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<li id="toc-Poland_and_Kievan_Rus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland_and_Kievan_Rus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Poland and Kievan Rus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland_and_Kievan_Rus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscovy_and_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscovy_and_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Muscovy and Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscovy_and_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-communism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_Russo-Georgian_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_Russo-Georgian_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2008 Russo-Georgian war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_Russo-Georgian_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010_plane_crash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_plane_crash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2010 plane crash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_plane_crash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_dialog_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_dialog_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>2011 dialog centers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_dialog_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_airliner_shootdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_airliner_shootdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>2014 airliner shootdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_airliner_shootdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_revisionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_revisionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Historical revisionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_revisionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland–Russia_gas_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland–Russia_gas_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Poland–Russia gas disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland–Russia_gas_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_intelligence_and_influence_operations_in_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_intelligence_and_influence_operations_in_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Russian intelligence and influence operations in Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_intelligence_and_influence_operations_in_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resident diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Poland–Russia relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات البولندية الروسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات البولندية الروسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C5%9Fa%E2%80%93Rusiya_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="Polşa–Rusiya münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa–Rusiya münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polnisch-russische_Beziehungen" title="Polnisch-russische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polnisch-russische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Polonia-Rusia" title="Relaciones Polonia-Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Polonia-Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_la_Pologne_et_la_Russie" title="Relations entre la Pologne et la Russie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre la Pologne et la Russie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD-%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուս-լեհական հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուս-լեհական հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="יחסי פולין–רוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי פולין–רוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_polsko-rosyjskie" title="Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Pol%C3%B4nia_e_R%C3%BAssia" title="Relações entre Polônia e Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Polônia e Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Российско-польские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Российско-польские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya-Rusya_ili%C5%9Fkileri" title="Polonya-Rusya ilişkileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya-Rusya ilişkileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Польсько-російські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польсько-російські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_Ba_Lan_%E2%80%93_Nga" title="Quan hệ Ba Lan – Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ Ba Lan – Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E2%80%94%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="波蘭—俄羅斯關係 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波蘭—俄羅斯關係" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93637#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Poland–Russia relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_Russia_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Poland and Russia"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Poland and Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Poland_Russia_Locator.svg/250px-Poland_Russia_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Poland_Russia_Locator.svg/375px-Poland_Russia_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Poland_Russia_Locator.svg/500px-Poland_Russia_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/72px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/96px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Poland,_Moscow" title="Embassy of Poland, Moscow">Embassy of Poland, Moscow</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Poland–Russia relations</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Stosunki polsko-rosyjskie</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Российско-польские отношения</span>) have a long and often turbulent history, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>. Over centuries, there have been several <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Russian Wars">Polish–Russian Wars</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)#Poles_in_Moscow_(1610)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618)">Poland once occupying Moscow</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Russian_Partition" title="Russian Partition">Russia controlling much of Poland in the 19th</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">in the 20th century</a>, leading to strained relations and multiple Polish attempts at re-acquiring independence. Polish–Russian relations entered a new phase following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of communism</a>, with relations warming under Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and later Russian President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. Relations began worsening considerably as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Georgia">2008 Russian invasion of Georgia</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014 annexation of Crimea</a> and especially the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. Relations between the Polish and Russian governments have become extremely unfriendly, and according to a 2022 poll, only 2% of Poles view Russia positively, the lowest number in the world among countries polled.<sup id="cite_ref-June2022poll_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June2022poll-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland_and_Kievan_Rus">Poland and Kievan Rus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Poland and Kievan Rus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Poland–Russia relations">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the earliest known events in Rus'-Polish history dates back to 981, when the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Kiev" title="Grand Prince of Kiev">Grand Prince of Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir Svyatoslavich</a>, seized the <a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland_(c._960%E2%80%931025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland (c. 960–1025)">Duchy of Poland</a>. The relationship between two by that time was mostly close and cordial, as there had been no serious wars between both. </p><p>In 966, <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland accepted Christianity</a> from Rome while <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>—the ancestor of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus—was <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianized</a> by Constantinople. In 1054, the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">internal Christian divide</a> formally split the Church into the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> branches separating the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">Eastern Slavs</a>. </p><p>In 1018, <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_I_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk I of Kiev">Svyatopolk the Cursed</a> who fled from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> turned for help to the Polish king <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav the Wise</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Bug" title="Battle of the River Bug">Battle of the River Bug</a>. The Kiev campaign of Boleslaw I was crowned with the capture of the city, but Boleslaw, instead of transferring power to Svyatopolk, began to rule in the city himself. In response, the people of Kiev raised an uprising, as a result of which they began to “beat the Poles”. Boleslaw fled with the treasury, and also took Yaroslav the Wise's sisters with him. The Cherven cities, were restored to Poland until conquered again by Yaroslav the Wise and his brother <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostislavich_of_Smolensk" title="Mstislav Rostislavich of Smolensk">Mstislav the Brave</a> in 1030–1031. </p><p>A similar story took place in 1069, when the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Iziaslav_I_of_Kiev" title="Iziaslav I of Kiev">Izyaslav Yaroslavich</a> ran to Poland to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Generous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław II the Generous">Bolesław II the Brave</a>, and he, having made a trip to Kiev, intervened in the Rus' dynastic dispute in favor of Izyaslav. According to legend, a relic sword named <a href="/wiki/Szczerbiec" title="Szczerbiec">Szczerbiec</a>, which was used during the coronations of Polish kings, was notched when Boleslaw I or Boleslaw II struck the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate,_Kyiv" title="Golden Gate, Kyiv">Golden Gate</a> in Kiev. The first option cannot be true due to the fact that the Golden Gate was built in the 1030s, the second is also not confirmed by the results of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon dating</a> of the sword, which, apparently, was created not earlier than the second half of the 12th century. </p><p>At the same time, Kievan Rus' and Poland also knew long periods of peaceful coexistence (for example, during the life of Vladimir after 981) and military alliances. Thus, the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Kazimierz I</a>, concluded an alliance with Yaroslav the Wise in 1042, marrying the first to the sister of the Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Maria_Dobroniega_of_Kiev" title="Maria Dobroniega of Kiev">Maria Dobroneg</a>. In 1074, according to the chronicle, peace with Boleslaw II was signed in Suteisk by the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh</a>, and in 1076 he together with the <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volyn</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Oleg_I_of_Chernigov" title="Oleg I of Chernigov">Oleg Svyatoslavich</a> came to the aid of the Poles in a military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. The Grand Prince of Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Sviatopolk_II_of_Kiev" title="Sviatopolk II of Kiev">Svyatopolk Izyaslavich</a>, made peace with the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a>, who in 1103 married the daughter of Svyatopolk Sbyslav; when in Poland a struggle broke out between Boleslaw III and his brother <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a>, the Rus' troops came to the aid of the king and forced Zbigniew to recognize his power. </p><p>Like the principalities that arose from the disintegration of Kievan Rus', Poland experienced several <a href="/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars" title="Galicia–Volhynia Wars">Mongol invasions</a> in the 13th century, however, despite the devastation, the Mongol yoke was not established, which subsequently provided Poland with an advantage in the development of trade, culture and public relations. In 1340, Vladimir Lvovich died, the last Galician heir to the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>, after which the Galician principality was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Kazimierz III the Great</a> and annexed to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty">Kingdom of Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscovy_and_Russian_Empire">Muscovy and Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Muscovy and Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png/220px-Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png/330px-Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png/440px-Capitulation_of_Russian_garrison_of_Smolensk_before_Vladislaus_IV_Vasa_of_Poland_1634.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Capitulation of Russian garrison of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> before <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV of Poland</a> in 1634</figcaption></figure> <p>Relations between Poland and Muscovite Russia have been tense, as the increasingly desperate <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> involved the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> into <a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">its war with Muscovy around 16th century</a>. As Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Nowak_(historian)" title="Andrzej Nowak (historian)">Andrzej Nowak</a> wrote, while there were occasional contacts between Poles and Russians before that, it was the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Polish union with Lithuania</a> which brought <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">pro-Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Poland and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Russia into a real, constant relation with both states engaged in "the contest for the political, strategic and civilizational preponderance in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there were occasional attempts to create an alliance between the new <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> (including several attempts to <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">elect</a> the Muscovite tsars to the Polish throne and create the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Muscovite_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth</a>), they all failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, several wars occurred. Notably, during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%9318)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18)</a>, Poland exploited Moscow's politically weakened state caused by <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_(1612)" title="Battle of Moscow (1612)">Polish forces took Moscow</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – an event that would become one of the many defining moments of the future Polish–Russian relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscovy, now transforming into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, retaliated by taking advantage of the weakening Commonwealth, taking over disputed territories and moving its borders westwards in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–67)">Russo-Polish War (1654–67)</a> and later participated in the destruction of the Commonwealth during the <a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Swedish Deluge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the 18th century, with the deterioration of the Commonwealth political system (<a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>, Russians were able to intervene in internal Polish affairs at will, politically and militarily, see (<a href="/wiki/Silent_Sejm" title="Silent Sejm">Silent Sejm</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the mid-18th century, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_and_envoys_from_Russia_to_Poland_(1763%E2%80%931794)" title="Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)">ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland</a>, could be compared to those of colonial <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Commonwealth was seen by Russians as a form of <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Luk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scott_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a> opposing the Russian political and military influence in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition</a> took place in 1772, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. By 1795, the three <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a> erased Poland from the map of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Nowak remarked, "a new justification for <a href="/wiki/Russian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian expansion">Russian colonialism</a> gathered strength from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>": occupied Poland was portrayed by the Russian authors as an anarchic, dangerous country whose Catholic and democratic ideas had to be suppressed by the 'more enlightened neighbors.'<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1795%E2%80%931918)" title="History of Poland (1795–1918)">the next 123 years</a>, a large part of Polish population and former territory would be subject to the rule of the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poland was undergoing a cultural and political revival after the First Partition culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_3_May_1791" title="Constitution of 3 May 1791">Constitution of 3 May 1791</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a> in 1794. Many Polish expatriates and volunteers sided with <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">Napoleonic France</a> in its <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">struggles</a> with the very same powers (Russia, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>) which had partitioned Poland. After 1815, several uprisings (most notably, the <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> and the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a>) would take place, attempting to regain Polish independence and stop the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> and similar policies, aimed at removal of any traces of former Polish rule or Polish cultural influence, however only in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the First World War">aftermath of the First World War</a> would Poland regain independence (as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Poland–Soviet Union relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Poland and Soviet Union"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Poland and Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png/250px-Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png/375px-Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png/500px-Poland_Soviet_Union_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/72px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/96px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_USSR_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1445" /></a><figcaption>1955 Soviet stamp honouring <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_(Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1970_CPA_3908_stamp_%28Soviet_and_Polish_Workers_and_Flags%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>25th Anniversary of the Treaty of Friendship, Collaboration and Mutual Assistance between USSR and Poland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Nationalist</a> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Russian rule of Poland</a> persisted through the 19th century, and after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> forced <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> regime to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> surrendering most of Russian Poland as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">German client state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after regaining independence in 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">fall of Germany</a>, Poland was faced with a war with the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevik Russia</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> eventually ending up with a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Polish victory at Warsaw</a>, spoiling <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>'s plans of sending his <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> west to start a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">worldwide Communist revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poland failed in its war aims to annex Soviet-occupied territories such as <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">Lithuania</a>, which were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Socialist Republics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next two decades, Poland was seen by the Soviet Union as an enemy and, along with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (under both the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a>), as a “<a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">politically illegitimate</a>” state created by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> at the expense of Germany and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> feared a coordinated Polish-Japanese two-front invasion. Numerous residents of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> also fled across the border to Poland in protest of the <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">First Five-Year Plan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">collectivization</a> policies and the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union supported subversive activities of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Poland" title="Communist Party of Poland">Communist Party of Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Western Belarus">Communist Party of Western Belarus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Western_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Western Ukraine">Communist Party of Western Ukraine</a>. Poland in turn sent secret agents across the border to encourage rebellion against Soviet rule, which caused Stalin to begin to associate <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Poles in the Soviet Union">Poles in the Soviet Union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> dissident and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> groups. The <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> murdered 111,091 Poles during the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Operation_of_the_NKVD" title="Polish Operation of the NKVD">Polish Operation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> many families to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. Fears of a Polish invasion and external espionage also gave justification to the general internal repression of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> in the 1930s. Nevertheless, the USSR and Poland concluded a formal <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">Non-Aggression Pact</a> in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually a secret <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">agreement with Nazi Germany</a> allowed Germany and the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">successfully invade the Second Republic in 1939</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>, conducted mostly by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> units under <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Timoshenko" title="Semyon Timoshenko">Semyon Timoshenko</a>, allowed the Soviet Union to <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">annex much of Eastern Poland</a> into Ukraine and Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a> officers captured by the Soviet Union were killed, while many soldiers were held in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following years of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">Soviet repressions of Polish citizens</a>, especially the brutal mass murder in 1940, known as the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>, of more than 20,000 Polish officers and its subsequent Soviet denial for 50 years, became additional events with lasting repercussions on the Polish–Russian relations to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Poland and the Soviet Union nominally became “<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allies</a>” after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the Soviet Union</a>. In 1944, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> timed their <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">capital's uprising</a> to coincide with the <a href="/wiki/Lublin%E2%80%93Brest_offensive" title="Lublin–Brest offensive">Lublin-Brest Offensive</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="First Polish Army (1944–1945)">First Polish Army</a> on the eastern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">the city</a> and the retreat of <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German forces</a>. However, the Red Army stopped at the city limits and deliberately remained inactive there for several weeks. Also, the Soviet Union did not allow its Western Allies to use its nearby airports for airdrops into Warsaw for several weeks. This allowed the German forces to regroup and demolish the city while defeating the Polish resistance and causing between 150,000 and 200,000 civilian deaths. The tragic circumstances under which Poland's capital was liberated even further strained the Polish–Russian relations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/170px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/255px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg/340px-Konstanty_Rokossowski_w_polskim_mundurze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a>, Soviet Marshal of Polish origin and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Poland)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Poland)">Poland's Defence Minister</a> from 1949 until his removal in 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was able to present his western allies, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, with a <i><a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. His armed forces were in occupation of the country, and his agents, the communists, were in control of its administration. The Soviet Union was in the process of annexing the lands in eastern Poland, including the mass expulsion of the Polish population, which it had occupied between 1939 and 1941, after <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">participating in the invasion and partition of Poland with Nazi Germany</a>. Stalin was determined that Poland's new government would become his tool towards making Poland a Soviet puppet state controlled by the communists. He had severed relations with the legitimate <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London in 1943, but to appease Roosevelt and Churchill he agreed at Yalta that a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> would be formed. The Soviet Union supported Polish demands to be compensated by the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern lands</a>, from which 2-3 millions Polish citizens were expelled, by German hands east of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Lusatian Neisse</a> which had homed 9 million Germans. Stalin allowed Polish communist authorities to man the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> as border, notwithstanding the lack of international consent for the new border, to prevent <a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Germans</a> from returning to their former homes after the German capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Poles were killed (e.g. during the <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">Augustów roundup</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported to the Soviet Union</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> decided to create a communist, Soviet allied Polish state subservient to him, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">People's Republic of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Poland became part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, as the People's Republic of Poland. The Soviet Union had much influence over both internal and <a href="/wiki/External_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="External affairs">external affairs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> forces were stationed in Poland (1945: 500,000; until 1955: 120,000 to 150,000; until 1989: 40,000).<sup id="cite_ref-Rao,_B._V._2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao,_B._V._2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945, Soviet generals and advisors formed 80% of the officer cadre of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces" title="Polish Armed Forces">Polish Armed Forces</a>. The communists held a majority of key posts in this new government, and with Soviet support they soon gained almost total control of the country, rigging all elections. A pro-Soviet coalition between the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> assumed control of the country after the rigged <a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Polish legislative election">1947 Polish legislative election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of their opponents decided to leave the country, and others were put on <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">staged trials</a> and sentenced to many years of imprisonment or execution. In 1947 the ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> joined the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a>, beginning its entrance into the Eastern Bloc and increasing Soviet dominance of the Polish government.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet control over the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> lessened after <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gomu%C5%82ka%27s_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomułka's Thaw">Gomułka's Thaw</a>, and ceased completely after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">fall of the communist government in Poland</a> in late 1989, although the Soviet-Russian <a href="/wiki/Northern_Group_of_Forces" title="Northern Group of Forces">Northern Group of Forces</a> did not leave Polish soil until 1993. The continuing Soviet military presence allowed the Soviet Union to heavily influence Polish politics. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a> was dominated by the Soviet Union through the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, and Poland participated in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> reforms in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Soviet Politburo</a> closely monitored the rise in political dissent in Poland in the late 1970s and the subsequent rise of the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> trade union after the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Lenin Shipyard</a> strike.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet state newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> denounced the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> between the Polish government and Solidarity in similar terms to state media coverage of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a>'s government during the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It subsequently pressured the ruling <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>'s government into declaring <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet influence in Poland finally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Round Table Agreement</a> of 1989 guaranteeing free elections in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> against Soviet-sponsored Communist governments in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, and finally the formal dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-communism">Post-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg/250px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg/375px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Vladimir_Putin_in_Poland_16-17_January_2002-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>President of Russia <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Prime Minister of Poland <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Miller" title="Leszek Miller">Leszek Miller</a> in 2002</figcaption></figure><p> Modern Polish–Russian relations begin with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> – 1989 in Poland (<a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a>) and 1991 in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>). With a new democratic government after the <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative election">1989 elections</a>, Poland regained full sovereignty,<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and what was the Soviet Union, became <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">15 newly independent states</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>. Relations between modern Poland and Russia suffer from constant ups and downs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the constantly revisited issues is the fact that Poland has moved away from the Russian <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> (joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland in the European Union">European Union</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nowak_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pursuing an independent politic, including establishing a significant relations with <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, Poland was the first nation to <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">recognize Ukraine's independence</a> and Polish support for the pro-democratic <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> in 2004 against the pro-Russian presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> has resulted in a temporary crisis in Polish–Russian relations.<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, relations will worsen due to remembrance of uneasy historical events and anniversaries, such as when Polish politicians bring up the issue of Russia apologizing for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">'39 invasion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> (which scholars internationally see as <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, but Russian officials refer to as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a> instead),<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for the ensuing decades of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation">Soviet occupation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in turn, Russians criticize Poles' perceived lack of “thankfulness” for “liberation” from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation">Nazi occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, assistance granted by Polish government and civilian agencies to members of the <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen separatist movement</a> had been met with criticism by Russian authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, there had been controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Russian government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">state media</a> publishing claims that Poland, which signed <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Polish_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact">non-aggression pacts with Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">Nazi Germany</a> in the early 1930s, played a role in the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">partition of Czechoslovakia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and that <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> had allied or intended to ally against the Soviet Union before the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claims were denounced by Polish politicians and diplomats as an attempt at historical revision.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other issues important in the recent Polish–Russian relations include the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Russian_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian citizens">Russian citizens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NATO_missile_defence_system" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO missile defence system">NATO plans for an anti-missile site in Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarsawVoice-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_1" title="Nord Stream 1">Nord Stream 1</a> pipeline<sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarsawVoice-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Poland, which imports over 90 percent of <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">oil</a> and 60 percent of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Russia" title="Natural gas in Russia">gas</a> from Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-Grzesz_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grzesz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> continues to be concerned about its <a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">energy security</a> which the pipeline threatens to undermine), Polish influence on the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">EU–Russian relations</a><sup id="cite_ref-bernstein_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarsawVoice-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various economic issues (e.g., the Russian ban on Polish food imports).<sup id="cite_ref-Grzesz_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grzesz-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarsawVoice-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> regaining independence, the <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Polish–Russian border</a> has mostly been replaced by borders with the respective countries, but there still is a 210 km long border between Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prez_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prez-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2013 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> World Service poll, 19% of Poles view Russia's influence positively while 49% express a negative view.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 2017, most of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_War_Memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet War Memorials">Soviet War Memorials</a> in Poland were dismantled due to policy of <a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">decommunization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_Russo-Georgian_war">2008 Russo-Georgian war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2008 Russo-Georgian war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian invasion of Georgia">2008 Russian invasion of Georgia</a>, Polish President <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a> flew to the Georgian capital of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> as a show of support to the country. Kaczyński held a speech in front of the Georgian parliament in which he warned that Russia was trying to re-establish its dominance in the region by force.<sup id="cite_ref-TVPWorld_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVPWorld-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiec_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiec-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish government afterwards led a group of eastern European countries in proposing sanctions against Russia, drawing anger from the Russian government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_plane_crash">2010 plane crash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2010 plane crash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg/500px-Dmitry_Medvedev_in_Poland_6_December_2010-16.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Dmitry Medvedev and then Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a>, 6 December 2010</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> reported that one of the main effects of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash">2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash</a> would be the impact it has on Russian-Polish relations.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2010_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was thought if the inquiry into the crash were not transparent, it would increase suspicions toward Russia in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc2010_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc2010-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> states that the result of the joint declaration by the Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> on Katyn on the verge of the crash, and the aftermath Russia's response has united the two nations, and presents a unique opportunity at a fresh start, ending centuries long rivalry and confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011_dialog_centers">2011 dialog centers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2011 dialog centers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg/250px-Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg/375px-Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg/500px-Dmitry_Medvedev_11_April_2011-8.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and Polish President <a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Komorowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronislaw Komorowski">Bronislaw Komorowski</a> laying wreaths at the Katyn massacre memorial complex, 11 April 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>Creation of parallel Polish and Russian dialogue centres was decided during President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Medvedev's</a> visit to Poland in December 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Polish <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_for_Polish-Russian_Dialogue_and_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="The Centre for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding">Centre for Polish-Russian Dialogue and Understanding</a> supports cooperation of youth from both countries. </p><p>Russia has created parallel foundation called The Russian-Polish Center for Dialogue and Understanding,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which does not fully cooperate with the Polish Centre. Its director, Juri Bondarenko, presents controversial opinions about Russian-Polish relations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Foundation has organised a trip for Polish students to Russian-annexed <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being aware the visit breaks <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Poland" title="Law of Poland">Polish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_airliner_shootdown">2014 airliner shootdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2014 airliner shootdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the shootdown of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> over the separatist <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">eastern Ukraine</a> July 2014, the Polish government on 24 July cancelled the "Polish Year in Russia" and "Russian Year in Poland" that were planned for 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_of_the_Russian_annexation_of_Crimea">Aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poland has repeatedly requested the additional permanent deployment of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military assets to Poland following <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russia's annexation of Crimea</a> and its subsequent support of pro-Russian separatists in <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">eastern Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to these events, Poland has been a staunch supporter of tougher sanctions against Russia by the EU.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Poland's continued support of the new Ukrainian government and its criticism of Russian interference in the new Ukrainian government's affairs has angered Russia and increased tensions between both countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 30 July 2014, Russia banned the import of Polish fruits and vegetables amidst the Ukraine sanctions war. Russia's food hygiene authorities said that the imports had unacceptable levels of pesticide residues and nitrates. They earn Poland more than 1bn euros (£795m; $1.3bn) annually. Russia is Poland's biggest market for apples. The move follows EU <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Ukrainian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis">sanctions against Russia</a> over Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea</a>, over 60–80% of Poles are worried about the possibility of a future conflict with Russia, given the fact that Russia maintains control of the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, directly bordering Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_revisionism">Historical revisionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical revisionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both Poland and Russia had accused each other for their <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a>. Russia has repeatedly accused Poland for not honoring Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers fallen in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> for Poland, notably in 2017, in which Poland was thought on "<i>attempting to impose its own version of history</i>" after Moscow was not allowed to join an international effort to renovate a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> museum at <a href="/wiki/Sobib%C3%B3r_Museum" title="Sobibór Museum">Sobibór</a>, site of the notorious <a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor extermination camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Poland also accuses Russia for its unlimited historical distortion, notably back to 2014 when Putin signed a bill using any comparison of <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">Nazi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a> as a punishment,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Isn't the real meaning that comparing them is a crime? (February 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as the Poles were also treated brutally by the Soviets; although Russia's historical revisionism might have influenced Poland's <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> over its Nazi war crime laws;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Poland also has concerned that Russia's political and historical revisionism might put Poland at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland–Russia_gas_disputes"><span id="Poland.E2.80.93Russia_gas_disputes"></span>Poland–Russia gas disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poland–Russia gas disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of Poland's plans to become fully <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">energy independent from Russia</a> within the next years, Piotr Wozniak, president of state-controlled oil and gas company <a href="/wiki/PGNiG" class="mw-redirect" title="PGNiG">PGNiG</a>, stated in February 2019: "The strategy of the company is just to forget about Eastern suppliers and especially about <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbitration_Institute_of_the_Stockholm_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (page does not exist)">Stockholm Arbitral Tribunal</a> ruled that PGNiG's long-term contract gas price with Gazprom linked to oil prices should be changed to approximate the Western European gas market price, backdated to 1 November 2014 when PGNiG requested a price review under the contract. Gazprom had to refund about $1.5 billion to PGNiG. The 1996 <a href="/wiki/Yamal%E2%80%93Europe_pipeline" title="Yamal–Europe pipeline">Yamal pipeline</a> related contract is for up to 10.2 billion cubic metres of gas per year until it expired in 2022, with a minimum annual amount of 8.7 billion cubic metres.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 global energy crisis">2021 global energy crisis</a>, PGNiG made a further price review request on 28 October 2021. PGNiG stated the recent extraordinary increases in natural gas prices "provides a basis for renegotiating the price terms on which we purchase gas under the Yamal Contract."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in April 2022, it was announced that Russia will suspend sending gas supplies to Bulgaria and Poland, in exchange for their refusal to pay in roubles. The Russian gas export monopoly, Gazprom is known to supply about 50% of Poland’s consumption. Poland stated that its gas storage is still 76% full and will not need to draw on its reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mateusz_Morawiecki" title="Mateusz Morawiecki">Mateusz Morawiecki</a> warned that Russian President Vladimir Putin sought to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and urged Europe to unite and prevent Putin from making his dreams reality.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 February, after Putin recognized the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a> regions of Ukraine, Prime Minister Morawiecki called the action "an act of aggression against Ukraine,"<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Polish leaders urged European powers to adopt strong financial sanctions against Russia. Morawiecki singled out Germany's <a href="/wiki/Nord_Stream_2" title="Nord Stream 2">Nord Stream 2</a> gas pipeline from Russia as "harmful and dangerous."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine started, Poland, as one of the EU countries, imposed sanctions on Russia, and Russia added all EU countries to the list of "<a href="/wiki/Unfriendly_Countries_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfriendly Countries List">unfriendly countries</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Russian invasion began on 24 February, Morawiecki tweeted, "We must immediately respond to Russia's criminal aggression on Ukraine Europe and the free world has to stop Putin."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 February, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Football_Association" title="Polish Football Association">Polish Football Association</a> announced that it would not participate in a planned 24 March <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification" title="2022 FIFA World Cup qualification">2022 FIFA World Cup qualifying</a> match against the Russia in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poland joined other countries in spring 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_expulsions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">declaring a number of Russian diplomats</a> <i>persona non grata</i>. </p><p>On 9 May, during <a href="/wiki/VE_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="VE Day">VE Day</a>, Russian Ambassador to Poland Sergey Andreev was splashed with red liquid by Ukrainian protestors of the invasion, as he arrived at a Soviet military cemetery in Warsaw for wreath-laying ceremony. The protestors prevented the Russian delegation from laying the wreath and shouted "murderers" and "fascists" at them, before the police escorted Andreev and his delegation away from the Soviet military cemetery. <a href="/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Foreign Ministry">Russian Foreign Ministry</a> spokeswoman <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zakharova" title="Maria Zakharova">Maria Zakharova</a> denounced the attack and called the protestors "young neo-Nazis", and demanded Poland to organize without delay the wreath-laying ceremony while providing complete security. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_and_Administration_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Interior and Administration (Poland)">Polish Minister of Interior and Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariusz_Kaminski" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariusz Kaminski">Mariusz Kaminski</a> defended the protestors saying that their gathering was legal and claimed that the protestors' actions were understandable due to emotions of Ukrainian women present in the protests "whose husbands are fighting bravely in defense of their homeland".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey from June 22 noted that only 2% of Poles hold a favourable view of Russia, while 97% have an unfavourable opinion, which was the most negative views of Russia among all countries included in that international survey. The 2% view was a stark decrease from previous polls, which for the past two decades had about 20–40% of Poles expressing a favourable view of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-June2022poll_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June2022poll-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> decided to close entry for Russian citizens with <a href="/wiki/Schengen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen">Schengen</a> visas, including those issued by third countries.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate of Poland</a> unanimously declared <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism#Russia" title="State terrorism">Russia as a terrorist state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 2, 2022, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Poland)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Poland)">Minister of National Defence</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariusz_B%C5%82aszczak" title="Mariusz Błaszczak">Mariusz Błaszczak</a> announced the construction of a barrier along <a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">the border</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> exclave of <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad</a>, as Russia uses the border to illegally transport <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> immigrants to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia had failed to pay rent on a building in Warsaw and failed to vacate a building, despite a 2016 court order. After Poland took possession of these buildings Russia announced it would close the Polish consulate in Smolensk in July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_intelligence_and_influence_operations_in_Poland">Russian intelligence and influence operations in Poland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Russian intelligence and influence operations in Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1997 textbook <i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">Foundations of Geopolitics</a></i> by a controversial Russian sociologist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, among other things, dwells upon the <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a>, and within Dugin's plans, Poland (as well as Latvia and Lithuania) would have a "special status" within the Eurasian-Russian sphere of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Poland's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Oleksy" title="Józef Oleksy">Józef Oleksy</a> resigned because of his links to Russian <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(Russia)" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a> agent <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Alganov" title="Vladimir Alganov">Vladimir Alganov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 Polish intelligence recorded <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Alganov" title="Vladimir Alganov">Vladimir Alganov</a> talking about bribery of top Polish politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 May, Poland's Parliament voted for a law that will establish a commission to investigate alleged Russian influence during the period from 2007 to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian military exercises have practiced attacks against Poland. <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Zapad-99" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise Zapad-99">Exercise Zapad</a> in September 2009 practiced a simulated <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear attack</a> against Poland, suppression of an uprising by a <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belarus" title="Poles in Belarus">Polish minority</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and many operations of offensive nature.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 Poland exported $8.83 billion worth of goods to Russia, the top product being computers. Russia exports to Poland were $12.7 billion with crude oil being the main product. Between 1995 and 2021 Polish exports rose by an average of 7.84% p.a. with Russian exports rising by an average of 7.92%<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EU sanctions and decisions taken by Russia and Poland, following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, means that imports of oil and gas from Russia have fallen, affecting the balance of trade between the two nations.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Poland has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Irkutsk" title="Irkutsk">Irkutsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used to have a consulate in the city of Smolensk.</li> <li>Russia has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow,_Klimashkina_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Poland in Moscow"><img alt="Embassy of Poland in Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG/120px-Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG/180px-Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG/240px-Moscow%2C_Klimashkina_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Poland in Moscow</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Poland in Irkutsk"><img alt="Consulate-General of Poland in Irkutsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg/120px-S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg/180px-S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg/240px-S7_ticket_in_Irkutsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Poland in Irkutsk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Poland in Kaliningrad"><img alt="Consulate-General of Poland in Kaliningrad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg/120px-KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg/180px-KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg/240px-KG_Kaliningrad_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4450" data-file-height="2752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Poland in Kaliningrad</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Poland in Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Consulate-General of Poland in Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg/120px-Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg/180px-Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg/240px-Konsulstvo_Sankt-Peterburg_2011_1007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Poland in Saint Petersburg</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Russia in Warsaw"><img alt="Embassy of Russia in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG/120px-Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG/180px-Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG/240px-Belwed40DSC_0996.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Russia in Warsaw</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Gdańsk"><img alt="Consulate-General of Russia in Gdańsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg/120px-Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg/180px-Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg/240px-Gdansk_Batorego15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Russia in Gdańsk</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of Russia in Kraków"><img alt="Consulate-General of Russia in Kraków" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg/120px-Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg/180px-Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg/240px-Russian_consulate_in_Krak%C3%B3w_by_Maire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of Russia in Kraków</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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title="Russification">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Russian Wars">Polish–Russian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Russia_border" title="Poland–Russia border">Poland–Russia border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia–EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_minority_in_Poland" title="Russian minority in Poland">Russians in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Russia" title="Polish minority in Russia">Poles in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-June2022poll-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-June2022poll_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-June2022poll_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTilles2022" class="citation web cs1">Tilles, Daniel (22 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2022/06/22/only-2-of-poles-view-russia-favourably-lowest-of-any-country-in-global-study/">"Only 2% of Poles view Russia favourably, lowest of any country in global study"</a>. <i>Notes From Poland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Notes+From+Poland&rft.atitle=Only+2%25+of+Poles+view+Russia+favourably%2C+lowest+of+any+country+in+global+study&rft.date=2022-06-22&rft.aulast=Tilles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2022%2F06%2F22%2Fonly-2-of-poles-view-russia-favourably-lowest-of-any-country-in-global-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nowak-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nowak_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Nowak_(historian)" title="Andrzej Nowak (historian)">Andrzej Nowak</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/197/Nowak.html">The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation</a>, <i>Sarmatian Review</i>, January 1997 Issue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bernstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/international/europe/03poland.html">After Centuries of Enmity, Relations Between Poland and Russia Are as Bad as Ever</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, 3 July 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheremushkin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheremushkin_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Cheremushkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/ece/research/intermarium/vol5no3/ruspol.pdf">"Russian-Polish relations: A long way from stereotype to reconciliation"</a>, <i>Intermarium</i>, vol. 5, no. 3. (2003), <a href="/wiki/School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs,_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University">School of International and Public Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamish_M._Scott2001" class="citation book cs1">Hamish M. Scott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lc8EMD0JYUAC&q=Saldern+Poland&pg=PA249"><i>The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79269-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79269-X"><bdi>0-521-79269-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Eastern+Powers%2C+1756%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-79269-X&rft.au=Hamish+M.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlc8EMD0JYUAC%26q%3DSaldern%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luk_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerzy_LukowskiHubert_Zawadzki2001" class="citation book cs1">Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NpMxTvBuWHYC&q=Russia+Poland+protectorate&pg=PA84"><i>A Concise History of Poland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55917-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55917-0"><bdi>0-521-55917-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-55917-0&rft.au=Jerzy+Lukowski&rft.au=Hubert+Zawadzki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26q%3DRussia%2BPoland%2Bprotectorate%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamish_M._Scott2001" class="citation book cs1">Hamish M. Scott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lc8EMD0JYUAC&q=Repnin+Poland&pg=PA182"><i>The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 181–182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79269-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79269-X"><bdi>0-521-79269-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Eastern+Powers%2C+1756%E2%80%931775&rft.pages=181-182&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-79269-X&rft.au=Hamish+M.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlc8EMD0JYUAC%26q%3DRepnin%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1917-2/treaty-of-brest-litovsk/">"Treaty of Brest Litovsk"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Brest+Litovsk&rft.date=2015-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1917-2%2Ftreaty-of-brest-litovsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37648457"><i>A people's tragedy : the Russian Revolution, 1891-1924</i></a>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7327-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7327-X"><bdi>0-7126-7327-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37648457">37648457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+tragedy+%3A+the+Russian+Revolution%2C+1891-1924&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37648457&rft.isbn=0-7126-7327-X&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F37648457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2011" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/857892148"><i>Bloodlands: Europa mellem Hitler og Stalin</i></a>. Peter Dürrfeld (1. E-bogsudgave ed.). Jyllands-Posten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-400-0302-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-400-0302-4"><bdi>978-87-400-0302-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857892148">857892148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europa+mellem+Hitler+og+Stalin&rft.edition=1.+E-bogsudgave&rft.pub=Jyllands-Posten&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857892148&rft.isbn=978-87-400-0302-4&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F857892148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2011" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Max (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/752772437"><i>All hell let loose : the world at war 1939-45</i></a>. London: HarperPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-733809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-733809-2"><bdi>978-0-00-733809-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752772437">752772437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+hell+let+loose+%3A+the+world+at+war+1939-45&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperPress&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752772437&rft.isbn=978-0-00-733809-2&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F752772437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/688506397"><i>Bloodlands : Europe between Hitler and Stalin</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02290-8"><bdi>978-0-465-02290-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/688506397">688506397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands+%3A+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F688506397&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02290-8&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F688506397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1939-2/soviet-territorial-annexations/">"Soviet Territorial Annexations"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. 18 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Soviet+Territorial+Annexations&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1939-2%2Fsoviet-territorial-annexations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardt2015" class="citation journal cs1">Eberhardt, Piotr (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.0007">"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's Western Border: As Postulated and made a reality"</a>. <i>Geographia Polonica</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 77–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7163%2FGPol.0007">10.7163/GPol.0007</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographia+Polonica&rft.atitle=The+Oder-Neisse+Line+as+Poland%27s+Western+Border%3A+As+Postulated+and+made+a+reality&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-105&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7163%2FGPol.0007&rft.aulast=Eberhardt&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7163%252FGPol.0007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao,_B._V._2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao,_B._V._2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, B. V. (2006), <i>History of Modern Europe Ad 1789-2002: A.D. 1789-2002</i>, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1947-2/cold-war/">"Cold War"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. 19 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Cominform+and+the+Soviet+Bloc&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1947-2%2Fcominform-and-the-soviet-bloc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/soviet-invasion-czechoslavkia">"Milestones: 1961–1968 - Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(3 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/remembrance-of-things-past-puts-russia-at-odds-20090902-f8h5.html">"Remembrance of things past puts Russia at odds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Times" title="Brisbane Times">Brisbane Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Remembrance+of+things+past+puts+Russia+at+odds&rft.date=2009-09-03&rft.au=Traynor%2C+I.&rft.au=Harding%2C+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fworld%2Fremembrance-of-things-past-puts-russia-at-odds-20090902-f8h5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/01/world/europe/01russia.html">"Russian Premier Calls Nazi-Soviet Pact Immoral"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 31 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Premier+Calls+Nazi-Soviet+Pact+Immoral&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F09%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F01russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Vladimir_Putin_Brings_Judo_Tactics_To_Poland/1816467.html">"Vladimir Putin Brings Judo Tactics To Poland"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 7 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Vladimir+Putin+Brings+Judo+Tactics+To+Poland&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FVladimir_Putin_Brings_Judo_Tactics_To_Poland%2F1816467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euranet.eu/eng/Archive/News/English/2009/August/Russian-TV-accuses-Poland-of-secret-Nazi-pact">"Russian TV accuses Poland of secret Nazi pact"</a>. Euranet. 24 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+TV+accuses+Poland+of+secret+Nazi+pact&rft.date=2009-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euranet.eu%2Feng%2FArchive%2FNews%2FEnglish%2F2009%2FAugust%2FRussian-TV-accuses-Poland-of-secret-Nazi-pact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding,_Luke2009" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (1 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/01/russia-poland-nazis-secret-documents">"Fury as Russia presents 'evidence' Poland sided with Nazis before war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fury+as+Russia+presents+%27evidence%27+Poland+sided+with+Nazis+before+war&rft.date=2009-09-01&rft.au=Harding%2C+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F01%2Frussia-poland-nazis-secret-documents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brisbane Times</i>, Traynor, I., and Harding, L., "Survivor denounced pact as blaming the victim", 3 September 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/world/survivor-denounces-pact-as-blaming-the-victim-20090902-f8h6.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarsawVoice-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WarsawVoice_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/17256">Breaking the Ice?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Voice">Warsaw Voice</a>, 20 February 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grzesz-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grzesz_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grzesz_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Grzeszak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ziggi.pl/pdf_download.php?file=Ziggi/3_ziggis_corner_article.pdf">Polish-Russian Relations: Bones of Contention Piling Up</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224013051/http://www.ziggi.pl/pdf_download.php?file=Ziggi%2F3_ziggis_corner_article.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Polityka" title="Polityka">Polityka</a></i>, (PDF), 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prez-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prez_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=44">Informacje o Polsce – informacje ogólne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625210208/http://www.prezydent.pl/x.node?id=44">Archived</a> 25 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Page gives Polish <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">PWN Encyklopedia</a> as reference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globescan.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/2013_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf">"Views of Russia's Influence By Country, 2013., BBC World Service POLL, EMBARGO 23:01 GMT 22 May 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Globe Scan</i>. British Broadcasting Corporation. p. 37<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TVP+World&rft.atitle=Words+that+stopped+Russia%22%3A+Polish+President%27s+Georgia+speech+remembered&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvpworld.com%2F38485759%2Fwords-that-stopped-russia-polish-presidents-georgia-speech-remembered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiec-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiec_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/artykul/175569.html">"Lech Kaczyński: jesteśmy tu po to, by podjąć walkę"</a>. <i>Rzeczpospolita</i> (in Polish). 12 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111082310/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/175569.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rzeczpospolita&rft.atitle=Lech+Kaczy%C5%84ski%3A+jeste%C5%9Bmy+tu+po+to%2C+by+podj%C4%85%C4%87+walk%C4%99&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F175569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/russia-continues-criticism-of-missile-shield-during-poland-talks/a-3637378">"Russia continues criticism of missile shield during Poland talks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 9 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/polish-opposition-brands-russian-influence-bill-political-witchhunt-2023-05-26/">"Polish parliament passes Russian influence bill which opposition brands political witch hunt"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Polish+parliament+passes+Russian+influence+bill+which+opposition+brands+political+witch+hunt&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fpolish-opposition-brands-russian-influence-bill-political-witchhunt-2023-05-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/05/27/polish-parliament-passes-bill-to-create-commission-investigating-russian-influence/">"Polish parliament passes bill to create commission investigating Russian influence"</a>. 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+parliament+passes+bill+to+create+commission+investigating+Russian+influence&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2023%2F05%2F27%2Fpolish-parliament-passes-bill-to-create-commission-investigating-russian-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/polish-opposition-denounces-new-commission-to-probe-russian-influence/">"Polish opposition denounces new commission to probe Russian influence"</a>. 27 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polish+opposition+denounces+new+commission+to+probe+Russian+influence&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fpolish-opposition-denounces-new-commission-to-probe-russian-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/politics-election-poland-andrzej-duda-russia-law-donald-tusk-pis-civic-platform/">"Political uproar in Poland after Duda pledges to sign Kremlin commission law"</a>. 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+uproar+in+Poland+after+Duda+pledges+to+sign+Kremlin+commission+law&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fpolitics-election-poland-andrzej-duda-russia-law-donald-tusk-pis-civic-platform%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20230001030/O/D20231030.pdf">Ustawa z dnia 14 kwietnia 2023 r. o Państwowej Komisji do spraw badania wpływów rosyjskich na bezpieczeństwo wewnętrzne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 2007-2022</a> [An Act of April 14, 2023 on State Commission for investigating Russian influence on internal security of the Republic of Poland in the years 2007–2022] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Act) (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> (published 30 May 2023). 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ISN ETH Zurich. 18 November 2009. 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January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%2FRussia&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foec.world%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fbilateral-country%2Fpol%2Fpartner%2Frus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/03/10/polands-farewell-to-russian-oil-is-the-beginning-of-its-challenges-not-the-end/">"Poland's farewell to Russian oil is the beginning of its challenges, not the end"</a>. 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+farewell+to+Russian+oil+is+the+beginning+of+its+challenges%2C+not+the+end&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnotesfrompoland.com%2F2023%2F03%2F10%2Fpolands-farewell-to-russian-oil-is-the-beginning-of-its-challenges-not-the-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja">"Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych - Portal Gov.pl"</a>. <i>Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministerstwo+Spraw+Zagranicznych&rft.atitle=Ministerstwo+Spraw+Zagranicznych+-+Portal+Gov.pl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Fdyplomacja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poland.mid.ru//">"Главная - Посольство Российской Федерации в Польше"</a>. <i>poland.mid.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poland.mid.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoland.mid.ru%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoland%E2%80%93Russia+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Babiracki, Patryk. <i>Soviet Soft Power in Poland: Culture and the Making of Stalin's New Empire, 1943-1957</i> (UNC Press Books, 2015).</li> <li>Brown, Heather. "Post-Communist Poland and the European Union: Energy Policy and Relations with Russia." <i>The Polish Review</i> 61.3 (2016): 85-98.</li> <li>Cienciala, A. M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171128">Detective Work: Researching Soviet World War II Policy on Poland in Russian Archives (Moscow, 1994)</a>. <i>Cahiers Du Monde Russe</i>, 40(1/2), 251–269.</li> <li>Cieslak, Edmund. "Aspects of Baltic Sea-borne Trade in the XVIIIth Century: the Trade Relations between Sweden, Poland, Russia and Prussia." <i>Journal of European Economic History</i> 12.2 (1983): 239.</li> <li>Dąbrowski, Stanisław. "The Peace Treaty of Riga." <i>The Polish Review</i> (1960) 5#1: 3-34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776284">Online</a></li> <li>Dabrowski, Patrice M. "Russian–Polish Relations Revisited, or The ABC's of 'Treason' under Tsarist Rule", <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> – Volume 4, Number 1, Winter 2003, pp. 177–199 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/kritika/v004/4.1dabrowski.html">muse</a></li> <li>Eberhardt, Adam. "Relations between Poland and Russia." <i>Yearbook of Polish Foreign Policy</i> vol 1 (2007): 128-139.</li> <li>Fenny, Lucinda. <i>The representation of the Second World War in Polish cinema 1945-1970: directors, the state and the construction of memor</i> ( Diss. University of Oxford, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:450b9021-b38e-443a-9618-202b5af3eaf7/download_file?file_format=&safe_filename=Fenny_2020_The_representation_of.pdf&type_of_work=Thesis">online</a>.</li> <li>Goldman, Minton F., "Polish–Russian relations and the 2004 Ukrainian presidential elections", <i>East European Quarterly</i>, vol 22 (December 2006)</li> <li>Gross, Jan T. <i>Revolution from abroad: the Soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia</i> (Princeton University Press, 2002).</li> <li>Halecki, Oscar. "Polish–Russian Relations: Past and Present", <i>The Review of Politics</i>, Vol. 5, No. 3 (July 1943), pp. 322–338, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1404095">JSTOR</a></li> <li>Harding, Luke, <i>The Guardian</i>. 1 September 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/01/russia-poland-nazis-secret-documents">Fury as Russia presents 'evidence' Poland sided with Nazis before war</a></li> <li>Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." <i>Journal of Contemporary European Research</i> 7.1 (2011): 61–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcer.net/index.php/jcer/article/download/259/255">online</a></li> <li>Korbel, Josef. <i>Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy Toward Poland, 1919-1933</i> (Princeton University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Kuźniar, R. ed. <i>Poland's Security Policy 1989-2000</i> (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).</li> <li>Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "I. Russia, Poland and the Baltic, 1697–1721." <i>Historical Journal</i> 11.1 (1968): 3-34.</li> <li>Library of Congress, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/poland/89.htm">On Polish–Soviet relations in the early 1990s</a></li> <li>Litauer, Stefan. "The Rôle of Poland between Germany and Russia." <i>International Affairs</i> (1935): 654-673. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2601842">online</a></li> <li>Małowist, Marian. "Poland, Russia and Western trade in the 15th and 16th centuries." <i>Past & Present</i> 13 (1958): 26-41.</li> <li>Mastny, Vojtech. "The Soviet Non-invasion of Poland in 1980-1981 and the End of the Cold War." <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i> 1999 51(2): 189-211. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/153609">online</a></li> <li>Materski, Wojciech. "The Second Polish Republic in Soviet Foreign Policy (1918-1939)." <i>Polish Review</i> 45.3 (2000): 331–345. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779203">online</a></li> <li>Ochman, Ewa. "Soviet war memorials and the re-construction of national and local identities in post-communist Poland." <i>Nationalities Papers</i> 38.4 (2010): 509-530. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ewa-Ochman/publication/232861879_Soviet_war_memorials_and_the_re-construction_of_national_and_local_identities_in_post-communist_Poland/links/5d1f3f68a6fdcc2462c1f760/Soviet-war-memorials-and-the-re-construction-of-national-and-local-identities-in-post-communist-Poland.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Ochmann, Cornelius, Alexey Ignatiev, Petr Shopin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731083148/http://www.kices.org/downloads/KICES_WP_08.pdf">"Polish–Russian Relations"</a>, Koszalin Institute of Comparative European Studies, working paper</li> <li>Ouimet, Matthew J. "National Interest and the Question of Soviet Intervention in Poland, 1980-1981: Interpreting the Collapse of the 'Brezhnev Doctrine.'" <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i> 2000 78(4): 710-734. ISSN 0037-6795.</li> <li>Sanford, George. <i>Katyn and the Soviet massacre of 1940: truth, justice and memory</i> (Routledge, 2007).</li> <li>Sofia, Sukhinina. "Historical memory as a factor in the modern Poland–Germany and Russia–Poland relations: A comparative analysis." (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.spbu.ru/bitstream/11701/10994/1/Sukhinina_Factor_of_the_Historical_Memory.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Soroka, George. "Recalling Katyń: Poland, Russia, and the Interstate Politics of History." <i>East European Politics and Societies</i> 36.01 (2022): 328-355.</li> <li>STANISŁAWSKA, STEFANIA. "Soviet Policy Toward Poland 1926-1939." <i>The Polish Review</i> (1975): 30-39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27920629">online</a></li> <li>Sword, Keith. "British reactions to the Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland in September 1939." <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i> 69.1 (1991): 81-101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4210519">online</a></li> <li>Terry, Sarah Meiklejohn, ed. <i>Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe</i> (Yale University Press, 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300034806/soviet-policy-in-eastern-europe/">link</a></li> <li>Turkowski, Andrzej. "A Return to Prometheanism: The Space of Opinion on Polish–Russian Relations in Postcommunist Poland." <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i> (2022): 1-25.</li> <li>Wandycz, Piotr S. "Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921." in <i>Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921</i> (Harvard University Press, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674437210">Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921</a></li> <li>Zembrzuska, Agnieszka. "» The Socialist Model of Woman in Poland and its Soviet Prototype.«." <i>Topics in feminism, History and Philosophy</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.iwm.at/uploads/jc-06-02.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Zięba, Ryszard. <i>Poland's Foreign and Security Policy</i> Springer, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030306960">online</a></li> <li>Zięba, Ryszard. "Russia as the Main Problem in Polish Foreign and Security Policy." <i>Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy</i> (Springer, Cham, 2020). 55-93.</li> <li>Zyzniewski, Stanley J. "The Soviet Economic Impact on Poland." <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i> 18.2 (1959): 205-225.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poland%E2%80%93Russia_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lubecki, J. "In the Shadow of the Bear: Polish–Russian Relations 1999–2005" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois. 8 May 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p140989_index.html">allacademic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland_Foreign_relations_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Poland&#124;link=Poland_Foreign_relations_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Foreign relations of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Algeria–Poland relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Egypt–Poland relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Ethiopia–Poland relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kenya–Poland relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Libya–Poland relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mali–Poland relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Morocco–Poland relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Namibia–Poland relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Nigeria–Poland relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Poland–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Poland–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Poland–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Poland–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Poland–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Poland–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Poland–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Poland–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herb_Polski.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orzeł Biały"><img alt="Orzeł Biały" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/70px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/105px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/140px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Argentina–Poland relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Brazil–Poland relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Canada–Poland relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Chile–Poland relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Colombia–Poland relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Cuba–Poland relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Haiti–Poland relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mexico–Poland relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Peru–Poland relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Poland–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Poland–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Afghanistan–Poland relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Armenia–Poland relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Poland relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Bangladesh–Poland relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Georgia–Poland relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Indonesia–Poland relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iraq–Poland relations">Iraq</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Poland relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Israel–Poland relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Japan–Poland relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Poland relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Malaysia–Poland relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Mongolia–Poland relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="North Korea–Poland relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Pakistan–Poland relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Palestine–Poland relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Philippines–Poland relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Poland–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Poland–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Poland–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Poland–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Poland–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Poland–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Poland–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Poland–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Poland–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Albania–Poland relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Austria–Poland relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Belarus–Poland relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Belgium–Poland relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Bulgaria–Poland relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Croatia–Poland relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Cyprus–Poland relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Czech Republic–Poland relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Denmark–Poland relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Estonia–Poland relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Finland–Poland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="France–Poland relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Greece–Poland relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Holy See–Poland relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Hungary–Poland relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iceland–Poland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Ireland–Poland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Italy–Poland relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Kosovo–Poland relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Latvia–Poland relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Lithuania–Poland relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Luxembourg–Poland relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Moldova–Poland relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Netherlands–Poland relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Norway–Poland relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Poland–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Poland–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Poland–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Poland–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Poland–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Poland–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_polsko-szwajcarskie" class="extiw" title="pl:Stosunki polsko-szwajcarskie">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Poland–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Poland–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Australia–Poland relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="New Zealand–Poland relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–Poland relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Poland relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Poland–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Poland in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions of Poland">Diplomatic missions of Poland</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Poland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Poland">in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Russia&#124;link=Russia_Foreign_relations_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Angola–Russia relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Benin–Russia relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Botswana–Russia relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Russia relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Burundi–Russia relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cameroon–Russia relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Central African Republic–Russia relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–Russia relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Djibouti–Russia relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Egypt–Russia relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–Russia relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eritrea–Russia relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Eswatini–Russia relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ethiopia–Russia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Russia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–Russia relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ivory Coast–Russia relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kenya–Russia relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lesotho–Russia relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Libya–Russia relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Madagascar–Russia relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mali–Russia relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritania–Russia relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mauritius–Russia relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Morocco–Russia relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mozambique–Russia relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Namibia–Russia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nigeria–Russia relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Russia–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Russia–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="Russia–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Russia–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Russia–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Russia–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Russia–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Russia–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Russia–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="Russia–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="Russia–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Argentina–Russia relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bolivia–Russia relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Canada–Russia relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Chile–Russia relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Colombia–Russia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Costa Rica–Russia relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cuba–Russia relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ecuador–Russia relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guatemala–Russia relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Guyana–Russia relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Honduras–Russia relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mexico–Russia relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nicaragua–Russia relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Panama–Russia relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Paraguay–Russia relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Peru–Russia relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Russia–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Russia–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Russia–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Afghanistan–Russia relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Russia relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bahrain–Russia relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bangladesh–Russia relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bhutan–Russia relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brunei–Russia relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cambodia–Russia relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="East Timor–Russia relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Georgia–Russia relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Abkhazia–Russia relations">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Ossetia_relations" title="Russia–South Ossetia relations">South Ossetia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Indonesia–Russia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iraq–Russia relations">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kurdistan Region–Russia relations">Kurdistan Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Japan–Russia relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Jordan–Russia relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kazakhstan–Russia relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kuwait–Russia relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Laos–Russia relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lebanon–Russia relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malaysia–Russia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Maldives–Russia relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Mongolia–Russia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Myanmar–Russia relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nepal–Russia relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Oman–Russia relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Pakistan–Russia relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Palestine–Russia relations">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Philippines–Russia relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Qatar–Russia relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Russia–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Russia–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Russia–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Russia–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Russia–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Russia–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Russia–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Russia–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Russia–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Russia–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Russia–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Albania–Russia relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Austria–Russia relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belarus–Russia relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Belgium–Russia relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Russia relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Bulgaria–Russia relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Croatia–Russia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Cyprus–Russia relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Denmark–Russia relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Finland–Russia relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="France–Russia relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Greece–Russia relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Hungary–Russia relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iceland–Russia relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ireland–Russia relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Italy–Russia relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Liechtenstein–Russia relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luxembourg–Russia relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Malta–Russia relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Moldova–Russia relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Transnistria_relations" title="Russia–Transnistria relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Monaco–Russia relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Montenegro–Russia relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Netherlands–Russia relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Macedonia–Russia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Norway–Russia relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Portugal–Russia relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Romania–Russia relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Russia–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Russia–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Russia–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Russia–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Russia–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Russia–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Russia–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations">Donetsk PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations">Luhansk PR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Russia–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Holy See–Russia relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Australia–Russia relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Fiji–Russia relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Nauru–Russia relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="New Zealand–Russia relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Russia–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="Russia–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_Russia" title="Arctic policy of Russia">Arctic policy of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:Russia and the Antarctic">Russia and the Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Abroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Abroad">Near Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:70px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Russia">Diplomatic missions of Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Russia" title="List of diplomatic missions in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">European energy sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_military_cooperation_agreements_with_other_countries" title="List of Russian military cooperation agreements with other countries">Military Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Russia" title="Category:Treaties of Russia">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia" title="Military doctrine of Russia">Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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