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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Buddha Dhamma and its modern Indian usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddha_Dhamma_and_its_modern_Indian_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_and_similar_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_and_similar_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other uses and similar symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_and_similar_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_and_archeological_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_archeological_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical and archeological examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_archeological_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contemporary examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_flags_and_official_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_flags_and_official_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>National flags and official symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_flags_and_official_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dharmachakra</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="عجلة دارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عجلة دارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ধর্মচক্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্মচক্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धरम चक्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="धरम चक्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дхармачакра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дхармачакра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="འཀོར་ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཀོར་ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C4%8Dakra" title="Dharmačakra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dharmačakra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dharmachakra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda_del_dharma" title="Rueda del dharma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rueda del dharma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmorado" title="Darmorado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Darmorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85" title="چرخ دهرم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخ دهرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dharmachakra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ધર્મચક્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ધર્મચક્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%9C" title="법륜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법륜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धर्मचक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मचक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmacakra" title="Darmacakra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Darmacakra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacakra" title="Dharmacakra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dharmacakra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%94" title="דהרמהצ'אקרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דהרמהצ'אקרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дхармачакра – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дхармачакра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C4%8Dakra" title="Dharmačakra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dharmačakra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacsakra" title="Dharmacsakra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dharmacsakra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="धम्मचक्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धम्मचक्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dharmachakra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA" title="法輪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="法輪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dharmachakra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmahjulet" title="Dharmahjulet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dharmahjulet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਧਰਮਚੱਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਧਰਮਚੱਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82o_Dharmy" title="Koło Dharmy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koło Dharmy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_do_darma" title="Roda do darma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roda do darma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дхармачакра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дхармачакра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma%C4%8Dakra" title="Dharmačakra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dharmačakra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmacakra" title="Dharmacakra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dharmacakra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தர்மசக்கரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தர்மசக்கரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="ధర్మచక్రము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ధర్మచక్రము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ธรรมจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธรรมจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Дхармачакра – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дхармачакра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="دھرم چکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھرم چکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_lu%C3%A2n" title="Pháp luân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp luân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE" title="法轮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法轮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" 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title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early 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Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>dharmachakra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: धर्मचक्र, <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: <i lang="pi"><b>dhammacakka</b></i>) or <b>wheel of dharma</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a>. It has a widespread use in Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the symbol is particularly used in places that underwent religious transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol also finds its usage in modern India. </p><p>Historically, the dharmachakra was often used as a decoration in <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> statues and <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a>, beginning with the earliest period of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Buddhism in Southeast Asia">East Asian culture</a> to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remains a major symbol of the Buddhist religion today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> noun <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">धर्म</span></span>) is a derivation from the root <i>dhṛ</i> 'to hold, maintain, keep',<sup id="cite_ref-Monier_Williams_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monier_Williams-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and means 'what is established or firm'. The word derives from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <i>n</i>-stem <i>dharman-</i> with the meaning "bearer, supporter". The <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">historical Vedic religion</a> apparently conceived of <i>dharma</i> as an aspect of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_usage">History and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discovered_near_the_northern_gateway_of_the_Dholavira_citadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discovered_near_the_northern_gateway_of_the_Dholavira_citadel.jpg/250px-The_%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discovered_near_the_northern_gateway_of_the_Dholavira_citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discovered_near_the_northern_gateway_of_the_Dholavira_citadel.jpg/500px-The_%27Ten_Indus_Scripts%27_discovered_near_the_northern_gateway_of_the_Dholavira_citadel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="173" /></a><figcaption>Ten <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus characters</a> from the northern gate of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Dholavira_Signboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholavira Signboard">Dholavira Signboard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Similar chakra (spoked-wheel) symbols are one of the most ancient in all Indian history. Madhavan and Parpola note that a wheel symbol appears frequently in <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> artifacts, particularly on several <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_seals_and_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley seals and scripts">seals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, it is present in a sequence of ten signs on the <a href="/wiki/Dholavira_Signboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Dholavira Signboard">Dholavira Signboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer200314_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer200314-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians associate the ancient chakra symbols with <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar symbolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the god <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> is associated with the solar disc, which is said to be a chariot of one wheel (cakra). <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, a form of Surya, is described as "the eye of the world", and thus the sun is conceived of as an eye (cakṣu) which illuminates and perceives the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a wheel is also the main attribute of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer200314_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer200314-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a wheel symbol might also be associated with light and knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_usage_and_significance">Buddhist usage and significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhist usage and significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg/330px-Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg/500px-Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg/960px-Dharmachakra_with_huge_statue_of_Padmasambhava_behind._Lake_Rewalsar._HP%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Dharmachakra in front of a statue of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rewalsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rewalsar">Lake Rewalsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG/170px-Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG/255px-Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG/340px-Dharmachakra_on_Pillar_-_South_Face_-_West_Pillar_-_South_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4355.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Worshipers and Dharmachakra, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa">Sanchi Stupa</a>, South Face, West Pillar.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Buddhism, the Dharma Chakra is widely used to represent the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s teaching and the universal moral order), <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> himself and the walking of the path to <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>, since the time of <a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Early Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grunwedel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunwedel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol is also sometimes connected to the <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination.</a> The pre-Buddhist dharmachakra (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: <i>dhammacakka</i>) is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">ashtamangala</a> (auspicious signs) in Hinduism and Buddhism and often used as a symbol of both faiths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz196452_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetz196452-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the oldest known Indian symbols found in <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Indian art</a>, appearing with the first surviving post-<a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> Indian iconography in the time of the Buddhist king <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grunwedel_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunwedel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddha is said to have set the "wheel of dharma" in motion when he delivered his first sermon,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal198642_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal198642-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dhammacakkappavattana_Sutta" title="Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta">Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta</a></i>. This "turning of the wheel" signifies a great and revolutionary change with universal consequences, brought about by an exceptional human being. Buddhism adopted the wheel as a symbol from the Indian mythical idea of the ideal king, called a <a href="/wiki/Chakravartin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravartin">chakravartin</a> ("wheel-turner", or "universal monarch"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer200314_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer200314-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPal198642_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPal198642-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was said to possess several mythical objects, including the <i>ratana cakka</i> (the ideal wheel). The <i>Mahā Sudassana Sutta</i> of the <a href="/wiki/D%C4%ABgha_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Dīgha Nikāya">Digha Nikaya</a> describes this wheel as having a nave (nābhi), a thousand spokes (sahassārāni) and a felly (nemi), all of which are perfect in every respect.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhartha Gautama</a> was said to have been a "mahapurisa" (great man) who could have chosen to become a wheel turning king, but instead became the spiritual counterpart to such a king, a wheel turning sage, that is, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his explanation of the term "turning the wheel of Dharma", the Theravada exegete <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a> explains that this "wheel" which the Buddha turned is primarily to be understood as wisdom, knowledge, and insight (<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">ñāṇa</a>). This wisdom has two aspects, paṭivedha-ñāṇa, the wisdom of self-realisation of the Truth and desanā-ñāṇa, the wisdom of proclamation of the Truth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dharmachakra symbol also points to the central Indian idea of "<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>", a complex and multivalent term which refers to the eternal cosmic law, universal moral order and in Buddhism, the very teaching and path expounded by the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg/220px-Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="547" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg/330px-Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg/440px-Sarnath_Ashoka_Lions_with_Dharma_Wheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>The original <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, from Sarnath. It originally supported a large dharmachakra on the top (reconstitution).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist Art</a> at early sites such as <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, the dharmachakra was often used as a symbol of Gautama Buddha himself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol is often paired with the <a href="/wiki/Triratna" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratna">triratna</a> (triple jewel) or <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a> (trident) symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Refuge_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refuge (Buddhism)">triple gem</a>, umbrellas (<a href="/wiki/Chatra_(umbrella)" title="Chatra (umbrella)">chatra</a>), symbols of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> and royal power, gems and garlands. It is also sometimes depicted alongside animals such as lions,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or deer. </p><p>There are different designs of the Buddhist dharmachakra with 8, 12, 24 or more <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spokes</a>. In different Buddhist traditions, the different number of spokes may represent different aspects of the Buddha's Dharma (teaching). In the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition for example, the 8 spoked wheel represents the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">noble eightfold path</a>, and the hub, rim and spokes are also said to represent the three trainings (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">sila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">prajña</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Buddhism, the cyclical movement of a wheel is also used to symbolize the cyclical nature of life in the world (also referred to as the "wheel of <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a>", <i>samsara-chakra</i> or the "wheel of becoming"<i>, bhava-cakra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wheel of suffering can be reversed or "turned" through the practice of the Buddhist path. The Buddhist terms for "suffering" (<a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>) and happiness (<a href="/wiki/Sukha" title="Sukha">sukha</a>) may also originally be related to the proper or improper fitting of wheels on a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot's</a> <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indo-Tibetan tradition has developed elaborate depictions called <a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakras</a> which depict the many realms of <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a>. </p><p> The spokes of a wheel are also often used as symbols of the Buddhist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent origination</a>. According to the Theravada scholar <a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>:</p><blockquote><p>“It is the beginningless round of rebirths that is called the ’Wheel of the round of rebirths’ (saṃsāracakka). Ignorance (avijjā) is its hub (or nave) because it is its root. Ageing-and-death (jarā-maraṇa) is its rim (or felly) because it terminates it. The remaining ten links [of Dependent Origination] are its spokes [i.e. saṅkhāra up to the process of becoming, bhava].”<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The earliest Indian monument featuring dharmachakras are the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashokan Pillars</a>, such as the lion pillar at Sanchi, built at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>. According to Benjamin Rowland:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>”The Sārnāth column may be interpreted, therefore, not only as a glorification of the Buddha’s preaching symbolised by the crowning wheel, but also through the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> implications of the whole pillar as a symbol of the universal extension of the power of the Buddha’s Law as typified by the sun that dominates all space and all time, and simultaneously an emblem of the universal extension of Mauryan imperialism through the Dharma. The whole structure is then a translation of age-old Indian and Asiatic cosmology into artistic terms of essentially foreign origin and dedicated, like all Asoka’s monuments, to the glory of Buddhism and the royal house.”</p></blockquote><p>According to Harrison, the symbolism of "the wheel of the law" and the order of Nature is also visible in the Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">prayer wheels</a>. The moving wheels symbolize the movement of cosmic order (<i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">ṛta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison2010526_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2010526-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddha_Dhamma_and_its_modern_Indian_usage">Buddha Dhamma and its modern Indian usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddha Dhamma and its modern Indian usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg/250px-Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg/330px-Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg/500px-Stone_wheel_engraved_in_the_13th_century_built_Konark_Sun_Temple_in_Orissa%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4984" data-file-height="3638" /></a><figcaption>Wheel of the chariot of the sun, <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/170px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/255px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/340px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">State Emblem of India</a> features the 24 spoke Dharmachakra from the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg/220px-Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg/330px-Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg/440px-Ahinsa_Parmo_Dharm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Jain illustration with dharmachakra and the motto <i><a href="/wiki/Ahi%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiṃsā">Ahiṃsā</a> Paramo <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></i> (non-violence is the highest dharma).</figcaption></figure> <p>The dharmachakra is a symbol in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">sramana</a> religion of Budhha Dhamma.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wheel symbolism was also used in Indian temples in places that underwent a religious transformation from Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisra2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisra2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESahu1958_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESahu1958-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as Jagannath temple, whose deity is believed by some scholars to have a <a href="/wiki/Jagannath#Buddhist_origins" title="Jagannath">Buddhist origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENayak2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENayak2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMansinha2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansinha2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also finds use in other ancient temples of Odisha, the most famous of which is the <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a>. </p><p>The 24 spoke <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka dharmachakra</a> is present in the modern <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag of India</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">pan-Indian</a> concept of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_India" title="State Emblem of India">State Emblem of India</a> is a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a> (Sanchi), which includes the dharmachakra. An integral part of the emblem is the <a href="/wiki/Motto" title="Motto">motto</a> inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script: <i><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a></i> (English: <span lang="en">Truth Alone Triumphs</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a quote from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concluding part of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, the first Vice President of India, stated that the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a> of India represents the "wheel of the law of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>", as well as "Truth or <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">satya</a></i>", "Virtue" as well as "motion", as in the "dynamism of a peaceful change".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_and_similar_symbols">Other uses and similar symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses and similar symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The main attribute of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is a wheel like weapon called the <a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sudarśanacakra</i></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeer200314_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeer200314-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similar wheel symbols were used as a solar symbol by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some Buddha statues also depict the related <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Dharmachakra_Mudrā" title="Mudra">Dharmachakra Mudrā</a>, a hand sign depicting the turning of the Dharma wheel.</li> <li>A very similar wheel symbol also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">flag of the Romani people</a>, hinting to their nomadic history.</li> <li>In non-Buddhist cultural contexts, an eight-spoked wheel resembles a traditional <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">ship's wheel</a>. As a nautical emblem, this image is a common <a href="/wiki/Sailor_tattoos" title="Sailor tattoos">sailor tattoo</a>, which may be misidentified as a dharmachakra or vice versa.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_(symbol)" title="Black Sun (symbol)">sonnenrad</a></i> is a similar symbol used by occultists and neo-nazis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> uses the concept of <a href="/wiki/Falun_(symbol)" title="Falun (symbol)">a similar wheel</a> as a central concept</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> computer standard, the dharmachakra is called the "Wheel of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>" and found in the eight-spoked form. It is represented as U+2638 <big>(☸)</big>. As <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a>: ☸️.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_archeological_examples">Historical and archeological examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical and archeological examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstitution of approximate layout of Sanchi at the time of the Mauryas, showing the pillar topped by a dharmachakra."><img alt="Reconstitution of approximate layout of Sanchi at the time of the Mauryas, showing the pillar topped by a dharmachakra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/120px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/180px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg/240px-Sanchi_Great_Stupa_Mauryan_configuration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstitution of approximate layout of Sanchi at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a>, showing the pillar topped by a dharmachakra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worship_of_Chakra_-_Sandstone_-_ca_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Sunga_Period_-_Bharhut_-_ACCN_305_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1563.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandstone depiction, c. 2nd Century BCE, Bharhut, Indian Museum – Kolkata."><img alt="Sandstone depiction, c. 2nd Century BCE, Bharhut, Indian Museum – Kolkata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Worship_of_Chakra_-_Sandstone_-_ca_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Sunga_Period_-_Bharhut_-_ACCN_305_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1563.JPG/120px-Worship_of_Chakra_-_Sandstone_-_ca_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Sunga_Period_-_Bharhut_-_ACCN_305_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1563.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Worship_of_Chakra_-_Sandstone_-_ca_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Sunga_Period_-_Bharhut_-_ACCN_305_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1563.JPG/250px-Worship_of_Chakra_-_Sandstone_-_ca_2nd_Century_BCE_-_Sunga_Period_-_Bharhut_-_ACCN_305_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1563.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="4638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sandstone depiction, c. 2nd Century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a>, Indian Museum – <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_pinnacles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrated reconstruction of the pinnacles at Bharhut by Alexander Cunningham"><img alt="Illustrated reconstruction of the pinnacles at Bharhut by Alexander Cunningham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bharhut_pinnacles.jpg/120px-Bharhut_pinnacles.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bharhut_pinnacles.jpg/250px-Bharhut_pinnacles.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustrated reconstruction of the pinnacles at <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern gateway of Bharhut stupa topped with a dharmachakra pinnacle"><img alt="Eastern gateway of Bharhut stupa topped with a dharmachakra pinnacle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg/120px-Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg/250px-Bharhut_Eastern_gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern gateway of Bharhut stupa topped with a dharmachakra pinnacle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_(33749746625).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha represented by Dharmacakra, Sanchi Stupa no. 3."><img alt="Buddha represented by Dharmacakra, Sanchi Stupa no. 3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg/120px-057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg/180px-057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg/240px-057_Buddha_represented_by_Dharmacakra_%2833749746625%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3758" data-file-height="3758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha represented by Dharmacakra, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanchi Stupa">Sanchi Stupa</a> no. 3.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_(33620519361).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmacakra on Pillar, Sanchi Stupa no. 3"><img alt="Dharmacakra on Pillar, Sanchi Stupa no. 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg/80px-063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg/120px-063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg/160px-063_Dharmacakra_on_Pillar_%2833620519361%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3844" data-file-height="5766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dharmacakra on Pillar, Sanchi Stupa no. 3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa no. 3."><img alt="Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa no. 3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg/60px-Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg/90px-Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg/120px-Adoration_of_the_pillar_of_Ashoka_Sanchi_Stupa_3_South_Gateway_Right_pillar_top_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="3182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adoration of the pillar of Ashoka, Sanchi Stupa no. 3.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculptures_at_Sanchi_Stupa_Cultus_of_the_Chakra,_or_Wheel_of_the_Law.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from Sanchi Stupa"><img alt="Illustration from Sanchi Stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sculptures_at_Sanchi_Stupa_Cultus_of_the_Chakra%2C_or_Wheel_of_the_Law.jpg/120px-Sculptures_at_Sanchi_Stupa_Cultus_of_the_Chakra%2C_or_Wheel_of_the_Law.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sculptures_at_Sanchi_Stupa_Cultus_of_the_Chakra%2C_or_Wheel_of_the_Law.jpg/250px-Sculptures_at_Sanchi_Stupa_Cultus_of_the_Chakra%2C_or_Wheel_of_the_Law.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1794" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from Sanchi Stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:31.1._Pilaster-Swing_Chakra-2nd_century_CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra_Pradesh-Sculpture_Gallery-Indian_Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limestone Pilaster, 2nd century CE, Amaravathi, Indian Museum, Kolkata."><img alt="Limestone Pilaster, 2nd century CE, Amaravathi, Indian Museum, Kolkata." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/31.1._Pilaster-Swing_Chakra-2nd_century_CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra_Pradesh-Sculpture_Gallery-Indian_Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg/120px-31.1._Pilaster-Swing_Chakra-2nd_century_CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra_Pradesh-Sculpture_Gallery-Indian_Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/31.1._Pilaster-Swing_Chakra-2nd_century_CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra_Pradesh-Sculpture_Gallery-Indian_Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg/250px-31.1._Pilaster-Swing_Chakra-2nd_century_CE-Limestone-Amravati-Andhra_Pradesh-Sculpture_Gallery-Indian_Museum-Kolkata-A2-A25076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Limestone Pilaster, 2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi">Amaravathi</a>, Indian Museum, Kolkata.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum,_Amaravathi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha footprints with dharmachakras, Archaeological Museum, Amaravati"><img alt="Buddha footprints with dharmachakras, Archaeological Museum, Amaravati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg/120px-Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg/180px-Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg/240px-Feet_of_Buddha_at_ASI_Museum%2C_Amaravathi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Buddha footprints</a> with dharmachakras, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum,_Amaravati" title="Archaeological Museum, Amaravati">Archaeological Museum, Amaravati</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_century_Gandhara_Buddha_footprint_with_five_swastikas_on_sole_under_each_toe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1st century Gandhara Buddha footprint"><img alt="1st century Gandhara Buddha footprint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1st_century_Gandhara_Buddha_footprint_with_five_swastikas_on_sole_under_each_toe.jpg/60px-1st_century_Gandhara_Buddha_footprint_with_five_swastikas_on_sole_under_each_toe.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1st_century_Gandhara_Buddha_footprint_with_five_swastikas_on_sole_under_each_toe.jpg/120px-1st_century_Gandhara_Buddha_footprint_with_five_swastikas_on_sole_under_each_toe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1st century Gandhara <a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Buddha footprint</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandharan Stele illustrating the first sermon at Sarnath, 2nd century, Metropolitan Museum of Art."><img alt="Gandharan Stele illustrating the first sermon at Sarnath, 2nd century, Metropolitan Museum of Art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg/120px-Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg/180px-Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg/240px-Buddha%27s_first_sermon_at_Sarnath._Gandhara.Met.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3260" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharan</a> Stele illustrating the first sermon at <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, 2nd century, Metropolitan Museum of Art.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF" class="mw-file-description" title="Stele from Gandhara"><img alt="Stele from Gandhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF/lossy-page1-89px-Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF/lossy-page1-133px-Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF/lossy-page1-177px-Arte_de_Gandhara._Dahlem._05.TIF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stele from Gandhara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sculpture_depicting_the_Dharma_chakra_in_the_museum_of_Amaravathi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A sculpture depicting the Dharmachakra in the museum of Amaravathi"><img alt="A sculpture depicting the Dharmachakra in the museum of Amaravathi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_sculpture_depicting_the_Dharma_chakra_in_the_museum_of_Amaravathi.jpg/120px-A_sculpture_depicting_the_Dharma_chakra_in_the_museum_of_Amaravathi.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_sculpture_depicting_the_Dharma_chakra_in_the_museum_of_Amaravathi.jpg/250px-A_sculpture_depicting_the_Dharma_chakra_in_the_museum_of_Amaravathi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A sculpture depicting the Dharmachakra in the museum of <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi">Amaravathi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols"><img alt="Taxila coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg/120px-Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg/180px-Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg/240px-Taxila_coin_with_wheel_and_Buddhist_symbols.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> coin with wheel and Buddhist symbols</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin found in Afghanistan, 50 BCE – c. 30 CE, at the latest before 50 CE."><img alt="Coin found in Afghanistan, 50 BCE – c. 30 CE, at the latest before 50 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg/120px-Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg/180px-Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg/240px-Tilia_Tepe_gold_token._Kabub_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin found in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, 50 BCE – c. 30 CE, at the latest before 50 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAMA_Triratna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three Jewels, or Triratna. Eastern Afghanistan. Kushan period. 2–3 century."><img alt="Three Jewels, or Triratna. Eastern Afghanistan. Kushan period. 2–3 century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SAMA_Triratna.jpg/120px-SAMA_Triratna.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SAMA_Triratna.jpg/250px-SAMA_Triratna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1307" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three Jewels, or Triratna. Eastern Afghanistan. <a href="/wiki/Kushan_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan period">Kushan period</a>. 2–3 century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra, Gupta period, 5th CE."><img alt="Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra, Gupta period, 5th CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/94px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/140px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/187px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra_Pravartana_Buddha_at_Sarnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha at Sarnath">Dharmachakra Pravartana Mudra</a>, Gupta period, 5th CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:001_Dhammacakka,_7c,_Dwaravati_(35252600795).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand"><img alt="Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/001_Dhammacakka%2C_7c%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600795%29.jpg/120px-001_Dhammacakka%2C_7c%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600795%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/001_Dhammacakka%2C_7c%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600795%29.jpg/250px-001_Dhammacakka%2C_7c%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600795%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2513" data-file-height="2779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dhammacakka, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:002_Dhammacakka,_Dwaravati_(35252600135).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand"><img alt="Dhammacakka, National Museum, Bangkok, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg/79px-002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg/119px-002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg/158px-002_Dhammacakka%2C_Dwaravati_%2835252600135%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3867" data-file-height="5855" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dhammacakka, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_National_Museum" title="Bangkok National Museum">National Museum, Bangkok</a>, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_Khlang_Nai-004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khao Klang Nai, Si Thep Historical Park, Thailand."><img alt="Khao Klang Nai, Si Thep Historical Park, Thailand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khao_Khlang_Nai-004.jpg/120px-Khao_Khlang_Nai-004.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Khao_Khlang_Nai-004.jpg/250px-Khao_Khlang_Nai-004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khao Klang Nai, <a href="/wiki/Si_Thep_Historical_Park" title="Si Thep Historical Park">Si Thep Historical Park</a>, Thailand.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mon dharmachakra, VII or IX century, Sandstone"><img alt="Mon dharmachakra, VII or IX century, Sandstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/120px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/180px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg/240px-Flickr_-_dalbera_-_La_Roue_de_la_Loi_au_mus%C3%A9e_Guimet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mon dharmachakra, VII or IX century, Sandstone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel,_Japan,_Kamakura_period,_1200s_AD,_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo,_Japan_-_DSC09326.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharma wheel, Japan, Kamakura period, 1200s CE, bronze – Tokyo National Museum."><img alt="Dharma wheel, Japan, Kamakura period, 1200s CE, bronze – Tokyo National Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dharma_wheel%2C_Japan%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_1200s_AD%2C_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC09326.jpg/120px-Dharma_wheel%2C_Japan%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_1200s_AD%2C_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC09326.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dharma_wheel%2C_Japan%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_1200s_AD%2C_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC09326.jpg/250px-Dharma_wheel%2C_Japan%2C_Kamakura_period%2C_1200s_AD%2C_bronze_-_Tokyo_National_Museum_-_Tokyo%2C_Japan_-_DSC09326.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="3066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dharma wheel, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, 1200s CE, bronze – <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of a Buddha-statue, showing the first five disciples of the Buddha at Sarnath and dharmachakra."><img alt="Part of a Buddha-statue, showing the first five disciples of the Buddha at Sarnath and dharmachakra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg/120px-Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg/250px-Five_disciples_at_Sarnath.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of a Buddha-statue, showing the first five disciples of the Buddha at Sarnath and dharmachakra.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_(Rinp%C5%8D)_MET_DT352194.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese dharmachakra, late 13th century."><img alt="Japanese dharmachakra, late 13th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg/120px-%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg/180px-%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg/240px-%E8%BC%AA%E5%AE%9D-Wheel_of_the_Buddhist_Law_%28Rinp%C5%8D%29_MET_DT352194.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3001" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Japanese dharmachakra, late 13th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandala Base, China, Ming dynasty, Cleveland Museum of Art."><img alt="Mandala Base, China, Ming dynasty, Cleveland Museum of Art." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-120px-China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-180px-China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-240px-China%2C_Ming_dynasty_-_Mandala_Base_-_1987.58_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6770" data-file-height="5735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mandala Base, China, Ming dynasty, Cleveland Museum of Art.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_wheel,_China,_Qing_dynasty,_Qianlong_period,_1736-1795_AD,_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu,_China_-_DSC04134.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736–1795 CE."><img alt="Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736–1795 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg/81px-Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg/121px-Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg/162px-Dharma_wheel%2C_China%2C_Qing_dynasty%2C_Qianlong_period%2C_1736-1795_AD%2C_famille_rose_with_golden_glaze_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="5245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dharma wheel, China, Qing dynasty, Qianlong period, 1736–1795 CE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China,_Qing_dynasty_(1644-1912),_Jiaqing_reign_-_Box_with_Ink_Cakes-_Yellow_Ink_Stick_in_Shape_of_a_Buddhist_%22Wheel_of_th_-_1942.206.e_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Box with Ink Cakes: Yellow Ink Stick, China, Qing dynasty (1644–1912)."><img alt="Box with Ink Cakes: Yellow Ink Stick, China, Qing dynasty (1644–1912)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China%2C_Qing_dynasty_%281644-1912%29%2C_Jiaqing_reign_-_Box_with_Ink_Cakes-_Yellow_Ink_Stick_in_Shape_of_a_Buddhist_%22Wheel_of_th_-_1942.206.e_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-120px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China%2C_Qing_dynasty_%281644-1912%29%2C_Jiaqing_reign_-_Box_with_Ink_Cakes-_Yellow_Ink_Stick_in_Shape_of_a_Buddhist_%22Wheel_of_th_-_1942.206.e_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-180px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/China%2C_Qing_dynasty_%281644-1912%29%2C_Jiaqing_reign_-_Box_with_Ink_Cakes-_Yellow_Ink_Stick_in_Shape_of_a_Buddhist_%22Wheel_of_th_-_1942.206.e_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-240px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5436" data-file-height="5301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Box with Ink Cakes: Yellow Ink Stick, China, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmachakra_Pravartana_-_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra Pravartana at National Museum, New Delhi"><img alt="Dharmachakra Pravartana at National Museum, New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dharmachakra_Pravartana_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/120px-Dharmachakra_Pravartana_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Dharmachakra_Pravartana_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/250px-Dharmachakra_Pravartana_-_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dharmachakra Pravartana at National Museum, New Delhi</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_examples">Contemporary examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanti_Stupa,_Leh_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shanti Stupa, Leh"><img alt="Shanti Stupa, Leh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG/120px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG/180px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG/240px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4204" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Stupa,_Ladakh" title="Shanti Stupa, Ladakh">Shanti Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jokhang_dharma_wheel-5447.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jokhang Monastery"><img alt="Jokhang Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jokhang_dharma_wheel-5447.jpg/120px-Jokhang_dharma_wheel-5447.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Jokhang_dharma_wheel-5447.jpg/250px-Jokhang_dharma_wheel-5447.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jokhang_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokhang Monastery">Jokhang Monastery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_(9140985559).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, Kelantan"><img alt="Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, Kelantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg/120px-003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg/180px-003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg/240px-003_Dhammacakka_Wheel_%289140985559%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2387" data-file-height="2387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wat Phothivihan, Tumpat, <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Phra_Sing,_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_(002).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to Wat Phra Sing"><img alt="Entrance to Wat Phra Sing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg/90px-Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg/135px-Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg/180px-Wat_Phra_Sing%2C_Chiang_Rai_-_2017-06-27_%28002%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to <a href="/wiki/Wat_Phra_Sing,_Chiang_Rai" title="Wat Phra Sing, Chiang Rai">Wat Phra Sing</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_(9206899756).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Chai Nat Province (a garuda upholding the dhammacakka in front of the mountain and river), Wat Sri Suphan, Chiang Mai"><img alt="Seal of Chai Nat Province (a garuda upholding the dhammacakka in front of the mountain and river), Wat Sri Suphan, Chiang Mai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg/120px-113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg/180px-113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg/240px-113_Yakkha_upholding_the_Dhammacakka_%289206899756%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal of <a href="/wiki/Chai_Nat_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai Nat Province">Chai Nat Province</a> (a garuda upholding the dhammacakka in front of the mountain and river), <a href="/wiki/Wat_Sri_Suphan" title="Wat Sri Suphan">Wat Sri Suphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dharmachakra at Boudanath"><img alt="Dharmachakra at Boudanath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg/120px-Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg/180px-Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg/240px-Boudhanath_2016-04-15a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="3012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dharmachakra at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudanath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boudanath (page does not exist)">Boudanath</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_(9204016689).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun"><img alt="Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg/120px-011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg/180px-011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg/240px-011_Dhammacakka_on_Main_Gable_%289204016689%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dhammacakka on Main Gable, Wat Phra Putthabat Tak Pha, Lamphun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagoda_Mumbai_Entance_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to the Global Vipassana Pagoda"><img alt="Entrance to the Global Vipassana Pagoda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pagoda_Mumbai_Entance_01.jpg/120px-Pagoda_Mumbai_Entance_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pagoda_Mumbai_Entance_01.jpg/250px-Pagoda_Mumbai_Entance_01.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Vipassana_Pagoda" title="Global Vipassana Pagoda">Global Vipassana Pagoda</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lok Sabha chamber of the New Parliament building, New Delhi"><img alt="Lok Sabha chamber of the New Parliament building, New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg/80px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg/120px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg/160px-Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lok Sabha chamber of the New Parliament building, New Delhi</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_flags_and_official_symbolism">National flags and official symbolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National flags and official symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Emblem of Mongolia includes the dharmachakra, a cintamani, a padma, blue khata and the Soyombo symbol"><img alt="The Emblem of Mongolia includes the dharmachakra, a cintamani, a padma, blue khata and the Soyombo symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/120px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/250px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia">Emblem of Mongolia</a> includes the dharmachakra, a <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">cintamani</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Padma_(attribute)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padma (attribute)">padma</a>, blue <a href="/wiki/Khata" title="Khata">khata</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Emblem of Sri Lanka, featuring a blue dharmachakra as the crest"><img alt="The Emblem of Sri Lanka, featuring a blue dharmachakra as the crest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Emblem of Sri Lanka">Emblem of Sri Lanka</a>, featuring a blue dharmachakra as the <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Emblem of India, featuring the Ashoka Chakra on the base panel representing the Dharmachakra"><img alt="The Emblem of India, featuring the Ashoka Chakra on the base panel representing the Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/75px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/113px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/150px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of India">Emblem of India</a>, featuring the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a> on the base panel representing the Dharmachakra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Supreme Court of India, which shows the dharmachakra on top of the Lion Capital. It was found broken during the excavations."><img alt="Emblem of the Supreme Court of India, which shows the dharmachakra on top of the Lion Capital. It was found broken during the excavations." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/81px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/122px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg/163px-Emblem_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of the Supreme Court of India, which shows the dharmachakra on top of the Lion Capital. It was found broken during the excavations.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flag of India has the Ashoka Chakra at its center representing the Dharmachakra.[29]"><img alt="The Flag of India has the Ashoka Chakra at its center representing the Dharmachakra.[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/120px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/180px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/240px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">Flag of India</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra" title="Ashoka Chakra">Ashoka Chakra</a> at its center representing the Dharmachakra.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sikkim_(1967-1975).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flag of the former Kingdom of Sikkim featured a version of the Dharmachakra"><img alt="The flag of the former Kingdom of Sikkim featured a version of the Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sikkim" title="Flag of Sikkim">flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">former Kingdom of Sikkim</a> featured a version of the Dharmachakra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Tibet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Central Tibetan Administration with Tibetan Buddhist style Dharmachakra"><img alt="Emblem of Central Tibetan Administration with Tibetan Buddhist style Dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emblem_of_Tibet.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Tibet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emblem_of_Tibet.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Tibet.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emblem of <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> with Tibetan Buddhist style Dharmachakra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharmacakra_flag_(Thailand).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The dhammacakka flag, the symbol of Buddhism in Thailand"><img alt="The dhammacakka flag, the symbol of Buddhism in Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg/120px-Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg/180px-Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg/240px-Dharmacakra_flag_%28Thailand%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The dhammacakka flag, the symbol of Buddhism in Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of Thammasat University in Thailand consisting of a Constitution on phan with a twelve-spoked dhammacakka"><img alt="The seal of Thammasat University in Thailand consisting of a Constitution on phan with a twelve-spoked dhammacakka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg/240px-Emblem_of_Thammasat_University.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a> in Thailand consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Constitution</a> on <a href="/wiki/Phan_(tray)" title="Phan (tray)">phan</a> with a twelve-spoked dhammacakka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand"><img alt="Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg/120px-Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg/180px-Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg/240px-Colours_of_the_National_Scout_Organization_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colours of the National Scout Organization of Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag used by the Indian Dalit Buddhist Movement"><img alt="Flag used by the Indian Dalit Buddhist Movement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg/120px-Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg/180px-Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg/240px-Flag_of_various_Republican_Parties_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag used by the Indian <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalit Buddhist Movement">Dalit Buddhist Movement</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The insignia for Buddhist chaplains in the United States Armed Forces."><img alt="The insignia for Buddhist chaplains in the United States Armed Forces." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg/120px-USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg/180px-USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg/240px-USAF_Religion_Pin_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The insignia for Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheel in Jain Symbol of Ahimsa represents dharmachakra"><img alt="Wheel in Jain Symbol of Ahimsa represents dharmachakra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg/60px-Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="56" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg/120px-Ahimsa_Jainism_Gradient.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="3217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheel in <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols#Symbol_of_Ahimsa" title="Jain symbols">Symbol of Ahimsa</a></i> represents dharmachakra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="USVA headstone emblem 2"><img alt="USVA headstone emblem 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg/120px-USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg/180px-USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg/240px-USVA_headstone_emb-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs_emblems_for_headstones_and_markers" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers">USVA</a> headstone emblem 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Romani People. It contains blue and red colour to represent the heaven and earth respectively, and uses a 16 spoke Dharmachakra to symbolise their tradition and to pay homage to their Indian origin."><img alt="Flag of the Romani People. It contains blue and red colour to represent the heaven and earth respectively, and uses a 16 spoke Dharmachakra to symbolise their tradition and to pay homage to their Indian origin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Romani_people.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">Flag of the Romani People</a>. It contains blue and red colour to represent the heaven and earth respectively, and uses a 16 spoke Dharmachakra to symbolise their tradition and to pay homage to their Indian origin.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These symbols, however, are elongated and not circular. Spoked wheel vehicle are virtually absent in <a href="/wiki/Harappan_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan civilisation">Harappan civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore interpreting these symbols as spoked wheel is a matter of debate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grunwedel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grunwedel_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunwedel_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grünwedel e.a.:"The wheel (<i>dharmachakra</i>) as already mentioned, was adopted by Buddha's disciples as the symbol of his doctrine, and combined with other symbols—a trident placed above it, etc.—stands for him on the sculptures of the Asoka period."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrünwedelGibsonBurgess190167-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goetz: "dharmachakra, symbol of the Buddhist faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoetz196452_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoetz196452-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, <i>The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art,</i> p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancient-symbols.com/buddhist-symbols.html">"Buddhist Symbols"</a>. <i>Ancient-symbols.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient-symbols.com&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Symbols&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient-symbols.com%2Fbuddhist-symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMansinha2021" class="citation book cs1">Mansinha, Mayadhar (10 September 2021) [1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n83/mode/2up?view=theater">"CHAPTER VIII. THE POST SARALA PERIOD - A PERIOD OF EXPERIMENTS: I.The Buddhist Influence - <i>The Metaphysical Poets</i>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fMC5zgEACAAJ"><i>History of Oriya Literature</i></a>. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1015025486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1015025486"><bdi>978-1015025486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+VIII.+THE+POST+SARALA+PERIOD+-+A+PERIOD+OF+EXPERIMENTS%3A+I.The+Buddhist+Influence+-+The+Metaphysical+Poets&rft.btitle=History+of+Oriya+Literature&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1015025486&rft.aulast=Mansinha&rft.aufirst=Mayadhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13018%2Fpage%2Fn83%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayak2014" class="citation web cs1">Nayak, Dr. Ganeswar (11 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper_15.pdf">"History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Bryant, Edwin Francis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA141"><i>Krishna: A Sourcebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148923"><bdi>978-0195148923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195148923&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Bijoy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0z02cZe8PU8C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSahu1958" class="citation book cs1">Sahu, Nabin Kumar (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhism-in-orissa-1958/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater">"Sailodbhavas, Bhaumakaras and Somavamśīs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4GMEAAAAYAAJ"><i>Buddhism in Orissa</i></a>. Bhubaneshwar: Utkal University. p. x. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1391872675">1391872675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sailodbhavas%2C+Bhaumakaras+and+Somavam%C5%9B%C4%ABs&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Orissa&rft.place=Bhubaneshwar&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Utkal+University&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1391872675&rft.aulast=Sahu&rft.aufirst=Nabin+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhism-in-orissa-1958%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029150304/https://priscilla.work/download/4574591-dharma-and-ethics-the-indian-ideal-of-human-perfection-1st-published">"Dharma And Ethics The Indian Ideal Of Human Perfection 1st Published"</a>. <i>priscilla.work</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priscilla.work/download/4574591-dharma-and-ethics-the-indian-ideal-of-human-perfection-1st-published">the original</a> on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=priscilla.work&rft.atitle=Dharma+And+Ethics+The+Indian+Ideal+Of+Human+Perfection+1st+Published&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriscilla.work%2Fdownload%2F4574591-dharma-and-ethics-the-indian-ideal-of-human-perfection-1st-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monier_Williams-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Monier_Williams_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier Williams">Monier Williams</a>, <i>A Sanskrit Dictionary</i> (1899): "to hold, bear (also: bring forth), carry, maintain, preserve, keep, possess, have, use, employ, practise, undergo"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2006" class="citation book cs1">Day, Terence (1 January 2006) [1982]. "The Concept of Obligation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJtkDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature</i></a>. Editions SR (volume 2). Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889208384" title="Special:BookSources/9780889208384"><bdi>9780889208384</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>The importance of the conception of Dharma in early brāhmanic thought is so considerable that it has seemed either that it replaced Ṛta as the leading philosophical and religious conception or that the earlier concept was at some time absorbed into it. It is probably more true that Dharma was conceived as an aspect of Ṛta which became so useful for framing religious, moral and social regulations, that interest in it and discussion of its applications to social and moral order eclipsed all discussions of metaphysical and theological ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Obligation&rft.btitle=The+Conception+of+Punishment+in+Early+Indian+Literature&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+Ontario&rft.series=Editions+SR+%28volume+2%29&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=9780889208384&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJtkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives By Jane McIntosh. p. 377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShahane2014" class="citation web cs1">Shahane, Girish (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010234514/http://scroll.in/article/682712/what-the-absence-of-chariots-in-ancient-harappa-means-for-modis-clean-india-plan">"What the absence of chariots in ancient Harappa means for Modi's Clean India plan"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. 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Main, Carlyn. (2014). <i>Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs,</i> ABC-CLIO, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. B. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/resume/193/scp.html.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rajya+Sabha+Parliamentary+Standing+Committee+On+Home+Affairs%3A+116th+Report+on+The+State+Emblem+Of+India+%28Prohibition+Of+Improper+Use%29+Bill%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2Frsnew%2Fresume%2F193%2Fscp.html.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Adelaide S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcOmjiAWXAC"><i>A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms</i></a>. Cosimo. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-593-3"><bdi>978-1-59605-593-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Important+Symbols+in+Their+Hebrew%3A+Pagan+and+Christian+Forms&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-593-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Adelaide+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxcOmjiAWXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W. (2007), <i>The Horse The Wheel and Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From The Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse+The+Wheel+and+Language.+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+From+The+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+The+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeer2003" class="citation cs2">Beer, Robert (2003), <i>The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols</i>, Serindia Publications, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932476033" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932476033"><bdi>978-1932476033</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Tibetan+Buddhist+Symbols&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1932476033&rft.aulast=Beer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay1982" class="citation cs2">Day, Terence P. (1982), <i>The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature</i>, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919812-15-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-919812-15-5"><bdi>0-919812-15-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conception+of+Punishment+in+Early+Indian+Literature&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-919812-15-5&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Terence+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1964" class="citation cs2">Goetz, Hermann (1964), <i>The art of India: five thousand years of Indian art</i>, Crown</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+India%3A+five+thousand+years+of+Indian+art&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Goetz&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrünwedelGibsonBurgess1901" class="citation cs2">Grünwedel, Albert; Gibson, Agnes C.; Burgess, James (1901), <i>Buddhist art in India</i>, Bernard Quaritch</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+art+in+India&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnwedel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Agnes+C.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation cs2">Harrison, Jane Ellen (2010) [1912], <i>Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Themis%3A+A+Study+of+the+Social+Origins+of+Greek+Religion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Jane+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture". Digital printing 2007</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136875908" title="Special:BookSources/9781136875908"><bdi>9781136875908</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22.+Digital+printing+2007&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781136875908&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInden1998" class="citation cs2">Inden, Ronald (1998), <i>Ritual, Authority, And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship. In: JF Richards, ed., "Kingship and Authority in South Asia"</i>, New Delhi: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual%2C+Authority%2C+And+Cycle+Time+in+Hindu+Kingship.+In%3A+JF+Richards%2C+ed.%2C+%22Kingship+and+Authority+in+South+Asia%22&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation cs2">Mallory, J.P. (1997), <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNath2001" class="citation cs2">Nath, Vijay (March–April 2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition", <i>Social Scientist</i>, <b>29</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>50, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3518337">10.2307/3518337</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3518337">3518337</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=From+%27Brahmanism%27+to+%27Hinduism%27%3A+Negotiating+the+Myth+of+the+Great+Tradition&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2001-03%2F2001-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3518337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3518337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPal1986" class="citation cs2">Pal, Pratapaditya (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.–A.D. 700</i></a>, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520059917" title="Special:BookSources/9780520059917"><bdi>9780520059917</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+700&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780520059917&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DclUmKaWRFTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQueenKing1996" class="citation cs2">Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B. (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZsTgY1lNNsC&pg=PA27"><i>Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist liberation movements in Asia.</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791428443" title="Special:BookSources/9780791428443"><bdi>9780791428443</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaged+Buddhism%3A+Buddhist+liberation+movements+in+Asia.&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780791428443&rft.aulast=Queen&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft.au=King%2C+Sallie+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZsTgY1lNNsC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYan2009" class="citation cs2">Yan, Xiaojing (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f9gS40A_3IC&q=%22dharma+chakra%22+hindu+wisdom&pg=PA386"><i>The confluence of East and West in Nestorian Arts in China. In: Dietmar W. Winkler, Li Tang (eds.), </i>Hidden Treasures and Intercultural Encounters: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia<i><span></span></i></a>, LIT Verlag Münster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643500458" title="Special:BookSources/9783643500458"><bdi>9783643500458</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+confluence+of+East+and+West+in+Nestorian+Arts+in+China.+In%3A+Dietmar+W.+Winkler%2C+Li+Tang+%28eds.%29%2C+Hidden+Treasures+and+Intercultural+Encounters%3A+Studies+on+East+Syriac+Christianity+in+China+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9783643500458&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Xiaojing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f9gS40A_3IC%26q%3D%2522dharma%2Bchakra%2522%2Bhindu%2Bwisdom%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorothy_C._Donath1971" class="citation book cs1">Dorothy C. Donath (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhismforwestt00dona"><i>Buddhism for the West: Theravāda, Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna; a comprehensive review of Buddhist history, philosophy, and teachings from the time of the Buddha to the present day</i></a></span>. Julian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-017533-0"><bdi>0-07-017533-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+for+the+West%3A+Therav%C4%81da%2C+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+and+Vajray%C4%81na%3B+a+comprehensive+review+of+Buddhist+history%2C+philosophy%2C+and+teachings+from+the+time+of+the+Buddha+to+the+present+day&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-07-017533-0&rft.au=Dorothy+C.+Donath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhismforwestt00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADharmachakra" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmachakra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dharmachakra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/40px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/60px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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