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It survived Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) phase out at the end of 2004, and remains internationally competitive to date. In this chapter, sources of competitiveness of the industry were discussed. There are three potential strengths, i.e. market force, government policy and dynamism inside the industry. Market force, which is represented by low wage of labor, is surely fundamental to the competitiveness. The roles of the government, industrial associations and technology transfer are still contentious issues to be discussed in the final report."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Chapter 6 The Garment Industry in Bangladesh","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [59681423]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":51650098,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Chapter 6 The Garment Industry in Bangladesh”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/51650098/mini_magick20190124-13516-s0ef92.png?1548388661" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Chapter 6 The Garment Industry in Bangladesh</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59681423" href="https://independent.academia.edu/shamimislam10"><img alt="Profile image of shamim islam" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />shamim islam</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The garment industry in Bangladesh has been expanded almost uninterruptedly since the late 1970s. It survived Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) phase out at the end of 2004, and remains internationally competitive to date. In this chapter, sources of competitiveness of the industry were discussed. There are three potential strengths, i.e. market force, government policy and dynamism inside the industry. Market force, which is represented by low wage of labor, is surely fundamental to the competitiveness. The roles of the government, industrial associations and technology transfer are still contentious issues to be discussed in the final report.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":51650098,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/31243098/Chapter_6_The_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":51650098,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/31243098/Chapter_6_The_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="51650098" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/31243098/Chapter_6_The_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="124206371" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/124206371/Is_the_Garment_Industry_a_Route_to_Economic_Development_for_Bangladesh">Is the Garment Industry a Route to Economic Development for Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="121398546" href="https://independent.academia.edu/farhanayeasmin13">Mst. Farhana Yeasmin</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12886520" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TasneemSadia">Sadia Tasneem</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IIARD International Journal of Economics and Business Management (IJEBM ), 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper explores the role of the garment industry in Bangladesh's economic development, highlighting both its successes and limitations. As the largest contributor to Bangladesh's export earnings, the garment sector has undoubtedly played a significant role in the country's economic progress. Drawing comparisons to other countries' industrial revolutions, it examines how Bangladesh's reliance on low-cost labor and quota facilities initially propelled the sector's rapid growth. However, the paper argues that this reliance has stifled the industry's long-term development, as it disincentivized investments in technological upgrades, productivity enhancements, and diversification into higher-value products. Despite the garment industry's role in boosting Bangladesh's exports, its potential for economic development has been hampered by several factors. Low wages, poor working conditions, and job insecurity have created a negative impact on the industry's ability to contribute to poverty reduction and income growth. Although the industry has provided employment opportunities, particularly for women, the paper raises concerns about the sustainability of these jobs due to short-term employment and exploitative practices. Additionally, the industry's limited ability to stimulate other sectors and drive structural changes has restricted its overall impact on Bangladesh's economic development. In conclusion, while the garment industry has been a significant contributor to Bangladesh's export growth, its contribution to broader economic development has been constrained by labor exploitation, dependence on external demand, and a lack of competitiveness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is the Garment Industry a Route to Economic Development for Bangladesh","attachmentId":118476169,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/124206371/Is_the_Garment_Industry_a_Route_to_Economic_Development_for_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/124206371/Is_the_Garment_Industry_a_Route_to_Economic_Development_for_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="88290285" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88290285/The_Competitiveness_of_Ready_Made_Garments_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_Post_MFA_Era_How_Does_the_Industry_Behave_to_Face_the_Competitive_Challenge">The Competitiveness of Ready Made Garments Industry of Bangladesh in Post MFA Era: How Does the Industry Behave to Face the Competitive Challenge?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="124109795" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MdJahidHasan17">Md.Jahid Hasan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Competitiveness of Ready Made Garments Industry of Bangladesh in Post MFA Era: How Does the Industry Behave to Face the Competitive Challenge?","attachmentId":92291260,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88290285/The_Competitiveness_of_Ready_Made_Garments_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_Post_MFA_Era_How_Does_the_Industry_Behave_to_Face_the_Competitive_Challenge","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88290285/The_Competitiveness_of_Ready_Made_Garments_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_Post_MFA_Era_How_Does_the_Industry_Behave_to_Face_the_Competitive_Challenge"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="89751802" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89751802/The_Future_of_the_Ready_Made_Garment_Industry_of_Bangladesh">The Future of the Ready-Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="97091167" href="https://independent.academia.edu/zahurulAlam3">zahurul Alam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The ready-made garment industry (popularly known as RMG), counts for almost 81% of the total exports of Bangladesh. This sector was the first to provide largescale employment opportunities to women in a country where they traditionally have not worked outside the home. However, the challenges are many, varied and possibly insurmountable, raising the question of the sustainability of its present growth and its future growth as well. The purposes of this paper have, therefore, been to identify the present problems, the strategies to overcome these problems and finding the answers to the question(s) raised in the study. This study followed a qualitative research approach. Data were collected from secondary sources like project contracts and records, media reports and publications, documents and articles from relevant agencies. The findings indicated that to the extent that the cultivation of a spirit of openness, transparency and democratic governance were installed and political strif...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Future of the Ready-Made Garment Industry of Bangladesh","attachmentId":93506694,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89751802/The_Future_of_the_Ready_Made_Garment_Industry_of_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89751802/The_Future_of_the_Ready_Made_Garment_Industry_of_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="59162932" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59162932/An_inquiry_into_the_rapid_growth_of_the_garment_industry_in_Bangladesh">An inquiry into the rapid growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40832470" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TetsushiSonobe">Tetsushi Sonobe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An inquiry into the rapid growth of the garment industry in Bangladesh","attachmentId":73228278,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59162932/An_inquiry_into_the_rapid_growth_of_the_garment_industry_in_Bangladesh","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59162932/An_inquiry_into_the_rapid_growth_of_the_garment_industry_in_Bangladesh"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="42973647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42973647/Readymade_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Growth_Contribution_and_Challenges">Readymade Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Growth, Contribution and Challenges</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23480443" href="https://baiust.academia.edu/MdTahidurRahman">Md. Tahidur Rahman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Readymade Garment Industry in Bangladesh: Growth, Contribution and Challenges","attachmentId":63232417,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/42973647/Readymade_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Growth_Contribution_and_Challenges","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/42973647/Readymade_Garment_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Growth_Contribution_and_Challenges"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="91690723" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91690723/Textile_Industries_in_Bangladesh_and_Challenges_of_Growth">Textile Industries in Bangladesh and Challenges of Growth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="247384446" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MdMazedulIslam14">Md.Mazedul Islam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The importance of the textile industry in the economy of Bangladesh is very high. The garments manufacturing sector earned $19 billion in the year to June 2012, one of the impoverished nation&#39;s biggest industries. Currently this industry is facing great challenges in its growth rate. The major reasons for these challenges can be the global recession, unfavorable trade policies, internal security concerns, the high cost of production due to increase in the energy costs, different safety issues specially fire, etc. Depreciation of Bangladeshi Taka that significantly raised the cost of imported inputs, rise in inflation rate, and high cost of financing has also effected seriously the growth in the textile industry. As a result neither the buyers are able to visit frequently Bangladesh nor are the exporters able to travel abroad for effectively marketing their products. With an in-depth investigation it was found that the Bangladesh textile industry can be brought on top winning tra...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Textile Industries in Bangladesh and Challenges of Growth","attachmentId":94906498,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91690723/Textile_Industries_in_Bangladesh_and_Challenges_of_Growth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91690723/Textile_Industries_in_Bangladesh_and_Challenges_of_Growth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27006481" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27006481/Role_of_Textile_and_Clothing_Industries_in_the_Growth_and_Development_of_Trade_and_Business_Strategies_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Global_Economy">Role of Textile and Clothing Industries in the Growth and Development of Trade & Business Strategies of Bangladesh in the Global Economy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46586784" href="https://wuhantextile.academia.edu/AshaduzzamanHimel">Ashaduzzaman Himel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11205896" href="https://suda.academia.edu/MdShipanMia">Md Shipan Mia</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24036902" href="https://wuhantextile.academia.edu/KMHasan">K.M. Faridul Hasan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bangladesh has emerged as a key player in RMG (Ready Made garment) sector since 1978. Textiles & Clothing account for about 85% of total export earnings of Bangladesh. Out of which 76% comes from the apparel sector which covers the major products of knit & woven shirts, blouses, trousers, skirts, shorts, sweaters, sportswear's & many more casual & fashion items. The sector currently employs approximately 1.5 million workers, mostly females from underprivileged social classes. The pivotal factor in apparel industry is the workforce i.e. the operators, helpers, cutting masters, finishers etc. Bangladesh is endowed with abundant & cheap workforce that is easily trainable & convertible into semiskilled & skilled workforce. Existence of such category is one of the advantages that Bangladesh will be enjoying over a considerable period in the context of international trade on clothing. To cope up with global challenge we must adopt with factors of technological advancement with proper working environment in textile & apparel sector of the country. In my report i tried to illustrate about the prospect & future of RMG sector in Bangladesh.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Role of Textile and Clothing Industries in the Growth and Development of Trade \u0026 Business Strategies of Bangladesh in the Global Economy","attachmentId":47266783,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27006481/Role_of_Textile_and_Clothing_Industries_in_the_Growth_and_Development_of_Trade_and_Business_Strategies_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Global_Economy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27006481/Role_of_Textile_and_Clothing_Industries_in_the_Growth_and_Development_of_Trade_and_Business_Strategies_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Global_Economy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="29430025" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29430025/The_Contribution_of_Garments_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Economy">The Contribution of Garments Industry in Bangladesh Economy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42114038" href="https://aiub.academia.edu/DrBMSajjadHossain">Dr. BM Sajjad Hossain</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Though Bangladesh is an agro-based developing country, garments sector plays the most significant role to be laid on with the industrialization process. Actually before the independence this sector was introduced, but it is booming just after the independence in a large scale. Nevertheless, today the garments export sector has grown into a $6 billion industry that employs over millions of people. However, from a different look, its contributions is not regarding to the economic factors, rather than more important to the social factors including the process to reducing gender discrimination by empowering woman, balanced distribution of social power management by reducing socioeconomic inequalities etc. Well consultation, training and development program may help to overcome the constraints from the garments industry and by the way, near future, the contribution of garment industry towards socio-economic development of Bangladesh will be improved a lot as well as be sustained longer too.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Contribution of Garments Industry in Bangladesh Economy","attachmentId":49927898,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29430025/The_Contribution_of_Garments_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Economy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29430025/The_Contribution_of_Garments_Industry_in_Bangladesh_Economy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="94411369" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94411369/Bangladeshs_ready_made_garments_sector_exports_employment_and_working_conditions">Bangladesh's ready-made garments sector: exports, employment, and working conditions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="248529847" href="https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%BCnseliBerik">Günseli Berik</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines the recent evidence on Bangladesh&#39;s ready-made garment exports and working conditions in the context of trade liberalization since the end of 2004 and the global economic crisis of 2008-2009. Analysis of detailed export data shows that through early 2009, Bangladesh has managed to expand its garment exports and international market shares largely through the country&#39;s volume-driven, low-price export niche in the global market. While this export performance, second to only China, appears to have maintained employment levels, the increasing pressure on unit prices is likely to strengthen supplier resistance to improving wages and working conditions. Evaluation of the recent record of working conditions indicates persistent problems that are associated with Bangladesh&#39;s export niche and underscores the urgent need to move to a higher productivity export structure that would enable higher wages, improvements in working conditions, and overall gains in wel...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Bangladesh's ready-made garments sector: exports, employment, and working conditions","attachmentId":96875188,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94411369/Bangladeshs_ready_made_garments_sector_exports_employment_and_working_conditions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94411369/Bangladeshs_ready_made_garments_sector_exports_employment_and_working_conditions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="11269764" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11269764/The_Future_of_the_Readymade_Clothing_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Post_Uruguay_Round_World">The Future of the Readymade Clothing Industry of Bangladesh in the Post-Uruguay Round World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27215400" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CafDowlah">Caf Dowlah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The World Economy, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Future of the Readymade Clothing Industry of Bangladesh in the Post-Uruguay Round World","attachmentId":46779890,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11269764/The_Future_of_the_Readymade_Clothing_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Post_Uruguay_Round_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11269764/The_Future_of_the_Readymade_Clothing_Industry_of_Bangladesh_in_the_Post_Uruguay_Round_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51650098,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":51650098,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_51650098" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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