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The Trilateral Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Trilateral_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advisor_to_President_Carter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advisor_to_President_Carter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Advisor to President Carter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advisor_to_President_Carter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Security_Advisor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Security_Advisor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 National Security Advisor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_Security_Advisor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle National Security Advisor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-National_Security_Advisor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Major policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Afghanistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Afghan_Trap"_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Afghan_Trap"_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 "Afghan Trap" theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Afghan_Trap"_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab-Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Arab-Israeli conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ending_Soviet_détente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ending_Soviet_détente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Ending Soviet détente </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ending_Soviet_détente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Nuclear strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.7 Arms control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 After power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Film appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_works_by_Brzezinski" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works_by_Brzezinski"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Major works by Brzezinski </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_works_by_Brzezinski-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books_and_monographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books_and_monographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Other books and monographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books_and_monographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Book contributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_articles_and_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_articles_and_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Selected articles and essays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_articles_and_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Reports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zbigniew Brzezinski</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="زبغنيو بريجينسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زبغنيو بريجينسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbiqnev_Bjezinski" title="Zbiqnev Bjezinski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zbiqnev Bjezinski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبیقنیف برژینسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زبیقنیف برژینسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Збігнеў Бжазінскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Збігнеў Бжазінскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Зьбігнеў Бжазінскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зьбігнеў Бжазінскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Збигнев Бжежински – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Збигнев Бжежински" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ζμπίγκνιου Μπρζεζίνσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζμπίγκνιου Μπρζεζίνσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبیگنیف برژینسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبیگنیف برژینسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%88%EB%B9%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%89%B4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%A7%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="즈비그뉴 브레진스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="즈비그뉴 브레진스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B6%D6%87_%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Զբիգնև Բժեզինսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զբիգնև Բժեզինսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%91%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%91%D7%96%27%D7%96%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="זביגנייב בז'ז'ינסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זביגנייב בז'ז'ינסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ზბიგნევ ბჟეზინსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზბიგნევ ბჟეზინსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Збигнев Бжезинский – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Збигнев Бжезинский" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Бжезинский Збигнев Казимир – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бжезинский Збигнев Казимир" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbig%C5%86evs_B%C5%BEezi%C5%86skis" title="Zbigņevs Bžeziņskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zbigņevs Bžeziņskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbignevas_B%C5%BEezinskis" title="Zbignevas Bžezinskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zbignevas Bžezinskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്ബിഗ്നിയ ബ്രിസിൻസ്കി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ബിഗ്നിയ ബ്രിസിൻസ്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="झिबिग्न्यू ब्रेझिन्स्की – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="झिबिग्न्यू ब्रेझिन्स्की" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="زبجنيو بريجينسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زبجنيو بريجينسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Збигнев Бжезински – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Збигнев Бжезински" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%83%93%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8D%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="ズビグネフ・ブレジンスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズビグネフ・ブレジンスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbignev_Bjezinskiy" title="Zbignev Bjezinskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zbignev Bjezinskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Zbigniew Brzeziński – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zbigniew Brzeziński" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Бжезинский, Збигнев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бжезинский, Збигнев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Збигњев Брежински – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Збигњев Брежински" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Збигнев Бжезинский – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Збигнев Бжезинский" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%94%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Збігнєв Бжезінський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Збігнєв Бжезінський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zbigniew Brzezinski" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%83%AD%E6%B4%A5%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兹比格涅夫·布热津斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbignev_B%C5%BEezinskij" title="Zbignev Bžezinskij – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Zbignev Bžezinskij" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q168041#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="View the content page [c]" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Zbigniew Brzezinski</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Brzezinski,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/220px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/330px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/440px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="2437" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Brzezinski in 1977</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Aaron" title="David L. Aaron">David L. Aaron</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Richard V. Allen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński</div> (1928-03-28)March 28, 1928 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 26, 2017(2017-05-26) (aged 89) <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Benes_Brzezinski" title="Emilie Benes Brzezinski">Emilie Benes</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1961)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Brzezinski" title="Ian Brzezinski">Ian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Brzezinski" title="Mark Brzezinski">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mika_Brzezinski" title="Mika Brzezinski">Mika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Brzeziński">Tadeusz Brzeziński</a> (father)</li><li>Leonia Roman Brzezińska (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Brzezinski" title="Matthew Brzezinski">Matthew Brzezinski</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (PhD)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Zbigniew Kazimierz Brzeziński (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzbɪɡnjɛf brəˈzɪnski/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a2\/BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav\/BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"(US English)"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a2/BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav/BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">(US English)</a><a href="/wiki/File:BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav" title="File:BrzezinskiNamePronunciationUS.wav">ⓘ</a><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ZBIG-nyef brə-ZIN-skee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Polish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈzbiɡɲɛf kaˈʑimjɛʐ‿bʐɛˈʑij̃skʲi]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski_audio.ogg\/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski_audio.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zbigniew Brzezi\u0144ski audio.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski_audio.ogg/Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski_audio.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski_audio.ogg" title="File:Zbigniew Brzeziński audio.ogg">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> March 28, 1928 – May 26, 2017), known as Zbig, was a Polish-American diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a>. He served as a counselor to <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> from 1966 to 1968 and was <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Security Advisor">National Security Advisor</a> from 1977 to 1981. As a scholar, Brzezinski belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realist school of international relations</a>, standing in the geopolitical tradition of <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Spykman" title="Nicholas J. Spykman">Nicholas J. Spykman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> while elements of <a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">liberal idealism</a> have also been identified in his outlook.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[4]</a> Brzezinski was the primary organizer of <a href="/wiki/The_Trilateral_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trilateral Commission">The Trilateral Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sklar-6">[5]</a> Major foreign policy events during his time in office included the normalization of <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American relations">relations with the People's Republic of China</a> (and the severing of ties with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_on_Taiwan" title="Republic of China on Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a>); the signing of the second <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty</a> (SALT II) with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; the brokering of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> between Egypt and Israel; the overthrow of the US-friendly <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>; the United States' encouragement of dissidents in Eastern Europe and championing of human rights<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> in order to undermine the influence of the Soviet Union;<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">supporting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> against the Soviet-backed <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> and, ultimately, Soviet troops during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a> relinquishing U.S. control of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> after 1999. Brzezinski's personal views have been described as "progressive", "international",<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> political liberal, and strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[4]</a> He was an advocate for <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organizations">human rights organizations</a>, and for "cultivating a strong West".<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> He has been praised for his ability to see "the big picture". Critics described him as hawkish or a "foreign policy hardliner" on some issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Poland–Russia relations">Poland–Russia relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Brzezinski served as the Robert E. Osgood Professor of American Foreign Policy at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_SAIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins SAIS">School of Advanced International Studies</a>, a scholar at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>, and a member of various boards and councils. He frequently appeared as an expert on the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> program <a href="/wiki/The_NewsHour_with_Jim_Lehrer" class="mw-redirect" title="The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer">The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>' <a href="/wiki/This_Week_with_Christiane_Amanpour" class="mw-redirect" title="This Week with Christiane Amanpour">This Week with Christiane Amanpour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Morning_Joe" title="Morning Joe">Morning Joe</a>, where his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mika_Brzezinski" title="Mika Brzezinski">Mika Brzezinski</a>, is co-anchor. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Declaration_on_European_Conscience_and_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism">Prague Process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> His elder son, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Brzezinski" title="Ian Brzezinski">Ian</a>, is a foreign policy expert, and his younger son, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Brzezinski" title="Mark Brzezinski">Mark</a>, is the current <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Poland">United States Ambassador to Poland</a> and previously served as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Sweden">United States Ambassador to Sweden</a> from 2011 to 2015. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1918%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1918–39)">History of Poland (1918–39)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%9353)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)">History of the Soviet Union (1927–53)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></div> Zbigniew Brzezinski was born in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland, on March 28, 1928<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> into a Roman Catholic<a href="#cite_note-GUAob-13">[12]</a> family originally from <a href="/wiki/Berezhany" title="Berezhany">Brzeżany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarnopol_Voivodeship" title="Tarnopol Voivodeship">Tarnopol Voivodeship</a> (then part of Poland, currently in Ukraine). The town of Brzeżany is thought to be the source of the family name. Brzezinski's parents were Leonia (née Roman) Brzezińska and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Brzezi%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Brzeziński">Tadeusz Brzeziński</a>, a Polish diplomat who was posted to Germany from 1931 to 1935; Zbigniew Brzezinski thus spent some of his earliest years witnessing the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> From 1936 to 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> and was later praised by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> for his work helping Jews escape from the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-WashPoObit-16">[15]</a> In 1938, Tadeusz Brzeziński was posted to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> as a consul general.<a href="#cite_note-WashPoObit-16">[15]</a> The Brzezinski family lived near the Polish Consulate-General, on <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Street_(Montreal)" title="Stanley Street (Montreal)">Stanley Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> was agreed to by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the Soviet Union; subsequently the two powers <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>. The 1945 <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> allotted Poland to the Soviet sphere of influence. The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> had a profound effect on Brzezinski, who stated in an interview: "The extraordinary violence that was perpetrated against Poland did affect my perception of the world, and made me much more sensitive to the fact that a great deal of world politics is a fundamental struggle."<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academia">Academia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academia">edit</a>]</div> After attending <a href="/wiki/Loyola_High_School_(Montreal)" title="Loyola High School (Montreal)">Loyola College</a> in Montreal,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Brzezinski entered <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in 1945 to obtain both his Bachelor and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree#MA,_MS,_MSc" title="Master's degree">Master of Arts</a> degrees (received in 1949 and 1950 respectively). His Master's thesis focused on the various nationalities within the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-masters-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Brzezinski's plan for pursuing further studies in the United Kingdom in preparation for a diplomatic career in Canada fell through, principally because he was ruled ineligible for a scholarship he had won that was only open to British subjects. Brzezinski then attended <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> to work on a doctorate with <a href="/wiki/Merle_Fainsod" title="Merle Fainsod">Merle Fainsod</a>, focusing on the Soviet Union and the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s state, and the actions of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. He received his Ph.D. in 1953; the same year, he traveled to Munich and met <a href="/wiki/Jan_Nowak-Jezioranski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Nowak-Jezioranski">Jan Nowak-Jezioranski</a>, head of the Polish desk of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>. He later collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich" title="Carl Joachim Friedrich">Carl J. Friedrich</a> to develop the concept of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> as a way to characterize more accurately and powerfully, and to criticize the Soviets in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Gati_2013_p_208-22">[21]</a> Brzezinski was on the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1953 to 1960, and of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> from 1960 to 1972 where he headed the Research Institute on Communist Affairs. He was Senior Research Professor of International Relations at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies">Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <div class="toccolours" style="float:right;width:175px;margin: 0 10px 10px;padding:10px"> For historical background on major events during this period, see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%9389)#Gomułka's_road_to_socialism_(1956–70)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1945–89)">History of Poland: Gomułka's road to socialism (1956–70)</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Hungarian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1956 Hungarian Revolution">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a>.</li></ul> </div> As a Harvard professor, he argued against <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>'s policy of <a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">rollback</a>, saying that antagonism would push Eastern Europe further toward the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-Gati_2013_p_xxi-24">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">Polish protests</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution</a> in 1956 lent some support to Brzezinski's idea that the Eastern Europeans could gradually counter Soviet domination. In 1957, he visited Poland for the first time since he left as a child, and his visit reaffirmed his judgement that splits within the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> were profound. He developed ideas that he called "peaceful engagement".<a href="#cite_note-Gati_2013_p_xxi-24">[23]</a> Brzezinski became a naturalized American citizen in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Very soon after Harvard awarded an associate professorship in 1959 to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> instead of to him,<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> Brzezinski moved to New York City to teach at Columbia University.<a href="#cite_note-Gati_2013_p_208-22">[21]</a> Here he wrote Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict, which focused on Eastern Europe since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. He also taught future Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, who like Brzezinski's wife Emilie was of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> descent, and whom he also mentored during her early years in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> He also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> in New York and joined the <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1960_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1960 U.S. presidential election">1960 U.S. presidential elections</a>, Brzezinski was an advisor to the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> campaign, urging a non-antagonistic policy toward Eastern European governments. Seeing the Soviet Union as having entered a period of stagnation, both economic and political, Brzezinski predicted a future breakup of the Soviet Union along lines of nationality (expanding on his master's thesis).<a href="#cite_note-masters-20">[19]</a> As a scholar, he developed his thoughts over the years, fashioning fundamental theories on international relations and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geostrategy</a>. During the 1950s he worked on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>. His thought in the 1960s focused on wider Western understanding of disunity in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>, as well as developing the thesis of intensified degeneration of the Soviet Union. During the 1970s he proposed that the Soviet system was incapable of evolving beyond the industrial phase into the "technetronic" age. Brzezinski continued to argue for and support <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> for the next few years, publishing "Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe" in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and he continued to support non-antagonistic policies after the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> on the grounds that such policies might disabuse Eastern European nations of their fear of an aggressive Germany, and pacify Western Europeans fearful of a superpower compromise along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. In a 1962 book Brzezinski argued against the possibility of a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, saying their alignment was "not splitting and is not likely to split."<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg/220px-Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg/330px-Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wehrkundetagung_1964_Brzezinski_Kleist_Strauss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>The conference venue at the Hotel Regina during the second Wehrkunde-Begegnung in 1964. Pictured are, among others, Zbigniew Brzezinski (far left) as well as <a href="/wiki/Ewald-Heinrich_von_Kleist-Schmenzin" title="Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin">Ewald von Kleist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a> (center).</figcaption></figure> In 1964, Brzezinski supported <a href="/wiki/1964_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1964 U.S. presidential election">Lyndon Johnson's presidential campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">civil rights policies</a>, while on the other hand he saw Soviet leadership as having been purged of any creativity following the <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev#Life_in_retirement" title="Nikita Khrushchev">ousting of Khrushchev</a>. Through Jan Nowak-Jezioranski, Brzezinski met with <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a>, future Polish <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> activist.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brzezinski continued to support engagement with Eastern European governments, while warning against <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a>'s vision of a "Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>." He also supported the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. In 1966, Brzezinski was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Policy_Planning_Staff_(United_States)" title="Policy Planning Staff (United States)">Policy Planning Council</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> (President Johnson's October 7, 1966, "Bridge Building" speech was a product of Brzezinski's influence). In 1968, Brzezinski resigned from the council in protest of President Johnson's expansion of the war.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> Next, he became a foreign policy advisor to Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> <div class="toccolours" style="float:right;width:175px;margin: 0 10px 10px;padding:10px"> For historical background on events during this period, see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_a_human_face" title="Socialism with a human face">Socialism with a human face</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tet_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tet offensive">Tet offensive</a>.</li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia">Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> further reinforced Brzezinski's criticisms of the right's aggressive stance toward Eastern European governments. His service to the Johnson administration, and his fact-finding trip to Vietnam, made him an enemy of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left#The_American_New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/1968_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 U.S. presidential election">1968 U.S. presidential campaign</a>, Brzezinski was chairman of the Humphrey's Foreign Policy Task Force. Brzezinski called for a pan-European conference, an idea that would eventually find fruition in 1973 as the <a href="/wiki/Conference_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Meanwhile, he became a leading critic of both the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a> détente condominium, as well as <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Trilateral_Commission">The Trilateral Commission</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Trilateral Commission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilateral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Trilateral.svg/220px-Trilateral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Trilateral.svg/330px-Trilateral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Trilateral.svg/440px-Trilateral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>The Trilateral Commission emblem.</figcaption></figure> In his 1970 piece Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era, Brzezinski argued that a coordinated policy among <a href="/wiki/Developed_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nation">developed nations</a> was necessary in order to counter global instability erupting from increasing <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>. Out of this thesis, Brzezinski co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> with <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, serving as director from 1973 to 1976.<a href="#cite_note-sklar-6">[5]</a> The Trilateral Commission is a group of prominent political and business leaders and academics primarily from the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Its purpose was to strengthen relations among the three most industrially advanced regions of the capitalist world. In 1974, Brzezinski selected <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> as a member.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sklar-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advisor_to_President_Carter">Advisor to President Carter</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advisor to President Carter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Secretary_of_State_Cyrus_Vance_and_National_Security_Council_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski._-_NARA_-_175514.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> and National Security Council Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski (1977)</figcaption></figure> Carter announced his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential campaign</a> to a skeptical media and proclaimed himself an "eager student" of Brzezinski.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Brzezinski became Carter's principal foreign policy advisor by late 1975. He became an outspoken critic of the Nixon-Kissinger over-reliance on détente, a situation preferred by the Soviet Union, favoring the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki process</a> instead, which focused on human rights, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and peaceful engagement in Eastern Europe. Brzezinski was considered to be the Democrats' response to <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Carter engaged his incumbent opponent for the presidency, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, in foreign policy debates by contrasting the Trilateral vision with Ford's détente.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> After his victory in 1976, Carter made Brzezinski <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a>. Earlier that year, major labor riots broke out in Poland, laying the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>. Brzezinski began by emphasizing the "Basket III" human rights in the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Final Act</a>, which inspired <a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Brzezinski assisted with writing parts of Carter's inaugural address, and this served his purpose of sending a positive message to Soviet dissidents.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Soviet Union and Western European leaders both complained that this kind of rhetoric ran against the "code of détente" that Nixon and Kissinger had established.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Brzezinski ran up against members of his own <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> who disagreed with this interpretation of détente, including Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>. Vance argued for less emphasis on human rights in order to gain Soviet agreement to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a> (SALT), whereas Brzezinski favored doing both at the same time. Brzezinski then ordered <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> transmitters to increase the power and area of their broadcasts, a provocative reversal of Nixon-Kissinger policies.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> West German chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> objected to Brzezinski's agenda, even calling for the removal of Radio Free Europe from German soil.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The State Department was alarmed by Brzezinski's support for dissidents in East Germany and objected to his suggestion that Carter's first overseas visit be to Poland. He visited <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and met with <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Wyszynski">Stefan Wyszynski</a> (against the objection of the U.S. Ambassador to Poland), recognizing the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> as the legitimate opposition to communist rule in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> By 1978, Brzezinski and Vance were more and more at odds over the direction of Carter's foreign policy. Vance sought to continue the style of détente engineered by Nixon-Kissinger, with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">arms control</a>. Brzezinski believed that détente emboldened the Soviets in Angola and the Middle East, and so he argued for increased military strength and an emphasis on human rights. Vance, the State Department, and the media criticized Brzezinski publicly as seeking to revive the Cold War. Brzezinski advised Carter in 1978 to engage the People's Republic of China and traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for the normalization of relations between the two countries. This also resulted in the severing of ties with the United States' longtime anti-Communist ally the Republic of China (Taiwan).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="toccolours" style="float:right;width:175px;margin:10px;padding:10px">For historical background on this period of history, see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a>.</li></ul> </div> 1979 saw two major strategically important events: the overthrow of U.S. ally the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Shah of Iran</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, which would last for the rest of Carter's presidency. Brzezinski anticipated the Soviet invasion, and, with the support of Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China, he created a strategy to undermine the Soviet presence. Using this atmosphere of insecurity, Brzezinski led the United States toward a new arms buildup and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Deployment_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Deployment Forces">Rapid Deployment Forces</a>—policies that are both more generally associated with Reagan's presidency now.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1979, the Soviets intervened in the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_War_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemenite War of 1979">Second Yemenite War</a>. The Soviet backing of <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a> constituted a "smaller shock", in tandem with tensions that were rising due to the Iranian Revolution. This played a role in shifting Carter's viewpoint on the Soviet Union to a more assertive one, a shift that finalized with the Soviet-Afghan War.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Brzezinski constantly urged either the restoration of the Shah of Iran to power or a military takeover, whatever the short-term costs in terms of values.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> On November 9, 1979, Brzezinski was awakened at 3 am by a phone call with a startling message: The Soviets had just launched 250 nuclear weapons at the United States. Minutes later, Brzezinski received another call: The early-warning system actually showed 2,000 missiles heading toward the United States.<a href="#cite_note-3am1979-45">[44]</a> As Brzezinski prepared to phone President Jimmy Carter to plan a full-scale response, he received a third call: It was a false alarm. An early warning training tape generating indications of a large-scale Soviet nuclear attack had somehow transferred to the actual early warning network, which triggered an all-too-real scramble.<a href="#cite_note-3am1979-45">[44]</a> Brzezinski, acting under a lame duck Carter presidency—but encouraged that Solidarity in Poland had vindicated his style of engagement with Eastern Europe—took a hard-line stance against what seemed like an imminent Soviet invasion of Poland. He even made a midnight phone call to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (whose visit to Poland in 1979 had foreshadowed the emergence of Solidarity) warning him in advance. The U.S. stance was a significant change from previous reactions to Soviet repression in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brzezinski developed the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a>, which committed the U.S. to use military force in defense of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WashPoObit-16">[15]</a> In 1981 President Carter presented Brzezinski with the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Security_Advisor">National Security Advisor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Security Advisor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter#Foreign_policy" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Presidency of Jimmy Carter § Foreign policy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_National_Security_Council_1977%E2%80%9381" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States National Security Council 1977–81">History of the United States National Security Council 1977–81</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Brzezinski,_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif/lossy-page1-247px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif/lossy-page1-371px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif/lossy-page1-494px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_David_Aaron_and_General_David_Jones_-_NARA_-_182846.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2049" /></a><figcaption>National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski with <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/David_C._Jones" title="David C. Jones">David C. Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">Deputy National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/David_L._Aaron" title="David L. Aaron">David L. Aaron</a>, following <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> meeting at <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">The White House</a>, December 20, 1978.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg/247px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg/371px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg/494px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_George_S._Brown_while_touring_Strategic_Air_Command%27s_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1432" /></a><figcaption>National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski accompanying President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command's Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base" title="Offutt Air Force Base">Offutt Air Force Base</a>, Nebraska.</figcaption></figure> President Carter chose Brzezinski for the position of National Security Adviser (NSA) because he wanted an assertive intellectual at his side to provide him with day-to-day advice and guidance on foreign policy decisions. Brzezinski would preside over a reorganized National Security Council (NSC) structure, fashioned to ensure that the NSA would be only one of many players in the foreign policy process.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Initially, Carter reduced the NSC staff by one-half, and decreased the number of standing NSC committees from eight to two. All issues referred to the NSC were reviewed by one of the two new committees, either the Policy Review Committee (PRC) or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Special_Coordinating_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Special Coordinating Committee (page does not exist)">Special Coordinating Committee</a> (SCC). The PRC focused on specific issues, and its chairmanship rotated. The SCC was always chaired by Brzezinski, a circumstance he had to negotiate with Carter to achieve. Carter believed that by making the NSA chairman of only one of the two committees, he would prevent the NSC from being the overwhelming influence on foreign policy decisions it had been under Kissinger's chairmanship during the Nixon administration.<a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse,_2018-47">[46]</a> The SCC was charged with considering issues that cut across several departments, including oversight of intelligence activities, arms control evaluation, and crisis management. Much of the SCC's time during the Carter years was spent on SALT issues. The Council held few formal meetings, convening only 10 times, compared with 125 meetings during the eight years of the Nixon and Ford administrations. Instead, Carter used frequent, informal meetings as a decision-making device—typically his Friday breakfasts—usually attended by the Vice President, the secretaries of State and Defense, Brzezinski, and the chief domestic adviser.<a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse,_2018-47">[46]</a> No agendas were prepared and no formal records were kept of these meetings, sometimes resulting in differing interpretations of the decisions actually agreed upon. Brzezinski was careful, in managing his own weekly luncheons with secretaries Vance and Brown in preparation for NSC discussions, to maintain a complete set of notes. Brzezinski also sent weekly reports to the President on major foreign policy undertakings and problems, with recommendations for courses of action. President Carter enjoyed these reports and frequently annotated them with his own views. Brzezinski and the NSC used these presidential notes (159 of them) as the basis for NSC actions.<a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse,_2018-47">[46]</a> From the beginning, Brzezinski made sure that the new NSC institutional relationships would assure him a major voice in the shaping of foreign policy. While he knew that Carter would not want him to be another Kissinger, Brzezinski also felt confident that the President did not want Secretary of State Vance to become another Dulles and would want his own input on key foreign policy decisions. Brzezinski's power gradually expanded into the operational area during the Carter Presidency. He increasingly assumed the role of a presidential emissary. In 1978, for example, Brzezinski traveled to Beijing to lay the groundwork for normalizing <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American relations">U.S.–PRC relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos_2016_143–44-48">[47]</a> Like Kissinger before him, Brzezinski maintained his own personal relationship with Soviet Ambassador to the United States <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a>. Brzezinski had NSC staffers monitor State Department cable traffic through the Situation Room and call back to the State Department if the President preferred to revise or take issue with outgoing State Department instructions. He also appointed his own press spokesman, and his frequent press briefings and appearances on television interview shows made him a prominent public figure, although perhaps not nearly as much as Kissinger had been under Nixon.<a href="#cite_note-Gerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos_2016_143–44-48">[47]</a> The Soviet military invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 significantly damaged the already tenuous relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. Vance felt that Brzezinski's linkage of SALT to other Soviet activities and the MX, together with the growing domestic criticisms in the United States of the SALT II Accord, convinced Brezhnev to decide on military intervention in Afghanistan. Brzezinski, however, later recounted that he advanced proposals to maintain Afghanistan's independence but was frustrated by the Department of State's opposition. An NSC <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> on Afghanistan wrote several reports on the deteriorating situation in 1979, but Carter ignored them until the Soviet intervention destroyed his illusions. Only then did he decide to abandon SALT II ratification and pursue the anti-Soviet policies that Brzezinski proposed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> was the last straw for the disintegrating relationship between Vance and Brzezinski. As the upheaval developed, the two advanced fundamentally different positions. Brzezinski wanted to control the revolution and increasingly suggested military action to prevent <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> from coming to power, while Vance wanted to come to terms with the new Islamic Republic of Iran. As a consequence, Carter failed to develop a coherent approach to the Iranian situation. Vance's resignation following the unsuccessful mission to rescue the American hostages in March 1980, undertaken over his objections, was the final result of the deep disagreement between Brzezinski and Vance.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_policies">Major policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Major policies">edit</a>]</div> During the 1960s, Brzezinski articulated the strategy of peaceful engagement for undermining the Soviet bloc, and while serving on the State Department Policy Planning Council, persuaded President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> to adopt (in October 1966) peaceful engagement as U.S. strategy, placing <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> ahead of <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and thus reversing prior U.S. priorities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the 1970s and 1980s, at the height of his political involvement, Brzezinski participated in the formation of the Trilateral Commission in order to more closely cement U.S.–Japanese–European relations. As the three most economically advanced sectors of the world, the people of the three regions could be brought together in cooperation that would give them a more cohesive stance against the communist world.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> While serving in the White House, Brzezinski emphasized the centrality of human rights as a means of placing the Soviet Union on the ideological defensive. With Jimmy Carter in <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp David Accords (1978)">Camp David</a>, he assisted in the attainment of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Afghanistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">Operation Cyclone</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif/lossy-page1-375px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif/lossy-page1-500px-Jimmy_Carter_and_Prince_Fahd_at_a_meeting_between_U.S._and_Saudi_Arabian_officials._-_NARA_-_174853.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Carter, Brzezinski and Prince <a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd of Saudi Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> Communists under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">seized power in Afghanistan</a> on April 27, 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a> The new regime—divided between Taraki's extremist <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> faction and the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Parcham" title="Parcham">Parcham</a>—signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in December of that year.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a> Taraki's efforts to improve secular education and redistribute land were accompanied by mass executions (including of many conservative religious leaders) and political oppression unprecedented in Afghan history, igniting a revolt by <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">mujahideen</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a> Following a general uprising in April 1979, Taraki was deposed by Khalq rival <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a> Amin was considered a "brutal psychopath" by foreign observers; even the Soviets were alarmed by the brutality of the Afghan communists, and suspected Amin of being an agent of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), although that was not the case.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blight-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> By December, Amin's government had lost control of much of the country, prompting the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invade Afghanistan</a>, execute Amin, and install Parcham leader <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a> President Carter was surprised by the invasion, as the consensus of the U.S. intelligence community during 1978 and 1979—reiterated as late as September 29, 1979—was that "Moscow would not intervene in force even if it appeared likely that the Khalq government was about to collapse." Indeed, Carter's diary entries from November 1979 until the Soviet invasion in late December contain only two short references to Afghanistan, and are instead preoccupied with the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">hostage crisis in Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a> In the West, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was considered a threat to global security and the oil supplies of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a> Moreover, the failure to accurately predict Soviet intentions caused American officials to reappraise the Soviet threat to both Iran and Pakistan, although it is now known that those fears were overblown. For example, U.S. intelligence closely followed Soviet exercises for an invasion of Iran throughout 1980, while an earlier warning from Brzezinski that "if the Soviets came to dominate Afghanistan, they could promote a separate <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Baluchistan</a>  ... [thus] dismembering Pakistan and Iran" took on new urgency.<a href="#cite_note-Blight-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a> These concerns were a major factor in the unrequited efforts of both the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administrations</a> to improve relations with Iran, and resulted in massive aid to Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>. Zia's ties with the U.S. had been strained during Carter's presidency due to Pakistan's nuclear program and the execution of <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> in April 1979, but Carter told Brzezinski and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> as early as January 1979 that it was vital to "repair our relationships with Pakistan" in light of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">unrest in Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a> One initiative Carter authorized to achieve this goal was a collaboration between the CIA and Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> (ISI); through the ISI, the CIA began providing some $695,000<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> worth of non-lethal assistance to the mujahideen on July 3, 1979—several months prior to the Soviet invasion. The modest scope of this early collaboration was likely influenced by the understanding, later recounted by CIA official <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, "that a substantial U.S. covert aid program" might have "raise[d] the stakes" thereby causing "the Soviets to intervene more directly and vigorously than otherwise intended".<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gates-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coll-59">[58]</a> The first shipment of U.S.weapons intended for the mujahideen reached Pakistan on January 10, 1980, shortly following the Soviet invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Blight-55">[54]</a> In the aftermath of the invasion, Carter was determined to respond vigorously to what he considered a dangerous provocation. In a televised speech, he announced sanctions on the Soviet Union, promised renewed aid to Pakistan, and committed the U.S. to the Persian Gulf's defense.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gates-58">[57]</a> The thrust of U.S. policy for the duration of the war was determined by Carter in early 1980: Carter initiated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">a program to arm the mujahideen through Pakistan's ISI</a> and secured a pledge from Saudi Arabia to match U.S. funding for this purpose. U.S. support for the mujahideen accelerated under Carter's successor, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, at a final cost to U.S. taxpayers of some $3 billion. The Soviets were unable to quell the insurgency and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" title="Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdrew from Afghanistan</a> in 1989, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> itself.<a href="#cite_note-Riedel-57">[56]</a> However, the decision to route U.S. aid through Pakistan led to massive fraud, as weapons sent to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> were frequently sold on the local market rather than delivered to the Afghan rebels; Karachi soon "became one of the most violent cities in the world". Pakistan also controlled which rebels received assistance: of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">seven mujahideen groups</a> supported by Zia's government, four espoused Islamic fundamentalist beliefs—and these fundamentalists received most of the funding.<a href="#cite_note-Kepel-54">[53]</a> Years later, in a 1997 <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> interview, Brzezinski detailed the strategy taken by the Carter administration against the Soviets in 1979: <blockquote>We immediately launched a twofold process when we heard that the Soviets had entered Afghanistan. The first involved direct reactions and sanctions focused on the Soviet Union, and both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> prepared long lists of sanctions to be adopted, of steps to be taken to increase the international costs to the Soviet Union of their actions. And the second course of action led to my going to Pakistan a month or so after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, for the purpose of coordinating with the Pakistanis a joint response, the purpose of which would be to make the Soviets bleed for as much and as long as is possible; and we engaged in that effort in a collaborative sense with the Saudis, the Egyptians, the British, the Chinese, and we started providing weapons to the Mujaheddin, from various sources again—for example, some Soviet arms from the Egyptians and the Chinese. We even got Soviet arms from the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> communist government, since it was obviously susceptible to material incentives; and at some point we started buying arms for the Mujaheddin from the Soviet army in Afghanistan, because that army was increasingly corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-gwu.edu-60">[59]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id=""Afghan_Trap"_theory">"Afghan Trap" theory</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Afghan Trap" theory">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, a theory that Brzezinski intentionally provoked the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 was widely repeated,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> with some adherents blaming Brzezinski (and the Carter administration) for the decades-long <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)">Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)</a>, the September 11 attacks, and the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a>. A 2020 review of declassified U.S. documents by Conor Tobin in the journal <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a> contends that this theory—referred to as the "Afghan Trap" theory by the author—is a misrepresentation of the historical record based almost entirely on a "caricature" of Brzezinski as an anti-communist fanatic, a disputed statement attributed to Brzezinski by a <a href="/wiki/L%27Obs" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Obs">Le Nouvel Observateur</a> journalist in 1998 (which was "repeatedly den[ied]" by Brzezinski himself), "and the circumstantial fact that U.S. support antedated the invasion."<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> In addition to Tobin, several academic or journalistic sources have questioned the veracity of aspects of the "Afghan Trap" theory,<a href="#cite_note-Coll_2004-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSarchive_2019-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse_2018-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leake_2022-65">[64]</a> as have at least two former high-ranking Carter administration officials.<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> While it is true that the March <a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a> in Afghanistan and a desire to rebuild <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">strained U.S. relations</a> with Pakistani leader <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a> in light of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> prompted Carter to sign presidential findings in July 1979 permitting the CIA to spend $695,000 on non-military assistance (e.g., "cash, medical equipment, and radio transmitters") to <a href="/wiki/Afghan_mujahideen" title="Afghan mujahideen">Afghan mujahideen</a> insurgents (and on a propaganda campaign targeting the Soviet-backed leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> or DRA), internal deliberations show that "U.S. policies were almost wholly reactive ... to the Soviets' escalating military presence" with policymakers rejecting "a substantial covert aid program" (including lethal provisions) "to avoid provoking Moscow." (The Soviet military and political presence in Afghanistan steadily increased throughout 1979, including "tens of millions of dollars in military aid provided by Moscow to the DRA.")<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> According to Tobin, Brzezinski went to considerable lengths to dissuade the Soviets from invading Afghanistan, urging the Carter administration to publicize information regarding the growing Soviet military role in Afghanistan's nascent civil war and to explicitly warn the Soviets of severe sanctions in the event of an invasion; when his warnings were watered-down by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> under the leadership of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, Brzezinski leaked information to a journalist, resulting in an August 1979 article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> headlined "U.S. Is Indirectly Pressing Russians to Halt Afghanistan Intervention." (Ironically, Soviet general <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Varennikov" title="Valentin Varennikov">Valentin Varennikov</a> complained in 1995 that American officials had never made Afghanistan's strategic significance clear to their Soviet counterparts prior to December 1979, speculating—in line with the "Afghan Trap" theory—that this omission may have been deliberate as the U.S. "had an interest in us getting stuck in Afghanistan, and paying the greatest possible price for that.")<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> Furthermore, Brzezinski attempted to discretely negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet troops with <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Russia to the United States">Soviet ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dobrynin" title="Anatoly Dobrynin">Anatoly Dobrynin</a> during 1980, privately conceding that the country would likely remain within the Soviet sphere of influence following a diplomatic settlement, as he had little confidence in the mujahideen's ability to inflict a military defeat on the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse_2018-64">[63]</a> Carter administration officials <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> criticized the "Afghan Trap" theory between 2010 and 2012, the former stating that it had "no basis in fact" and the latter calling it "a huge, unwarranted leap".<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> Tobin concludes: "The small-scale covert program that developed in response to the increasing Soviet influence was part of a contingency plan if the Soviets did intervene militarily, as Washington would be in a better position to make it difficult for them to consolidate their position, but not designed to induce an intervention."<a href="#cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">[8]</a> Historian Robert Rakove wrote, the notion of a U.S. effort to entrap the Soviet Union in Afghanistan has been "methodically and effectively refuted by Conor Tobin".<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Steve Coll</a> had previously stated in 2004 that "[c]ontemporary memos—particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion—make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail. ... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism."<a href="#cite_note-Coll_2004-62">[61]</a> Coll's "specific debunking of the Brzezinski Nouvel Observateur interview" was cited by the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-NSarchive_2019-63">[62]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Va%C3%AFsse" title="Justin Vaïsse">Justin Vaïsse</a> referred to "[t]he thesis according to which a trap was set having been dismissed" as "[s]uch a position would not be compatible with the archives".<a href="#cite_note-Vaïsse_2018-64">[63]</a> Elisabeth Leake, writing in 2022, agreed that "the original provision was certainly inadequate to force a Soviet armed intervention. Instead it adhered to broader US practices of providing limited covert support to anti-communist forces worldwide."<a href="#cite_note-Leake_2022-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iran">Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Shah_with_Atherton,_Sullivan,_Vance,_Carter_and_Brzezinski,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/300px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/450px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/600px-The_Shah_with_Atherton%2C_Sullivan%2C_Vance%2C_Carter_and_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>The Iranian Shah, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, meeting with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Atherton" title="Alfred Atherton">Alfred Atherton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Sullivan" title="William H. Sullivan">William H. Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, and Zbigniew Brzezinski, in 1977</figcaption></figure> In November 1979, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">revolutionary</a> students stormed the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a> and took American diplomats hostage. Brzezinski argued against Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a>'s proposed diplomatic solutions to the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>, insisting they "would deliver Iran to the Soviets."<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> Vance, struggling with <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, went to Florida on Thursday, April 10, 1980, for a long weekend.<a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-67">[66]</a> On Friday, Brzezinski held a newly scheduled meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a> and authorized <a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a>, a military expedition into <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> to rescue the hostages.<a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-67">[66]</a> Deputy Secretary <a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a>, who attended the meeting in Vance's place, did not inform Vance.<a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-67">[66]</a> Furious, Vance handed in his resignation on principle, calling Brzezinski "evil".<a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-67">[66]</a> President Carter aborted the operation after three of the eight helicopters he had sent into the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Dasht-e Kavir</a> desert crashed, and a fourth then collided with a transport plane, causing a fire that killed eight servicemen.<a href="#cite_note-NYTmag-67">[66]</a> The hostages were ultimately released on the day of the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="First inauguration of Ronald Reagan">first inauguration of Ronald Reagan</a>, after 444 days in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Along with Kissinger and David Rockefeller, Brzezinski played a role in convincing Carter to admit the exiled Shah into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> Brzezinski has compared complaints by US officials about Iran's alleged nuclear ambitions to similar statements made before the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq war</a> began: "I think the administration, the President and the Vice President particularly, are trying to hype the atmosphere, and that is reminiscent of what preceded the war in Iraq."<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff/lossy-page1-250px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff/lossy-page1-375px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff/lossy-page1-500px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski_hosts_a_dinner_for_Chinese_Vice_Premier_Deng_Xiaoping._-_NARA_-_183125.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Brzezinski hosts a dinner for <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Chinese Communist</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> Shortly after taking office in 1977, President Carter again reaffirmed the United States' position of upholding the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a>. In May 1978, Brzezinski overcame concerns from the State Department and traveled to Beijing, where he began talks that seven months later led to full diplomatic relations.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> The United States and People's Republic of China announced on December 15, 1978, that the two governments would establish diplomatic relations on January 1, 1979. This required that the United States sever relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan. Consolidating U.S. gains in befriending Communist China was a major priority stressed by Brzezinski during his time as National Security Advisor. Brzezinski "denied <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">reports</a> that he encouraged China to support the genocidal dictator <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, because Pol Pot's <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> were the enemies of communist Vietnam."<a href="#cite_note-Guardianobit-70">[69]</a> However, following the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia</a> which toppled the Khmer Rouge, Brzezinski prevailed in having the administration refuse to recognize the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">new Cambodian government</a> due to its support by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-glad-71">[70]</a> The most important strategic aspect of the new U.S.–Chinese relationship was in its effect on the Cold War. China was no longer considered part of a larger Sino-Soviet bloc but instead a third pole of power due to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Soviet Split">Sino-Soviet Split</a>, helping the United States against the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-hoov_China-US-72">[71]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9_on_the_Establishment_of_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations">Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations</a> dated January 1, 1979, the United States transferred diplomatic recognition from <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> to Beijing. The United States reiterated the Shanghai Communiqué's acknowledgment of the PRC position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China; Beijing acknowledged that the United States would continue to carry on commercial, cultural, and other unofficial contacts with Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Relations_Act" title="Taiwan Relations Act">Taiwan Relations Act</a> made the necessary changes in <a href="/wiki/U.S._law" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. law">U.S. law</a> to permit unofficial relations with Taiwan to continue. In addition the severing relations with the Republic of China, the Carter administration also agreed to unilaterally pull out of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Mutual_Defense_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty">Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty</a>, withdraw U.S. military personnel from Taiwan, and gradually reduce arms sales to the Republic of China. There was widespread opposition in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, notably from Republicans, due to the Republic of China's status as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communist">anti-Communist</a> ally in the Cold War. In <a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> made a failed attempt to stop Carter from terminating the mutual defense treaty. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter,_Brzezinski_and_Vance_at_Camp_David,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Carter%2C_Brzezinski_and_Vance_at_Camp_David%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> with Brzezinski and <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab-Israeli_conflict">Arab-Israeli conflict</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arab-Israeli conflict">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg/235px-Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg/353px-Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg/470px-Begin_Brzezinski_Camp_David_Chess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a> engages Brzezinski in a game of chess at Camp David</figcaption></figure> On October 10, 2007, Brzezinski along with other influential signatories sent a letter to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> titled "Failure Risks Devastating Consequences." The letter was partly an advice and a warning of the failure of an upcoming<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> U.S.-sponsored Middle East conference scheduled for November 2007 between representatives of <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>. The letter also suggested to engage in "a genuine dialogue with <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>" rather than to isolate it further.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ending_Soviet_détente">Ending Soviet détente</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ending Soviet détente">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (June 2008)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Presidential Directive 18 on U.S. National Security, signed early in Carter's term, signaled a fundamental reassessment of the value of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a>, and set the United States on a course to quietly end Kissinger's strategy.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Zbigniew Brzezinski played a major role in organizing Jimmy Carter's policies on the Soviet Union as a grand strategy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> Brzezinski was a liberal Democrat and a committed anti-communist, favoring social justice while seeing world events in substantially Cold War terms.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Additionally, according to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, "Brzezinski’s outlook was anti-Soviet, but he also insisted, like <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a> before him, on the necessity of cultivating a strong West."<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> Brzezinski stated that human rights could be used to put the Soviet Union ideologically on the defensive: <dl><dd>I felt strongly that in the U.S.-Soviet competition the appeal of America as a free society could become an important asset, and I saw in human rights an opportunity to put the Soviet Union ideologically on the defensive....by actively pursuing this' commitment we could mobilize far greater global support and focus global attention on the glaring internal weaknesses of the Soviet system.<a href="#cite_note-humanRightsWeapon-77">[76]</a></dd></dl> Brzezinski's policy on Iran was thoroughly connected to the Soviet Union, because it was observed that each coup and revolution in 1979 had advanced Soviet power towards the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-:1-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Brzezinski advised President Carter that the United States's "greatest vulnerability" lay on an arc "stretching from <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> through <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>."<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> This played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_strategy">Nuclear strategy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nuclear strategy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (June 2012)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Directive_59" title="Presidential Directive 59">Presidential Directive 59</a>, "Nuclear Employment Policy", dramatically changed U.S. targeting of nuclear weapons aimed at the Soviet Union. Implemented with the aid of Defense Secretary <a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a>, this directive officially set the United States on a countervailing strategy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arms_control">Arms control</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms control">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></div>Zbigniew Brzezinski utilized the United States' need to stability and progress in political relations with the Soviet Union to spur on the call for a new strategic arms treaty. On April 5, 1979, Brzezinski made a speech at the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations where he stated that competition between the two powers and the nuclear arms race would not simply end because of the accord. According to him, the projected strategic arms treaty that would intend to impose limits on power such as missiles and bombers through the year 1989, would be what contributes to the progress and confidence in Soviet-American relations.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> He aimed to frame his arms control policy in a way that portrayed it as favorable to create, ensure, and maintain Soviet-American relations.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Leading up to the presidential election in 1980, the Carter administration set sight on confronting Ronald Reagan on arms control agreements with Moscow. On this issue, Brzezinski believed that to continue moving safely ahead with talks to control atomic arms with Moscow, despite Soviet troops holding position in Afghanistan, the United States needed to remain firm in containing Soviet expansionism.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Overall, Zbigniew Brzezinski’s arms control views leaned skeptical and mistrusting of Soviet motives in general and emphasized the central importance of the East-West competition. On the other hand, other officials such as the Secretary of State Cyrus Vance worked to pave a way for a wider US-Soviet relationship. Arms control in Brzezinski’s terms would take any opportunity to halt or reduce the momentum of the Soviet buildup.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg/220px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg/330px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg/440px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_with_National_Security_Advisor_Zbigniew_Brzezinski_and_the_other_members_of_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff with National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski and the other members of Joint Chiefs of Staff during a National Security Council Meeting at The White House on October 5, 1978.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/350px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/525px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Soviet General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> sign the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (<a href="/wiki/SALT_II" class="mw-redirect" title="SALT II">SALT II</a>) treaty, June 18, 1979, in Vienna (Austria). Brzezinski is directly behind President Carter.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_power">After power</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After power">edit</a>]</div> Brzezinski left office concerned about the internal division within the Democratic party, arguing that the <a href="/wiki/Dovish" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovish">dovish</a> McGovernite wing would send the Democrats into permanent minority. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> invited him to stay on as his National Security Adviser, but Brzezinski declined, feeling that the new president needed a fresh perspective on which to build his foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> He had mixed relations with the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>. On the one hand, he supported it as an alternative to the Democrats' <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>. On the other hand, he also criticized it as seeing foreign policy in overly black-and-white terms.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the 1980s, Brzezinski argued that the general crisis of the Soviet Union foreshadowed communism's end.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He remained involved in Polish affairs, critical of the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law in Poland</a> in 1981, and more so of the Western European acquiescence to its imposition in the name of stability. Brzezinski briefed U.S. vice president <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> before his 1987 trip to Poland that aided in the revival of the Solidarity movement.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1985, under the Reagan administration, Brzezinski served as a member of the President's <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical Warfare</a> Commission. From 1987 to 1988, he worked on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a>–<a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Defense Department</a> Commission on Integrated Long-Term Strategy. From 1987 to 1989 he also served on the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Foreign_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In 1988, Brzezinski was co-chairman of the Bush National Security Advisory Task Force, endorsing Bush for president, and breaking with the Democratic party. Brzezinski published The Grand Failure the same year, predicting the failure of Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s reforms, and the collapse of the Soviet Union in a few more decades. He said there were five possibilities for the Soviet Union: successful pluralization, protracted crisis, renewed stagnation, coup (by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soviet_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet military">Soviet military</a>), or the explicit collapse of the Communist regime. He called collapse "at this stage a much more remote possibility" than protracted crisis. He also predicted that the chance of some form of communism existing in the Soviet Union in 2017 was a little more than 50% and that when the end did come it would be "most likely turbulent". Conflicts such as Nagorno-Karabakh crisis and Soviet attempts to reinstate its authority in <a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania</a> and other republics were much less violent than Brzezinski and other observers anticipated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the event, the Soviet system collapsed totally after the abortive <a href="/wiki/August_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="August coup">August coup</a> of 1991 launched against Gorbachev failed. In 1989, the Communists failed to mobilize support in Poland, and Solidarity swept the general elections. Later the same year, Brzezinski toured Russia and visited a memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyn Massacre">Katyn Massacre</a>. This served as an opportunity for him to ask the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet government">Soviet government</a> to acknowledge the truth about the event, for which he received a standing ovation in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a>. Ten days later, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#The_Fall_of_the_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall fell</a>, and Soviet-supported governments in Eastern Europe began to totter. <a href="/wiki/Strobe_Talbott" title="Strobe Talbott">Strobe Talbott</a>, one of Brzezinski's long-time critics, conducted an interview with him for TIME magazine entitled "Vindication of a Hardliner".<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In 1990, Brzezinski warned against post–Cold War euphoria. He publicly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] arguing that the United States would squander the international goodwill it had accumulated by defeating the Soviet Union, and that it could trigger wide resentment throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>. He expanded upon these views in his 1992 work Out of Control.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Brzezinski was prominently critical of the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a>'s hesitation to intervene against the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Serb forces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian war">Bosnian war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> He also began to speak out against Russia's <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/American_Committee_for_Peace_in_Chechnya" title="American Committee for Peace in Chechnya">American Committee for Peace in Chechnya</a>. Wary of a move toward the reinvigoration of Russian power, Brzezinski negatively viewed the succession of former KGB agent <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> after <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. In this vein, he became one of the foremost advocates of <a href="/wiki/NATO_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO expansion">NATO expansion</a>. He wrote in 1998 that "Without Ukraine, Russia ceases to be a Eurasian empire."<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> In 1997 he advocated for a "loosely confederated Russia — composed of a European Russia, a Siberian Republic, and a Far Eastern Republic" as a "decentralized Russia would be less susceptible to imperial mobilization".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> He later came out in support of the <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Serbia">1999 NATO bombing of Serbia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo war">Kosovo war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg/300px-Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg/450px-Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg/600px-Obama_with_former_National_Security_Advisers_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Former National Security Advisers meet with President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in 2010. Seated at the table, from left, are <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">Bud McFarlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ross" title="Dennis Ross">Dennis Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Sandy Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a>, and Brzezinski.</figcaption></figure> After his role as National Security Adviser came to a close, Brzezinski returned to teaching, but remained an influential voice in international relations. Polish politician <a href="/wiki/Radek_Sikorski" class="mw-redirect" title="Radek Sikorski">Radek Sikorski</a> wrote that to Poles, Brzezinski was considered "our statesman" and his was one of the most revered voices in Poland: "During the decades when Poland was stuck against her will behind the Iron Curtain, he and the <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Polish pope</a> were the two most important voices for a free Poland abroad. After liberation, he acted as an adviser and champion of the new democracies on their way to rejoining Western institutions."<a href="#cite_note-sikorski-93">[92]</a> Though he rose to national prominence as a member of the Carter administration, Brzezinski avoided partisan politics and sometimes later voted Republican. In the <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988 election</a>, he endorsed <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> for president over Democrat <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft-94">[93]</a> Brzezinski argued against the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and was outspoken in the then-unpopular opinion that the invasion would be a mistake. As recalled by <a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a>, "Brzezinski paid a cost in the insular, self-reinforcing world of Washington foreign policy opinion, until it became clear to nearly everyone that he (joined in this Iraq War opposition by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a>) had been right."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ignatius-95">[94]</a> He later called President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s foreign policy "catastrophic."<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-12">[11]</a> Brzezinski was a leading critic of the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>'s conduct of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>. In 2004, Brzezinski wrote The Choice, which expanded upon his earlier work,<a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Chessboard" title="The Grand Chessboard">The Grand Chessboard</a> (1997), and sharply criticized <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s foreign policy. In 2007, in a column in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, Brzezinski excoriated the Bush administration, arguing that their post-<a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> actions had damaged the reputation of the United States "infinitely greater than any wild dreams entertained by the fanatical perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks" and destroyed any chance of uniting the world to defeat extremism and terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> He later stated that he had "visceral contempt" for British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, who supported Bush's actions in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-ft-94">[93]</a> In September 2007, he defended the book <a href="/wiki/The_Israel_Lobby_and_U.S._Foreign_Policy" title="The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy">The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YnetSept2007-97">[96]</a> In August 2007, Brzezinski endorsed Democratic presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. He stated that Obama "recognizes that the challenge is a new face, a new sense of direction, a new definition of America's role in the world"<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> and that "What makes Obama attractive to me is that he understands that we live in a very different world where we have to relate to a variety of cultures and people."<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In September 2007 during a speech on the Iraq war, Obama introduced Brzezinski as "one of our most outstanding thinkers," but some pro-Israel commentators questioned his criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel lobby in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YnetSept2007-97">[96]</a> In a September 2009 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, Brzezinski replied to a question about how aggressive President Obama should be in insisting Israel not conduct an air strike on Iran, saying: "We are not exactly impotent little babies. They have to fly over our airspace in Iraq. Are we just going to sit there and watch?"<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> This was interpreted by some supporters of Israel as supporting the downing of Israeli jets by the United States in order to prevent an attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> On October 1, 2009, Brzezinski delivered the <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Family_Lecture_on_International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations">Waldo Family Lecture on International Relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 2011, Brzezinski supported the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">NATO intervention</a> against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>, calling non-intervention "morally dubious" and "politically questionable".<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In early 2012, Brzezinski expressed disappointment and said he was confused by some of Obama's actions, such as the decision to send 2,500 U.S. troops to Australia, but supported him for re-election.<a href="#cite_note-ft-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg/220px-MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg/330px-MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg/440px-MSC_2014_Brzezinski_Kleinschmidt_MSC2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Brzezinski at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> On March 3, 2014, between the February 22 ousting of Ukraine President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> and the March 16, <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">Crimean referendum</a>, Brzezinski authored an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> piece for The Washington Post entitled "What is to be done? Putin's aggression in Ukraine needs a response."<a href="#cite_note-brzukr-105">[104]</a> He led with a link on Russian aggression; he compared Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s "thuggish tactics in seizing Crimea" and "thinly camouflaged invasion" to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in 1938, and characterized Putin as a cartoon <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, but stopped well short of advocating that the U.S. go to war. Rather, he suggested that <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> should be put on high alert and recommended "to avert miscalculations". He explicitly stated that reassurances be given to "Russia that it is not seeking to draw Ukraine into NATO."<a href="#cite_note-brzukr-105">[104]</a> According to Ignatius and Sikorski, Brzezinski was "deeply troubled" by the election of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as president of the United States and worried over the future. Two days after the election, on November 10, 2016, Brzezinski warned of "coming turmoil in the nation and the world" in a brief speech after he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defense_Medal_for_Distinguished_Public_Service" title="Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service">Medal for Distinguished Public Service</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ignatius-95">[94]</a> On May 4, 2017, he sent out his final Tweet, saying, "Sophisticated US leadership is the <a href="/wiki/Sine_qua_non" title="Sine qua non">sine qua non</a> of a stable world order. However, we lack the former while the latter is getting worse."<a href="#cite_note-sikorski-93">[92]</a> Piotr Pietrzak argued that "Brzezinski never trusted Putin and saw him as the post-Soviet man, a product of Soviet imperialist indoctrination, who felt deeply humiliated by how the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact collapsed, but he predicted the escalation of the situation in the East long before Putin took power and much earlier than most of us, possibly because his geopolitical insights were strongly influenced by the work of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Halford J. Mackinder, Nickolas J. Spykman, and Friedrich Ratzel.".<a href="#cite_note-moderndiplomacy.eu-106">[105]</a> Pietrzak also suggested that "Although Zbigniew Brzezinski is dead, his work is very much alive; the Biden administration follows Brzezinski’s geostrategic blueprint, which supports Ukraine militarily, logistically, diplomatically, and politically. Zbigniew Brzezinski’s son Mark Brzezinski serves as the United States Ambassador to Poland and helps his superiors implement his father’s geostrategic vision on the ground thanks to which the Ukrainian army is still standing and is capable of not only repelling the Russian offensive but actually launching a successful counter-offensive. The question is what constitutes the Brzezinski Doctrine today? Would Brzezinski see Ukraine as a potential NATO member or a frozen buffer zone between the transatlantic community and an increasingly assertive, hawkish, and unpredictable Russian giant?".<a href="#cite_note-moderndiplomacy.eu-106">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Brzezinski was married to Czech-American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Benes_Brzezinski" title="Emilie Benes Brzezinski">Emilie Benes</a> (grand-niece of the second Czechoslovak president, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1" title="Edvard Beneš">Edvard Beneš</a>), with whom he had three children. His elder son, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Brzezinski" title="Ian Brzezinski">Ian Brzezinski</a> (b. 1963), is a Senior Fellow in the International Security Program and is on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a>'s Strategic Advisors Group. Ian also served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (2001–2005) and was a principal at <a href="/wiki/Booz_Allen_Hamilton" title="Booz Allen Hamilton">Booz Allen Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> His younger son, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Brzezinski" title="Mark Brzezinski">Mark Brzezinski</a> (b. 1965), is a lawyer who served on President Clinton's National Security Council as an expert on Russia and Southeastern Europe, and has served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._ambassador_to_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. ambassador to Sweden">U.S. ambassador to Sweden</a> (2011–2015) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Poland" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Poland">Poland</a> (from 2022). His daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mika_Brzezinski" title="Mika Brzezinski">Mika Brzezinski</a> (b. 1967), is a television news presenter and co-host of MSNBC's weekday morning program, <a href="/wiki/Morning_Joe" title="Morning Joe">Morning Joe</a>, where she provides regular commentary and reads the news headlines for the program. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_life">Public life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public life">edit</a>]</div> Brzezinski was a past member of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> At the time of his death, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> and the International Honorary Council<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> of the European Academy of Diplomacy. He was also referred to by the nickname "Zbig".<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-5">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_appearances">Film appearances</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film appearances">edit</a>]</div> Brzezinski appeared as himself in several documentary films and TV series, such as: the 1997 film Eternal Memory: Voices from the Great Terror, directed by David Pultz; Episodes 17 (Good Guys, Bad Guys), 19 (Freeze) and 20 (Soldiers of God) of the 1998 <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> series <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(TV_series)" title="Cold War (TV series)">Cold War</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Isaacs" title="Jeremy Isaacs">Jeremy Isaacs</a>; the 2009 documentary <a href="/wiki/Back_Door_Channels:_The_Price_of_Peace" title="Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace">Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace</a>; and the 2014 Polish biographical film Strateg (The Strategist) directed by Katarzyna Kolenda-Zaleska and produced by <a href="/wiki/TVN_(Polish_TV_channel)" title="TVN (Polish TV channel)">TVN</a>. The 2014 Polish film <a href="/wiki/Jack_Strong_(film)" title="Jack Strong (film)">Jack Strong</a> features <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Pieczy%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Pieczyński">Krzysztof Pieczyński</a> as Brzezinski. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Brzezinski died at Inova Fairfax Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church, Virginia</a>, on May 26, 2017, at the age of 89.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> His funeral was held June 9 at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Matthew_the_Apostle_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.)">Cathedral of St. Matthew</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> and former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a> were among those who gave eulogies, while attendees included international diplomats and emissaries; journalists <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Todd" title="Chuck Todd">Chuck Todd</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a>; 100-year-old Gen. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rowny" title="Edward Rowny">Edward Rowny</a>; former National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan E. Rice">Susan E. Rice</a>; and former National Security Advisor, Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">H. R. McMaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-116">[115]</a> "If I could choose my seatmate, it would be Dr. Brzezinski," Carter said of his international flights on <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_One" title="Air Force One">Air Force One</a>. Former National Security Advisor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, aged 94, was unable to attend, but a note he sent during the eulogy said: "The world is an emptier place without Zbig pushing the limits of his insights."<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>, 1981<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" title="Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a>, 1998<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Poland)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Poland)">Order of the White Eagle</a>, 1995<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> Second Class of the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Slovakia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Slovakia">Cross of the President of the Slovak Republic</a>, 2002<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Romania" title="Order of the Star of Romania">Order of the Star of Romania</a>, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizenship" title="Honorary citizenship">Honorary citizenship</a> of the City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Three_Stars" title="Order of the Three Stars">Order of the Three Stars</a>, 2007<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (June 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> New York (state)</td> <td>1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham University</a></td> <td>Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> Massachusetts</td> <td>June 9, 1986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Law</a> (LL.D)<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> Poland</td> <td>1990</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II_Catholic_University_of_Lublin" title="John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin">John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin</a></td> <td>Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-kul.pl-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Lithuania</td> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_University" title="Vilnius University">Vilnius University</a></td> <td>Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Azerbaijan</td> <td>November 7, 2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku_State_University" title="Baku State University">Baku State University</a></td> <td>Doctorate<a href="#cite_note-kul.pl-125">[124]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_works_by_Brzezinski">Major works by Brzezinski</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Major works by Brzezinski">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/permanentpurgepo0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:permanentpurgepo0000brze">The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism.</a> Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1956. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674732674" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674732674">978-0674732674</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/sovietblocunityc00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:sovietblocunityc00brze">Soviet Bloc: Unity and Conflict</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1967. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674825451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674825451">978-0674825451</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/B-001-003-798/Zbigniew_Brzezinski__Between_Two_Ages.pdf">Between Two Ages: America's Role in the Technetronic Era</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313234989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313234989">978-0313234989</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/powerprincipleme0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:powerprincipleme0000brze">Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981.</a> New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus,_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar, Straus, Giroux">Farrar, Straus, Giroux</a>, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374236632" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374236632">978-0374236632</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gameplangeostrat0000brze">Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the U.S.-Soviet Contest</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly Press">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871130846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871130846">978-0871130846</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/grandfailureb00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:grandfailureb00brze">Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Collier_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier Books">Collier Books</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0020307303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0020307303">978-0020307303</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/outofcontrolglob00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:outofcontrolglob00brze">Out of Control: Global Turmoil on the Eve of the 21st Century</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Collier_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier Books">Collier Books</a>, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684826363" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684826363">978-0684826363</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Chessboard" title="The Grand Chessboard">The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465027253" title="Special:BookSources/0465027253">0465027253</a>. Translated and published in nineteen languages.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/choiceglobaldomi00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:choiceglobaldomi00brze">The Choice: Global Domination or Global Leadership</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465008001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465008001">978-0465008001</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance:_Three_Presidents_and_the_Crisis_of_American_Superpower" title="Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower">Second Chance: Three Presidents and the Crisis of American Superpower</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465002528" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465002528">978-0465002528</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/americaworldconv00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:americaworldconv00brze">America and the World: Conversations on the Future of American Foreign Policy</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465015016" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465015016">978-0465015016</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/strategicvisiona0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:strategicvisiona0000brze">Strategic Vision: America and the Crisis of Global Power</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465029549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465029549">978-0465029549</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books_and_monographs">Other books and monographs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other books and monographs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/fj2366330?locale=en">Russo-Soviet Nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">thesis</a>). <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec: <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> (1950).</li> <li>Political Control in the Soviet Army: A Study on Reports by Former Soviet Officers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=hotseries&q=se%3A%22Studies+on+the+U.S.S.R.%22">Studies on the USSR, no. 6.</a> New York: Research Program on the USSR (1954). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1743232">1743232</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/totalitariandict0000frie_p1x0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:totalitariandict0000frie p1x0">Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Friedrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl J. Friedrich">Carl J. Friedrich</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> (1956). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/654233383">654233383</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/ideologypowerins0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:ideologypowerins0000brze">Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger</a> (1962).</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/politicalpowerus00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:politicalpowerus00brze">Political Power: USA/USSR</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel Huntington</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a> (April 1963). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670563188" title="Special:BookSources/0670563188">0670563188</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/alternativetopar00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:alternativetopar00brze">Alternative to Partition: For a Broader Conception of America's Role in Europe</a>. Atlantic Policy Studies, New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> (1965).</li> <li>International Politics in the Technetronic Era. Volume 1 of Research Papers series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophia.ac.jp/eng/research/research/affiliated_r/SIIR.html">Tokyo Jōchi Daigaku Institute of International Relations.</a> <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a> Press (1971). 34 p.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/fragileblossomcr0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:fragileblossomcr0000brze">The Fragile Blossom: Crisis and Change in Japan</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_and_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper and Row">Harper and Row</a> (1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060104686" title="Special:BookSources/0060104686">0060104686</a>.</li> <li>American Security in an Interdependent World, with P. Edward Haley. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> (September 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819170844" title="Special:BookSources/0819170844">0819170844</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/inquestofnationa0000brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:inquestofnationa0000brze">In Quest of National Security</a>, with Marin Strmecki. Boulder, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a> (September 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813305756" title="Special:BookSources/0813305756">0813305756</a>.</li> <li>The Soviet Political System: Transformation or Degeneration. Irvington Publishers (August 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0829035729" title="Special:BookSources/0829035729">0829035729</a>.</li> <li>Zbigniew Brzeziński, Bibliografia i Rysunki [Zbigniew Brzezinski, Bibliography and Drawings]. <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>: Correspondance des arts (1993).</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/russiacommonweal0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:russiacommonweal0000unse">Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis</a>, with Paige Sullivan. Armonk: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a> (1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1563246376" title="Special:BookSources/1563246376">1563246376</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/geostrategictria00brze" class="extiw" title="iarchive:geostrategictria00brze">The Geostrategic Triad: Living with China, Europe, and Russia.</a> Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_%26_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Strategic & International Studies">Center for Strategic & International Studies</a> (December 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089206384X" title="Special:BookSources/089206384X">089206384X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_contributions">Book contributions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Book contributions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/blackbookofbosni0000mous/page/152/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackbookofbosni0000mous/page/152/">"After Srebrenica."</a> (August 7, 1995). In: <a href="//archive.org/details/blackbookofbosni0000mous" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackbookofbosni0000mous">The Black Book of Bosnia: The Consequences of Appeasement</a>, by the writers and editors of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Nader_Mousavizadeh" title="Nader Mousavizadeh">Nader Mousavizadeh</a>. Afterword by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Wieseltier" title="Leon Wieseltier">Leon Wieseltier</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">BasicBooks</a> (1996), <a href="//archive.org/details/blackbookofbosni0000mous/page/152/" class="extiw" title="iarchive:blackbookofbosni0000mous/page/152/">pp. 153–157.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465098354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465098354">978-0465098354</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_articles_and_essays">Selected articles and essays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Selected articles and essays">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/1961-07-01/peaceful-engagement-eastern-europe">"Peaceful Engagement in Eastern Europe"</a>, with William Griffith. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 39, no. 4 (Spring 1961), p. 647. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20029518">10.2307/20029518</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20029518">20029518</a>.</li> <li>"Cincinnatus and the Apparatchik", with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a>. World Politics, vol. 16, no. 1 (October 1963), pp. 52–78. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009251">10.2307/2009251</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009251">2009251</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLygqegBbkUC&dq=The%20Implications%20of%20Change%20for%20United%20States%20Foreign%20Policy.%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20State%201967%20brzezinski&pg=PA19">"The Implications of Change for United States Foreign Policy."</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">Department of State Bulletin</a>, vol. LVII (57), no. 1462 [8255] (July 3, 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nLygqegBbkUC&dq=The%20Implications%20of%20Change%20for%20United%20States%20Foreign%20Policy.%20U.S.%20Department%20of%20State%201967%20brzezinski&pg=PA19">pp. 19–23.</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>.</li> <li>"U.S. Foreign Policy: The Search for Focus." <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 51, no. 4 (July 1973), pp. 708–727. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20038014">10.2307/20038014</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20038014">20038014</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comw.org/pda/fulltext/9709brzezinski.html">"A Geostrategy for Eurasia."</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 76, no. 5 (September/October 1997), pp. 50–64.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141221060231/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/19/opinion/russia-would-gain-by-losing-chechnya.html">"Russia Would Gain by Losing Chechnya."</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> (November 1999), p. A35.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183416/http://saintjoehigh.enschool.org/ourpages/auto/2012/10/5/54579209/12-0102%20Balancing%20the%20East_%20Upgrading%20the%20West.pdf">"Balancing the East, Upgrading the West; U.S. Grand Strategy in an Age of Upheaval."</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, vol. 91, no. 1 (January/February 2012), pp. 97–104.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-american-interest.com/2016/04/17/toward-a-global-realignment/">"Toward a Global Realignment."</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Interest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Interest">American Interest</a>, vol. 11, no. 6 (July/August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/back-issue-toc/?i=6025">Full issue.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reports">Reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Reports">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="//archive.org/details/democracymustwor00owen" class="extiw" title="iarchive:democracymustwor00owen">Democracy Must Work: A Trilateral Agenda for the Decade</a>, with David Owen, Michael Stewart, Carol Hansen, and Saburo Okita. <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a> (June 1984). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814761615" title="Special:BookSources/0814761615">0814761615</a>.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/differentiatedco00zbig" class="extiw" title="iarchive:differentiatedco00zbig">Differentiated Containment: U.S. Policy Toward Iran and Iraq</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Murphy" title="Richard W. Murphy">Richard W. Murphy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Press (July 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876092024" title="Special:BookSources/0876092024">0876092024</a>.</li> <li>The United States and the Persian Gulf, with <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Anthony Lake</a>, F. Gregory, and III Gause. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Press (December 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876092911" title="Special:BookSources/0876092911">0876092911</a>.</li> <li>Iran: Time for a New Approach, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Gates">Robert M. Gates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> Press (February 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0876093454" title="Special:BookSources/0876093454">0876093454</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In isolation, Kazimierz is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[kaˈʑimjɛʂ]</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INswfDcNa0o&t=4m12s">"Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski And His Life On The World Stage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Morning_Joe" title="Morning Joe">Morning Joe</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. May 30, 2017. Event occurs at 4:12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/INswfDcNa0o">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Joe&rft.atitle=Dr.+Zbigniew+Brzezinski+And+His+Life+On+The+World+Stage&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DINswfDcNa0o%26t%3D4m12s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Sabine Feiner: Weltordnung durch US-Leadership? Die Konzeption Zbigniew K. Brzezinskis. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiple2006" class="citation web cs1">Seiple, Chris (November 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828230451/https://globalengage.org/attachments/771_seiple_dissertation.pdf">"Revisiting the Geo-Political Thinking of Sir Halford John Mackinder: United States–Uzbekistan Relations 1991–2005"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalengage.org/attachments/771_seiple_dissertation.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 28, 2017. Retrieved August 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Geo-Political+Thinking+of+Sir+Halford+John+Mackinder%3A+United+States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan+Relations+1991%E2%80%932005&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft.aulast=Seiple&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalengage.org%2Fattachments%2F771_seiple_dissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/28/zbigniew-brzezinski-obituary">"Zbigniew Brzezinski obituary"</a>. The Guardian. May 28, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zbigniew+Brzezinski+obituary&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fmay%2F28%2Fzbigniew-brzezinski-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sklar-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sklar_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sklar_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sklar_6-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Holly_Sklar" title="Holly Sklar">Sklar, Holly</a>. "Founding the Trilateral Commission: Chronology 1970–1977". Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning for World Management. Boston: <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-103-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-103-6">0-89608-103-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89608-104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89608-104-4">0-89608-104-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6958001">6958001</a> 604 pages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Trilateralism/Trilateralism_Sklar.html">Excerpts available</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitzWalker2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, David F.; Walker, Vanessa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914773">"Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights: The Development of a Post-Cold War Foreign Policy"</a>. Diplomatic History. 28 (1): 113–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00400.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00400.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-2096">0145-2096</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24914773">24914773</a>. <q>The call to overcome the nation's 'inordinate fear of communism' was not, [Brzezinski] wrote, 'a dismissal of the reality of Soviet power but an optimistic recognition of the greater appeal of liberty and of the superiority of the democratic system.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter+and+the+Foreign+Policy+of+Human+Rights%3A+The+Development+of+a+Post-Cold+War+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-143&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0145-2096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24914773%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.2004.00400.x&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24914773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2021" class="citation web cs1">Sargent, Daniel (July 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/24/postmodern-america-didnt-deserve-jimmy-carter/">"Postmodern America Didn't Deserve Jimmy Carter"</a>. Foreign Policy. Retrieved November 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Postmodern+America+Didn%27t+Deserve+Jimmy+Carter&rft.date=2021-07-24&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2021%2F07%2F24%2Fpostmodern-america-didnt-deserve-jimmy-carter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tobin_2020-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tobin_2020_9-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tobin, Conor (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065">"The Myth of the "Afghan Trap": Zbigniew Brzezinski and Afghanistan, 1978–1979"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 44 (2). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 237–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065">10.1093/dh/dhz065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+the+%22Afghan+Trap%22%3A+Zbigniew+Brzezinski+and+Afghanistan%2C+1978%E2%80%931979&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-264&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fdh%2Fdhz065&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fdh%252Fdhz065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/zbigniew-brzezinski-obituary/">"The last hawk: Zbigniew Brzezinski (1928–2017)"</a>. openDemocracy. Retrieved December 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=openDemocracy&rft.atitle=The+last+hawk%3A+Zbigniew+Brzezinski+%281928%E2%80%932017%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Fen%2Fodr%2Fzbigniew-brzezinski-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518124148/http://victimsofcommunism.org/media/article.php?article=3850">"Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial_Foundation" title="Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation">Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation</a>. June 9, 2008. 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Political Psychology (1988): 471-505. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/jimmy-carter-and-second-yemenite-war-smaller-shock-1979">"Jimmy Carter and the Second Yemenite War: A Smaller Shock of 1979? | Wilson Center"</a>. www.wilsoncenter.org. Retrieved November 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter+and+the+Second+Yemenite+War%3A+A+Smaller+Shock+of+1979%3F+%7C+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fblog-post%2Fjimmy-carter-and-second-yemenite-war-smaller-shock-1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaïsse2018" class="citation book cs1">Vaïsse, Justin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1041140127">Zbigniew Brzezinski : America's grand strategist</a>. Catherine Porter. Cambridge, Massachusetts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91950-1"><bdi>978-0-674-91950-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041140127">1041140127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbigniew+Brzezinski+%3A+America%27s+grand+strategist&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041140127&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91950-1&rft.aulast=Va%C3%AFsse&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1041140127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3am1979-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3am1979_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3am1979_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nukevault/ebb371/">"The 3 A.M. Phone Call"</a>. National Security Archive. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a>. March 1, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=The+3+A.M.+Phone+Call&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fnukevault%2Febb371%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Justin Vaïsse, Zbigniew Brzezinski: America's Grand Strategist (2018) ch 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaïsse,_2018-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse,_2018_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse,_2018_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse,_2018_47-2">c</a> Vaïsse, Zbigniew Brzezinski (2018) ch 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos_2016_143–44-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos_2016_143–44_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos_2016_143–44_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerry_Argyris_Andrianopoulos2016" class="citation book cs1">Gerry Argyris Andrianopoulos (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPC-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">Kissinger and Brzezinski: The NSC and the Struggle for Control of US National Security Policy</a>. Springer. pp. 143–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349217410" title="Special:BookSources/9781349217410"><bdi>9781349217410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kissinger+and+Brzezinski%3A+The+NSC+and+the+Struggle+for+Control+of+US+National+Security+Policy&rft.pages=143-44&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781349217410&rft.au=Gerry+Argyris+Andrianopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPC-DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_J._Auten2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian J. Auten (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartersconversio00aute">Carter's Conversion: The Hardening of American Defense Policy</a>. University of Missouri Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartersconversio00aute/page/276">276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826218162" title="Special:BookSources/9780826218162"><bdi>9780826218162</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carter%27s+Conversion%3A+The+Hardening+of+American+Defense+Policy&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780826218162&rft.au=Brian+J.+Auten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartersconversio00aute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Gary Sick, All fall down: America's fateful encounter with Iran (IB Tauris, 1985). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dinoknudsen.dk/books-pamphlets">"Books"</a>. dinoknudsen.dk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dinoknudsen.dk&rft.atitle=Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdinoknudsen.dk%2Fbooks-pamphlets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski1978" class="citation web cs1">Brzezinski, Zbigniew (August 31, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1821105/1978-08-31c.pdf">"Strategy for Camp David"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. Retrieved February 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA&rft.atitle=Strategy+for+Camp+David&rft.date=1978-08-31&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foia.cia.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocument_conversions%2F1821105%2F1978-08-31c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan_53-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Kaplan" title="Robert D. Kaplan">Kaplan, Robert D.</a> (2008). Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Knopf Doubleday</a>. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-54698-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-54698-2"><bdi>978-0-307-54698-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+God%3A+With+Islamic+Warriors+in+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-54698-2&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kepel-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kepel_54-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Kepel" title="Gilles Kepel">Kepel, Gilles</a> (2006). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. pp. 138–139, 142–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-257-8"><bdi>978-1-84511-257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad%3A+The+Trail+of+Political+Islam&rft.pages=138-139%2C+142-144&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-257-8&rft.aulast=Kepel&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blight-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blight_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blight_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blight_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlight2012" class="citation book cs1">Blight, James G.; et al. (2012). Becoming Enemies: U.S.–Iran Relations and the Iran–Iraq War, 1979–1988. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a> Publishers. pp. 66, 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0830-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0830-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-0830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Enemies%3A+U.S.%E2%80%93Iran+Relations+and+the+Iran%E2%80%93Iraq+War%2C+1979%E2%80%931988&rft.pages=66%2C+69-70&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0830-8&rft.aulast=Blight&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. 47–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>. <q>Frustrated and hoping to discredit him, the KGB initially planted false stories that Amin was a CIA agent. In the autumn these rumors rebounded on the KGB in a strange case of "<a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>," the term used by spies to describe planted propaganda that filters back to confuse the country that first set the story loose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riedel-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riedel_57-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" title="Bruce Riedel">Riedel, Bruce</a> (2014). What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979–1989. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> Press. pp. ix–xi, 21–22, 93, 98–99, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2595-4"><bdi>978-0-8157-2595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+We+Won%3A+America%27s+Secret+War+in+Afghanistan%2C+1979%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=ix-xi%2C+21-22%2C+93%2C+98-99%2C+105&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2595-4&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Gates, Robert</a> (2007). From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>. pp. 145–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4336-7"><bdi>978-1-4165-4336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Shadows%3A+The+Ultimate+Insider%27s+Story+of+Five+Presidents+and+How+They+Won+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=145-147&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4336-7&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> When asked whether he expected that the revelations in his memoir (combined with an apocryphal quote attributed to Brzezinski) would inspire "a mind-bending number of conspiracy theories which adamantly—and wrongly—accuse the Carter Administration of luring the Soviets into Afghanistan", Gates replied: "No, because there was no basis in fact for an allegation the administration tried to draw the Soviets into Afghanistan militarily." See Gates, email communication with John Bernell White, Jr., October 15, 2011, as cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation web cs1">White, John Bernell (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4790&context=gradschool_theses">"The Strategic Mind Of Zbigniew Brzezinski: How A Native Pole Used Afghanistan To Protect His Homeland"</a>. pp. 45–46, 82. Retrieved August 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Mind+Of+Zbigniew+Brzezinski%3A+How+A+Native+Pole+Used+Afghanistan+To+Protect+His+Homeland&rft.pages=45-46%2C+82&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=John+Bernell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4790%26context%3Dgradschool_theses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Coll_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll/page/87">87, 581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-007-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-007-6</bdi></a>. <q>Contemporary memos—particularly those written in the first days after the Soviet invasion—make clear that while Brzezinski was determined to confront the Soviets in Afghanistan through covert action, he was also very worried the Soviets would prevail.  ... Given this evidence and the enormous political and security costs that the invasion imposed on the Carter administration, any claim that Brzezinski lured the Soviets into Afghanistan warrants deep skepticism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=87%2C+581&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-007-6&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwu.edu-60"><a href="#cite_ref-gwu.edu_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000829032721/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html">"Interview with Dr Zbigniew Brzezinski"</a>. June 13, 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-17/brzezinski1.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2000. Retrieved May 25, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Dr+Zbigniew+Brzezinski&rft.date=1997-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2Fcoldwar%2Finterviews%2Fepisode-17%2Fbrzezinski1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/2022/04/01/mr-073-11-2022-04_0/">"NOTES FROM THE EDITORS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. 73 (11). April 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022. <q>Brzezinski ... had laid the trap for the Soviets in Afghanistan. It was under Brzezinski's direction, following a secret directive signed by Carter in July 1979, that the CIA, working together with the arc of political Islam stretching from Muhammad Zia-ul Haq's Pakistan to the Saudi royals, recruited, armed, and trained the Mujahideen in Afghanistan. The CIA's buildup of the Mujahideen and various terrorist groups in Afghanistan precipitated the Soviet intervention, leading to an endless war that contributed to the destabilization of the Soviet Union itself. To queries as to whether he regretted establishing the arc of terrorism that was to lead to 9/11 and beyond, Brzezinski (who posed in photos with Mujahideen fighters) responded by simply saying that the destruction of the Soviet Union was worth it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=NOTES+FROM+THE+EDITORS&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2022%2F04%2F01%2Fmr-073-11-2022-04_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coll_2004-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_2004_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coll_2004_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Coll" title="Steve Coll">Coll, Steve</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Wars" title="Ghost Wars">Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. p. 593. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200076" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200076"><bdi>9781594200076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghost+Wars%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Afghanistan%2C+and+Bin+Laden%2C+from+the+Soviet+Invasion+to+September+10%2C+2001&rft.pages=593&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781594200076&rft.aulast=Coll&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinski1979" class="citation web cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a> (December 26, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB396/docs/1979-12-26%20Brzezinski%20to%20Carter%20on%20Afghanistan.pdf">"Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan"</a> (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+Soviet+Intervention+in+Afghanistan&rft.date=1979-12-26&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB396%2Fdocs%2F1979-12-26%2520Brzezinski%2520to%2520Carter%2520on%2520Afghanistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSarchive_2019-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSarchive_2019_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSarchive_2019_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlantonSavranskaya2019" class="citation web cs1">Blanton, Tom; Savranskaya, Svetlana (January 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/afghanistan-russia-programs/2019-01-29/soviet-invasion-afghanistan-1979-not-trumps-terrorists-nor-zbigs-warm-water-ports">"The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979: Not Trump's Terrorists, Nor Zbig's Warm Water Ports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Invasion+of+Afghanistan%2C+1979%3A+Not+Trump%27s+Terrorists%2C+Nor+Zbig%27s+Warm+Water+Ports&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=Blanton&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Savranskaya%2C+Svetlana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fafghanistan-russia-programs%2F2019-01-29%2Fsoviet-invasion-afghanistan-1979-not-trumps-terrorists-nor-zbigs-warm-water-ports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaïsse_2018-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse_2018_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse_2018_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaïsse_2018_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaïsse2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Va%C3%AFsse" title="Justin Vaïsse">Vaïsse, Justin</a> (2018). "In the White House". Zbigniew Brzezinski: America's Grand Strategist. Translated by Catherine Porter. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 307–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674919488" title="Special:BookSources/9780674919488"><bdi>9780674919488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+the+White+House&rft.btitle=Zbigniew+Brzezinski%3A+America%27s+Grand+Strategist&rft.pages=307-311&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780674919488&rft.aulast=Va%C3%AFsse&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> (First published in 2016 as Zbigniew Brzezinski: Stratège de l’empire in French.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Leake_2022-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leake_2022_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leake_2022_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeake2022" class="citation book cs1">Leake, Elisabeth (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DiFnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198846017" title="Special:BookSources/9780198846017"><bdi>9780198846017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+Crucible%3A+The+Soviet+Invasion+and+the+Making+of+Modern+Afghanistan&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780198846017&rft.aulast=Leake&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDiFnEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakove2023" class="citation book cs1">Rakove, Robert B. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaaoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1592">Days of Opportunity: The United States and Afghanistan Before the Soviet Invasion</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-55842-6"><bdi>978-0-231-55842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Days+of+Opportunity%3A+The+United+States+and+Afghanistan+Before+the+Soviet+Invasion&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-55842-6&rft.aulast=Rakove&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaaoEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTmag-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTmag_67-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Brinkley2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Douglas Brinkley</a> (December 29, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/magazine/the-lives-they-lived-out-of-the-loop.html">"The Lives They Lived; Out of the Loop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>. Retrieved May 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Lives+They+Lived%3B+Out+of+the+Loop&rft.date=2002-12-29&rft.au=Douglas+Brinkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F29%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-lives-they-lived-out-of-the-loop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_Berger2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Berger" title="Marilyn Berger">Marilyn Berger</a> (January 13, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/13/world/cyrus-r-vance-a-confidant-of-presidents-is-dead-at-84.html">"Cyrus R. Vance, a Confidant Of Presidents, Is Dead at 84"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. Retrieved May 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Cyrus+R.+Vance%2C+a+Confidant+Of+Presidents%2C+Is+Dead+at+84&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2002-01-13&rft.au=Marilyn+Berger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F01%2F13%2Fworld%2Fcyrus-r-vance-a-confidant-of-presidents-is-dead-at-84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition-cnn-com.translate.goog/2007/POLITICS/09/23/iran.us/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fa&_x_tr_hl=en-US&_x_tr_pto=wapp">"Brzezinski: U.S. in danger of 'stampeding' to war with Iran"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brzezinski%3A+U.S.+in+danger+of+%27stampeding%27+to+war+with+Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition-cnn-com.translate.goog%2F2007%2FPOLITICS%2F09%2F23%2Firan.us%2F%3F_x_tr_sch%3Dhttp%26_x_tr_sl%3Dauto%26_x_tr_tl%3Dfa%26_x_tr_hl%3Den-US%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardianobit-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Guardianobit_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2017" class="citation web cs1">Hodgson, Godfrey (May 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/28/zbigniew-brzezinski-obituary">"Zbigniew Brzezinski obituary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved May 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Zbigniew+Brzezinski+obituary&rft.date=2017-05-28&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fmay%2F28%2Fzbigniew-brzezinski-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-glad-71"><a href="#cite_ref-glad_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlad,_Betty2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Glad" title="Betty Glad">Glad, Betty</a> (2009). An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and the Making of American Foreign Policy. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 237–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801448157" title="Special:BookSources/9780801448157"><bdi>9780801448157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outsider+in+the+White+House%3A+Jimmy+Carter%2C+His+Advisors%2C+and+the+Making+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=237-239&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780801448157&rft.au=Glad%2C+Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoov_China-US-72"><a href="#cite_ref-hoov_China-US_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCai_Xia" class="citation web cs1">Cai Xia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/china-us-relations-eyes-chinese-communist-party-insiders-perspective-zhong-gong-yan-zhong">"China-US Relations In The Eyes Of The Chinese Communist Party: An Insider's Perspective"</a>. Hoover Institution. Retrieved July 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institution&rft.atitle=China-US+Relations+In+The+Eyes+Of+The+Chinese+Communist+Party%3A+An+Insider%27s+Perspective&rft.au=Cai+Xia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fresearch%2Fchina-us-relations-eyes-chinese-communist-party-insiders-perspective-zhong-gong-yan-zhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, David (July 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2007-07-15-us-mideast_N.htm">"Bush announces Mideast peace conference"</a>. USA Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Bush+announces+Mideast+peace+conference&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2007-07-15-us-mideast_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Volcker2007" class="citation journal cs1">Paul Volcker (November 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20750">"'Failure Risks Devastating Consequences' by Zbigniew Brzezinski"</a>. The New York Review of Books. 54 (17). 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Retrieved June 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrad.cz&rft.atitle=Seznam+vyznamenan%C3%BDch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrad.cz%2Fcs%2Fceska-republika%2Fstatni-vyznamenani%2Frad-t.-g.-masaryka%2Fseznam-vyznamenanych&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/12/19/Brzezinski-gets-highest-Polish-order/1938819349200/">"Brzezinski gets highest Polish order"</a>. UPI. December 19, 1995. Retrieved June 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brzezinski+gets+highest+Polish+order&rft.date=1995-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1995%2F12%2F19%2FBrzezinski-gets-highest-Polish-order%2F1938819349200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.prezident.sk/schuster/indexf90f.html?290">"Prezident SR - Kríž prezidenta Slovenskej republiky, II. stupeň"</a>. archiv.prezident.sk. Retrieved March 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archiv.prezident.sk&rft.atitle=Prezident+SR+-+Kr%C3%AD%C5%BE+prezidenta+Slovenskej+republiky%2C+II.+stupe%C5%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.prezident.sk%2Fschuster%2Findexf90f.html%3F290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.lv/lv/apbalvotie-un-statistika">"Apbalvotie un statistika"</a> (in Latvian). president.lv. Retrieved May 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apbalvotie+un+statistika&rft.pub=president.lv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.lv%2Flv%2Fapbalvotie-un-statistika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShen" class="citation web cs1">Shen, Vivian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fordham.libguides.com/c.php?g=279582&p=1863748">"Research Guides @ Fordham: Fordham University History: Fordham Commencement Speakers 1941–present"</a>. fordham.libguides.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fordham.libguides.com&rft.atitle=Research+Guides+%40+Fordham%3A+Fordham+University+History%3A+Fordham+Commencement+Speakers+1941%E2%80%93present&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Vivian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffordham.libguides.com%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D279582%26p%3D1863748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/09/us/williams-college-caution-on-science-is-offered.html">"Williams College: Caution on Science Is Offered"</a>. The New York Times. June 9, 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Williams+College%3A+Caution+on+Science+Is+Offered&rft.date=1986-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F06%2F09%2Fus%2Fwilliams-college-caution-on-science-is-offered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commencement.williams.edu/honorary-degrees/">"Honorary Degrees"</a>. Commencement.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commencement&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommencement.williams.edu%2Fhonorary-degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kul.pl-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kul.pl_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kul.pl_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kul.pl/honorary-doctorates,art_158.html">"KUL – University – Honorary Doctorates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KUL+%E2%80%93+University+%E2%80%93+Honorary+Doctorates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kul.pl%2Fhonorary-doctorates%2Cart_158.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vu.lt/en/about-vu/honorary-doctors">"Honorary Doctors"</a>. Vilnius University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vilnius+University&rft.atitle=Honorary+Doctors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vu.lt%2Fen%2Fabout-vu%2Fhonorary-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZbigniew+Brzezinski" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrianopoulos, Gerry Argyris (June 1991). Kissinger and Brzezinski: The NSC and the Struggle for Control of U.S. National Security Policy. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312057431" title="Special:BookSources/0312057431">0312057431</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Avner" title="Yehuda Avner">Avner, Yehuda</a> (2010). The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592642786" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592642786">978-1592642786</a>.</li> <li>Firestone, Thomas (Winter 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027135">"Four Sovietologists: A Primer."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a>, no. 14. pp. 102–107. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24027135">24027135 </a>. on the ideas of Zbigniew Brzezinski, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Cohen" title="Stephen F. Cohen">Stephen F. Cohen</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_F._Hough" title="Jerry F. Hough">Jerry F. Hough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>.</li> <li>Gati, Charles, ed. (2013), Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1421409763" title="Special:BookSources/1421409763">1421409763</a>.</li> <li>Lubowski, Andrzej (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Zbig-Man-Who-Cracked-Kremlin/dp/148046130X/excerpt">Zbig: The Man Who Cracked the Kremlin.</a></li> <li>Thacker, Innes (1980). "Ideological Control and the Depoliticisation of Language." <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a>, no. 2 (Spring 1980), pp. 30–33. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Vaughan, Patrick</a> (1999). "Beyond Benign Neglect: Zbigniew Brzezinski and the Polish Crisis of 1980." <a href="/wiki/Polish_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Review">Polish Review</a>, no. 1. pp. 3–28.</li> <li>Vaïsse, Justin (2018). Zbigniew Brzezinski: America's Grand Strategist. scholarly biography</li> <li>Wallis, Christopher (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/37648/1/Wallis%2C%20Christopher%20phd.pdf">"The Thinker, The Doer and The Decider Zbigniew Brzezinski, Cyrus Vance and the Bureaucratic Wars of the Carter Administration"</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD_Thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD Thesis">PhD Thesis</a>). <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Ziolkowska-Boehm" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm">Ziolkowska-Boehm, Aleksandra</a> (2018). "Father and Son: Tadeusz and Zbigniew Brzeziński" (chapter). In: Untold Stories of Polish Heroes from World War II. <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Books">Hamilton Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761869832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761869832">978-0761869832</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Brzezinski&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zbigniew_Brzezi%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zbigniew Brzeziński">Zbigniew Brzeziński</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External media</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/A_AF6718D2C0C446048DA49EDEC11FA480">Interview for Vietnam: A Television History at WGBH Open Vault</a> (July 11, 1983)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/programs/brzezinski-chair-global-security-and-geostrategy/zbigniew-brzezinski-lessons-life-strategy">Interview for Center for Strategic & International Studies</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Video</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?feature=4LIdS4CV1Bk">Interview for Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.</a> (March 31, 1983)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/V_5C735628FA2741B4AEA4B2C6FFF8E068">Interview for War and Peace in the Nuclear Age at WGBH Open Vault</a> (November 19, 1986)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livinghistory.sanford.duke.edu/interviews/zbigniew-brzezinski/">Interview for Rutherford Living History at Duke University</a> (March 29, 2007)</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?53">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/guests/18">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)">Charlie Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0117500/">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/zbigniew_brzezinski/index.html">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li>Neal Conan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/totn/transcripts/2003/sep/030916.conan.html">"Brzezinski discusses his participation in the 1978 Camp David"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Talk_of_the_Nation" title="Talk of the Nation">Talk of the Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a>, September 16, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issforum.org/ISSF/PDF/ISSF-Roundtable-7-4.pdf">ISSF Roundtable 7-4, Zbig: The Strategy and Statecraft of Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, 2014 (Proceedings).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022857/http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04252012-175722/unrestricted/WHITE_THESIS.pdf">"The Strategic Mind of Zbigniew Brzezinski"</a>, by John Bernell White, Jr.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfeK7sgrrK8&index=5&list=UUr5jq6MC_VCe1c5ciIZtk_w">Brzezinski formulating a New Foreign Policy Approach toward Russia</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_%26_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Strategic & International Studies">Center for Strategic & International Studies</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stateofpakistan.org/learning-from-history-time-cover-storty-of-janaury-15-1979-the-crescent-of-crisis">"Iran: The Crescent of Crisis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111113194307/http://www.stateofpakistan.org/learning-from-history-time-cover-storty-of-janaury-15-1979-the-crescent-of-crisis">Archived</a> November 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, January 1979.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/attachments/031003_brzezinski.pdf">Keynote Address – Inaugural Forum of the Brzezinski Chair</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817153609/https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/attachments/031003_brzezinski.pdf">Archived</a> August 17, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> 1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Richard Allen</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/100px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/150px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter.jpg/200px-Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="4109" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> (1977–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">W. Michael Blumenthal</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">G. William Miller</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Harold Brown</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Griffin Bell</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Benjamin Civiletti</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Cecil Andrus</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bergland" title="Robert Bergland">Robert Bergland</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juanita_M._Kreps" title="Juanita M. Kreps">Juanita M. Kreps</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Klutznick" title="Philip Klutznick">Philip Klutznick</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Marshall" title="Ray Marshall">Ray Marshall</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Joseph A. Califano Jr.</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1980–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Landrieu" title="Moon Landrieu">Moon Landrieu</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brock_Adams" title="Brock Adams">Brock Adams</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Goldschmidt" title="Neil Goldschmidt">Neil Goldschmidt</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Charles Duncan Jr.</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hufstedler" title="Shirley Hufstedler">Shirley Hufstedler</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Bert Lance</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Robert S. Strauss</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Reubin Askew</a> (1979–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_McHenry" title="Donald McHenry">Donald McHenry</a> (1979–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a> (1977–1981)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assistants_to_the_president_for_national_security_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSAA" title="Template:NSAA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSAA" title="Template talk:NSAA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSAA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSAA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assistants_to_the_president_for_national_security_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">Assistants to the president for national security affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon_Anderson" title="Dillon Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harding_Jackson" title="William Harding Jackson">Jackson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutler" title="Robert Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">Bundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Rostow" title="Walt Rostow">Rostow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Allen" title="Richard V. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nance" title="James W. Nance">Nance</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">C. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Donilon" title="Thomas E. Donilon">Donilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">S. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Flynn" title="Michael Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kellogg" title="Keith Kellogg">Kellogg</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._McMaster" title="H. R. McMaster">McMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kupperman" title="Charles Kupperman">Kupperman</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._O%27Brien" title="Robert C. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Sullivan" title="Jake Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="White House Logo"><img alt="White House Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/75px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/113px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_theory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations_theory" title="Template talk:International relations theory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations_theory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations theory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_theory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Feminist constructivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_peace" title="Capitalist peace">Capitalist peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican liberalism">Republican liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism" title="Theories of imperialism">Theories of imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">Uneven and combined development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_realism_(international_relations)" title="Classical realism (international relations)">Classical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_realism" title="Neoclassical realism">Neoclassical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">Neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_realism" title="Offensive realism">Offensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_realism" title="Defensive realism">Defensive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_peace_theory" title="Territorial peace theory">Territorial peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_security_studies" title="Critical security studies">Critical security studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_intergovernmentalism" title="Liberal intergovernmentalism">liberal intergovernmentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">Green theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" title="Copenhagen School (international relations)">Copenhagen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(international_relations)" title="Functionalism (international relations)">Functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="International_relations" aria-expanded="false"></a> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_relations" title="Category:International relations">International relations</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_Antonovych_prize_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Template:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Template talk:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antonovych_prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antonovych prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_Antonovych_prize_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">List of <a href="/wiki/Antonovych_prize" title="Antonovych prize">Antonovych prize</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Barka" title="Vasyl Barka">Vasyl Barka</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Orest_Subtelny" title="Orest Subtelny">Orest Subtelny</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Stus" title="Vasyl Stus">Vasyl Stus</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Linda_Gordon" title="Linda Gordon">Linda Gordon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emma_Andijewska" title="Emma Andijewska">Emma Andijewska</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magdalena_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3-Ku%C8%9Biuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magdalena László-Kuțiuk (page does not exist)">Magdalena László-Kuțiuk</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Kolomiyets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Kolomiyets (page does not exist)">Yuriy Kolomiyets</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Saunders_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Saunders (historian) (page does not exist)">David Saunders</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuiriy_Lavrinenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuiriy Lavrinenko (page does not exist)">Yuiriy Lavrinenko</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Krawchenko" title="Bohdan Krawchenko">Bohdan Krawchenko</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natalya_Livytska-Cholodna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natalya Livytska-Cholodna (page does not exist)">Natalya Livytska-Cholodna</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Plyushch" title="Leonid Plyushch">Leonid Plyushch</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/John-Paul_Himka" title="John-Paul Himka">John-Paul Himka</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Shevelov" title="George Shevelov">George Shevelov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Kostyuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Kostyuk (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Kostyuk</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bohachevsky-Chomiak" title="Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak">Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Kostenko" title="Lina Kostenko">Lina Kostenko</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Shevchuk" title="Valeriy Shevchuk">Valeriy Shevchuk</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Hawrylyshyn" title="Bohdan Hawrylyshyn">Bohdan Hawrylyshyn</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drach" title="Ivan Drach">Ivan Drach</a></li> <li>1992: Literaturna Ukrayina / Mykhaylo Braychevskyi / Volodymyr Drozd</li> <li>1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Zhulynskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Zhulynskyi (page does not exist)">Mykola Zhulynskyi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Dashkevych" title="Yaroslav Dashkevych">Yaroslav Dashkevych</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykola_Vinhranovskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykola Vinhranovskyi (page does not exist)">Mykola Vinhranovskyi</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Olena_Apanovych" title="Olena Apanovych">Olena Apanovych</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Hutsalo" title="Yevhen Hutsalo">Yevhen Hutsalo</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mykhaylyna_Kotsyubynska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mykhaylyna Kotsyubynska (page does not exist)">Mykhaylyna Kotsyubynska</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Briukhovetsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viacheslav Briukhovetsky (page does not exist)">Viacheslav Briukhovetsky</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Fedoriv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Fedoriv (page does not exist)">Roman Fedoriv</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Bociurkiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Bociurkiw (page does not exist)">Bohdan Bociurkiw</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Lohvyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Lohvyn (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Lohvyn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Mushketyk" title="Yuriy Mushketyk">Yuriy Mushketyk</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmytro_Stepovyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmytro Stepovyk (page does not exist)">Dmytro Stepovyk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ihor_Kalynets" title="Ihor Kalynets">Ihor Kalynets</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Barabash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Barabash (page does not exist)">Yuriy Barabash</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_S._N._Luckyj" title="George S. N. Luckyj">George S. N. Luckyj</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ihor_%C5%A0ev%C4%8Denko" title="Ihor Ševčenko">Ihor Ševčenko</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Badzyo" title="Yuriy Badzyo">Yuriy Badzyo</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Yurii_Andrukhovych" title="Yurii Andrukhovych">Yurii Andrukhovych</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Hamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Hamm (page does not exist)">Michael Hamm</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Szporluk" title="Roman Szporluk">Roman Szporluk</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuriy_Shapoval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuriy Shapoval (page does not exist)">Yuriy Shapoval</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hryhoriy_Huseynov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hryhoriy Huseynov (page does not exist)">Hryhoriy Huseynov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaroslav_Isayevych&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaroslav Isayevych (page does not exist)">Yaroslav Isayevych</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Riabchuk" title="Mykola Riabchuk">Mykola Riabchuk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ivanychuk" title="Roman Ivanychuk">Roman Ivanychuk</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Sodomora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Sodomora (page does not exist)">Andriy Sodomora</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Pavlychko" title="Dmytro Pavlychko">Dmytro Pavlychko</a></li> <li>2005: None</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Borys_Gudziak" title="Borys Gudziak">Borys Gudziak</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Hrytsak" title="Yaroslav Hrytsak">Yaroslav Hrytsak</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/George_G._Grabowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Grabowicz">George G. Grabowicz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andriy_Dzhul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andriy Dzhul (page does not exist)">Andriy Dzhul</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Liubomyr_Vynar" title="Liubomyr Vynar">Liubomyr Vynar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Zabuzhko" title="Oksana Zabuzhko">Oksana Zabuzhko</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandra_Hnatiuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandra Hnatiuk (page does not exist)">Aleksandra Hnatiuk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82a_Berdychowska" title="Bogumiła Berdychowska">Bogumiła Berdychowska</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Graziosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Graziosi (page does not exist)">Andrea Graziosi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanislav_Kultsytskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanislav Kultsytskyi (page does not exist)">Stanislav Kultsytskyi</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Zenon_Kohut" title="Zenon Kohut">Zenon Kohut</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sysyn" title="Frank Sysyn">Frank Sysyn</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Finberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Finberg (page does not exist)">Leonid Finberg</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Serhii_Plokhy" title="Serhii Plokhy">Serhii Plokhy</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bohdan_Prakh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bohdan Prakh (page does not exist)">Bohdan Prakh</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Shcherbak" title="Yuriy Shcherbak">Yuriy Shcherbak</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Alexander J. Motyl</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(newspaper)" title="Svoboda (newspaper)">Svoboda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168041#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168041#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168041#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121274690">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34581946">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14073/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRfJgmGMcdFr4RCgPRKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118516442">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/52254">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068172761">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052504">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000030307&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000011942&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000034513">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=79670">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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