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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Theravada_Abhidhamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Theravada_Abhidhamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Theravada Abhidhamma </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Theravada_Abhidhamma-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Theravada Abhidhamma subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Theravada_Abhidhamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Six_sense_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_sense_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Six sense bases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_sense_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighteen_dhātus_and_four_paramatthas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteen_dhātus_and_four_paramatthas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Eighteen dhātus and four paramatthas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteen_dhātus_and_four_paramatthas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twelve_Nidanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twelve_Nidanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Twelve Nidanas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twelve_Nidanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satipatthana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satipatthana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Satipatthana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satipatthana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Mahayana_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Mahayana_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In the Mahayana tradition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_Mahayana_tradition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In the Mahayana tradition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_the_Mahayana_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tibet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Primary literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Secondary literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Web-sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theravada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Theravada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Mahayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajrayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajrayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Vajrayana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajrayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Skandha</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="سكاندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكاندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="স্কন্ধ (বৌদ্ধ দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্কন্ধ (বৌদ্ধ দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="खंध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खंध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉེར་ལེན་གྱི་ཕུང་པོ་ལྔ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉེར་ལེན་གྱི་ཕུང་པོ་ལྔ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandhaer" title="Skandhaer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skandhaer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_agregados" title="Cinco agregados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinco agregados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87" title="اسکندهه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکندهه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%98%A8" title="오온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugusan_(Buddhisme)" title="Gugusan (Buddhisme) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gugusan (Buddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="סקנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Скандха – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Скандха" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szkandha" title="Szkandha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szkandha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="പഞ്ച ദർശനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ച ദർശനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="स्कंध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्कंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ခန္ဓာငါးပါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခန္ဓာငါးပါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijf_khandhas" title="Vijf khandhas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vijf khandhas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="स्कन्ध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्कन्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%98%8A" title="五蘊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="五蘊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%84%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%EA%A9%BB" title="ခန္ဓာႏငတ်ꩻပါꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခန္ဓာႏငတ်ꩻပါꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="បញ្ចក្ខន្ធ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បញ្ចក្ខន្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C4%99%C4%87_skupisk" title="Pięć skupisk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pięć skupisk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco_agregados" title="Cinco agregados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinco agregados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85" title="Пять скандх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пять скандх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Гомила (будизам) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гомила (будизам)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_gomila" title="Pet gomila – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pet gomila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skandha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The five aggregates of clinging: form, sensations, perceptions, ideas, and consciousness</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a term in Buddhist phenomenology. For Jain use, see <a href="/wiki/Skandha_(Jainism)" title="Skandha (Jainism)">Skandha (Jainism)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Skanda_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Skanda (disambiguation)">Skanda</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Langx" title="Template:Langx">langx</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. 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(July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of skandha</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">aggregate, mass, heap, cluster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data">स्कन्ध (skandha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">khandha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">স্কন্ধ (skåndhå)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ခန္ဓာ (ငါးပါး)။ (<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: kʰàɰ̃dà)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8A_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="extiw" title="zh:蘊 (佛教)">蘊</a>(T) / <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8A_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="extiw" title="zh:蘊 (佛教)">蕴</a>(S) (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: yùn)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">gugusan, gugus, agregat</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:蘊">蘊</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: un)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%89%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" class="extiw" title="km:បញ្ចក្ខន្ធ">បញ្ចក្ខន្ធ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: pănhchăkkhăn)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" class="extiw" title="ko:온 (불교)">온</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: on)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠰ (tsogtsas)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ၶၼ်ႇထႃႇ ([khan2 thaa2])</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ස්කන්ධ (skandha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ཕུང་པོ་ (phung po)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data">skandha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" class="extiw" title="th:ขันธ์">ขันธ์</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C5%A9_u%E1%BA%A9n" class="extiw" title="vi:Ngũ uẩn">Ngũ uẩn</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Skandhas (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) or khandhas (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B8%B7i" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāḷi">Pāḷi</a>) means "heaps, aggregates, collections, groupings, clusters".<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p232-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-initial-4">[note 1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, it refers to the five aggregates of clinging (Pañcupādānakkhandhā), the five material and mental factors that take part in the perpetual process which creates craving, clinging and aversion. They are also explained as the five factors that constitute and explain a sentient being's person and personality,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2015skandhas-7">[6]</a> but this is a later interpretation in response to <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivādin</a> essentialism. The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> subscribes to this interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[7]</a> The five aggregates or heaps of clinging are: <ol><li>form, sense objects (or material image, impression) (<a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa#Buddhism" title="Rūpa">rūpa</a>)</li> <li>sensations (or feelings, received from the coming together of the senses and the sense objects) (<a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">vedanā</a>)</li> <li>perceptions (<a href="/wiki/Samjna_(concept)" title="Samjna (concept)">samjna, sañña</a>)</li> <li>mental activity, formations, or influences of a previous life (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">sanskara</a>)</li> <li>consciousness, discernment (<a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijnana, viññāṇa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-stevenemmanuel587-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aggregates-11">[10]</a></li></ol> In the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> tradition, <a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a> (unease, "suffering") arises when one identifies with or <a href="/wiki/Upadana" class="mw-redirect" title="Upadana">clings</a> to the aggregates. This suffering is <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">extinguished</a> by relinquishing attachments to aggregates. Both the Theravada and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> traditions assert that the nature of all aggregates is intrinsically <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">empty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Svabhava" title="Svabhava">independent existence</a> and that these aggregates do not constitute a "self" of any kind. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Skandha (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: स्कन्ध) is a Sanskrit word that means "multitude, quantity, aggregate", generally in the context of body, trunk, stem, empirically observed gross object or anything of bulk verifiable with senses.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p232-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-mmwp1141-12">[11]</a> The term appears in the Vedic literature. The Pali equivalent word Khandha (sometimes spelled Kkhanda)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a> appears extensively in the Pali canon where, state <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids</a> and William Stede, it means "bulk of the body, aggregate, heap, material collected into bulk" in one context, "all that is comprised under, groupings" in some contexts, and particularly as "the elements or substrata of sensory existence, sensorial aggregates which condition the appearance of life in any form".<a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p232-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[note 2]</a> Paul Williams et al. translate skandha as "heap, aggregate", stating it refers to the explanation of the psychophysical makeup of any being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200042,_48,_58–60,_69–70-15">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> renders skandha as "aggregates".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31-2">[2]</a> Damien Keown and Charles Prebish state that skandha is ཕུང་པོ། in Tibetan, and the terms mean "collections or aggregates or bundles".<a href="#cite_note-KeownPrebish2013p844-16">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> The Buddha teaches in the <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Pali Canon</a> the five aggregates as follows: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">"form"</a> or "matter"<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a> (Skt., Pāli रूप (rūpa); Tib. གཟུགས། (gzugs); Ch. 色 (sè)): matter, body or "material form" of a being or any existence.<a href="#cite_note-stevenemmanuel587-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a> Buddhist texts state rūpa of any person, sentient being and object to be composed of four basic elements or forces: earth (solidity), water (cohesion), fire (heat) and wind (motion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">"sensation"</a> or "feeling" (Skt., Pāli वेदना (vedanā); Tib. ཚོར་བ། (tshor ba); Ch. 受 (shòu)): sensory experience of an object.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a> It is either pleasant, unpleasant or neutral.<a href="#cite_note-19">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Saññā">"perception"</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 6]</a> (Skt. संज्ञा (saṃjñā), Pāli सञ्ञा (saññā), Tib. འདུ་ཤེས། ('du shes); Ch. 想 (xiǎng)): sensory and mental process that registers, recognizes and labels (for instance, the shape of a tree, color green, emotion of fear).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">"mental formations"</a> (Skt. संस्कार (saṃskāra), Pāli सङ्खार (saṅkhāra), Tib. འདུ་བྱེད། ('du.byed); Ch. 行 (xíng)): "constructing activities",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a> "conditioned things", "volition", "karmic activities"; all types of mental imprints and conditioning triggered by an object.<a href="#cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-22">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-23">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[note 7]</a> Includes any process that makes a person initiate action or act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B1%C3%B1%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Viññāṇa">"consciousness"</a> (Skt. विज्ञान (vijñāna), Pāli विञ्ञाण (viññāṇa), Tib. རྣམ་ཤེས། (sna'i rnam par shes pa); Ch. 識 (shí)): "discrimination" or "discernment"<a href="#cite_note-25">[note 8]</a>. Awareness of an object and discrimination of its components and aspects, and is of six types, states Peter Harvey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a> The Buddhist literature discusses this skandha as, <ol><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Nikayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikayas">Nikayas</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Āgamas</a>: cognizance,<a href="#cite_note-26">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 9]</a> that which discerns.<a href="#cite_note-28">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 10]</a></li> <li>In the Abhidhamma: a series of rapidly changing interconnected discrete acts of cognizance.<a href="#cite_note-30">[note 11]</a></li> <li>In some Mahayana sources: the base that supports all experience.<a href="#cite_note-31">[note 12]</a></li></ol></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggregates_of_personality">Aggregates of personality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aggregates of personality">edit</a>]</div> The five aggregates are often interpreted in the later tradition as an explanation of the constituents of person and personality,<a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro2010-32">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-33">[21]</a> and "the list of aggregates became extremely important for the later development of the teaching".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-33">[21]</a> According to this interpretation, in each skandha – body, sensations, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness – there is emptiness and no substance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31-2">[2]</a> According to Damien Keown and Charles Prebish, canonical Buddhism asserts that "the notion of a self is unnecessarily superimposed upon five skandha" of a phenomenon or a living being.<a href="#cite_note-KeownPrebish2013p844-16">[14]</a> The skandha doctrine, states Matthew MacKenzie, is a form of anti-realism about everyday reality including persons, and presents an alternative to "substantialist views of the self".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247-34">[22]</a> It asserts that everything perceived, each person and personality, is an "aggregate, heap" of composite entities without essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247-34">[22]</a> According to Harvey, the five skandhas give rise to a sense of personality,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-35">[23]</a> but are dukkha (unsatisfying), impermanent, and without an enduring self or essence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[note 13]</a> Each aggregate is an object of grasping (clinging), at the root of self-identification as "I, me, myself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a> According to Harvey, realizing the real nature of skandhas, both in terms of impermanence and non-self, is necessary for nirvana.<a href="#cite_note-44">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-initial-4">[note 1]</a> This "emptiness from personality" can be found in descriptions of the enlightened, perfected state of <a href="/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhat (Buddhism)">Arhat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tathagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagata">Tathagata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-peterharvey1995p229-45">[32]</a> in which there is no longer any identification with the five skandhas.<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 14]</a> This "no essence" view has been a topic of questions, disagreements, and commentaries since ancient times, both in non-Buddhist Indian religions and Buddhist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247-34">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[33]</a> The use of the skandhas concept to explain the self is unique to Buddhism among major Indian religions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhe200592–93-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy200963–64-49">[35]</a> and responds to <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> teachings that "phenomena" or its constituents are real.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20049-50">[36]</a> It also contrasts with the premise of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> that a living being has an eternal soul or metaphysical self.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhe200592–93-48">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy200963–64-49">[35]</a> In some early Buddhist texts, the individual is considered unreal but the skandha are considered real. But the skandha too are considered unreal and nonsubstantial in numerous other Buddhist Nikaya and Āgama texts.<a href="#cite_note-51">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggregates_of_experience_and_grasping">Aggregates of experience and grasping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aggregates of experience and grasping">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> never tried to define what a "person" is, though scholars tend to approach the skandhas as a description of the constituents of the person.<a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro2010-32">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[38]</a> He adds that almost any Buddhist meditation teacher explains it that way, as Buddhist commentaries from about the 1st century CE onwards have done. In Thanissaro's view, however, this is incorrect, and he suggests that skandhas should be viewed as activities, which cause suffering, but whose unwholesome workings can be interrupted.<a href="#cite_note-Thanissaro2010-32">[20]</a> Rupert Gethin also notes that the five skandhas are not merely "the Buddhist analysis of man", but "five aspects of an individual being's experience of the world... encompassing both grasping and all that is grasped".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1986-53">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[note 15]</a> Mathieu Boisvert states that "many scholars have referred to the five aggregates in their works on Buddhism, [but] none have thoroughly explained their respective functions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-55">[40]</a> According to Boisvert, the five aggregates and dependent origination are closely related, which explains the process that binds us to <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">samsara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosivert2005150-56">[41]</a> Boisvert notes that the pancha-upadanakkhanda(five aggregates of clinging) does not incorporate all human experience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-148-57">[42]</a> Vedana may transform into either niramisa or nekkhamma-sita vedana (vedana which is not harmful) or into amisa or gehasita vedana (a "type of sensation [which] may act as an agent bringing about the future arising of craving and aversion").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-55">[40]</a> This is determined by sanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-55">[40]</a> According to Boisvert, "not all sanna belong to the sanna-skandha". The wholesome sanna recognise the three marks of existence (<a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">dukkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">anatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">anicca</a>), and do not belong to the sanna-skandha. Unwholesome sanna is not "conducive to insight", and without proper sanna, the "person is likely to generate craving, clinging and becoming".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005148-58">[43]</a> As with sanna, "not all sankhara belong to the sankharaskandha", since not all sankhara produce future effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005148-58">[43]</a> According to Johannes Bronkhorst, the notion that the five aggregates are not self has to be viewed in light of debates about "liberating knowledge", the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a> (eternal soul) which was deemed liberating by the Vedic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200926-32-59">[44]</a> Bronkhorst notes that "knowledge of the self plays no useful role on the Buddha’s path to liberation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927-60">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[note 16]</a> What is important is not to grasp at the forms, sounds, odors, flavors, objects, and mental properties which are perceived with the six sense organs (these include mind as the sixth sense organ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-29-62">[46]</a> The insight that the aggregates are not self aids in letting go of this grasping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927-60">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[note 17]</a> Miri Albahari also objected to the usual understanding of the skandhas as denoting the absence of any "self". Albahari argued that the khandhas do not necessarily constitute the entirety of the human experience, and that the Hindu concept of Ātman is not explicitly negated by Pāli Canon.<a href="#cite_note-Albani2000-64">[47]</a> According to Albani[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], "anattā is best understood as a practical strategy rather than as a metaphysical doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-Albani2000-64">[47]</a> To Albahari, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nibbāna</a> is an ever-present part of human nature, which is gradually "uncovered" by the cessation of ignorance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Theravada_Abhidhamma">In Theravada Abhidhamma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Theravada Abhidhamma">edit</a>]</div> <table style="float:right; clear: right; margin:0.1em 0 0.1em 1em; background:Azure; border:1px solid DarkGray; font-size:85%; text-align:center;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray; background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; color:RoyalBlue"> The <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Five Aggregates</a> (pañca khandha) according to the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>.</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Lime"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">form (rūpa)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Lime"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:white; border:1px dotted Blue"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C5%ABta" title="Mahābhūta">4 elements (mahābhūta)</a></td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Lime"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:Lime"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure; border-left:1px solid Green"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:LimeGreen">↓</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:Azure; border-left:1px solid Green"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:White; border:1px dotted Gainsboro"><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa">contact (phassa)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:Green; text-align:left">    ↓</td> <td colspan="2" style="background:Azure; color:LightSkyBlue">↑</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background:LightSkyBlue">  <a href="/wiki/Vijnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnana">consciousness (viññāna)</a>  </td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td>        → ←       ←</td> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="8" style="border-left:1px dotted Red; border-top:1px dotted Red; border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> <td style="color:RoyalBlue; border-top:1px dotted Red"><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">mental factors (cetasika)</a></td> <td rowspan="8" style="border-right:1px dotted Red; border-top:1px dotted Red; border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:Orange">  <a href="/wiki/Vedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedana">feeling (vedanā)</a>  </td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:OrangeRed">  <a href="/wiki/Samjna" class="mw-redirect" title="Samjna">perception (sañña)</a>  </td> </tr> <tr><td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Red">  <a href="/wiki/Sankhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhara">formation (saṅkhāra)</a>  </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px dotted Red"> </td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="1"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="border-top:1px solid DarkGray; background:Ivory; text-align:left; color:RoyalBlue"> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">Form</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Mahabhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabhuta">Four Great Elements</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnana">Consciousness</a> arises from <a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">other aggregates</a>.</li> <li>Mental Factors arise from the <a href="/wiki/Phassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phassa">Contact</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vinnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnana">Consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">other aggregates</a>.</li> <li>The five aggregates are <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">no-self</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:left; color:RoyalBlue">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.109.than.html">Source: MN 109 (Thanissaro, 2001)</a>  |  <a href="/wiki/Template:PancaKhandha" title="Template:PancaKhandha">diagram details</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> developed detailed analyses and overviews of the teachings found in the sutras, called <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a>. Each school developed its own Abhidharma. The best-known is the <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da_Abhidhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda Abhidhamma">Theravāda Abhidhamma</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Vaibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ika" title="Vaibhāṣika">Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma</a> was historically very influential, and has been preserved partly in the Chinese Āgama. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_sense_bases">Six sense bases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Six sense bases">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">Ayatana</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%A2a%E1%B8%8D%C4%81yatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṣaḍāyatana">Ṣaḍāyatana</a></div> The internal and external sense bases together form the "six sense bases". In this description, found in texts such as Salayatana samyutta, the coming together of an object and a sense-organ results in the arising of the corresponding consciousness. According to <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bhikkhu Bodhi</a>, the Theravada tradition teaches that the six sense bases accommodate "all the factors of existence"; it is "the all", and "apart from which nothing at all exists",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122-65">[48]</a> and "are empty of a self and of what belongs to the self".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–127-66">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[note 18]</a> The suttas do not describe this[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] as an alternative of the skandhas. The Abhidhamma, striving to "a single all-inclusive system",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1123-69">[51]</a> explicitly connects the five aggregates and the six sense bases:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1123-69">[51]</a> <ul><li>The first five external sense bases (visible form, sound, smell, taste and touch), and the first five internal sense bases (eye, ear, nose, tongue and body) are part of the form aggregate;</li> <li>The mental sense-object (i.e. mental objects) overlap the first four aggregates (form, feeling, perception and formation);</li> <li>The mental sense organ (mind) is comparable to the aggregate of consciousness.</li></ul> Bodhi states that six-sense-bases is a "vertical" view of human experiences while the aggregates is a "horizontal" (temporal) view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122–23-70">[52]</a> The Theravada Buddhist meditation practice on sense bases is aimed at both removing distorted cognitions such as those influenced by cravings, conceits and opinions, as well as "uprooting all conceivings in all its guises".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–26-71">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteen_dhātus_and_four_paramatthas">Eighteen dhātus and four paramatthas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eighteen dhātus and four paramatthas">edit</a>]</div> <table style="float:right; clear: right; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; background:Azure;color:inherit; border:1px solid DarkGray; font-size:100%; text-align:center;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="16" style="border-bottom:1px solid DarkGray; background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; color:RoyalBlue; font-size:110%">Figure: The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>'s Six Sextets: </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16">  </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">  </td> <td style="background:Yellow;color:inherit;" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">sense bases</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">    → </td> <td style="background:Orange;color:inherit;" rowspan="7">  </td> <td style="background:Orange;color:inherit;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">f e e l i n g</a> </td> <td style="background:Orange;color:inherit;" rowspan="7">  </td> <td rowspan="7">    → </td> <td style="background:OrangeRed;color:inherit;" rowspan="7">  </td> <td style="background:OrangeRed;color:inherit;" rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">c r a v i n g</a> </td> <td style="background:OrangeRed;color:inherit;" rowspan="7">  </td> <td rowspan="7">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Yellow;color:inherit;">  </td> <td style="background:White; border:1px solid Gray; color:DimGray">"internal" sense organs </td> <td style="background:Yellow;color:inherit;"><–> </td> <td style="background:White; border:1px solid Gray; color:DimGray">"external" sense objects </td> <td style="background:Yellow;color:inherit;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:Yellow;color:inherit;" colspan="5">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td> <td colspan="3">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:Gold;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa">contact</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">↓ </td> <td colspan="3">↑ </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#B0C4DE; color:black" colspan="5">  <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">consciousness</a>   </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16" style="border-top:1px solid DarkGray; background:Ivory; text-align:left; color:RoyalBlue; font-size:87%"> <ol><li>The six internal <a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">sense bases</a> are the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body & mind.</li> <li>The six external sense bases are <a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABpa" title="Rūpa">visible forms</a>, sound, odor, flavors, touch & <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">mental objects</a>.</li> <li>Sense-specific <a href="/wiki/Vinnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinnana">consciousness</a> arises dependent on an internal & an external sense base.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Phassa">Contact</a> is the meeting of an internal sense base, external sense base & consciousness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedana">Feeling</a> is dependent on contact.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Craving</a> is dependent on feeling.</li></ol> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16" style="background:WhiteSmoke; text-align:center; color:RoyalBlue"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.148.than.html">Source: MN 148 (Thanissaro, 1998)</a>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Template:Chachakka" title="Template:Chachakka">diagram details</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The eighteen dhātus (Sanskrit: aṣṭadaśa dhātu, the main "elements" of existence) <a href="#cite_note-72">[note 19]</a> – six external bases, six internal bases, and six consciousnesses – function through the five aggregates. They are: The six sense objects (viṣayadhātu) are: <ul><li>visible forms (rūpa-dhātu)</li> <li>sounds (śabda-dhātu)</li> <li>smells (gandha-dhātu)</li> <li>tastes (rasa-dhātu)</li> <li>textures (spraṣṭavya-dhātu)</li> <li>mental objects (dharma dhātu)</li></ul> The six sense faculties (indriyadhātu) are: <ul><li>eye faculty (cakṣur-dhātu)</li></ul> <ul><li>ear faculty (śrotra-dhātu)</li> <li>nose faculty (ghrāṇa-dhātu)</li> <li>tongue faculty (jihva-dhātu)</li> <li>body faculty (kāya-dhātu)</li> <li>mental faculty (mano-dhātu)The six sense consciousnesses (vijñānadhātu) are:</li></ul> <ul><li>eye-consciousness (cakṣur-vijñanadhātu)</li> <li>ear-consciousness (śrotra-vijñanadhātu)</li> <li>nose-consciousness (ghrāṇa-vijñanadhātu)</li> <li>tongue-consciousness (jihva-vijñanadhātu)</li> <li>body-consciousness (kāya-vijñanadhātu)</li> <li>mind-consciousness (mano-vijñanadhātu)</li></ul> These dhātus can be arranged into six triads, each triad composed of a sense object, a sense organ, and sense consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-74">[note 20]</a> The Abhidhamma and post-canonical Pali texts create a meta-scheme for the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutta Pitaka">Sutta Pitaka</a>'s conceptions of aggregates, sense bases and dhattus (elements).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a6-75">[55]</a> This meta-scheme is known as the four paramatthas or ultimate realities, three conditioned, one unconditioned: <ul><li>Material phenomena (rūpa, form)</li> <li>Mind or consciousness (citta)</li> <li>Mental factors (cetasikas: the nama-factors sensation, perception and formation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nibbāna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twelve_Nidanas">Twelve Nidanas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Twelve Nidanas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dependent_origination" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependent origination">Dependent origination</a></div> <table cellpadding="5" style="float:left;clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="font-size:70%; text-align:center; border-right:1px solid DarkGray; background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="25">  </th> <th style="border-bottom:8px solid white; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">The 12 Nidānas:</a> </th> <th rowspan="25">  </th></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Plum"><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Ignorance</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:SkyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Formations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Azure"><a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">Consciousness</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Lime"><a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">Name & Form</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Yellow"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80yatana" title="Āyatana">Six Sense Bases</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Gold"><a href="/wiki/Spar%C5%9Ba" title="Sparśa">Contact</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Orange"><a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">Feeling</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:OrangeRed"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Craving</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Red"><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">Clinging</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:Crimson"><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">Becoming</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:IndianRed"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti_(Buddhism)" title="Jāti (Buddhism)">Birth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid Blue; background:RosyBrown"><a href="/wiki/Jar%C4%81mara%E1%B9%87a" title="Jarāmaraṇa">Old Age & Death</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">Twelve Nidanas</a> is a linear list of twelve elements from the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> teachings which arise in dependence on the preceding link. While this list may be interpreted as describing the processes which give rise to rebirth, in essence it describes the arising of dukkha as a psychological process, without the involvement of an atman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007-76">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000-77">[57]</a> Some scholars regard it to be a later synthesis of several older lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrauwallner1973167-168-78">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1997-79">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999-80">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009-81">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007-76">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-82">[62]</a> The first four links may be a mockery of the Vedic-Brahmanic cosmogony, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Hymn_of_Creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymn of Creation">Hymn of Creation</a> of Veda X, 129 and the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000-77">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009-81">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-82">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1984173_with_note_16-83">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1990256-84">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1971-85">[65]</a> These were integrated with a branched list that describes the conditioning of mental processes,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999-80">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007-76">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-82">[62]</a> akin to the five skandhas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995-86">[66]</a> Eventually, this branched list developed into the standard twelvefold chain as a linear list.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999-80">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138-87">[67]</a> According to Boisvert, "the function of each of the aggregates, in their respective order, can be directly correlated with the theory of dependent origination—especially with the eight middle links."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127-88">[68]</a> Four of the five aggregates are explicitly mentioned in the sequence, yet in a different order than the list of aggregates, which concludes with viññāṇa • vijñāna:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127–28-89">[69]</a> <ul><li>mental formations (saṅkhāra • saṃskāra) condition consciousness (viññāṇa • vijñāna)</li> <li>which conditions name-and-form (nāma-rūpa)</li> <li>which conditions the precursors (saḷāyatana, phassa • sparśa) to sensations (vedanā)</li> <li>which in turn condition craving (taṇhā • tṛṣṇā) and clinging (upādāna)</li> <li>which ultimately lead to the "entire mass of suffering" (kevalassa dukkhakkhandha).<a href="#cite_note-90">[note 21]</a></li></ul> The interplay between the five-aggregate model of immediate causation and the twelve-nidana model of requisite conditioning is evident, for instance both note the seminal role that mental formations have in both the origination and cessation of suffering.<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 22]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[note 23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Satipatthana">edit</a>]</div> Mindfulness applies to four <a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">upassanā</a> (domains or bases), "constantly watching sensory experience in order to prevent the arising of cravings which would power future experience into rebirths,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200046-93">[70]</a> which[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] also overlap with the skandhas. The four domains are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuan2008i,_9,_81-94">[71]</a> <ul><li>mindfulness of the body (kaya);<a href="#cite_note-95">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[web 1]</a></li> <li>mindfulness of feelings or sensations (<a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">vedanā</a>);<a href="#cite_note-97">[73]</a></li> <li>mindfulness of mind or consciousness (<a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta</a>);<a href="#cite_note-98">[74]</a> and</li> <li>mindfulness of <a href="/wiki/Dhamm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammā">dhammās</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[75]</a></li></ul> According to Grzegorz Polak, the four upassanā have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition, including Theravada, to refer to four different foundations. According to Polak, the four upassanā do not refer to four different foundations of which one should be aware, but are an alternate description of the <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">jhanas</a>, describing how the samskharas are tranquilized:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolak2011153-156,_196-197-100">[76]</a> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Ayatana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatana">six sense-bases</a> which one needs to be aware of (kāyānupassanā);</li> <li>contemplation on <a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">vedanās</a>, which arise with the contact between the senses and their objects (vedanānupassanā);</li> <li>the altered states of mind to which this practice leads (cittānupassanā);</li> <li>the development from the <a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">five hindrances</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_factors_of_enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven factors of enlightenment">seven factors of enlightenment</a> (dhammānupassanā).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Mahayana_tradition">In the Mahayana tradition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Mahayana tradition">edit</a>]</div> The Mahayana developed out of the traditional schools, introducing new texts and putting other emphases in the teachings, especially shunyata and the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva-ideal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a>-teachings developed from the first century BCE onward. They emphasise the "emptiness" of everything that exists. This means that there are no eternally existing "essences", since everything is <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependently originated</a>. The skandhas too are dependently originated, and lack any substantial existence. According to Red Pine, the Prajnaparamita texts are a historical reaction to some early Buddhist Abhidhammas. Specifically, it is a response to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarvastivada_teachings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarvastivada teachings (page does not exist)">Sarvastivada teachings</a> that "phenomena" or their constituents are real.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20049-50">[36]</a> The prajnaparamita notion of "emptiness" is also consistent with the Theravada Abhidhamma.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] is formulated in the <a href="/wiki/Heart_Sutra" title="Heart Sutra">Heart Sutra</a>. The Sanskrit version of the "Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra" ("Heart Sutra"), which may have been composed in China from Sanskrit texts, and later back-translated into Sanskrit,<a href="#cite_note-101">[note 24]</a> states that the five skandhas are empty of self-existence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20042-102">[77]</a> <a href="#cite_note-103">[note 25]</a> <a href="#cite_note-104">[note 26]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[note 27]</a> and famously states "form is <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">emptiness</a>, emptiness is form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20042-102">[77]</a> The same is true with feelings, perceptions, mental formations, and consciousness."<a href="#cite_note-Form_is_emptiness-106">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a> school elaborates on the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a>. Its basic text is the <a href="/wiki/M%C5%ABlamadhyamakak%C4%81rik%C4%81" title="Mūlamadhyamakakārikā">Mūlamadhyamakakārikā</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a>, who refuted the <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivada</a> conception of reality, which reifies dhammas.<a href="#cite_note-107">[79]</a> The simultaneous non-reification of the self and reification of the skandhas has been viewed by some Buddhist thinkers as highly problematic.<a href="#cite_note-108">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a> school further analysed the workings of the mind, elaborated on the concept of nama-rupa and the five skandhas, and developed the notion of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Shunyata, in Chinese texts, is <a href="/wiki/Mu_(negative)" title="Mu (negative)">"Wu"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 無; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Wú), nothingness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-109">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373-110">[82]</a> In these texts, the relation between absolute and relative was a central topic in understanding[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] the Buddhist teachings. The aggregates convey the <a href="/wiki/Samvriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvriti">relative</a> (or conventional) experience of the world by an individual, although <a href="/wiki/Paramartha" title="Paramartha">Absolute</a> truth is realized through them. Commenting on the Heart Sutra, <a href="/wiki/Daisetz_Teitaro_Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki">D.T. Suzuki</a> notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When the sutra says that the five Skandhas have the character of emptiness..., the sense is: no limiting qualities are to be attributed to the Absolute; while it is immanent in all concrete and particular objects, it is not in itself definable.<a href="#cite_note-111">[83]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gatagarbha_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathāgatagarbha Sutras">Tathāgatagarbha Sutras</a>, which concern the <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, developed in India but played a prominent role in China. They on occasion speak of the ineffable skandhas of the Buddha (beyond the nature of worldly skandhas and beyond worldly understanding). In the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Mahaparinirvana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra">Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra</a> the Buddha tells of how the Buddha's skandhas are in fact eternal and unchanging. The Buddha's skandhas are said to be incomprehensible to unawakened vision. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tibet">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana tradition</a> further develops the aggregates in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">mahamudra</a> epistemology and tantric reifications. Referring to mahamudra teachings, <a href="/wiki/Chogyam_Trungpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chogyam Trungpa">Chogyam Trungpa</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[84]</a> identifies the form aggregate as the "solidification" of <a href="/wiki/Avijja" class="mw-redirect" title="Avijja">ignorance</a> (Pali, avijjā; Skt., avidyā), allowing one to have the illusion of "possessing" ever dynamic and spacious <a href="/wiki/Vidya_(Knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidya (Knowledge)">wisdom</a> (Pali, vijjā; Skt. vidyā), and thus being the basis for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualistic</a> relationship between "self" and "other."<a href="#cite_note-113">[note 28]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Trungpa_t%C3%BClkus" title="Trungpa tülkus">Trungpa Rinpoche</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[85]</a> the five skandhas are "a set of Buddhist concepts which describe experience as a five-step process" and that "the whole development of the five skandhas... is an attempt on our part to shield ourselves from the truth of our insubstantiality," while "the practice of meditation is to see the transparency of this shield."<a href="#cite_note-115">[86]</a> Trungpa Rinpoche writes (2001, p. 38): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[S]ome of the details of tantric iconography are developed from abhidharma [that is, in this context, detailed analysis of the aggregates]. Different colors and feelings of this particular consciousness, that particular emotion, are manifested in a particular deity wearing such-and-such a costume, of certain particular colors, holding certain particular sceptres in his hand. Those details are very closely connected with the individualities of particular psychological processes.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Buddhism)">Atman (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratitya-samutpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratitya-samutpada">Pratitya-samutpada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">Samsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankh%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhāra">Sankhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tathagatagarbha_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagatagarbha doctrine">Tathagatagarbha doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti-lakkhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-lakkhana">Ti-lakkhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Kosha</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-initial-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-initial_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-initial_4-1">b</a> The initial part of the Buddhist practice is purification of each of the above "five aggregates" through meditation, study, ritual and living by virtues, particularly abstaining from mental intoxicants. Ultimately, the practice shifts to considering these as naive, then transcending them to reach the state of realization that there is neither person nor self within, or in any other being, states Harvey, where everyone and everything is without self or substantiality and is a "cluster of changing physical and mental processes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201357-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> According to Dalai Lama, skandha means "heap, group, collection or aggregate".<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> In Rawson (1991: p.11), the first skandha is defined as: "name and form (Sanskrit nāma-rūpa, Tibetan gzugs)...". In the <a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">nāma-rūpa</a> traditionally refers to the first four aggregates, as opposed to the fifth aggregate, consciousness. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The Pali canon universally identifies that vedana involves the sensing or feeling of something as pleasant, unpleasant or neutral (see, for instance, SN 22). When contemporary authors elaborate on vedana, they define it similarly (see, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhat Hanh">Nhat Hanh</a>, 1999, p. 178; Trungpa, 2001, p. 21; and, Trungpa, 2002, p. 126). The one exception is in Trungpa (1976), pp. 20-23, where he states that the "strategies or impluses" of "indifference, passion and aggression" are "part of the third stage [aggregate]," "guided by perception." (This section of Trungpa, 1976, is anthologized in Trungpa, 1999, pp. 55-58.) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Generally, vedanā is considered to not include "emotions." For example, Bodhi (2000a), p. 80, writes: "The Pali word vedanā does not signify emotion (which appears to be a complex phenomenon involving a variety of concomitant mental factors), but the bare affective quality of an experience, which may be either pleasant, painful or neutral." Perhaps somewhat similarly, Trungpa (1999), p.58, writes: "Consciousness [the fifth aggregate] consists of emotions and irregular thought patterns...." </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Some translate this term as perception although this is typically the translation of pratyakṣa meaning the apprehension of sensibilia and not any subsequent judgement concerning them. The English word conception is more accurate, although this implies less a process and more the static end result (the mental state of holding a concept)), hence discrimination is preferred. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> The Theravada Abhidhamma divides saṅkhāra into fifty mental factors (Bodhi, 2000a, p. 26). Trungpa (2001), pp. 47ff, following the Sarvastivada Abhidharma studied in Mahayana Buddhism, states that there are fifty-one "general types" of samskara. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Peter Harvey, The Selfless Mind. Curzon Press 1995, page 143-146. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> In commenting on the use of "consciousness" in SN 22.3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.003.than.html">[1]</a>, Bodhi (2000b), pp. 1046-7, n. 18, states: "The passage confirms the privileged status of consciousness among the five aggregates. While all the aggregates are conditioned phenomena marked by the <a href="/wiki/Three_characteristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Three characteristics">three characteristics</a>, consciousness serves as the connecting thread of <a href="/wiki/Personal_continuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal continuity">personal continuity</a> through the sequence of rebirths.... The other four aggregates serve as the 'stations for consciousness' (vinnanatthitiyo: see [SN] 22:53-54). Even consciousness, however, is not a self-identical entity but a sequence of dependently arisen occasions of cognizing; see MN I 256-60." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Harvey writes, "This is in contrast to saññā, which knows by grouping things together, labeling them. This contrast can be seen in terms of the typical objects of these states: colours for saññā (S.III.87), but tastes (S.III.87) or feelings (M.I.292) for viññāṇa. While colours usually be immediately identified, tastes and feelings often need careful consideration to properly identify them: discernment and analysis are needed." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> This conception of consciousness is found in the Theravada Abhidhamma (Bodhi, 2000a, p. 29). </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> While not necessarily contradicted by the <a href="/wiki/Nikayas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikayas">Nikayas</a>, this is a particularly Mahayana statement. For instance, Nhat Hanh (1999, pp. 180-1) states: "Consciousness here means <a href="/wiki/Store_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Store consciousness">store consciousness</a>, which is at the base of everything we are, the ground of all of our mental formations." Similarly, Trungpa (2001, pp. 73-4) states that consciousness "is the finally developed state of being that contains all the previous elements.... [C]onsciousness constitutes an immediately available source of occupation for the momentum of the skandhas to feed on." </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> * Dukkha: The first <a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Noble Truth</a> states that "in brief, the five bundles of grasping-fuel (upadana-skandha) are painful [dukkha]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[24]</a> The five aggregates trigger suffering, pain or unsatisfactoriness. Everything that makes a person is a factor of dukkha, and these in Buddhist thought are not a source of pleasure but of sorrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a> Nirvana requires transcendence from all five skandhas and the sense objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201355-6">[5]</a> * Impermanent: they come into being and dissolve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[25]</a> * Anatta: each of the skandhas lacks a self and substantiality.<a href="#cite_note-38">[26]</a> The aggregates are appearances which don't have an essence either separately or together, all that is perceived as an aggregate or a whole has no real existence.<a href="#cite_note-39">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247-34">[22]</a> This is the "non-self" (anatta) doctrine, and it holds that a belief in self is a source of Dukkha (suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness).<a href="#cite_note-40">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[29]</a> The explicit denial of substantiality or essence in any of the five skandha appears in the early Buddhist texts: "All form is comparable to foam; all feelings to bubbles; all sensations are mirage-like; dispositions are like the plantain trunk; consciousness is but an illusion: so did the Buddha illustrate [the nature of the aggregates]."<a href="#cite_note-42">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The physical, the personality factors (skandhas), and any sense of Self or I are a burden which the enlightened individual has dropped, thus becoming a "man of nothing", not clinging to anything internal or external.<a href="#cite_note-peterharvey1995p229-45">[32]</a> The perfect state of enlightenment is one without any personality, no "I am" conceit, no physical identification, no intellectual identification, no identification in direct or indirects terms related to any of the five skandhas, because "a tathagata has abandoned the personality factors".<a href="#cite_note-peterharvey1995p229-45">[32]</a> No one can find him because he has no "I", self or identity, while his <a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta</a> expands to infinity; he is beyond the reach of the unenlightened human beings, as well as the army of the Mara (demon of death in Buddhism).<a href="#cite_note-peterharvey1995p229-45">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gethin: "To explain the khandhas as the Buddhist analysis of man, as has been the tendency of contemporary scholars, may not be incorrect as far as it goes, yet it is to fix upon one facet of the treatment of the khandhas at the expense of others. Thus A. B. Keith could write, “By a division which... has certainly no merit, logical or psychological, the individual is divided into five aggregates or groups.” However, the five khandhas, as treated in the nikāyas and early abhidhamma, do not exactly take on the character of a formal theory of the nature of man. The concern is not so much the presentation of an analysis of man as object, but rather the understanding of the nature of conditioned existence from the point of view of the experiencing subject. Thus at the most general level rūpa, vedanā, sañña, and are presented as five aspects of an individual being's experience of the world; each khandha is seen as representing a complex class of phenomena that is continuously arising and falling away in response to processes of consciousness based on the six spheres of sense. They thus become the five upādānakkhandhas, encompassing both grasping and all that is grasped."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1986-53">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Bronkhorst: "The aim of the teaching of the Buddha is evidently not to discover the real self. On the contrary, the preoccupation with the true nature of the self has to be given up. Only then one is ready to follow the path shown by the Buddha. Seen from this practical point of view, the question as to the existence of the self is of minor importance. The main thing is that knowledge of the self plays no useful role on the Buddha’s path to liberation. As certain non-Buddhist currents asserted a permanent self not subject to change because only knowledge of such a self could be useful to the attainment of liberation, it is probably justified to assume that the Buddha did not accept the existence of such a self."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927-60">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Bronkhorst: "Acquiring the insight that the various components of the person are not the self causes a wise and noble listener to turn away from material form, and so on; as a result he becomes free from desire and attains liberation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927-60">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> According to Bikkhu Bodhi, the Maha-punnama Sutta, also called The Great Full-moon Night Discourse, describes the impermanence of the aggregates to assert that there is no self, and the right discernment is, "this is not mine, this is not my self, this is not what I am". From Maha-punnama Sutta <div class="poem"> [Buddha:] "It's possible that a senseless person — immersed in ignorance, overcome with craving — might think that he could outsmart the Teacher's message in this way: 'So — form is not-self, feeling is not-self, perception is not-self, fabrications are not-self, consciousness is not-self. Then what self will be touched by the actions done by what is not-self?' Now, monks, haven't I trained you in counter-questioning with regard to this & that topic here & there? What do you think — Is form constant or inconstant?" "Inconstant, lord." "And is that which is inconstant easeful or stressful?" "Stressful, lord." "And is it fitting to regard what is inconstant, stressful, subject to change as: 'This is mine. This is my self. This is what I am'?" [Monks:] "No, lord." "... Is feeling constant or inconstant?" "Inconstant, lord."... "... Is perception constant or inconstant?" "Inconstant, lord."... "... Are fabrications constant or inconstant?" "Inconstant, lord."... "What do you think, monks — Is consciousness constant or inconstant?" "Inconstant, lord." "And is that which is inconstant easeful or stressful?" "Stressful, lord." "And is it fitting to regard what is inconstant, stressful, subject to change as: 'This is mine. This is my self. This is what I am'?" "No, lord." "Thus, monks, any form whatsoever that is past, future, or present; internal or external; blatant or subtle; common or sublime; far or near: every form is to be seen as it actually is with right discernment as: 'This is not mine. This is not my self. This is not what I am.' </div> – Majjhima Nikaya iii 15, Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu<a href="#cite_note-67">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The Pāli word dhātu is used in multiple contexts in the Pāli canon: For instance, Bodhi (2000b), pp. 527–28, identifies four different ways that dhātu is used including in terms of the "eighteen elements" and in terms of "the four primary elements" (<a href="/wiki/Mahabhuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabhuta">catudhātu</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <ul><li>The first five sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue, body) are derivates of form. <ul><li>The sixth sense organ (mind) is part of consciousness.</li></ul></li> <li>The first five sense objects (visible forms, sound, smell, taste, touch) are also derivatives of form. <ul><li>The sixth sense object (mental object) includes form, feeling, perception and mental formations.</li></ul></li> <li>The six sense consciousnesses are the basis for consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a287–88-73">[54]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Put another way, it is through the five skandhas that clinging occurs. See, for instance, the Samadhi Sutta (SN 22:5) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.005.than.html">(Thanissaro, 2006b).</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The apparent distinctions between the nidana model and the khandha model are reduced when, instead of using the twelve-nidana model of the Samyutta Nikaya, chapter 12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn12/sn12.002.than.html">(e.g., Thanissaro, 1997d)</a>, one compares the nine-nidana model of the Maha-nidana Sutta (<a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 15) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.15.0.than.html">(Thanissaro, 1997a)</a> where consciousness conditions name-and-form and name-and-form conditions consciousness. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Bodhi (2000b, pp. 839-840) writes: "Whereas the teaching on dependent origination is intended to disclose the dynamic pattern running through everyday experience that propels the round of rebirth and death forward from life to life, the teaching on the five aggregates concentrates on experience in its lived immediacy in the continuum from birth to death." Perhaps in a similar vein, Bodhi (2000b, pp. 762-3, n. 132) notes elsewhere that, according to the Samyutta Nikaya's subcommentary: "There are two kinds of origin, momentary origin (khanika-samudaya) and origin through conditions (paccaya-samudaya). A bhikkhu who sees one sees the other." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> According to Nattier (1992), the Heart Sutra was originally composed in Chinese and later back-translated into Sanskrit. Thereafter, it became popular in India and later Tibet. Elements in this translation are not present in Chinese versions of this sutra. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> See also Nhat Hanh (1988), p. 1, and Suzuki (1960), p. 26. Nhat Hanh (1988) adds to this first verse the sentence: "After this penetration, he overcame all pain." Suzuki (1960), p. 29, notes that this additional sentence is unique to Hsuan-chuang's translation and is omitted in other versions of the Heart Sutra. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> In the Theravada canon, the English word "self-existence" is a translation of the Sanskrit word svabhava. "Svabhava" has also been translated as "self-nature" (Suzuki, 1960, p. 26), "separate self" (Nhat Hanh, 1988, p. 16) and "self-existence" (<a href="#CITEREFRed_Pine2004">Red Pine 2004</a>, p. 67). Note that Chinese versions of the Heart Sutra do not contain the notion of svabhava. When "emptiness of self" is mentioned, the English word "self" is a translation of the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> word "atta" (Sanskrit, "atman"). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Regarding the term sabhāva (Pali; Skt: svabhāva) in the Pali Canon, Gal (2003), p. 7, writes: "To judge from the suttas, the term sabhāva was never employed by the Buddha and it is rare in the Pali Canon in general. Only in the post-canonical period does it become a standard concept, when it is extensively used in the commentarial descriptions of the dhammas [conditioned mental and physical processes] and in the sub-commentarial exegesis. The term sabhāva, though, does occur on various occasions in five canonical or para-canonical texts: the <a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petakopadesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Petakopadesa">Peṭakopadesa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nettipakarana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettipakarana">Nettippakaraṇa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milindapanha" class="mw-redirect" title="Milindapanha">Milindapañha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavaṃsa</a>." Gal (p. 10) speculates that the use of the term sabhāva in the Paṭisambhidāmagga might be the earliest occurrence in Pali literature and quotes (p. 7, esply. n. 28) from this text (Paṭis. II 178) the application of the phrase sabhāvena suññaṃ (Pali for "empty of sabhāva") to each of the aggregates—at least superficially similar to an application of svabhāva in the Prajnaparamita Hridaya Sutra ("Heart Sutra") cited in this article. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> This type of analysis of the aggregates (where ignorance conditions the five aggregates) might be akin to that described by the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Nidanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Nidanas">Twelve Nidanas</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p232-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p232_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p232_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p232_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC">Pali-English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 232–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928–31_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2009">Bronkhorst 2009</a>, p. 28–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201357-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201357_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013" class="citation book cs1">Robert E. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. 2005. pp. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-85886-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-85886-2"><bdi>0-670-85886-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xiii&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-670-85886-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenemmanuel587-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevenemmanuel587_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenemmanuel587_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_M._Emmanuel2015" class="citation book cs1">Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Steven+M.+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/skandha">Skandha</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-Aggregates-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Aggregates_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarunamuni_ND2015" class="citation journal cs1">Karunamuni ND (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244015583860">"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind"</a>. SAGE Open. 5 (2): 215824401558386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2158244015583860">10.1177/2158244015583860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=The+Five-Aggregate+Model+of+the+Mind&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215824401558386&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2158244015583860&rft.au=Karunamuni+ND&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2158244015583860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwp1141-12"><a href="#cite_ref-mmwp1141_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=1141&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama1966" class="citation book cs1">Dalai Lama (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnHOkMbp6wYC&pg=PA37">The Opening of the Wisdom-Eye: And the History of the Advancement of Buddhadharma in Tibet</a>. Theosophical Publishing House. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0549-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0549-6"><bdi>978-0-8356-0549-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opening+of+the+Wisdom-Eye%3A+And+the+History+of+the+Advancement+of+Buddhadharma+in+Tibet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0549-6&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZnHOkMbp6wYC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200042,_48,_58–60,_69–70-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200042,_48,_58–60,_69–70_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000">Williams & Tribe 2000</a>, pp. 42, 48, 58–60, 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-KeownPrebish2013p844-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KeownPrebish2013p844_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KeownPrebish2013p844_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_KeownCharles_S._Prebish2013" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ">Encyclopedia of Buddhism</a>. Routledge. pp. 321–322, 382, 844–845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1"><bdi>978-1-136-98588-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E322%2C+382%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E844-%3C%2Fspan%3E845&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-98588-1&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft.au=Charles+S.+Prebish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-57_18-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 56-57. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalupahana1992p71-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalupahana1992p71_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1992" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDArya3YvcC">A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities</a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1402-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1402-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-1402-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Buddhist+Philosophy%3A+Continuities+and+Discontinuities&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1402-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlDArya3YvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p664-23"><a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p664_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921" class="citation book cs1">Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Guw2CnxiucC">Pali-English Dictionary</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 664–665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1144-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pali-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E664-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1144-7&rft.au=Thomas+William+Rhys+Davids&rft.au=William+Stede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Guw2CnxiucC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> See, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">SN</a> 22.79, "Being Devoured" (Bodhi, 2000b, p. 915). </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Peter Harvey, The Selfless Mind. Curzon Press 1995, page 143-146 </li> <li id="cite_note-Thanissaro2010-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro2010_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro2010_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thanissaro2010_32-2">c</a> Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/study/khandha.html">The Five Aggregates. A Study Guide</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2009">Bronkhorst 2009</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie2013242–247_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKenzie2013">MacKenzie 2013</a>, p. 242–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey201356_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarvey2013">Harvey 2013</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Bhikkhu Bodhi, 2000b, p. 840 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/topic/anicca">Anicca Buddhism</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ">Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</a>. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 84–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark_Johnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Clark Johnson (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=azieVNVB6aYC&pg=PA34">On Buddha Essence: A Commentary on Rangjung Dorje's Treatise</a>. Shambhala Publications. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-276-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-276-7"><bdi>978-1-59030-276-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Buddha+Essence%3A+A+Commentary+on+Rangjung+Dorje%27s+Treatise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59030-276-7&rft.au=Clark+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DazieVNVB6aYC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2015). Steven M. Emmanuel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ">A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 34–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-14466-3"><bdi>978-1-119-14466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-119-14466-3&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_lmCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Kalupahana (1975), page 86. The quote is from S 3.142, and also occurs in the Āgamas. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Harvey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.au=Peter+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-peterharvey1995p229-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peterharvey1995p229_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharvey1995p229_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharvey1995p229_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterharvey1995p229_45-3">d</a> Peter Harvey (1995), The Selfless Mind, Curzon Press, pages 228-230. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_EdelglassJay_Garfield2009" class="citation book cs1">William Edelglass; Jay Garfield (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEb63CGvShsC">Buddhist Philosophy: Essential Readings</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 261–264, 288–295, 297–308, 358–363, 226–227, 317–329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971655-5"><bdi>978-0-19-971655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Philosophy%3A+Essential+Readings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E261-%3C%2Fspan%3E264%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E288-%3C%2Fspan%3E295%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E308%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E358-%3C%2Fspan%3E363%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E227%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971655-5&rft.au=William+Edelglass&rft.au=Jay+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEb63CGvShsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrina_KuznetsovaChakravarthi_Ram-PrasadJonardon_Ganeri2012" class="citation book cs1">Irina Kuznetsova; Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad; Jonardon Ganeri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP0I5KNFFl8C">"Chapter 9, see also the Introduction Chapter"</a>. Hindu and Buddhist Ideas in Dialogue: Self and No-Self. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5662-9"><bdi>978-1-4094-5662-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%2C+see+also+the+Introduction+Chapter&rft.btitle=Hindu+and+Buddhist+Ideas+in+Dialogue%3A+Self+and+No-Self&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-5662-9&rft.au=Irina+Kuznetsova&rft.au=Chakravarthi+Ram-Prasad&rft.au=Jonardon+Ganeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMP0I5KNFFl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Gethin1998" class="citation book cs1">Rupert Gethin (16 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe">The Foundations of Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe/page/140">140</a>–149, 238–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289223-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289223-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=140-149%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998-07-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289223-2&rft.au=Rupert+Gethin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofbud00rupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988">, Quote: We have seen how Buddhist thought criticizes the concept of an unchanging self as incoherent; however, both ancient and modern critics have argued that to do away with the self in the manner of Buddhist thought in fact creates insurmountable philosophical and moral problems.... We have seen how Buddhist thought breaks down an individual into five classes of physical and mental events known as skandhas or aggregates".</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhe200592–93-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuhe200592–93_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuhe200592–93_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuhe2005">Ruhe 2005</a>, p. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoy200963–64-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy200963–64_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoy200963–64_49-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoy2009">Loy 2009</a>, p. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20049-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20049_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20049_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRed_Pine2004">Red Pine 2004</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Kalupahana1975" class="citation book cs1">David J. Kalupahana (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOYGAAAAYAAJ">Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism</a>. University Press of Hawaii. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0298-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Causality%3A+The+Central+Philosophy+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0298-1&rft.au=David+J.+Kalupahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Snodgrass1992" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Snodgrass (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzqK8dDCM0UC">The Symbolism of the Stupa</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 137 with note 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Stupa&rft.pages=137+with+note+165&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0781-5&rft.au=Adrian+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzqK8dDCM0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988">. (Snodgrass asserts that the term literally means "heap", and the concept refers to the teaching accepted by all Buddhist schools that "the personality is an aggregate of five constituent parts," referring back to publications from the 1930s to the 1950s.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1986-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1986_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGethin1986_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGethin1986">Gethin 1986</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147_55-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert2005">Boisvert 2005</a>, p. 147. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoisvert2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosivert2005150-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosivert2005150_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosivert2005">Bosivert 2005</a>, p. 150. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosivert2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-148-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005147-148_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert2005">Boisvert 2005</a>, p. 147-148. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoisvert2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005148-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005148_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert2005148_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert2005">Boisvert 2005</a>, p. 148. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoisvert2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200926-32-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200926-32_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2009">Bronkhorst 2009</a>, p. 26-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200927_60-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2009">Bronkhorst 2009</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-29-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst200928-29_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBronkhorst2009">Bronkhorst 2009</a>, p. 28-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Albani2000-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albani2000_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albani2000_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbahari2002" class="citation journal cs1">Albahari, Miri (March 2002). "Against No-Ātman Theories of Anattā". Asian Philosophy. 12 (1): 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09552360220142225">10.1080/09552360220142225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0955-2367">0955-2367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142533789">142533789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Against+No-%C4%80tman+Theories+of+Anatt%C4%81&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142533789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0955-2367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09552360220142225&rft.aulast=Albahari&rft.aufirst=Miri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000b">Bodhi 2000b</a>, p. 1122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–127-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–127_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000b">Bodhi 2000b</a>, pp. 1125–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.109.than.html">Maha-punnama Sutta: The Great Full-moon Night Discourse</a>, Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1123-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1123_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1123_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000b">Bodhi 2000b</a>, p. 1123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122–23-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1122–23_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000b">Bodhi 2000b</a>, pp. 1122–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–26-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000b1125–26_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000b">Bodhi 2000b</a>, pp. 1125–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a287–88-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a287–88_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000a">Bodhi 2000a</a>, pp. 287–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a6-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodhi2000a6_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBodhi2000a">Bodhi 2000a</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman2007_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman2007_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShulman2007_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFShulman2007">Shulman 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurewicz2000_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJurewicz2000">Jurewicz 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrauwallner1973167-168-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrauwallner1973167-168_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrauwallner1973">Frauwallner 1973</a>, p. 167-168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchumann1997-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchumann1997_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchumann1997">Schumann 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucknell1999_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBucknell1999">Bucknell 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGombrich2009">Gombrich 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2009-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2009_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2009_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2009_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2009">Jones 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1984173_with_note_16-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman1984173_with_note_16_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWayman1984">Wayman 1984</a>, p. 173 with note 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1990256-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman1990256_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWayman1990">Wayman 1990</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayman1971-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayman1971_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWayman1971">Wayman 1971</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert1995">Boisvert 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGombrich2009138_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGombrich2009">Gombrich 2009</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert1995">Boisvert 1995</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127–28-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoisvert1995127–28_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoisvert1995">Boisvert 1995</a>, p. 127–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200046-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsTribe200046_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000">Williams & Tribe 2000</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuan2008i,_9,_81-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuan2008i,_9,_81_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuan2008">Kuan 2008</a>, p. i, 9, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> (Pāli: kāya-sati, kāyagatā-sati; Skt. kāya-smṛti) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> (Pāli <a href="/wiki/Vedan%C4%81" title="Vedanā">vedanā</a>-sati; Skt. vedanā-smṛti) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> (Pāli <a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta</a>-sati; Skt. citta-smṛti) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> (Pāli <a href="/wiki/Dhamm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammā">dhammā</a>-sati; Skt. dharma-smṛti) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolak2011153-156,_196-197-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolak2011153-156,_196-197_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolak2011">Polak 2011</a>, p. 153-156, 196-197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20042-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20042_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERed_Pine20042_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRed_Pine2004">Red Pine 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Form_is_emptiness-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Form_is_emptiness_106-0">^</a> Nhat Hanh (1988), p. 1. Again, also see <a href="#CITEREFRed_Pine2004">Red Pine 2004</a>, p. 2, and Suzuki (1960), p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Kalupahana (1975) p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Jinpa (2002), p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELai2003-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELai2003_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLai2003">Lai 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwanson1993373_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwanson1993">Swanson 1993</a>, p. 373. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Suzuki (1960), p. 29, n. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Trungpa (2001) pp. 10–12; and, Trungpa (2002) pp. 124, 133–134 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Trungpa Rinpoche (1976), pp. 20–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Trungpa Rinpoche (1976), p. 23 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_literature">Primary literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary literature">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Sutta Pitaka</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2000b" class="citation cs2">Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000b), The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Boston: Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-331-8"><bdi>978-0-86171-331-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Connected+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Samyutta+Nikaya&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-331-8&rft.aulast=Bodhi&rft.aufirst=Bhikkhu+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001). The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X">0-86171-072-X</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Anthologies of suttas</dt></dl> <ul><li>Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2005a). In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pāli Canon. Boston: Wisdom Pubs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1">0-86171-491-1</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Single sutras</dt></dl> <ul><li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.044.than.html">Culavedalla Sutta: The Shorter Set of Questions-and-Answers</a> [MN 44].</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.079.than.html">Khajjaniya Sutta: Chewed Up</a> [SN 22.79].</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.109.than.html">Maha-punnama Sutta: The Great Full-moon Night Discourse</a> [MN 109].</li></ul> <dl><dt>Abhidhamma, Pali commentaries, modern Theravada</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2000a" class="citation cs2">Bodhi, Bhikkhu, ed. (2000a), A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma: The Abhidhammattha Sangaha of Ācariya Anuruddha, Seattle: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">BPS</a> Pariyatti Edition, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-02-9"><bdi>1-928706-02-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Manual+of+Abhidhamma%3A+The+Abhidhammattha+Sangaha+of+%C4%80cariya+Anuruddha&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=BPS+Pariyatti+Edition&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-928706-02-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bodhi, Bhikkhu (18 Jan 2005b). MN 10: Satipatthana Sutta (continued) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhimonastery.net/MP3/M0060_MN-010.mp3">Ninth dharma talk on the Satipatthana Sutta (MP3 audio file)</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍].</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, Bhadantācariya (trans. from Pāli by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli) (1999). The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2">1-928706-00-2</a>.</li> <li>Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). Mindfulness of Breathing (Ānāpānasati): Buddhist texts from the Pāli Canon and Extracts from the Pāli Commentaries. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0167-4" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0167-4">955-24-0167-4</a>.</li> <li>Soma Thera (trans.) (2003). The Way of Mindfulness. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0256-5" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0256-5">955-24-0256-5</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/thanissaro/khandha.html">Five Piles of Bricks: The Khandhas as Burden & Path</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Mahayana</dt></dl> <ul><li>Fremantle, Francesca & Trungpa, Chõgyam (2003). The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation Through Hearing in the Bardo. Boston: Shambhala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59030-059-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59030-059-9">1-59030-059-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thich_Nhat_Hanh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thich Nhat Hanh">Nhât Hanh, Thich</a> (1988). The Heart of Understanding: Commentaries on the Prajnaparamita Heart Sutra. Berkeley, CA: Parallax Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938077-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-938077-11-2">0-938077-11-2</a>.</li> <li>Nhât Hanh, Thich (1999). The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching. NY: Broadway Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0369-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0369-2">0-7679-0369-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRed_Pine2004" class="citation book cs1">Red Pine (2004). The Heart Sutra. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59376-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59376-009-4"><bdi>1-59376-009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+Sutra&rft.place=Emeryville%2C+CA&rft.pub=Shoemaker+%26+Hoard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59376-009-4&rft.au=Red+Pine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.T._Suzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="D.T. Suzuki">Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro</a> (1960). Manual of Zen Buddhism. NY: Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3065-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3065-8">0-8021-3065-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Trungpa, Chögyam</a> (1976). The Myth of Freedom and the Way of Meditation. Boulder: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-084-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-084-9">0-87773-084-9</a>.</li> <li>Trungpa, Chögyam (1999). The Essential Chögyam Trungpa. Boston: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-466-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-466-6">1-57062-466-6</a>.</li> <li>Trungpa, Chögyam (2001). Glimpses of Abhidharma. Boston: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-764-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-764-9">1-57062-764-9</a>.</li> <li>Trungpa, Chögyam (2002). Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism. Boston: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-957-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-957-9">1-57062-957-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_literature">Secondary literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Secondary literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoisvert1995" class="citation cs2">Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), The Five Aggregates. Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, for the Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion / Corporation Canadienne des Sciences Religieuses</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Aggregates.+Understanding+Theravada+Psychology+and+Soteriology&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press%2C+for+the+Canadian+Corporation+for+Studies+in+Religion+%2F+Corporation+Canadienne+des+Sciences+Religieuses&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Boisvert&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2009" class="citation cs2">Bronkhorst, Johannes (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjU6AwAAQBAJ">Buddhist Teaching in India</a>, Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-811-5"><bdi>978-0-86171-811-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Teaching+in+India&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-811-5&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjU6AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucknell1999" class="citation cs2">Bucknell, Roderick S. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8891/2798">"Conditioned Arising Evolves: Variation and Change in Textual Accounts of the Paticca-samupadda Doctrine"</a>, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, 22 (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Conditioned+Arising+Evolves%3A+Variation+and+Change+in+Textual+Accounts+of+the+Paticca-samupadda+Doctrine&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bucknell&rft.aufirst=Roderick+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F8891%2F2798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrauwallner1973" class="citation cs2">Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina", History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system, Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5.+The+Buddha+and+the+Jina&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+The+philosophy+of+the+Veda+and+of+the+epic.+The+Buddha+and+the+Jina.+The+S%C4%81mkhya+and+the+classical+Yoga-system&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Frauwallner&rft.aufirst=Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gal, Noa (July 2003). The Rise of the Concept of ‘Own-Nature’: (Sabhāva) in the Paṭisambhidāmagga [excerpt from Ph.D. thesis]. Oxford: Wolfson College. Retrieved 2008-01-22 from "Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708220708/http://ocbs.org/research/SabhaavaN.pdf">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1986" class="citation cs2">Gethin, Ruper (1986), "The five khandhas: Their theatment in the nikāyas and early abhidhamma", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 14, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00165825">10.1007/BF00165825</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170833425">170833425</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+five+khandhas%3A+Their+theatment+in+the+nik%C4%81yas+and+early+abhidhamma&rft.volume=14&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00165825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170833425%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Ruper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2009" class="citation cs2">Gombrich, Richard (2009), "Chapter 9. Causation and non-random process", What the Buddha Thought, Equinox</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9.+Causation+and+non-random+process&rft.btitle=What+the+Buddha+Thought&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sue Hamilton. "From the Buddha to Buddhaghosa: Changing Attitudes Toward the Human Body in Theravāda Buddhism." In Religious Reflections on the Human Body, edited by Jane Marie Law. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995, pp. 46–63.</li> <li>Sue Hamilton. Identity and Experience: the Constitution of the Human Being According to Early Buddhism. London: Luzac Oriental,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2013" class="citation cs2">Harvey, Peter (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC">An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, 2nd Edition</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85942-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85942-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85942-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988">1996.</li> <li>Jinpa, Thupten (2002). Self, Reality and Reason in Tibetan Philosophy: Tsongkhapa's Quest for the Middle Way. 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"The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?" Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 153–223.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolak2011" class="citation cs2">Polak, Grzegorz (2011), Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology, UMCS</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reexamining+Jhana%3A+Towards+a+Critical+Reconstruction+of+Early+Buddhist+Soteriology&rft.pub=UMCS&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Polak&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rawson, Philip (1991). Sacred Tibet. NY: Thames and Hudson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-81032-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-81032-X">0-500-81032-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuhe2005" class="citation cs2">Ruhe, Brian (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9mz9yg74wAC">Freeing the Buddha</a>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1835-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1835-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1835-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freeing+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1835-4&rft.aulast=Ruhe&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9mz9yg74wAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann1997" class="citation cs2">Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1997) [1976], Boeddhisme. Stichter, scholen, systemen (Buddhismus - Stifter, Schulen und Systemen), Asoka</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeddhisme.+Stichter%2C+scholen%2C+systemen+%28Buddhismus+-+Stifter%2C+Schulen+und+Systemen%29&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulman2007" class="citation cs2">Shulman, Eviatar (2007), "Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination", Journal of Indian Philosophy, 36 (2): 297–317, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10781-007-9030-8">10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59132368">59132368</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Early+Meanings+of+Dependent-Origination&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10781-007-9030-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59132368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Eviatar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson1993" class="citation cs2">Swanson, Paul L. 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Essays by Alex Wayman, Motilall Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Budddhist+Insight.+Essays+by+Alex+Wayman&rft.pub=Motilall+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Wayman, Alex (1990) [1984], "The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism", Buddhist Insight: Essays, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0675-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0675-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0675-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Intermediate-State+Dispute+in+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Insight%3A+Essays&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0675-7&rft.aulast=Wayman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000" class="citation cs2">Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000), Buddhist Thought, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Thought&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Tribe%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Web-sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Salient sections of the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli canon">Pāli canon</a> on kāya-sati (kāya-gatā-sati): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/g_m/kaaya_gata_sati.htm">http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/g_m/kaaya_gata_sati.htm</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumann1974" class="citation cs2">Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1974), Buddhism: an outline of its teachings and schools, Theosophical Pub. House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+an+outline+of+its+teachings+and+schools&rft.pub=Theosophical+Pub.+House&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Schumann&rft.aufirst=Hans+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkandha" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theravada">Theravada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theravada">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/index.html#khandha">Khandavagga suttas (a selection)</a>, translated primarily by Thanissaro Bhikkhu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahayana">Mahayana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mahayana">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030219123745/http://www.udel.edu/Philosophy/afox/PHIL204/five.html">The Five Skandhas</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2003-02-19), table showing the five skandhas, prepared by Alan Fox (Dept. of Philosophy, U. of Delaware).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandha&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vajrayana">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819074845/http://buddhism.kalachakranet.org/mind.html">A View on Buddhism: Mind and Mental Factors</a>, web page including description of the Five Aggregates.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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[\"CITEREFKarunamuni_ND2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Harvey2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Harvey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRed_Pine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_E._Buswell_Jr.Donald_S._Lopez_Jr.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhe2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupert_Gethin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_M._Emmanuel2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_William_Rhys_DavidsWilliam_Stede1921\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_EdelglassJay_Garfield2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsTribe2000\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Ambiguous\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority 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target: CITEREFBoisvert2005\nno target: CITEREFBoisvert2005\nno target: CITEREFBoisvert2005\nno target: CITEREFBoisvert2005\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-g5bv6","timestamp":"20250216110946","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Skandha","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skandha","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q747858","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q747858","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-06T17:05:01Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T22:14:33Z","headline":"The five aggregates of clinging"}</script> </body> </html>