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href="#3rd_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>3rd century BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>2nd century BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_century_BCE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_century_BCE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>1st century BCE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_century_BCE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2nd_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2nd_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2nd century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2nd_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3rd_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3rd_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>3rd century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3rd_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>4th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>5th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>6th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>7th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>8th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-9th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#9th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>9th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-9th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-10th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>10th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>11th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>12th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Printed sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of Buddhism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="বৌদ্ধধর্মের সময়রেখা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৌদ্ধধর্মের সময়রেখা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="बौद्ध धर्म के टाइमलाइन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म के टाइमलाइन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casov%C3%A1_osa_buddhismu" title="Časová osa buddhismu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Časová osa buddhismu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeittafel_zum_Buddhismus" title="Zeittafel zum Buddhismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeittafel zum Buddhismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_del_budismo" title="Anexo:Cronología del budismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología del budismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronologio_de_budhismo" title="Kronologio de budhismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kronologio de budhismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म का कालक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म का कालक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_waktu_Buddhisme" title="Garis waktu Buddhisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis waktu Buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_buddhizmus_id%C5%91rend_szerint" title="A buddhizmus időrend szerint – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A buddhizmus időrend szerint" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="बौद्ध धर्मक समयरेखा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बौद्ध धर्मक समयरेखा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ബുദ്ധമതത്തിന്റെ നാഴികകല്ലുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുദ്ധമതത്തിന്റെ നാഴികകല്ലുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्माचा कालानुक्रम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बौद्ध धर्माचा कालानुक्रम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၏ အချိန်မှတ်တမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ၏ အချိန်မှတ်တမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdlijn_van_het_boeddhisme" title="Tijdlijn van het boeddhisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tijdlijn van het boeddhisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="بدھ مت دی ٹائم لائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بدھ مت دی ٹائم لائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6" title="កាលប្បវត្តិព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាលប្បវត្តិព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddyzm_%E2%80%93_kalendarium" title="Buddyzm – kalendarium – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buddyzm – kalendarium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_do_budismo" title="Cronologia do budismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cronologia do budismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Буддийская хронология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддийская хронология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="බෞද්ධ ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෞද්ධ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хронологија будизма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хронологија будизма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronologija_budizma" title="Hronologija budizma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hronologija budizma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82" title="బౌద్ధమతం కాలక్రమం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బౌద్ధమతం కాలక్రమం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98" title="เส้นเวลาของศาสนาพุทธ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นเวลาของศาสนาพุทธ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizm_kronolojisi" title="Budizm kronolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Budizm kronolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a 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title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Buddhism from the birth of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> to the present. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="color:black; border-top:1px solid dimgray; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; margin-top:10pt; margin-bottom:10pt"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="12" style="text-align:left; border-bottom:1px solid dimgray; background:WhiteSmoke; padding-left:10pt; padding-top:3pt; padding-bottom:3pt"> <p><span style="font-size:small;color:black;"><b>Timeline: Development and propagation of Buddhist traditions</b></span> <span style="font-size:small;color:dimgray;">(c. 450 BCE – c. 1300 CE)</span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="100"></td> <td width="70"></td> <td width="20"></td> <td width="140"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="60"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="80"></td> <td width="100"></td> </tr> <tr style="color:DimGray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>450 BCE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>250 BCE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>100 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>500 CE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>700 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>800 CE</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>1200 CE</b></span></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">India</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="5" colspan="1" style="border-left:1pt solid gray; border-top:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:#FFFFC0; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:8pt"><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism"><b>Early<br />Sangha</b></a></p></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:yellow; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="7" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-right:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="5"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="background:yellow; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></b></span></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></b></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; background:yellow"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:yellow"> <p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> <td colspan="8" style="border-right:1pt solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:8pt"><i><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; border-left:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="border-top:1pt solid gray; background:gold; text-align:center"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="7" style="border-left:1pt solid gray; background:gold; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></b></span></td> </tr><tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="6" style="border-left:1px solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:gold"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="7" colspan="7"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="7" colspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <p><span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></b></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 0; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 1pt dashed gray; background:indianred; text-align:center; font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 1pt dashed gray; background:indianred; text-align:center; font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 0; background:indianred"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 1pt dashed gray; background:indianred; text-align:center; font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Dagpo_Kagyu" title="Dagpo Kagyu">Dagpo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 1pt dashed gray; background:indianred; text-align:center; font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 0; background:indianred; text-align:center"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="border:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; border-bottom:0; border-left: 1pt dashed gray; background:indianred; text-align:center; font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:10pt"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asia</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="9" colspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="9" colspan="2" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-right:0; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:8pt"><span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></span><br />and <span style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana#Origins" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:7pt">(via <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">the silk road</a><br />to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism#The_first_translations" title="Chinese Buddhism">China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi#Trade_with_countries_to_the_west_including_the_Roman_Empire" title="Jiaozhi">ocean</a><br />contact from India to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam#Dynastic_period" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a>)</span></p> </td> <td style="background:#E6C220; border-top: 1px solid gray;"></td> <td colspan="5" style="background:indianred; border:0; border-left:none; border-top: 1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Tangmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangmi">Tangmi</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E6C220"></td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#E6C220; border:0; border-left:1px dashed gray; border-top: 1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Nanto_Rokush%C5%AB" title="Nanto Rokushū">Nara (Rokushū)</a></p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1pt dashed gray; border-bottom:0; background:indianred; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:6pt"><b><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></b></p></span> </td> </tr> <tr><td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="border:0; border-bottom:1pt dashed gray; background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="4" style="border:0; border-top:0; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:peru"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-left:1pt dashed gray; background:peru; text-align:center;font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Thi%E1%BB%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Thiền">Thiền</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Seon</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border:0; border-bottom:1pt dashed gray; background:peru"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border:0; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-left: 1px dashed gray; background:peru; text-align:center;font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></td> </tr> <tr><td rowspan="4" colspan="3" style="border:0; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><b><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></b> / <b><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Jìngtǔ</a></b></span></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:0; border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-left:0; border-right:0; background:peru"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom:1pt solid gray; border-left:1pt dashed gray; background:peru; text-align:center;font-size:8pt"><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></td> <td colspan="2" style="border:0; background:peru"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:2pt; background:peru;"> </td> <td style="border:1pt solid gray; border-left:1pt dashed gray; border-right:0; background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:6pt"><b><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></b></p></span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:2pt; background:peru; border-bottom:1px solid gray;"> </td> <td style="border:1pt solid gray; border-left:1pt dashed gray; border-right:0; border-top:0; background:peru; text-align:center"> <span style="font-family:Arial"><p style="font-size:6pt"><b><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></b></p></span> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="padding-left:5pt"><p style="font-size:8pt"><i><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Tarim Basin</a></i></p></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2"><p style="font-size:13pt"> </p></td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></p> </td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="5"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="4"><p style="font-size:1pt"> </p></td> </tr><tr> <td rowspan="1" colspan="5" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray; text-align:center"> <p style="font-size:6pt"><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road Buddhism</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"><p style="font-size:2pt"> </p></td></tr> <tr style="color:dimgray"> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; height:4pt"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>450 BCE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>250 BCE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>100 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt; font-family:Tahoma"><b>500 CE</b></span></td> <td style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>700 CE</b></span></td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right:1pt solid black; padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>800 CE</b></span></td> <td style="padding-left:2pt; height:4pt"> <span style="font-size:7pt;font-family:Tahoma"><b>1200 CE</b></span></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12"> <table width="100%" style="border-top:1px solid dimgray; color:black; background:WhiteSmoke; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="10"> </td> <td width="100"><b>Legend:</b></td> <td width="20" style="background:gold; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="150">= <b><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></b></td> <td width="20" style="background:peru; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="150">= <b><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></b></td> <td width="20" style="background:indianred; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="150">= <b><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></b></td> <td width="20" style="background:#E6C220; border:1px solid gray"> </td> <td width="150">= Various / syncretic</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates">Dates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6th–5th_century_BCE"><span id="6th.E2.80.935th_century_BCE"></span>6th–5th century BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 6th–5th century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 563 BCE or c. 480 BCE</td> <td>The Birth of <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>. The approximate date of Gautama Buddha's birth and death are uncertain. Most historians in the early 20th century dated his lifetime as circa 563 BCE to 483 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200310–13_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200310–13-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently his death is dated later, between 411 and 400 BCE, while at a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented definite opinions gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish20082_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish20082-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 413–345 BCE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shishunaga" title="Shishunaga">Shishunaga</a>, a minister of the ruling Hiranyaka dynasty of Magadha, is placed on the throne and begins the <a href="/wiki/Shishunaga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishunaga dynasty">Shishunaga dynasty</a>, after the sitting king is deposed by the people. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_century_BCE">4th century BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 4th century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>383 BCE or c. 330 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Buddhist council">Second Buddhist council</a> is convened by Kalasoka of the <a href="/wiki/Shishunaga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishunaga dynasty">Shishunaga dynasty</a> and held in <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>. The Sangha divides into the <a href="/wiki/Sthaviravadins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthaviravadins">Sthaviravadins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahasanghikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasanghikas">Mahasanghikas</a> led by the monk Mahādeva, primarily over the question of addition or subtraction of rules from the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>345–321 BCE</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> briefly predominates in Magadha over the Shishunagas.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>326 BCE</td> <td>Alexander the Great reaches North West India. The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> that arise in the aftermath has a large influence upon the development of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 324 BCE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrrho" title="Pyrrho">Pyrrho</a>, a philosopher in Alexander the Great's court, may have learnt elements of Buddhist philosophy in India from the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosophists" title="Gymnosophists">gymnosophists</a>. Parts of Buddhism, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">three marks of existence</a>, may have influenced his new philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a> which he introduces into <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 321 – c. 297 BCE</td> <td>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>, grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, who subdues the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> by c. 320 BCE, and gradually conquers much of northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-sen26_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen26-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3rd_century_BCE">3rd century BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3rd century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250 BCE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist council">Third Buddhist council</a>, convened by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> and chaired by <a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta-Tissa" title="Moggaliputta-Tissa">Moggaliputta-Tissa</a>, compiles the <i><a href="/wiki/Kath%C4%81vatthu" title="Kathāvatthu">Kathāvatthu</a></i> to refute the heretical views and theories held by some Buddhist sects. <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in support of Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250 BCE</td> <td>Ashoka sends various <a href="/wiki/Ashoka#Dharma" title="Ashoka">Buddhist missionaries</a> to faraway countries, as far as China, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> kingdoms in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> kingdoms in the west, in order to make Buddhism known to them. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250 BCE</td> <td>First-fully developed examples of <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a> script in the inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Garhi" title="Shahbaz Garhi">Shahbaz Garhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansehra_District" title="Mansehra District">Mānsehrā</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250 BCE</td> <td>Indian traders regularly visit ports in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, explaining the prevalence of place names in the region with Indian or Buddhist origin; e.g., <i>bahar</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>vihara</i> (a Buddhist monastery). Ashokan emissary monks bring Buddhism to <a href="/wiki/Suvarnabhumi" title="Suvarnabhumi">Suvarnabhumi</a>, the location of which is disputed. The <i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABpava%E1%B9%83sa" title="Dīpavaṃsa">Dīpavaṃsa</a></i> says it was a Mon seafaring settlement in present-day <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 220 BCE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> is officially introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, son of Ashoka, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_century_BCE">2nd century BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2nd century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>185 BCE</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a> overthrows the Maurya Empire and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a>, apparently starting a wave of persecution against Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>180 BCE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a> invades India as far as <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> and establishes the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> (180–10 BCE), under which Buddhism flourishes. </td></tr> <tr> <td>165–130 BCE</td> <td>Reign of the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a>, who converts to Buddhism under the sage <a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a> according to the account of the <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Panha</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>121 BCE</td> <td>The Chinese Emperor <a href="/wiki/Han_Wudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Wudi">Han Wudi</a> (156–87 BCE) receives two golden statues of <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">the Buddha</a>, according to inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_century_BCE">1st century BCE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1st century BCE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 55 BCE</td> <td>The Indo-Greek governor <a href="/wiki/Theodorus_(meridarch)" title="Theodorus (meridarch)">Theodorus</a> enshrines relics of the Buddha, dedicating them to the deified "Lord <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni">Shakyamuni</a>." </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 BCE</td> <td>According to the Sinhalese chronicles, the content of the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> is written down in the reign of King <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaṭṭagamiṇi</i></span> (29–17 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1912_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1912-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 BCE</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hou_Hanshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hou Hanshu">Hou Hanshu</a> records the visit in 2 BCE of <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> envoys to the Chinese capital, who give oral teachings on <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist sutras">Buddhist sutras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1st_century">1st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ying_(prince)" title="Liu Ying (prince)">Liu Ying</a>'s sponsorship of Buddhism is the first documented case of Buddhist practices in China. </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> comes to China with the two monks <a href="/wiki/Kasyapa_Matanga" title="Kasyapa Matanga">Kasyapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmaraksha">Dharmaraksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is officially established in China with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Temple" title="White Horse Temple">White Horse Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leffman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leffman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bao_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bao-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>, a Chinese General, subdues the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 78–101</td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a> takes place under <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushana</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>'s reign, near <a href="/wiki/Jalandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandar">Jalandar</a>, India. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2nd_century">2nd century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2nd century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td>The Kushans, under <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, establish a kingdom centered on <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, also taking control of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarkant_County" title="Yarkant County">Yarkand</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>148</td> <td><a href="/wiki/An_Shigao" title="An Shigao">An Shigao</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> prince and Buddhist monk, arrives in China and proceeds to make the first translations of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> texts into Chinese. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 150–250</td> <td>Indian and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> Buddhists travel to Vietnam. </td></tr> <tr> <td>178</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> travels to the Chinese capital of <a href="/wiki/Loyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyang">Loyang</a> and becomes the first known translator of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> texts into Chinese. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3rd_century">3rd century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 3rd century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250</td> <td>Use of <a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoṣṭhī</a> script in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> stops. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 250–350</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharoṣṭhī</a> script is used in the southern <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niya_Town" title="Niya Town">Niya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>296</td> <td>The earliest surviving Chinese Buddhist manuscript dates from this year (<i>Zhu Fo Yao Ji Jing</i>, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, late 2005). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4th_century">4th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 4th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>320–467</td> <td>The university at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> grows to support 3,000–10,000 monks. </td></tr> <tr> <td>372</td> <td>The monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sundo_(monk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sundo (monk) (page does not exist)">Sundo</a> (順道, or Shundao in Chinese) was sent by <a href="/wiki/Fu_Jian_(337%E2%80%93385)" title="Fu Jian (337–385)">Fu Jian (337–385)</a> (苻堅) of Former Qin to the court of the King <a href="/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo" title="Sosurim of Goguryeo">Sosurim of Goguryeo</a>, in modern-day Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-buswell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buswell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, paper making was established in Korea. </td></tr> <tr> <td>384</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharan</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Marananta" title="Marananta">Marananta</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, in modern-day Korea, and the royal family received the strain of Buddhism he brought. <a href="/wiki/Asin_of_Baekje" title="Asin of Baekje">King Asin of Baekje</a> proclaimed, "people should believe in Buddhism and seek happiness."<sup id="cite_ref-buswell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buswell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>399–414</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> travels from China to India, then returns to translate Buddhist works into Chinese. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5th_century">5th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 5th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 5th century</td> <td>The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> (centered in modern <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>) begins to advocate Buddhism in a departure from <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. Earliest evidence of Buddhism in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> inscriptions). Earliest evidence of Buddhism in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> (statues). Earliest reinterpretations of Pali texts. The stupa at <a href="/wiki/Dambulla" title="Dambulla">Dambulla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) is constructed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>402</td> <td>At the request of <a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a> travels to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and translates many Buddhist texts into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>403</td> <td>In China, <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Huiyuan" title="Lushan Huiyuan">Lushan Huiyuan</a> argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor. </td></tr> <tr> <td>405</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yao_Xing" title="Yao Xing">Yao Xing</a> honours <a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>425</td> <td>Buddhism reaches <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>464</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhabhadra_(Shaolin_abbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhabhadra (Shaolin abbot)">Buddhabhadra</a> reaches China to preach Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>485</td> <td>Five monks from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> travel to the country of <a href="/wiki/Fusang" title="Fusang">Fusang</a> (Japan, or possibly the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>), where they introduce Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>495</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> is built in the name of Buddhabhadra, by edict of emperor Wei Xiao Wen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6th_century">6th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 6th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>527</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a> settles into the Shaolin Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province of China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>531–579</td> <td>Reign of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a>, who orders the translation of <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a> into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>538 or 552</td> <td>Buddhism is introduced to Japan via <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>), according to <a href="/wiki/Nihonshoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonshoki">Nihonshoki</a>; some scholars place this event in 538. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 575</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> adherents enter <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> from China. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="7th_century">7th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 7th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>607</td> <td>A Japanese imperial envoy is dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a>, China to obtain copies of sutras. </td></tr> <tr> <td>616–634</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jingwan" title="Jingwan">Jingwan</a> begins carving sutras onto stone at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fangshan,_Yuzhou,_Henan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fangshan, Yuzhou, Henan (page does not exist)">Fangshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuzhou_(ancient_China)" title="Yuzhou (ancient China)">Yuzhou</a>, 75km southwest of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>617–649</td> <td>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, who is traditionally held to be the first Tibetan King to promote the bringing of Buddhism to Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>627–645</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> travels to India, noting the persecution of Buddhists by <a href="/wiki/Sasanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanka">Sasanka</a> (king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gauda" title="Kingdom of Gauda">Gauda</a>, a state in northwest <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>) before returning to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> in China to translate Buddhist scriptures. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 650</td> <td>End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>671</td> <td>Chinese Buddhist pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Yijing_(monk)" title="Yijing (monk)">Yijing</a> visits <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and reports over 1000 Buddhist monks in residence. </td></tr> <tr> <td>671</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> after studying Chinese <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> Buddhism and founds the <a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a> school. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8th_century">8th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 8th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 8th century</td> <td>Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a> are translated into <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Kalilag_and_Damnag" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalilag and Damnag">Kalilag and Damnag</a>. An account of Buddha's life is translated into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a> and widely circulated among <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> as the story of <a href="/wiki/Barlaam_and_Josaphat" title="Barlaam and Josaphat">Barlaam and Josaphat</a>. By the 14th century, this story of Josaphat becomes so popular that he is made a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Saint">Catholic Saint</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>736</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> is transmitted to Japan via <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, when <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a> invites the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> <a href="/wiki/Hwaeom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwaeom">Hwaeom</a> monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simsang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simsang (page does not exist)">Simsang</a> to lecture, and formally founds Japan's <a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a> tradition in the <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> temple. </td></tr> <tr> <td>743–754</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a> attempts to reach Japan eleven times, succeeding in 754 to establish the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a> school, which specialises in the <i><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">vinaya</a></i> (monastic rules). </td></tr> <tr> <td>760–830</td> <td>Construction is begun on <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a>, the famous Indonesian Buddhist structure. It is completed as a Buddhist monument in 830, after about 50 years of work.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="9th_century">9th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 9th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>804</td> <td>Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Emperor Kanmu</a> of Japan, a fleet of four ships sets sail for mainland China. Of the two ships that arrive, one carries the monk <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>—recently ordained by the Japanese government as a <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a>—who absorbs <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> teachings in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and returns to Japan to found the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> school. The other ship carries the monk <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a>, who returns to Japan to found the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school, partly based upon the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a> tradition. </td></tr> <tr> <td>838 to 841</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a> rules in Tibet, and persecutes Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td>838–847</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ennin" title="Ennin">Ennin</a>, a priest of the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school, travels in China for nine years. He reaches both the famous Buddhist mountain of <a href="/wiki/Wutaishan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wutaishan">Wutaishan</a> and the Chinese capital, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, keeping a detailed diary that is a primary source for this period of Chinese history, including the Buddhist persecution. </td></tr> <tr> <td>841–846</td> <td>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Wuzong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (given name: <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wuzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Wuzong of Tang">Li Yan</a>) reigns in China; he is one of three Chinese emperors to prohibit Buddhism. From 843 to 845, Wuzong carries out the <a href="/wiki/Great_Anti-Buddhist_Persecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution">Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution</a>, permanently weakening the institutional structure of Buddhism in China. </td></tr> <tr> <td>859</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Dongshan_Liangjie" title="Dongshan Liangjie">Dongshan Liangjie</a> and his disciples in southern China. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_century">10th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 10th century</td> <td>Buddhist temple construction commences at <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 10th century</td> <td>In Tibet, a strong Buddhist revival is begun. </td></tr> <tr> <td>971</td> <td>Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> commissions <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a> woodcarvers to carve the entire Buddhist canon for printing. Work is completed in 983; 130,000 blocks are produced, in total. </td></tr> <tr> <td>911</td> <td>A printed copy of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> Buddhist canon arrives in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, impressing the government. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 11th century</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konchog_Gyalpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konchog Gyalpo (page does not exist)">Konchog Gyalpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a>, and others introduce the <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma</a> lineages into Tibet. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>'s Lý dynasty begins, which is partly brought about by an alliance with the Buddhist monkhood. Ly emperors patronize <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, in addition to traditional spirits. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> begins carving its own woodblock print edition of the Buddhist canon. No completion date is known; the canon is continuously expanded, with the arrival of new texts from China. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1017</td> <td>In Southeast Asia, and especially in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, the Bhikkhuni (Buddhist nuns) Order dies out due to invasions. The bhikkhu line in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is later revived with bhikkhus from <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, a Buddhist kingdom based in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, is raided by the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> empire of southern India; it survives, but declines in importance. Shortly after the raid, the centre of the kingdom moves northward from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jambi-Melayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi-Melayu">Jambi-Melayu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1056</td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> converts to <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1057</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Thaton" title="Thaton">Thaton</a> Lower Burma, strengthening <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism in the country. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1063</td> <td>A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>' printed canon arrives in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> from mainland China. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1070</td> <td>Bhikkhus from Pagan arrive in <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> to reinstate the Theravada ordination line. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1084–1112</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Kyansittha" title="Kyansittha">Kyansittha</a> reigns. He completes the building of the <a href="/wiki/Shwezigon_Pagoda" title="Shwezigon Pagoda">Shwezigon Pagoda</a>, a shrine for relics of the Buddha, including a tooth brought from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. Various inscriptions refer to him as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraja_(Buddhism)" title="Dharmaraja (Buddhism)">dharmaraja</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century">12th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1100–1125</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Huizong of Song China">Huizong</a> reigns during the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and outlaws Buddhism to promote <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">the Dao</a>. He is one of three Chinese emperors to have prohibited Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1133–1212</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> establishes <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a> Buddhism as an independent sect in Japan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1164</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> destroyed by foreign invasion. With the guidance of two forest monks – Ven. <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81kassapa_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahākassapa Thera">Mahākassapa Thera</a> and Ven. <a href="/wiki/S%C4%81riputta_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sāriputta Thera">Sāriputta Thera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a> reunites all bhikkhus in Sri Lanka into the <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihara</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1171</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> of Pagan upon request of King <a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I" title="Vijayabahu I">Vijayabahu I</a> of Ceylon sends monks and scriptures to restart Buddhism in the island kingdom. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1181</td> <td>The self-styled <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, a devout follower of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism (though he also patronised <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>), assumes control of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a> kingdom. He constructs the <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a>, the most prominent Buddhist structure in the <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> temple complex. This sets the stage for the later conversion of the Khmer people to <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1190</td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Narapatisithu" title="Narapatisithu">Sithu II</a> of Pagan realigns Burmese Buddhism with the <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihara</a> school of Ceylon. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1200</td> <td>The great Buddhist educational centre at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, India, (the origin of Buddhism) where various subjects were taught subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>, is sacked, looted and burnt by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Bakhtiyar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1222</td> <td>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Daishonin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Daishonin">Nichiren Daishonin</a> (1222–1282), the Japanese founder of Nichiren Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1227</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dogen_Zenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen Zenji">Dogen Zenji</a> takes the <a href="/wiki/Caodong" class="mw-redirect" title="Caodong">Caodong</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> from China to Japan as the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> sect. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1236</td> <td>Bhikkhus from Kañcipuram, India, arrive in Sri Lanka to revive the Theravada ordination line. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1238</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Thai_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai ethnic groups">Thai</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai kingdom">Sukhothai</a> is established, with <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhism as the state religion. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1244</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eiheiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Eiheiji">Eiheiji</a> Soto Zen Temple and Monastery are established by <a href="/wiki/Dogen_Zenji" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogen Zenji">Dogen Zenji</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1250</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> overtakes <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>—previously practised alongside <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>—as the dominant form of Buddhism in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> is an influence in this change. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1260–1270</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> makes the Buddhism (especially the Tibetan Buddhism) the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a> and appointing <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (tribe)">Sakya</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptors</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1279–1298</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhothai kingdom">Sukhothai</a>'s third and most famous ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng the Great">Ram Khamhaeng</a> (Rama the Bold), reigns and makes vassals of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, much of modern <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>), and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, thus giving rise to Sukhothai artistic tradition. After Ram Khamhaeng's death, Sukhothai loses control of its territories as its vassals become independent. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1285</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> makes the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> a Buddhist state. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1287</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Empire">Pagan Empire</a>, the largest Theravada kingdom of Southeast Asia, falls due to <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Mongol invasions</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1295</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ghazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Ghazan">Ghazan Khan</a> is converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, ending a line of <a href="/wiki/Tantrayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantrayana">Tantric Buddhist</a> leaders. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1300</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a> records some eleven Buddhist texts circulating in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> translation, amongst which the Sukhavati-vyuha and Karanda-vyuha Sutras are recognizable. Portions of the Samyutta and Anguttara-Nikayas, along with parts of the Maitreya-vyakarana, are identified in this collection. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1305–1316</td> <td>Buddhists in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a> attempt to convert <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uldjaitu_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uldjaitu Khan (page does not exist)">Uldjaitu Khan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1312</td> <td>In the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> tradition during the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Mugai_Nyodai" title="Mugai Nyodai">Mugai Nyodai</a> became the first female abbess and thus the first ordained female <a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1321</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sojiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sojiji">Sojiji</a> Soto Zen Temple and Monastery established by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keizan_Zenji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keizan Zenji (page does not exist)">Keizan Zenji</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1351</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, U Thong, possibly the son of a <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> merchant family, establishes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayutthya_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayutthya (city) (page does not exist)">Ayutthaya</a> as his capital and takes the name of <a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramathibodi I">Ramathibodi</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1391–1474</td> <td>Gyalwa Gendun Drubpa, first <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1405–1431</td> <td>The Chinese eunuch admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">seven voyages</a> in this period, through <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">southeast Asia</a>, India, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, East Africa, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. At the time, Buddhism is well-established in China, so visited peoples may have had exposure to Chinese Buddhism. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1578</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a> gives the title of <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> to <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> (later known as the third Dalai Lama). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>c. 1600-1700s</td> <td>When <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> divides during this period, the Nguyễn rulers of the south choose to support <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism as an integrative ideology for the ethnically plural society of their kingdom, which is also populated by <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Chams</a> and other minorities. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1614</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyotomi">Toyotomi</a> family rebuilds a great image of Buddha at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_of_Hokoji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple of Hokoji (page does not exist)">Temple of Hōkōji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyōtō</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1615</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> Mongols convert to the <a href="/wiki/Geluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Geluk">Geluk</a> school of Tibetan Buddhism. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1635</td> <td>In Zanabazar, the first <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutughtu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jebtsundamba Khutughtu">Jebtsundamba Khutughtu</a> is born as a great-grandson of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abadai_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abadai Khan (page does not exist)">Abadai Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1642</td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%BCshi_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Güüshi Khan">Güüshi Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshuud" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoshuud">Khoshuud</a> donates the sovereignty of Tibet to the fifth Dalai Lama. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1753</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> reinstatement of monks ordination from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> – the Siyam Nikaya lineage. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1802–1820</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyễn Ánh">Nguyễn Ánh</a> comes to the throne of the first united <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>; he succeeds by quelling the <a href="/wiki/Tayson_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayson rebellion">Tayson rebellion</a> in south Vietnam with help from <a href="/wiki/Rama_I" title="Rama I">Rama I</a> in Bangkok, then takes over the north from the remaining Trinh. After coming to power, he creates a <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucianist</a> orthodox state and is eager to limit the competing influence of Buddhism. He forbids adult men to attend Buddhist ceremonies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1820–1841</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> reigns in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, further restricting Buddhism. He insists that all monks be assigned to <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a> and carry identification documents. He also places new restrictions on printed material and begins the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> missionaries and converts that his successors (not without provocation) continue. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1844</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peabody" title="Elizabeth Peabody">Elizabeth Peabody</a> became the first person to translate any Buddhist scripture into English, translating a chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> from its French translation.<sup id="cite_ref-ford_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851–1868</td> <td>In Thailand, King <a href="/wiki/Mongkut" title="Mongkut">Mongkut</a>—himself a former monk—conducts a campaign to reform and modernise the monkhood, a movement that has continued in the present century under the inspiration of several great ascetic monks from the northeast part of the country. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, against all expectations, the monastic and lay communities bring about a major revival in Buddhism, a movement that goes hand in hand with growing nationalism; the revival follows a period of persecution by foreign powers. Since then, Buddhism has flourished, and Sri Lankan monks and expatriate lay people have been prominent in spreading Theravada Buddhism in Asia, the West, and even in Africa. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1879</td> <td>A council is convened under the patronage of King <a href="/wiki/Mindon_Min" title="Mindon Min">Mindon</a> of Burma to re-edit the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a> canon. The king has the texts engraved on <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_largest_book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World largest book (page does not exist)">729 stones</a>, which are then set upright on the grounds of a monastery near <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Madame Blavatsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Henry_Steel_Olcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Henry Steel Olcott">Colonel Olcott</a> became the first Westerners to receive the refuges and precepts, the ceremony by which one traditionally becomes a Buddhist; thus Blavatsky was the first Western woman to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1882</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jade_Buddha_Temple" title="Jade Buddha Temple">Jade Buddha Temple</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, with two Jade Buddha statues imported from Burma. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884</td> <td>Irish-born <a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a> ordained in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>; first named but not first known western <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhu</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1893</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/World_Parliament_of_Religions" class="mw-redirect" title="World Parliament of Religions">World Parliament of Religions</a> meets in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Soyen Shaku</a> attend. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1896</td> <td>Using <a href="/wiki/Fa_Xian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa Xian">Fa Xian</a>'s records, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepalese</a> archaeologists rediscover the great stone pillar of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1899</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Douglas_(monk)" title="Gordon Douglas (monk)">Gordon Douglas</a> is ordained in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>; until recently thought to be the first Westerner to be ordained in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>1902</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Charles Henry Allan Bennett</a> a British national ordains as a Theravada monk in Ceylon as Bhikkhu <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Out_of_darkness_into_the_light" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Ananda Metteyya</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td>Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Brotherly_bonds_of_all_mankind" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">International Buddhist Society</a> known as Buddhasāsana Samāgama which went on to gain official representatives in Austria, Burma, Ceylon, China, Germany, Italy, America, and England. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td>First publication of periodical <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Brotherly_bonds_of_all_mankind" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Buddhism: An Illustrated Review</a>, goes on to appear on 500 to 600 reading tables of libraries across Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> <td>First continental European, Anton Walther Florus Gueth, was accepted into the Sangha as <a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Ñāṇatiloka Bhikkhu</a>. Ñāṇatiloka went on to become the father of western monks in Ceylon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Buddhist_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i> forms. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">Charles Henry Allan Bennett</a> a British national previously ordained as a Theravada monk as Bhikkhu Ananda Metteyya in Burma leads the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#First_Buddhist_mission_to_England" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">First Buddhist Mission</a> to the West. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td>Release of the periodical <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Buddhist_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">The Buddhist Review</a></i> (1909 to 1922) by <i>The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911</td> <td><a href="/wiki/U_Dhammaloka" title="U Dhammaloka">U Dhammaloka</a> tried for sedition for opposition to Christian missionaries in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912</td> <td>The German monk <a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a> founded the first monastery for Western Theravada monks, the <a href="/wiki/Island_Hermitage" title="Island Hermitage">Island Hermitage</a>, in Sri Lanka. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zenshuji" class="mw-redirect" title="Zenshuji">Zenshuji Soto Mission</a> is founded as the first Soto Zen temple in North America. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td>Officially <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Allan_Bennett#Buddhist_Society_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Charles Henry Allan Bennett">The Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland</a></i> dissolved in 1925 and superseded by the Buddhist Lodge in London, in 1926. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a> is founded in Japan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> is returned to partial Buddhist control. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Fellowship_of_Buddhists" title="World Fellowship of Buddhists">World Fellowship of Buddhists</a> is founded in Colombo, Sri Lanka. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Dharmaduta_Society" title="German Dharmaduta Society">German Dharmaduta Society</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Asoka_Weeraratna" title="Asoka Weeraratna">Asoka Weeraratna</a> in Colombo, Sri Lanka on September 21, 1952, to spread Buddhism in Germany and other western countries.It was originally known as Lanka Dhammaduta Society. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953</td> <td><i>The Buddhist Lodge</i> had changed its name and was known as the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society" title="Buddhist Society">Buddhist Society</a>. It had relocated to its current address in Eccleston Square. Notably its journals have been <i>Buddhism</i> and <i>The Middle Way</i> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Humphreys" title="Christmas Humphreys">Christmas Humphreys</a> was its president from 1926 until his death 1983. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Buddhist Council">Sixth Buddhist Council</a> is held in Rangoon, Burma, organized by <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a>. It ends in time for the 2500th anniversary of the passing of the Buddha according to the Burmese reckoning. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Society_of_India" title="Buddhist Society of India">Buddhist Society of India</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, India. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>the father of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit_(outcaste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit (outcaste)">untouchable</a> leader <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> converts to <a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a> Buddhism, with more than 650,000 followers—beginning the modern <a href="/wiki/Neo-Buddhist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Buddhist movement">Neo-Buddhist movement</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Zen_Studies_Society" title="Zen Studies Society">Zen Studies Society</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to support the work of <a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>First Theravada Buddhist Mission to Germany from Sri Lanka sponsored by the German Dharmaduta Society founded by Asoka Weeraratna. The Mission comprised Ven. <a href="/wiki/Soma_Thera" title="Soma Thera">Soma</a>, Ven. Kheminde and Ven. Vinitha of the Vajiraramaya Temple in Colombo, and was accompanied by Asoka Weeraratna. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>Establishment of the Berlin Buddhist Vihara in Berlin – Frohnau, Germany with residential monks from Sri Lanka, by the <a href="/wiki/German_Dharmaduta_Society" title="German Dharmaduta Society">German Dharmaduta Society</a> upon purchase of <a href="/wiki/Das_Buddhistische_Haus" title="Das Buddhistische Haus">Das Buddhistische Haus</a> founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dahlke(Buddhist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Dahlke(Buddhist) (page does not exist)">Dr. Paul Dahlke</a> in 1924. This is the first Theravada Buddhist Vihara in continental Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957</td> <td>Caves near the summit of Pai-tai mountain, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fangshan,_Yuzhou,_Henan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fangshan, Yuzhou, Henan (page does not exist)">Fangshan</a> district, 75 km southwest of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, are reopened, revealing thousands of Buddhist sutras that had been carved onto stone since the 7th century. Seven sets of rubbings are made, and the stones are numbered, in work that continues until 1959. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> flees <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a> amidst <a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_Tibetan_unrest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 Tibetan unrest (page does not exist)">unrest</a> and establishes an exile community in India. Monasteries that participated in or sheltered agents of partisan violence were damaged, burned, or destroyed in the fighting. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Realm_Buddhist_Association" title="Dharma Realm Buddhist Association">Dharma Realm Buddhist Association</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> Master <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>, who later founds the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> and ordains the first five fully ordained American Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Bhikshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikshu">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikshuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikshuni">nuns</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Zen_Center" title="San Francisco Zen Center">San Francisco Zen Center</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/Shunryu_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunryu Suzuki">Shunryu Suzuki</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> immolates himself to protest the oppression of the Buddhist religion by <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>The Burmese government arrests over 700 monks in <a href="/wiki/Hmawbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmawbi">Hmawbi</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a>, for refusing to accept government rule. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965</td> <td>The Johnstone House Trust was formed with the objectives "to make available to the public facilities for study and meditation based on Buddhist and other religious teaching leading to mental and spiritual well-being, and to provide guidance for those in need of such help and in particular the utilisation of the property known as Johnstone House, Eskdalemuir, for such purposes." In 1967, the Johnstone House facilities were offered to Tibetan Buddhist lamas led by <a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoché</a>, under whose guidance and direction the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu_Samy%C3%A9_Ling_Monastery_and_Tibetan_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagyu Samyé Ling Monastery and Tibetan Centre">Kagyu Samyé Ling Tibetan Buddhist monastery</a> became the first, and swiftly grew to become the largest, Tibetan Buddhist centre in Europe. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/World_Buddhist_Sangha_Council" title="World Buddhist Sangha Council">World Buddhist Sangha Council</a> is convened by <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravadins</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> with the hope of bridging differences and working together. The first convention is attended by leading monks from many countries and sects, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>. Nine <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Points_Unifying_the_Theravada_and_Mahayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and Mahayana">Basic Points Unifying the Theravada and Mahayana</a></i> are written by Ven. <a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a> are approved unanimously. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freda_Bedi" title="Freda Bedi">Freda Bedi</a>, a British woman, becomes the first Western woman to take ordination in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967</td> <td>Friends of the Western Sangha (later <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Western_Buddhist_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of the Western Buddhist Order">Friends of the Western Buddhist Order</a>) founded by Urgyen <a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>August. First ordinations into the <a href="/wiki/Western_Buddhist_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Buddhist Order">Western Buddhist Order</a> (Founder: Urgyen <a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurangama Sutra">Shurangama Sutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shurangama_Mantra" title="Shurangama Mantra">Shurangama Mantra</a> are lectured for the first time in the West (San Francisco) by <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> Master <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a> during a 90-day retreat. The first five American <a href="/wiki/Bhikshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikshu">Bhikshus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikshuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikshuni">Bhikshunis</a> are ordained in the Chinese tradition including the oldest still-in-robes American Bhikshuni nun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heng_Chr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heng Chr (page does not exist)">Heng Chr</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970s</td> <td>Indonesian Archaeological Service and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> restore <a href="/wiki/Borobodur" class="mw-redirect" title="Borobodur">Borobodur</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wat_Pah_Nanachat" title="Wat Pah Nanachat">Wat Pah Nanachat</a>, the first monastery dedicated to providing training and support for western Buddhist monks in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> is founded by Venerable <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. The monks trained here would later establish branch monasteries throughout the world. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>The Naropa Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Naropa_University" title="Naropa University">Naropa University</a>) is founded in <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td>In <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, during demonstrations at <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>'s funeral, 600 monks are arrested and several are bayoneted by government forces. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Lao</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> rulers attempt to change attitudes to religion—in particular, calling on monks to work, not beg. This causes many to return to lay life, but Buddhism remains popular. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Insight_Meditation_Society" title="Insight Meditation Society">Insight Meditation Society</a> is established in <a href="/wiki/Barre,_Massachusetts" title="Barre, Massachusetts">Barre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1979</td> <td>Cambodian Communists under <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> try to completely destroy Buddhism, and very nearly succeed. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War#Vietnamese_Invasion_of_Cambodia" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia</a> in 1978, nearly every monk and religious intellectual has been either murdered or driven into exile, and nearly every temple and Buddhist library has been destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhikshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikshu">Bhikshus</a> Rev. <a href="/wiki/Heng_Sure" title="Heng Sure">Heng Sure</a> and Rev. Heng Chau, the American <a href="/wiki/Shramanera" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramanera">Buddhist Monk</a> disciples of Ven. <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a> Master <a href="/wiki/Hsuan_Hua" title="Hsuan Hua">Hsuan Hua</a>, for the sake of <a href="/wiki/World_peace#Buddhism" title="World peace">world peace</a>, undertook an over six hundred mile <a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_steps_one_bow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Three steps one bow (page does not exist)">three steps one bow</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage#Other_pilgrimage_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> from Los Angeles area to <a href="/wiki/City_of_Ten_Thousand_Buddhas" title="City of Ten Thousand Buddhas">City of Ten Thousand Buddhas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mendocino,_California" title="Mendocino, California">Mendocino</a> area, repeatedly taking three steps and one bow to cover the entire journey. In the entire 2.5 years taken to make the pilgrimage, <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramana</a> Heng Sure observed a <a href="/wiki/Silence#In_spirituality" title="Silence">practice of total silence</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976</td> <td>Following a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, the government seeks to discredit the critical monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Ba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Ba (page does not exist)">La Ba</a> by claiming that he is a cannibal and a murderer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978</td> <td>In Burma, more monks and novices are arrested, disrobed, and imprisoned by the government. Monasteries are closed and property seized. The critical monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Nayaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Nayaka (page does not exist)">U Nayaka</a> is arrested and dies, the government claiming it is suicide. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980</td> <td>The Burmese military government asserts authority over the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">sangha</a>, and violence against monks continues through the decade. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Monastery" title="Plum Village Monastery">Plum Village Monastery</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chan_Khong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Khong">Chan Khong</a>, two Vietnamese monastics, under the <a href="/wiki/Plum_Village_Tradition" title="Plum Village Tradition">Plum Village Tradition</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983</td> <td>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Institute_of_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Institute of Buddhism (page does not exist)">Shanghai Institute of Buddhism</a> is established at <a href="/wiki/Jade_Buddha_Temple" title="Jade Buddha Temple">Jade Buddha Temple</a>, under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Buddhist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Buddhist Association (page does not exist)">Shanghai Buddhist Association</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988</td> <td>During the 1988 uprising, <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">SPDC</a> troops gun down monks. After the uprising, <a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Nyanissara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Nyanissara (page does not exist)">U Nyanissara</a>, a senior monk, records a tape that discusses democracy in Buddhist precepts; the tape is banned. <p>In Estonia, the first political opposition party, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_National_Independence_Party" title="Estonian National Independence Party">Estonian National Independence Party</a> was founded by the head of Estonian Buddhist Brotherhood,Vello Vaartnou. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990</td> <td>August 27 – Over 7000 monks meet in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, to call for a boycott of the military. They refuse to accept alms from military families or perform services for them. The military government seizes monasteries and arrests hundreds of monks, including senior monks <a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Sumangala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Sumangala (page does not exist)">U Sumangala</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Yewata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Yewata (page does not exist)">U Yewata</a>. The monks face long-term imprisonment, and all boycotting monks are disrobed; some monks are tortured during interrogation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Buddha_Statue_of_Hyderabad" title="Buddha Statue of Hyderabad">Buddha Statue of Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> is installed, a work of former Chief Minister of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, Late Sri <a href="/wiki/N.T._Rama_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="N.T. Rama Rao">N.T. Rama Rao</a>. The 16-meter tall, 350-ton <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolithic</a> colossus rises high from the placid waters of picturesque <a href="/wiki/Husain_Sagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Husain Sagar">Husain Sagar</a> Lake. It is made of white granite, finely sculptured and stands majestically amidst the shimmering waters of the lake. It is later consecrated by <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subhana_Barzagi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subhana Barzagi (page does not exist)">Subhana Barzagi</a> Roshi became the Diamond Sangha's first female roshi (Zen teacher) when she received transmission on March 9, 1996, in Australia. In the ceremony Subhanna also became the first female roshi in the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baker_Aitken" title="Robert Baker Aitken">Robert Aitken</a> Roshi.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996</td> <td>A Bhikkhuni (Buddhist nuns) Order and lineage is revived in Sarnath, India through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Sakyadhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyadhita">Sakyadhita</a>, an International Buddhist Women Association. The revival is done with some resistance from some of the more literal interpreters of the Buddhist Vinaya (monastic code) and lauded by others in the community. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td>January 25 – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (<a href="/wiki/LTTE" class="mw-redirect" title="LTTE">LTTE</a>) terrorists commit a deadly suicide attack on Sri Lanka's most sacred Buddhist site and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> World Heritage centre: the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a>, where Buddha's tooth relic is enshrined. Eight civilians are killed and 25 others are injured and significant damage is done to the temple structure, which was first constructed in 1592. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chayat" title="Sherry Chayat">Sherry Chayat</a>, born in Brooklyn, became the first American woman to receive transmission in the Rinzai school of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:15%">Date</th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>May – Two of the world's tallest ancient Buddha statues, the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a>, are completely destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bamyan" title="Bamyan">Bamyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khenmo_Drolma" title="Khenmo Drolma">Khenmo Drolma</a>, an American woman, became the first bhikkhuni in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism, getting ordained in Taiwan in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakininunnery.org_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakininunnery.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drolma_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drolma-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Sudhamma_Bhikkhuni" title="Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni">Ayya Sudhamma Bhikkhuni</a> became the first American-born woman to gain bhikkhuni ordination in the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-OWBAW2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OWBAW2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ViharaBio_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViharaBio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PreservingTheDhamma_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PreservingTheDhamma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khenmo_Drolma" title="Khenmo Drolma">Khenmo Drolma</a> became the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism. She was installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakininunnery.org_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakininunnery.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vajra Dakini Nunnery does not follow the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Garudhammas" title="Eight Garudhammas">Eight Garudhammas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakini_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakini-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>April – In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, Buddhist monks acting as candidates for the <a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a> party win nine seats in elections. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>March – <a href="/wiki/Merle_Kodo_Boyd" title="Merle Kodo Boyd">Merle Kodo Boyd</a>, born in Texas, became the first African–American woman ever to receive Dharma transmission in Zen Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>April – The Government of the People's Republic of China sponsors the First World Buddhist Forum in Mount Putuo, Zhejiang Province. Notably absent was the Dalai Lama. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>For the first time in American history, a Buddhist ordination was held where an American woman (Sister Khanti-Khema) took the <a href="/wiki/Samaneri" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaneri">Samaneri</a> (novice) vows with an American monk (<a href="/wiki/Bhante_Vimalaramsi" title="Bhante Vimalaramsi">Bhante Vimalaramsi</a>) presiding. This was done for the Buddhist American Forest Tradition at the Dhamma Sukha Meditation Center in Missouri.<sup id="cite_ref-dhammasukha_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhammasukha-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Myokei Caine-Barrett, born and ordained in Japan, became the first female Nichiren priest in her affiliated Nichiren Order of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>After a 10-year process of advanced training culminating in a ceremony called shitsugo (literally "room-name"), <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Chayat" title="Sherry Chayat">Sherry Chayat</a> received the title of roshi and the name Shinge ("Heart/Mind Flowering") from Eido Roshi, which was the first time that this ceremony was held in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Buddhist_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Buddhist Order">Western Buddhist Order</a> (Founder: Urgyen <a href="/wiki/Sangharakshita" title="Sangharakshita">Sangharakshita</a>) changes name to Triratna Buddhist Order and Friends of the Western Buddhist Order to <a href="/wiki/Triratna_Buddhist_Community" title="Triratna Buddhist Community">Triratna Buddhist Community</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>The first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America (Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont) was officially consecrated. It offers novice ordination and follows the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism. The abbot of the Vajra Dakini nunnery is <a href="/wiki/Khenmo_Drolma" title="Khenmo Drolma">Khenmo Drolma</a>, an American woman, who is the first bhikkhuni in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism, having been ordained in Taiwan in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakininunnery.org_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakininunnery.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drolma_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drolma-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a> lineage of Buddhism, having been installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakininunnery.org_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakininunnery.org-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vajra Dakini Nunnery does not follow <a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Garudhammas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eight Garudhammas">The Eight Garudhammas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vajradakini_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vajradakini-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>In Northern California, 4 novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony. <a href="/wiki/Bhante_Gunaratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhante Gunaratana">Bhante Gunaratana</a> and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Boorstein_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boorstein-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month, more bhikkhuni ordinations were completed in Southern California, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walpola_Piyananda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walpola Piyananda (page does not exist)">Walpola Piyananda</a> and other monks and nuns. The bhikkhunis ordained in Southern California were Lakshapathiye Samadhi (born in Sri Lanka), Cariyapanna, Susila, Sammasati (all three born in Vietnam), and Uttamanyana (born in Myanmar).<sup id="cite_ref-atribune_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atribune-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Soto_Zen_Buddhist_Association" title="Soto Zen Buddhist Association">Soto Zen Buddhist Association</a> (SZBA) approves a document honoring the women ancestors in the Zen tradition at its biannual meeting on October 8, 2010. Female ancestors, dating back 2,500 years from India, China, and Japan, may now be included in the curriculum, ritual, and training offered to Western Zen students.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Buddhist_Dialectical_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies</a> (IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of <i>geshe</i> on <a href="/wiki/Venerable_Kelsang_Wangmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable Kelsang Wangmo">Venerable Kelsang Wangmo</a>, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female <a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">geshe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost.com_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a> (also known as Nalanda International University) is a newly established university located in <a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, India. It has been established in a bid to revive the ancient seat of learning. The university has acquired 455 acres of land for its campus and has been allotted ₹2727 crores (around $454M) by the Indian government.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also being funded by the governments of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-toireopen_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toireopen-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn geshe degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>Sumedhārāma Buddhist Monastery<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is established in Portugal, a branch monastery of the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> in the lineage of Venerable <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a>, being the first Theravāda monastery on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordination of women in Buddhism">Ordination of women in Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline of Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zen_Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States">Timeline of Zen Buddhism in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECousins199657–63_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCousins1996">Cousins 1996</a>, pp. 57–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann200310–13-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann200310–13_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchumann2003">Schumann 2003</a>, p. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrebish20082-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrebish20082_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrebish2008">Prebish 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, Peter (2013). <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.).</i> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–90. Noting the date of seventy years after the passing of the Buddha, which, in the short chronology, would place the second council around 330 +/-20 years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skilton, Andrew. A Concise History of Buddhism. 2004. p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Mukherjee, B. N. (1996), Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty, Oxford University Press, pp. 204–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narain, A.K. (1957). The Indo-Greeks. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2015" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s10500.pdf"><i>Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400866328" title="Special:BookSources/9781400866328"><bdi>9781400866328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Buddha%3A+Pyrrho%27s+Encounter+with+Early+Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781400866328&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fs10500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen26-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen26_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.K._Sen1895" class="citation book cs1">R.K. Sen (1895). "Origin of the Maurya of Magadha and of Chanakya". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0ZBAQAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of the Buddhist Text Society of India</i></a>. The Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Maurya+of+Magadha+and+of+Chanakya&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Buddhist+Text+Society+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=The+Society&rft.date=1895&rft.au=R.K.+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0ZBAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeiger1912-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeiger1912_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeiger1912">Geiger 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldev Kumar (1973). Exact source needed!</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulch2016" class="citation book cs1">Julch, Thomas (2016). <i>The Middle Kingdom and the Dharma Wheel: Aspects of the Relationship between the Buddhist Saṃgha and the State in Chinese History</i>. Brill. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004322585" title="Special:BookSources/9789004322585"><bdi>9789004322585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Kingdom+and+the+Dharma+Wheel%3A+Aspects+of+the+Relationship+between+the+Buddhist+Sa%E1%B9%83gha+and+the+State+in+Chinese+History&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004322585&rft.aulast=Julch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leffman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leffman_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffmanSimon_LewisJeremy_Atiya2003" class="citation book cs1">Leffman, David; Simon Lewis; Jeremy Atiya (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA307"><i>Rough Guide to China</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-019-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-019-8"><bdi>1-84353-019-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Guide+to+China&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84353-019-8&rft.aulast=Leffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Simon+Lewis&rft.au=Jeremy+Atiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA_QbQiZkB4C%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bao-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bao_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaoQing_TianLetitia_Lane2004" class="citation book cs1">Bao, Yuheng; Qing Tian; Letitia Lane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpRQAAAAMAAJ&q=white+horse+temple+china"><i>Buddhist Art and Architecture of China</i></a>. Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 84, 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-6316-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-6316-X"><bdi>0-7734-6316-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Art+and+Architecture+of+China&rft.pages=84%2C+172&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7734-6316-X&rft.aulast=Bao&rft.aufirst=Yuheng&rft.au=Qing+Tian&rft.au=Letitia+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpRQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwhite%2Bhorse%2Btemple%2Bchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2007" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Damien (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami/page/462"><i>China</i></a>. Lonely Planet. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanetchin00dami/page/462">462–463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-915-3"><bdi>978-1-74059-915-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.pages=462-463&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-915-3&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonelyplanetchin00dami%2Fpage%2F462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buswell-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buswell_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buswell_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswell1991" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. (1991). <i>Tracing Back the Radiance: Chinul's Korean Way of Zen</i>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 5, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824814274" title="Special:BookSources/0824814274"><bdi>0824814274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracing+Back+the+Radiance%3A+Chinul%27s+Korean+Way+of+Zen&rft.pages=5%2C+6&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0824814274&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006103315/http://www.easternmartialarts.com/kungfu_history.htm">"A brief History of Kung Fu"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternmartialarts.com/kungfu_history.htm">the original</a> on October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+History+of+Kung+Fu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternmartialarts.com%2Fkungfu_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanzonieri,_Salvatore1998" class="citation journal cs1">Canzonieri, Salvatore (February–March 1998). "History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". <i>Han Wei Wushu</i>. <b>3</b> (9).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Han+Wei+Wushu&rft.atitle=History+of+Chinese+Martial+Arts%3A+Jin+Dynasty+to+the+Period+of+Disunity&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1998-02%2F1998-03&rft.au=Canzonieri%2C+Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gHSAiZMhxhwC&dq=bodhidharma+china+martial+arts&pg=PA13">[1]</a> The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerwey2004" class="citation book cs1">Lagerwey, John (2004). <i>Religion and Chinese Society</i>. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. p. xviii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Chinese+Society&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=The+Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Lagerwey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne-Marie Blondeau, Yonten Gyatso, 'Lhasa, Legend and History,' in Françoise Pommaret(ed.) <i>Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas,</i> Brill Tibetan Studies Library, 3, Brill 2003, pp. 15–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miksic says construction of Borobudur began around 760 or 770, with sporadic activity until around 830 AD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-906-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-906-4">0-87773-906-4</a> Munoz says the Sailendra king <a href="/wiki/Samaratungga" title="Samaratungga">Samaratungga</a> completed Borobudur in 825 AD. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4155-67-0">978-981-4155-67-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321214527/http://www.medievaljapanesestudies.org/past-activities-programs/abbess-nyodais-700th-memorial.html">"Abbess Nyodai's 700th Memorial"</a>. Institute for Medieval Japanese Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievaljapanesestudies.org/past-activities-programs/abbess-nyodais-700th-memorial.html">the original</a> on March 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbess+Nyodai%27s+700th+Memorial&rft.pub=Institute+for+Medieval+Japanese+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievaljapanesestudies.org%2Fpast-activities-programs%2Fabbess-nyodais-700th-memorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ford-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ford_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2006" class="citation book cs1">Ford, James Ishmael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60"><i>Zen Master Who?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenmasterwhoguid00jame/page/60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-509-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-509-8"><bdi>0-86171-509-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+Master+Who%3F&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-86171-509-8&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=James+Ishmael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenmasterwhoguid00jame%2Fpage%2F60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez_Jr.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2016). "The Life of the Lotus Sutra". <i>Tricycle Maqgazine</i> (Winter).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle+Maqgazine&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+the+Lotus+Sutra&rft.issue=Winter&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lopez+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Current Perspectives in Buddhism: Buddhism today : issues & global dimensions</i>, Madhusudan Sakya, Cyber Tech Publications, 2011, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-61180-425-6"><i>Nonfiction Book Review: The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala</i></a>. Publishersweekly.com. 28 March 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61180-425-6"><bdi>978-1-61180-425-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonfiction+Book+Review%3A+The+Revolutionary+Life+of+Freda+Bedi%3A+British+Feminist%2C+Indian+Nationalist%2C+Buddhist+Nun+by+Vicki+Mackenzie.+Shambhala&rft.pub=Publishersweekly.com&rft.date=2017-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-61180-425-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-1-61180-425-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/austrelcomms/contents/buddhists/budbib2.htm">Subhana Barzaghi Roshi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402192514/http://intranet.cbhslewisham.nsw.edu.au:82/sor/austrelcomms/contents/buddhists/budbib2.htm">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1969" class="citation book cs1">Gonda, Jan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8urRsuUJ9oC&dq=indra+superior+vishnu&pg=PA156"><i>Aspects of Early Viṣṇuism</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khenmo+Drolma&rft.pub=Vajradakininunnery.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vajradakininunnery.org%2Fnyima.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWBAW2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OWBAW2006_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110114014726/http://www.owbaw.org/2006.asp">The Outstanding Women in Buddhism Awards (2006)</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ViharaBio-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ViharaBio_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carolinabuddhist.net/bhikkhunisudhammabio.html">Carolina Buddhist Vihara (n.d.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100907212752/http://www.carolinabuddhist.net/bhikkhunisudhammabio.html">Archived</a> September 7, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PreservingTheDhamma-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PreservingTheDhamma_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhavanasociety.org/pdfs/PreservingTheDhamma.pdf">Bhāvanā Society Forest Monastery (2007)</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vajradakini-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vajradakini_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vajradakini_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vajradakininunnery.org/">"Vajra Dakini Nunnery"</a>. 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Economic Times. 19 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sushma+Swaraj+inaugurates+Nalanda+University&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fsushma-swaraj-inaugurates-nalanda-university%2Farticleshow%2F42921545.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toireopen-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toireopen_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalanda-University-reopens/articleshow/41410855.cms">"Nalanda University reopens"</a>. Times of India. 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nalanda+University+reopens&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FNalanda-University-reopens%2Farticleshow%2F41410855.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuns2016" class="citation web cs1">Nuns, Tibetan (2016-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tnp.org/geshema/">"Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns!"</a>. The Tibetan Nuns Project – Tnp.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Buddhist+Nuns+Make+History%3A+Congratulations+Geshema+Nuns%21&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+Nuns+Project+%E2%80%93+Tnp.org&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Nuns&rft.aufirst=Tibetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftnp.org%2Fgeshema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionsroar.com/twenty-tibetan-buddhist-nuns-are-first-to-earn-geshema-degrees/">"Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees"</a>. Lionsroar.com. 2016-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twenty+Tibetan+Buddhist+nuns+are+first+ever+to+earn+Geshema+degrees&rft.pub=Lionsroar.com&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Ftwenty-tibetan-buddhist-nuns-are-first-to-earn-geshema-degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sumedharama.pt/">"Mosteiro Budista Sumedhārāma"</a>. 2018-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mosteiro+Budista+Sumedh%C4%81r%C4%81ma&rft.date=2018-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsumedharama.pt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printed_sources">Printed sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Printed sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousins1996" class="citation cs2">Cousins, L. S. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indology.info/papers/cousins">"The dating of the historical Buddha: a review article"</a>, <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>, Third Series, <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>63, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300014760">10.1017/S1356186300014760</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162929573">162929573</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+dating+of+the+historical+Buddha%3A+a+review+article&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186300014760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162929573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cousins&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findology.info%2Fpapers%2Fcousins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1912" class="citation cs2">Geiger, Wilhelm (1912), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahavamsagreatch00geigrich"><i>The Mahawamsa or Great Chronicle of Ceylon</i></a>, Oxford University Press (for the Pali Text Society)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahawamsa+or+Great+Chronicle+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28for+the+Pali+Text+Society%29&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahavamsagreatch00geigrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebish2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit">Prebish, Charles S. (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128200109/http://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/05/prebish-article.pdf">"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of Buddhist Ethics</i>, <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21, archived from the original on January 28, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Buddhist+Ethics&rft.atitle=Cooking+the+Buddhist+Books%3A+The+Implications+of+the+New+Dating+of+the+Buddha+for+the+History+of+Early+Indian+Buddhism&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Prebish&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.dickinson.edu%2Fbuddhistethics%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F05%2Fprebish-article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann2003" class="citation cs2">Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), <i>The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120818172" title="Special:BookSources/8120818172"><bdi>8120818172</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Buddha%3A+The+Times%2C+Life%2C+and+Teachings+of+the+Founder+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8120818172&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayman1997" class="citation cs2">Wayman, Alex (1997), <i>Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120813219" title="Special:BookSources/8120813219"><bdi>8120813219</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knots+in+Buddhism%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=8120813219&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+Buddhism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Buddhism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/history.html">Theravada Buddhist Chronology</a></li> <li>Asakawa, K and Lodge, Henry Cabot (Ed.). <i>Japan From the Japanese Government History</i>. (In Progress at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/s_scripts.htm">Buddhist Bark Texts Found</a>, BuddhaNet.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226200234/http://viewonbuddhism.org/time_line.html">A Buddhist Time-line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040404183040/http://ishi.lib.berkeley.edu/buddhist/bbrc/fang_shan_canon.html">Rock cut canon in China</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=3,4319,0,0,1,0#.V7qYglt96Uk">First Sri Lankan Buddhist mission to Germany 1957</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_intelligent_design" title="Timeline of intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Joan_of_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Mormonism">Mormonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon_chronology" title="Book of Mormon chronology">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">Eastern Orthodoxy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opus_Dei" title="Timeline of Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Timeline of the Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek polytheism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> (creator of humans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Muslim history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Science and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula">Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible:_Timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Bible: Timeline">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Hebrew_prophets" title="Timeline of the Hebrew prophets">Hebrew prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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