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<li id="toc-Early_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Emergence of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War I and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918–1938)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918–1938)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Within the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918–1938)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudeten_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudeten_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sudeten Crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudeten_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudetenland_as_part_of_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudetenland_as_part_of_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Sudetenland as part of Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudetenland_as_part_of_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsions_and_resettlement_after_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsions_and_resettlement_after_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Expulsions and resettlement after World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsions_and_resettlement_after_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="السوديت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السوديت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সুদাতেনল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুদাতেনল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Судэцкая вобласць – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Судэцкая вобласць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Судетска област – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Судетска област" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudety" title="Sudety – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sudety" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeterlandet" title="Sudeterlandet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sudeterlandet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeedimaa" title="Sudeedimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sudeedimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σουδητία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουδητία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetes_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Sudetes (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sudetes (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetio" title="Sudetio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudetio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سودتنلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سودتنلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_des_Sud%C3%A8tes" title="Région des Sudètes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Région des Sudètes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetel%C3%A2n" title="Sudetelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sudetelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EB%8D%B0%ED%85%90%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8" title="주데텐란트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주데텐란트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeti" title="Sudeti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sudeti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdetaland" title="Súdetaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súdetaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חבל הסודטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבל הסודטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenlan" title="Sudetenlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sudetenlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetia" title="Sudetia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sudetia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetu_apgabals" title="Sudetu apgabals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sudetu apgabals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudet%C5%B3_kra%C5%A1tas" title="Sudetų kraštas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sudetų kraštas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szud%C3%A9tavid%C3%A9k" title="Szudétavidék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szudétavidék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്റ്റുഡറ്റൻലാൻറ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റുഡറ്റൻലാൻറ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سودتنلند – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سودتنلند" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenlaand" title="Sudetenlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sudetenlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="ズデーテン地方 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズデーテン地方" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraj_Sudet%C3%B3w" title="Kraj Sudetów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kraj Sudetów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_dos_Sudetas" title="Região dos Sudetas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região dos Sudetas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Судетская область – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судетская область" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudety_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Sudety (región) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sudety (región)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeti" title="Sudeti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sudeti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeti_(oblast)" title="Sudeti (oblast) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sudeti (oblast)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeti" title="Sudeti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sudeti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeettialueet" title="Sudeettialueet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sudeettialueet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเดเทินลันท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูเดเทินลันท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Судетська область – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Судетська область" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sudetenland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9F" title="סודעטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סודעטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historical name for areas of Czechoslovakia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region. For the irredentist territory, see <a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Province of the Sudetenland</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sudetenland" title="Special:EditPage/Sudetenland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sudetenland%22">"Sudetenland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sudetenland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sudetenland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sudetenland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sudetenland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sudetenland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudetendeutsche.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sudetendeutsche.png/220px-Sudetendeutsche.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sudetendeutsche.png/330px-Sudetendeutsche.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sudetendeutsche.png/440px-Sudetendeutsche.png 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The native German-speaking regions in 1930, within the borders of the current <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> were referred to as the Sudetenland</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Sudetenland</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/60\/En-us-Sudetenland.ogg\/En-us-Sudetenland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Sudetenland.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/60/En-us-Sudetenland.ogg/En-us-Sudetenland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Sudetenland.ogg" title="File:En-us-Sudetenland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">soo-<span style="font-size:90%">DAY</span>-tən-land</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[zuˈdeːtn̩ˌlant]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Sudety</i>) is the historical German name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> which were inhabited primarily by <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a>. These German speakers had predominated in the border districts of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Since the 9th century the Sudetenland had been an integral part of the Czech state (first within the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>) both geographically and politically. </p><p>The word "Sudetenland" did not come into being until the early part of the 20th century and did not come to prominence until almost two decades into the century, after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> was dismembered and the Sudeten Germans <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">found themselves living in</a> the new country of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. The <i>Sudeten crisis</i> of 1938 was provoked by the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanist</a> demands of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> that the Sudetenland be annexed to Germany, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">which happened</a> after the later <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>. Part of the borderland was invaded and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza#Part_of_Poland_(1938–1939)" title="Trans-Olza">annexed by Poland</a>. Afterwards, the formerly unrecognized Sudetenland became an <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">administrative division</a> of Germany. When Czechoslovakia was reconstituted after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Sudeten Germans were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expelled</a> and the region today is inhabited almost exclusively by Czech speakers. </p><p>The word <i>Sudetenland</i> is a German compound of <i>Land</i>, meaning "country", and <i>Sudeten</i>, the name of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudeten Mountains</a>, which run along the northern Czech border and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>). The Sudetenland encompassed areas well beyond those mountains, however. </p><p>Parts of the now-Czech regions of <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_Region" title="Karlovy Vary Region">Karlovy Vary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberec_Region" title="Liberec Region">Liberec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olomouc_Region" title="Olomouc Region">Olomouc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Region" title="Moravian-Silesian Region">Moravia-Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Ústí nad Labem</a> are within the former Sudetenland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The areas later known as the Sudetenland never formed a single <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Central_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical regions of Central Europe">historical region</a>, which makes it difficult to distinguish the history of the Sudetenland separately from that of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> until the advent of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_origins">Early origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> tribes settled there and the region was first mentioned on the map of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemaios</a> in the 2nd century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> dominated the entire core of the region in later centuries. Those tribes already built cities like <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, but moved west during the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>. In the 7th century AD <a href="/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic people</a> moved in and were united under <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>'s realm. Later in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> Germans settled into the less populated border region. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/220px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/330px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG/440px-Osadnictwo_niemieckie_na_wschodzie.PNG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Stages of German eastern settlement, 700–1400</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the regions situated on the mountainous border of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> (Crown of Saint Václav) had since the Migration Period been settled mainly by <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">western Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. Along the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a> bordered on the German Slavic tribes (German Sorbs) <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconia</a>; <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">marches</a> of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">German kingdom</a> had also been established in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/March_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Austria">Austrian</a> lands south of the <a href="/wiki/Bohemian-Moravian_Highlands" title="Bohemian-Moravian Highlands">Bohemian-Moravian Highlands</a> and the northern <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Meissen</a> region beyond the <a href="/wiki/Ore_Mountains" title="Ore Mountains">Ore Mountains</a>. In the course of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i> (settlement of the east) German settlement from the 13th century onwards continued to move into the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a> region and the <a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">duchies of Silesia</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> mountain range. </p><p>From as early as the second half of the 13th century onwards these Bohemian border regions were settled by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Germans">ethnic Germans</a>, who were invited by the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid</a> Bohemian kings—especially by <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a> (1253–1278) and <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a> (1278–1305). After the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty in 1306, the Bohemian nobility backed <a href="/wiki/John_of_Bohemia" title="John of Bohemia">John of Luxembourg</a> as king against his rival Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Bohemia" title="Henry of Bohemia">Henry of Carinthia</a>. In 1322 King John of Bohemia acquired (for the third time) the formerly Imperial <a href="/wiki/Egerland" title="Egerland">Egerland</a> region in the west and vassalized most of the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piast</a> Silesian duchies, as acknowledged by King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir III of Poland</a> by the 1335 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trentschin" title="Treaty of Trentschin">Treaty of Trentschin</a>. His son, Bohemian King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a>, was elected <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in 1346 and crowned <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in 1355. He added the <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatias</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a>, which then comprised large territories with a significant German population. </p><p>In the hilly border regions German settlers established major manufactures of <a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">forest glass</a>. The situation of the German population was aggravated by the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> (1419–1434), though there were also some Germans among the <a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a> insurgents. </p><p>By then Germans largely settled the hilly Bohemian border regions as well as the cities of the lowlands; mainly people of Bavarian descent in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region" title="South Bohemian Region">South Bohemian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Moravian_Region" title="South Moravian Region">South Moravian Region</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a> and the West Bohemian <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88_Region" title="Plzeň Region">Plzeň Region</a>; Franconian people in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDatec" title="Žatec">Žatec</a>; Upper <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxony" title="Upper Saxony">Saxons</a> in adjacent <a href="/wiki/North_Bohemia" title="North Bohemia">North Bohemia</a>, where the border with the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Saxony" title="Electorate of Saxony">Saxon Electorate</a> was fixed by the 1459 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Eger" title="Treaty of Eger">Peace of Eger</a>; Germanic <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesians</a> in the adjacent Sudetes region with the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Kladsko" title="County of Kladsko">County of Kladsko</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravian–Silesian Region</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Svitavy" title="Svitavy">Svitavy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>. The city of Prague had a German-speaking majority from the last third of the 17th century until 1860, but after 1910 the proportion of German speakers had decreased to 6.7% of the population. </p><p>From the Luxembourgs, rule over Bohemia passed through <a href="/wiki/George_of_Podiebrad" class="mw-redirect" title="George of Podiebrad">George of Podiebrad</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagiellon dynasty">Jagiellon dynasty</a> and finally to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in 1526. Both Czech and German Bohemians suffered heavily in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. Bohemia lost 70% of its population. From the defeat of the Bohemian Revolt that collapsed at the 1620 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a>, the Habsburgs gradually integrated the Kingdom of Bohemia into their <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">monarchy</a>. During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, less populated areas were resettled with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Germans">Catholic Germans</a> from the Austrian lands. From 1627, the Habsburgs enforced the so-called <i>Verneuerte Landesordnung</i> ("Renewed Land's Constitution"), and one of its consequences was that German, according to mother tongue, gradually became the primary and official language, while Czech declined to a secondary role in the Empire. In 1749, the Austrian Empire enforced German as the official language again. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> in 1780 renounced the coronation ceremony as Bohemian king and unsuccessfully tried to push German through as sole official language in all Habsburg lands (including Hungary). Nevertheless, German cultural influence grew stronger during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a>. </p><p>Contrastingly, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> movement national tensions arose, both in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Austroslavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroslavism">Austroslavism</a> ideology developed by Czech politicians like <a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Palack%C3%BD" title="František Palacký">František Palacký</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Pan-Germanist</a> activist raising the <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a>. Conflicts between Czech and German nationalists emerged in the 19th century, for instance in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Habsburg_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas">Revolutions of 1848</a>: while the German-speaking population of Bohemia and Moravia wanted to participate in the building of a German nation state, the Czech-speaking population insisted on keeping Bohemia out of such plans. The Bohemian Kingdom remained a part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> until its dismemberment after the World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_term">Emergence of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif/220px-Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif/330px-Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif/440px-Germans_in_western_Austro-Hungaria.gif 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic distribution in <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1911: regions with a German majority are depicted in pink, those with Czech majorities in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of growing nationalism, the name "<i>Sudetendeutsche</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (Sudeten Germans) emerged by the early 20th century. It originally constituted part of a larger classification of three groupings of Germans within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which also included "<i><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Deutschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Deutschen">Alpine Deutschen</a></i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (<i>Alpine Germans</i>) in what later became the Republic of Austria and "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balkandeutsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balkandeutsche (page does not exist)">Balkandeutsche</a></i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> (<i>Balkan Germans</i>) in Hungary and the regions east of it. Of these three terms, only the term "<i>Sudetendeutsche</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> survived, because of the ethnic and cultural conflicts within Bohemia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_aftermath">World War I and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, what later became known as the Sudetenland experienced a rate of war deaths that was higher than most other German-speaking areas of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>. Thirty-four of each 1,000 inhabitants were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria-Hungary broke apart at the end of World War I. In late October 1918, an independent <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> state, consisting of the lands of the Bohemian kingdom and areas belonging to the Kingdom of Hungary, was proclaimed. The German deputies of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Austria)" title="Imperial Council (Austria)">Imperial Council</a> (<i>Reichsrat</i>) referred to the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> of US President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and the right proposed therein to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and attempted to negotiate the union of the German-speaking territories with the new Republic of <a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a>, which itself aimed at joining <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a>. </p><p>The German-speaking parts of the former <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Lands of the Bohemian Crown</a> remained in a newly-created <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, a multi-ethnic state of several nations: <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenians" title="Ruthenians">Ruthenians</a>. On 20 September 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> government asked for the opinion of the United States on the Sudetenland. Wilson sent Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Coolidge" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Coolidge">Archibald Coolidge</a> into Czechoslovakia. Coolidge insisted on respecting the Germans' right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and uniting all German-speaking areas with either Germany or Austria, with the exception of northern Bohemia.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the American delegation at the Paris talks decided not to follow Coolidge's proposal. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> was the American's chief diplomat in the Czechoslovak Commission and emphasized preserving the unity of the Czech lands.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four regional governmental units were established: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_German_Bohemia" title="Province of German Bohemia">Province of German Bohemia</a> (<i>Provinz Deutschböhmen</i>), the regions of northern and western Bohemia; proclaimed a constitutive state (<i>Land</i>) of the German-Austrian Republic with Reichenberg (<a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a>) as capital, administered by a <i><a href="/wiki/Landeshauptmann" title="Landeshauptmann">Landeshauptmann</a></i> (state captain), consecutively: Rafael Pacher (1857–1936), 29 October – 6 November 1918, and Rudolf Ritter von Lodgman von Auen (1877–1962), 6 November – 16 December 1918 (the last principal city was conquered by the Czech army but he continued in exile, first at Zittau in Saxony and then in Vienna, until 24 September 1919).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_the_Sudetenland" title="Province of the Sudetenland">Province of the Sudetenland</a> (<i>Provinz Sudetenland</i>), the regions of northern <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a>; proclaimed a constituent state of the German-Austrian Republic with Troppau (<a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Opava</a>) as capital, governed by a <i>Landeshauptmann</i>: Robert Freissler (1877–1950), 30 October – 18 December 1918. This province's boundaries do not correspond to what would later be called the Sudetenland, which contained all the German-speaking parts of the Czech lands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a> (<i>Böhmerwaldgau</i>), the region of <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest" title="Bohemian Forest">Bohemian Forest</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bohemia">South Bohemia</a>; proclaimed a district (<i>Kreis</i>) of the existing Austrian Land of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>; administered by <i>Kreishauptmann</i> (district captain): Friedrich Wichtl (1872–1922) from 30 October 1918.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a> (<i>Deutschsüdmähren</i>), proclaimed a District (<i>Kreis</i>) of the existing Austrian land <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>, administered by a <i>Kreishauptmann</i>: Oskar Teufel (1880–1946) from 30 October 1918.</li></ul> <p>The U.S. commission to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> issued a declaration, which gave unanimous support for "unity of Czech lands".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular the declaration stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Commission was... unanimous in its recommendation that the separation of all areas inhabited by the German-Bohemians would not only expose Czechoslovakia to great dangers but equally create great difficulties for the Germans themselves. The only practicable solution was to incorporate these Germans into Czechoslovakia.</p></blockquote> <p>Several German minorities according to their mother tongue in Moravia, including German-speaking populations in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihlava" title="Jihlava">Jihlava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, also attempted to proclaim their union with German Austria. The Czechs thus rejected the aspirations of the German Bohemians and demanded the inclusion of the lands inhabited by ethnic Germans in their state, despite the presence of more than 90% (as of 1921) ethnic Germans, which led to the presence of 23.4% of Germans in all of Czechoslovakia, on the grounds they had always been part of lands of the Bohemian Crown. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a> in 1919 affirmed the inclusion of the German-speaking territories within Czechoslovakia. Over the next two decades, some Germans in the Sudetenland continued to strive for a separation of the German-inhabited regions from Czechoslovakia. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wiskemann" title="Elizabeth Wiskemann">Elizabeth Wiskemann</a>, despite the initial resistance to the Czechoslovak rule, the Sudeten German population was not entirely opposed to annexation by Czechoslovakia. Sudeten economy and industry relied on the rest of Bohemia, and local industrialists were afraid of "Reich German competition and therefore of the talk of handing them over". Many Sudeten Germans also opposed joining Austria, arguing that being incorporated into Austria would turn Sudeten lands into "economically helpless Austrian enclaves". Because of this, Sudetenland becoming part of Czechoslovakia was the preferable choice of "a good deal of cautious middle-class" amongst Sudeten Germans. Silesian-Sudeten Germans were particularly pro-Czechoslovak, as they strongly preferred Czechoslovak rule to the prospect of becoming a part of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_Czechoslovak_Republic_(1918–1938)"><span id="Within_the_Czechoslovak_Republic_.281918.E2.80.931938.29"></span>Within the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Within the Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg/220px-Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg/330px-Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg/440px-Flag_of_Province_Sudetenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Flag flown by Sudeten Germans<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the February 1921 census, 3,123,000 native German speakers lived in Czechoslovakia, 23.4% of the total population. The controversies between the Czechs and the German-speaking minority lingered on throughout the 1920s and intensified in the 1930s. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the mostly-mountainous regions populated by the German minority, together with other peripheral regions of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, were hurt by the <a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">economic depression</a> more than the interior of the country was. Unlike the less developed regions (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachia</a>), the Sudetenland had a high concentration of vulnerable export-dependent industries (such as glass works, <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>, paper-making and toy-making industry). Sixty percent of the <a href="/wiki/Costume_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Costume jewellery">bijouterie</a> and glassmaking industry were located in the Sudetenland, and 69% of employees in the sector were German-speaking according to mother tongue, and 95% of bijouterie and 78% of other glassware was produced for export. The glass-making sector was affected by decreased spending power and by protective measures in other countries, and many German workers lost their work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high unemployment, as well as the imposition of Czech in schools and all public spaces, made people more open to <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> and extremist movements such as <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a>. In those years, parties of German nationalists and later the <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a> (SdP), with its radical demands gained immense popularity, among <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudeten_Crisis">Sudeten Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sudeten Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg/170px-Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg/255px-Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg/340px-Zamaz%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1pis%C5%AF_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Czech inscriptions smeared by Sudeten German activists, March 1938, <a href="/wiki/Teplice" title="Teplice">Teplice</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The increasing aggressiveness of Hitler prompted the Czechoslovak military to start to build extensive <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications">border fortifications</a> in 1936 to defend the troubled border region. Immediately after the <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a> in March 1938, Hitler made himself the advocate of ethnic Germans living in Czechoslovakia, which triggered the Sudeten Crisis. The following month, Sudeten Nazis, led by <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a>, agitated for autonomy. On 24 April 1938, the SdP proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Karlsbader_Programm" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbader Programm">Karlsbader Programm</a>, which demanded in eight points the complete equality between the <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Sudeten Germans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> people. The government accepted those claims on 30 June 1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Lord Runciman</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Runciman_Mission" title="Runciman Mission">mission to Czechoslovakia</a> to see if he could obtain a settlement between the Czechoslovak government and the Germans in the Sudetenland. Runciman's first day included meetings with President Beneš and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Milan_Hod%C5%BEa" title="Milan Hodža">Milan Hodža</a> as well as a direct meeting with the Sudeten Germans from Henlein's SdP. On the next day, he met with Dr and Mme Beneš and later met non-Nazi Germans in his hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A full account of his report, including summaries of the conclusions of his meetings with the various parties, which he made in person to the Cabinet on his return to the United Kingdom, is found in the Document CC 39(38).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Runciman<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressed sadness that he could not bring about agreement with the various parties, but he agreed with <a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> that the time that had been gained was important. He reported on the situation of the Sudeten Germans and gave details of four plans that had been proposed to deal with the crisis, each of which had points that, he reported, made it unacceptable to the other parties to the negotiations. </p><p>The four plans included, first, the transfer of the Sudetenland to the Reich, second, holding a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on the transfer of the Sudetenland to the Reich, third, organising a Four-Power Conference on the matter and, fourth, creating a federal Czechoslovakia. At the meeting, he said that he was very reluctant to offer his own solution and had not seen that as his task. The most that Halifax said was that the great centres of opposition were in <a href="/wiki/Cheb" title="Cheb">Eger</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1" title="Aš">Asch</a>, in the northwestern corner of Bohemia, where about 800,000 Germans and very few others lived. </p><p>Halifax said that the transfer of these areas to Germany would almost certainly be a good thing adding that the Czechoslovak army would certainly oppose that very strongly and that Beneš had said that it would fight, rather than accept it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> met <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a> on 15 September and agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">cession</a> of the Sudetenland. Three days later, <a href="/wiki/French_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="French Prime Minister">French Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a> did the same. No Czechoslovak representative was invited to the discussions. Germany was now able to walk into the Sudetenland without firing a shot. </p><p>Chamberlain met Hitler in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Godesberg" title="Bad Godesberg">Godesberg</a> on 22 September 1938 to confirm the agreements. Hitler, aiming to use the crisis as a pretext for war, now demanded not only the annexation of the Sudetenland but also the immediate military occupation of Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia, thus giving the Czechoslovak army no time to adapt its defence measures to the new borders. </p><p>Hitler, in a speech at the Sportpalast in Berlin, claimed that the Sudetenland was "the last territorial demand I have to make in Europe"<sup id="cite_ref-sudetenland1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sudetenland1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave Czechoslovakia a deadline of 28 September 1938 at 2:00 p.m. to cede the Sudetenland to Germany or face war.<sup id="cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._73_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._73-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To achieve a solution, the Italian dictator, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, suggested a conference of the major powers in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, and on 29 September, Hitler, Daladier and Chamberlain met and agreed to Mussolini's proposal (actually prepared by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>) and signed the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>. They accepted the immediate occupation of the Sudetenland. The Czechoslovak government, though not party to the talks, submitted to compulsion and promised to abide by the agreement on 30 September. </p><p>The Sudetenland was assigned to Germany between 1 and 10 October 1938. The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was subsequently <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">invaded by Germany</a> in March 1939, with a portion being annexed and the remainder turned into the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. The Slovak part declared its independence from Czechoslovakia and became the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a> (Slovak State), a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> allied to Germany. (The Ruthenian part, Subcarpathian Rus, made also an attempt to declare its sovereignty as <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a> but only with ephemeral success since the area was soon annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a>.) </p><p>Although "Henlein and the SdP had become accessories in Hitler's escalating campaign to annex the Sudetenland to the German Reich" by the summer of 1938, the supporters of the SdP supported autonomy within Czechoslovakia rather than annexation into Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary reports of <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> found that there was a "large number of Sudetenlanders who actively opposed annexation", and that the pro-German policy was challenged by the moderates within the SdP as well; according to <a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Wickham Steed</a>, over 50% of Henlein's supporters favoured greater autonomy within Czechoslovakia rather than joining Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-gossen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gossen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudeten German historian <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Franzel" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Franzel">Emil Franzel</a> argues that the mainstream wing of Henlein's party was "not striving for annexation to Germany, but for genuine autonomy", and the majority of negotiators who conducted talks with Hodža and Beneš belonged to the pro-autonomy wing and were unaware of Henlein's agreements with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the borderland had an ethnic Polish majority and was invaded and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Olza#Part_of_Poland_(1938–1939)" title="Trans-Olza">annexed by Poland</a> in 1938. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160,_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethnic Germans in the city of Eger (now Cheb) greeting Hitler with the Nazi salute after he crossed the border into the Czechoslovak Sudetenland on 3 October 1938"><img alt="Ethnic Germans in the city of Eger (now Cheb) greeting Hitler with the Nazi salute after he crossed the border into the Czechoslovak Sudetenland on 3 October 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H13160%2C_Beim_Einmarsch_deutscher_Truppen_in_Eger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethnic Germans in the city of Eger (now <a href="/wiki/Cheb" title="Cheb">Cheb</a>) greeting Hitler with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a> after he crossed the border into the Czechoslovak Sudetenland on 3 October 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14,_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volunteers of the Sudeten German Free Corps (German: Sudetendeutsches Freikorps) receiving refreshments from the local population in the city of Eger/Cheb)"><img alt="Volunteers of the Sudeten German Free Corps (German: Sudetendeutsches Freikorps) receiving refreshments from the local population in the city of Eger/Cheb)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1986-042-14%2C_Anschluss_sudetendeutscher_Gebiete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volunteers of the Sudeten German Free Corps (German: <i lang="de">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</i>) receiving refreshments from the local population in the city of Eger/Cheb)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055,_Eger,_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Eger/Cheb on 3 October 1938"><img alt="Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Eger/Cheb on 3 October 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg/267px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-004055%2C_Eger%2C_Besuch_Adolf_Hitlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adolf Hitler drives through the crowd in Eger/Cheb on 3 October 1938</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudetenland_as_part_of_Germany">Sudetenland as part of Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sudetenland as part of Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sudetenland was initially put under military administration, with General <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel" title="Wilhelm Keitel">Wilhelm Keitel</a> as military governor. On 14 April 1939, the annexed territories were divided, with the southern parts being incorporated into the neighbouring Reichsgaue of <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Niederdonau</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Oberdonau</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayerische Ostmark</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg/170px-Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg/255px-Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg/340px-Volebn%C3%AD_fra%C5%A1ka_v_Sudetech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Election ballot, Reichsgau Sudetenland, December 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern and the western parts were reorganised as the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Reichsgau Sudetenland</a></i>, with the city of Reichenberg (present-day <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a>) established as its capital. <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a> (now openly a <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a> member) administered the district first as <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissar" title="Reichskommissar">Reichskommissar</a></i> (until 1 May 1939) and then as <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i> (1 May 1939 – 4 May 1945). The Sudetenland consisted of three administrative districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i>): <a href="/wiki/Egerland" title="Egerland">Eger</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Karlovy_Vary" title="Karlovy Vary">Karlsbad</a> as capital), <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem_Region" title="Ústí nad Labem Region">Aussig</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ast%C3%AD_nad_Labem" title="Ústí nad Labem">Aussig</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Opava_District" title="Opava District">Troppau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opava" title="Opava">Troppau</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0008,_Sudetenland,_Besuch_Wilhelm_Frick_(cropped_Konrad_Henlein).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_121-0008%2C_Sudetenland%2C_Besuch_Wilhelm_Frick_%28cropped_Konrad_Henlein%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><i>Sudetenland</i> was administered by Konrad Henlein for the duration of the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the occupation, Jews in the area had become targeted during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Holocaust in the Sudetenland</a>. Only a few weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> occurred. As elsewhere in Germany, many synagogues were set on fire and numerous leading Jews were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>. Jews and Czechs were not the only afflicted peoples since German socialists, communists and pacifists were widely persecuted as well. Some of the German socialists fled the Sudetenland via Prague and London to other countries. The <i><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i> would permanently alter the community in the Sudetenland. </p><p>However, on 4 December 1938, there were elections in Reichsgau Sudetenland in which 97.32% of the adult population voted for the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">NSDAP</a>. About a half million Sudeten Germans joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, 17.34% of the total German population in the Sudetenland (the average NSDAP membership participation in Germany was merely 7.85% in 1944). That means the Sudetenland was one of the most pro-Nazi regions of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a>, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">ethnic Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> as well as in Nazi organizations (Gestapo etc.). The most notable one was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Frank" title="Karl Hermann Frank">Karl Hermann Frank</a>, the SS and police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. </p><p>Nazi Germany occupied Sudetenland from 1938–1945.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png/450px-Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png/675px-Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png/900px-Sudetenland_Reichsgau_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="4653" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Administrative Divisions of Reichsgau Sudetenland</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsions_and_resettlement_after_World_War_II">Expulsions and resettlement after World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Expulsions and resettlement after World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertreibung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg/220px-Vertreibung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg/330px-Vertreibung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Vertreibung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a> as the result of the end of World War II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertreibung_1938.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertreibung_1938.gif/220px-Vertreibung_1938.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertreibung_1938.gif/330px-Vertreibung_1938.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vertreibung_1938.gif/440px-Vertreibung_1938.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>From the territory occupied by the Third Reich, 160,000 to 170,000 Czech-speaking inhabitants were forced to leave or were expelled</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the liberation of Czechoslovakia in May 1945, the use of the term <i>Sudety</i> (Sudetenland) in official communications was banned and replaced by the term <i>pohraniční území</i> (border territory).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(1945)" title="Berlin Declaration (1945)">Berlin Declaration</a> of 5 June 1945 disabled German annexation of Sudetenland legally. </p><p>In the summer of 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> decided that Sudeten Germans would have to leave Czechoslovakia (see <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)</a>). As a consequence of the immense hostility against all Germans that had grown within Czechoslovakia because many of them had helped the Nazis, the overwhelming majority of Germans were expelled though the relevant Czechoslovak legislation had provided for Germans to remain if they could prove their anti-Nazi affiliation. </p><p>The number of expelled Germans in the early phase (spring-summer 1945) is estimated to be around 500,000 people. After the Beneš decrees, nearly all Germans were expelled starting in 1946 and in 1950 only 159,938 (from 3,149,820 in 1930) still lived in the Czech Republic. The remaining Germans, who were proven antifascists and skilled laborers, were allowed to stay in Czechoslovakia but were later forcefully dispersed within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some German refugees from Czechoslovakia are represented by the <a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsche_Landsmannschaft" title="Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft">Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png/220px-Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png/330px-Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png/440px-Wappen_der_Sudetendeutschen.png 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="3422" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <i>Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of the Germans who stayed in Czechoslovakia later emigrated to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> (more than 100,000). As the German population was transferred out of the country, the former Sudetenland was resettled mostly by <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> but also by other nationalities of Czechoslovakia: <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Greeks in the Czech Republic">Greeks</a> (arriving in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a> 1946–49), <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> and Jews who had survived <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> (though the Hungarians were forced into that and later returned home—see <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia#Population_exchanges" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Hungarians in Slovakia: Population exchanges</a>). </p><p>Some areas, such as part of Czech Silesian-Moravian borderland, southwestern Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umava_National_Park" title="Šumava National Park">Šumava National Park</a>), western and northern parts of Bohemia, remained depopulated for several strategic reasons (extensive mining and military interests) or are now protected national parks and landscapes. Moreover, before the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> in 1952 to 1955, the so-called "forbidden zone" was established by means of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications_during_the_Cold_War" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications during the Cold War">engineer equipment</a> up to 2 km (1.2 mi) from the border in which no civilians could reside. A wider region, or "border zone", existed up to 12 km (7 miles) from the border in which no "disloyal" or "suspect" civilians could reside or work. Thus, the entire <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1" title="Aš">Aš-Bulge</a> fell within the border zone, a status that remained until the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> in 1989. </p><p>There remained areas with noticeable German minorities in the westernmost borderland around <a href="/wiki/Cheb" title="Cheb">Cheb</a>, where skilled ethnic German miners and workers continued in mining and industry, until 1955, as sanctioned under the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> protocols;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Egerland" title="Egerland">Egerland</a>, German minority organizations continue to exist. </p><p>In the 2021 census, 24,632 people in the Czech Republic claimed German ethnicity, out of which 15,504 in combination with another ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Forest_Region" title="Bohemian Forest Region">Bohemian Forest Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Committee_for_Refugees_from_Czechoslovakia" title="British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia">British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">Expulsion of Germans after World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_from_Czechoslovakia" title="Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia">Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_Moravia" title="German South Moravia">German South Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#Czechoslovakia" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Pursuit of Nazi collaborators in Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsche_Landsmannschaft" title="Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft">Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland_Medal" title="Sudetenland Medal">Sudetenland Medal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudetenland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothenburg, G. <i>The Army of Francis Joseph</i>. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 1976. p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv12/pg_274"><i>Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1919 – the Paris Peace Conference, Volume XII</i></a>. Washington. pp. 273–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States+1919+%E2%80%93+the+Paris+Peace+Conference%2C+Volume+XII&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=273-274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1919Parisv12%2Fpg_274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruegel1973" class="citation book cs1">Bruegel, Johann Wolfgang (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwI9AAAAIAAJ&q=Sudeten+germans+in+Czechoslovakia&pg=PA200"><i>Czechoslovakia Before Munich</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08687-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia+Before+Munich&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08687-5&rft.aulast=Bruegel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwI9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSudeten%2Bgermans%2Bin%2BCzechoslovakia%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruegel1973" class="citation book cs1">Bruegel, Johann Wolfgang (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwI9AAAAIAAJ&q=Sudeten+germans+in+Czechoslovakia&pg=PA200"><i>Czechoslovakia Before Munich</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08687-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08687-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08687-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia+Before+Munich&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08687-5&rft.aulast=Bruegel&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwI9AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSudeten%2Bgermans%2Bin%2BCzechoslovakia%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiskemann1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wiskemann" title="Elizabeth Wiskemann">Wiskemann, Elizabeth</a> (1938). <i>Czechs and Germans: A Study of the Struggle in the Historic Province of Bohemia and Moravia</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 85–86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechs+and+Germans%3A+A+Study+of+the+Struggle+in+the+Historic+Province+of+Bohemia+and+Moravia&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Wiskemann&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/fsudeten.htm">"Sudetenland (flag)"</a>. Flaggenlexikon.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudetenland+%28flag%29&rft.pub=Flaggenlexikon.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flaggenlexikon.de%2Ffsudeten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kárník, Zdeněk. České země v éře první republiky (1918–1938). Vol. 2. Prague 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zayas, Alfred Maurice de: Die Nemesis von Potsdam. Die Anglo-Amerikaner und die Vertreibung der Deutschen, überarb. u. erweit. Neuauflage, Herbig-Verlag, München, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104051412/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788287-1,00.html">"CZECHOSLOVAKIA: Pax Runciman"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1938-08-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788287-1,00.html">the original</a> on January 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=CZECHOSLOVAKIA%3A+Pax+Runciman&rft.date=1938-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C788287-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/cabinet-gov/cab23-interwar-conclusions.htm#Cabinet%20Conclusions%201937%20to%201939">"The Cabinet Papers | CAB 23 interwar conclusions"</a>. Nationalarchives.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cabinet+Papers+%26%23124%3B+CAB+23+interwar+conclusions&rft.pub=Nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fcabinet-gov%2Fcab23-interwar-conclusions.htm%23Cabinet%2520Conclusions%25201937%2520to%25201939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note that what he reportsled is an expression of his opinion on the situation. He may have been entirely mistaken on that, but it helps to understand how he saw the situation. For example, he felt that the Czechoslovakian government was blind to the situation, but that does not make it true.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-95.pdf">http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-23-95.pdf</a> p. 71; CC 39(38) p 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sudetenland1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sudetenland1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_DomarusAdolf_Hitler1990" class="citation book cs1">Max Domarus; Adolf Hitler (1990). <i>Hitler: speeches and proclamations, 1932–1945: the chronicle of a dictatorship</i>. p. 1393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+speeches+and+proclamations%2C+1932%E2%80%931945%3A+the+chronicle+of+a+dictatorship&rft.pages=1393&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Max+Domarus&rft.au=Adolf+Hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._73-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._73_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. <i>Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings.</i> New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-42-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-42-1">978-1-929631-42-1</a>. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassheim2016" class="citation book cs1">Glassheim, Eagle (2016). <i>Cleansing the Czechoslovak Borderlands: Migration, Environment and Health in the Former Sudetenland</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6426-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-6426-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-6426-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleansing+the+Czechoslovak+Borderlands%3A+Migration%2C+Environment+and+Health+in+the+Former+Sudetenland&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-6426-1&rft.aulast=Glassheim&rft.aufirst=Eagle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gossen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gossen_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Gossen1994" class="citation thesis cs1">David J. Gossen (June 1994). <i>Public Opinion, Appeasement, and The Times: Manipulating Consent in the 1930s</i> (Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0094711">10.14288/1.0094711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Public+Opinion%2C+Appeasement%2C+and+The+Times%3A+Manipulating+Consent+in+the+1930s&rft.inst=The+University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=1994-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0094711&rft.au=David+J.+Gossen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzel1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Franzel" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Franzel">Franzel, Emil</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1958). <i>Sudetendeutsche Geschichte: eine volkstümliche Darstellung</i> (in German). Adam Kraft Verlag München. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8083-1131-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8083-1131-2"><bdi>3-8083-1131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sudetendeutsche+Geschichte%3A+eine+volkst%C3%BCmliche+Darstellung&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Adam+Kraft+Verlag+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=3-8083-1131-2&rft.aulast=Franzel&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmermann, Volker: Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945). Essen 1999. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88474-770-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88474-770-3">3-88474-770-3</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassheim2006" class="citation journal cs1">Glassheim, Eagle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/499795">"Ethnic Cleansing, Communism, and Environmental Devastation in Czechoslovakia's Borderlands, 1945–1989"</a>. <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>78</b> (1): 65–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F499795">10.1086/499795</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142647561">142647561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Cleansing%2C+Communism%2C+and+Environmental+Devastation+in+Czechoslovakia%27s+Borderlands%2C+1945%E2%80%931989&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-92&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F499795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142647561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Glassheim&rft.aufirst=Eagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F499795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdeněk Beneš. <i>Facing history: the evolution of Czech-German relations in the Czech provinces, 1848–1948</i>. Gallery, 2002. p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Přesun v rámci rozptylu občanů německé národnosti."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/csu/scitani2021/narodnost">"Národnost"</a>. <i>Census 2021</i> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+2021&rft.atitle=N%C3%A1rodnost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fcsu%2Fscitani2021%2Fnarodnost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudetenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Silesia_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silesia_topics" title="Template talk:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Silesia_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Silesia" title="History of Silesia">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Offensives" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Offensives">Offensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings" title="Silesian Uprisings">Uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wars" title="Silesian Wars">Wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Silesian_War" title="First Silesian War">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Silesian_War" title="Second Silesian War">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Silesian_War" title="Third Silesian War">Third</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" title="1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite">1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dresden" title="Treaty of Dresden">Treaty of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Teschen" title="Treaty of Teschen">Treaty of Teschen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Henryk%C3%B3w" title="Book of Henryków">Book of Henryków</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuthen" title="Battle of Leuthen">Battle of Leuthen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Silesia" title="Category:History of Silesia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Silesia">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelenia Góra valley">Jelenia Góra valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko_Valley" title="Kłodzko Valley">Kłodzko Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesian Wilderness">Lower Silesian Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obni%C5%BCenie_Milicko-G%C5%82ogowskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie (page does not exist)">Obniżenie Milicko-Głogowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrava_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrava Valley">Ostrava Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim_Basin" title="Oświęcim Basin">Oświęcim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przedg%C3%B3rze_Sudeckie" class="mw-redirect" title="Przedgórze Sudeckie">Przedgórze Sudeckie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Walls" title="Silesian Walls">Silesian Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Foothills" title="Silesian Foothills">Silesian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Lowlands" title="Silesian Lowlands">Silesian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Przesieka" title="Silesian Przesieka">Silesian Przesieka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Upland" title="Silesian Upland">Silesian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Lusatian_Lowlands" title="Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands">Silesian-Lusatian Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian-Moravian_Foothills" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian-Moravian Foothills">Silesian-Moravian Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wa%C5%82_Trzebnicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wał Trzebnicki (page does not exist)">Wał Trzebnicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zielona_G%C3%B3ra_Acclivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zielona Góra Acclivity (page does not exist)">Zielona Góra Acclivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Gocza%C5%82kowickie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Goczałkowickie">Jezioro Goczałkowickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezioro_Otmuchowskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezioro Otmuchowskie">Jezioro Otmuchowskie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezioro_S%C5%82awskie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezioro Sławskie (page does not exist)">Jezioro Sławskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyskie_Lake" title="Nyskie Lake">Nyskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slezsk%C3%A1_Harta_Reservoir" title="Slezská Harta Reservoir">Slezská Harta Reservoir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Beskids" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian-Silesian_Beskids" title="Moravian-Silesian Beskids">Moravian-Silesian Beskids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetes" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes" title="Eastern Sudetes">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudetes" title="Central Sudetes">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sudetes" title="Western Sudetes">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divok%C3%A1_Orlice" title="Divoká Orlice">Divoká Orlice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizera_(river)" title="Jizera (river)">Jizera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Apa" title="Úpa">Úpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barycz_(river)" title="Barycz (river)">Barycz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B3br" title="Bóbr">Bóbr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczawa" title="Kaczawa">Kaczawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odnica" title="Kłodnica">Kłodnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwisa" title="Kwisa">Kwisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liswarta" title="Liswarta">Liswarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82a_Panew" title="Mała Panew">Mała Panew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nysa_K%C5%82odzka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nysa Kłodzka">Nysa Kłodzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olza_(river)" title="Olza (river)">Olza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%99za" title="Ślęza">Ślęza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)" title="Biała (Vistula)">Biała</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brynica" title="Brynica">Brynica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostynia" title="Gostynia">Gostynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemsza" title="Przemsza">Przemsza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pszczynka" title="Pszczynka">Pszczynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(river)" title="Rawa (river)">Rawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/55px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/83px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png/110px-Lower_and_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Piasts" title="Silesian Piasts">Piasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Silesia">dukes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Parliament" title="Silesian Parliament">parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_of_the_Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="Category:Politicians of the Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Treasury" title="Silesian Treasury">treasury</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_country" title="State country">State country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia Province">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Lower Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Silesia" title="New Silesia">New Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Silesia" title="Eastern Silesia">Eastern Silesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesen%C3%ADk_District" title="Jeseník District">Jeseník District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravian–Silesian Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederschlesischer_Oberlausitzkreis" title="Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis">Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)" title="Görlitz (district)">Görlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship" title="Voivodeship">Voivodeships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lower Silesian Voivodeship">Lower Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Voivodeship" title="Lubusz Voivodeship">Lubusz Voivodeships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">EP</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">constituencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesian_and_Opole_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lower Silesian and Opole (European Parliament constituency)">Lower Silesian and Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_(European_Parliament_constituency)" title="Silesian (European Parliament constituency)">Silesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/55px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/83px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg/110px-Generic_Silesia_CoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socioeconomics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katowice_urban_area" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_GZM" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area" title="Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area">Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bielski_Okr%C4%99g_Przemys%C5%82owy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy (page does not exist)">Bielski Okręg Przemysłowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legnicko-G%C5%82ogowski_Okr%C4%99g_Miedziowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy (page does not exist)">Legnicko-Głogowski Okręg Miedziowy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Silesian_Coal_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Silesian Coal Basin (page does not exist)">Lower Silesian Coal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin" title="Upper Silesian Coal Basin">Upper Silesian Coal Basin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Industrial Region</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ostrava-Karvin%C3%A1_Coal_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ostrava-Karviná Coal Area (page does not exist)">Ostrava-Karviná</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rybnik_Coal_Area" title="Rybnik Coal Area">Rybnik Coal Areas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Silesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Silesia (page does not exist)">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_architecture" title="Silesian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Familok" title="Familok">Familŏk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_regional_costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian regional costume">Regional costume</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesian_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Silesian Museum (page does not exist)">Upper Silesian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum_(Opava)" title="Silesian Museum (Opava)">Silesian Museum (Opava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Museum">Silesian Museum (Katowice)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_cuisine" title="Silesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Black noodles">Black noodles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bryja" title="Bryja">Bryja</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panczkraut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panczkraut (page does not exist)">Panczkraut <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(ciapkapusta)</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silesian_dumplings" title="Silesian dumplings">Klōzki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galert (page does not exist)">Galert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauskyjza" title="Hauskyjza">Hauskyjza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karminadle" title="Karminadle">Karminadle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82%C5%8Fcz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kołŏcz (page does not exist)">Kołŏcz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopalnioki" title="Kopalnioki">Kopalnioki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreple">Kreple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaszanka" title="Kaszanka"><i>Krupniok</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makōwki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moczka" title="Moczka">Moczka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modr%C5%8F_kapusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modrŏ kapusta (page does not exist)">Modrŏ kapusta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siemieniotka" title="Siemieniotka">Siymiyniotka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sza%C5%82ot" title="Szałot">Szałŏt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wodzionka" class="mw-redirect" title="Wodzionka">Wodziōnka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBur" class="mw-redirect" title="Żur">Żur</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession">Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Football_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Football Association (page does not exist)">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Football League">Moravian–Silesian Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia_national_football_team" title="Silesia national football team">National football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Stadium" title="Silesian Stadium">Silesian Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lower Silesian)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language"> Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Silesia" title="Coat of arms of Silesia">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Silesia">Flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Unofficial anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesien_Unvergessene_Heimat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat (page does not exist)">Schlesien Unvergessene Heimat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schlesierlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schlesierlied (page does not exist)">Schlesierlied</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slezsk%C3%A1_hymna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slezská hymna (page does not exist)">Slezská hymna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Silesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Silesia">Demographics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landsmannschaft_Schlesien" title="Landsmannschaft Schlesien">Landsmannschaft Schlesien</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_March" title="Autonomy March">Marsz Autōnōmije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians" title="Silesians">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/55px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/83px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/110px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058390-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129624">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sudety (Česko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128482&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000339005&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543849005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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