by reference to the contexts in which they operate. The conclusion is therefore that although conceptual coherence between both doctrines is welcome, any attempt at assimilation ought to be sensitive to the contexts which undue influence and unconscionable dealing currently regulate.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6d478f9779e26545a1e5bd8e96151c50" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":61213730,"asset_id":40925137,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61213730/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40925137"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40925137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40925137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40925137]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40925137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40925137']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6d478f9779e26545a1e5bd8e96151c50" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40925137]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40925137,"title":"Walking the Divide: A Critical Examination of the Nature of Undue Influence and Unconscionable Dealing","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This paper affords a contextual, exploitation-based account of the doctrines of undue influence and unconscionable dealing in the law of contract. 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In contrast with the vast majority of literature on undue influence and unconscionable dealing, this paper argues that substantive unfairness is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for establishing either doctrine. Rather, it is the stronger party’s exploitation of the weaker party’s position which is of importance when granting relief in equity. Notwithstanding the centrality of exploitation when making a finding of undue influence or unconscionable dealing, the law presently demarcates between the doctrines by reference to the contexts in which they operate. The conclusion is therefore that although conceptual coherence between both doctrines is welcome, any attempt at assimilation ought to be sensitive to the contexts which undue influence and unconscionable dealing currently regulate. 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(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83074259/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/75215329/One_Year_on_Michael_Sandel_s_Tyranny_of_Merit_What_s_Become_of_the_Common_Good_New_York_Farrar_Straus_and_Giroux_2020_">One Year on: Michael Sandel’s Tyranny of Merit: What’s Become of the Common Good? 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