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class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Computer graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concurrent,_parallel,_and_distributed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concurrent,_parallel,_and_distributed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concurrent,_parallel,_and_distributed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Databases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Databases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Databases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Databases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_languages_and_compilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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id="toc-Theory_of_computation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_computation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Theory of computation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_computation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_and_data_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_and_data_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Data and data structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_and_data_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programming_paradigms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_paradigms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Programming paradigms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programming_paradigms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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title="Information">information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a> and their implementation and application in <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> systems. One well known subject classification system for computer science is the <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a> devised by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. </p><p>Computer science can be described as all of the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">Academic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">Applied science</a></li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subfields">Subfields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_foundations">Mathematical foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mathematical foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coding_theory" title="Coding theory">Coding theory</a> – Useful in networking, programming, system development, and other areas where computers communicate with each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> – Useful in artificial intelligence and <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a> - Study of discrete structures. Used in digital computer systems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a> – Foundations for data structures and searching algorithms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical logic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Boolean_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean logic">Boolean logic</a> and other ways of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">modeling</a> logical queries; the uses and limitations of formal proof methods.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">Number theory</a> – Theory of the <a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>. Used in <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> as well as a test domain in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algorithms_and_data_structures">Algorithms and data structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Algorithms and data structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">Algorithms</a> – Sequential and parallel computational procedures for solving a wide range of problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structures</a> – The organization and manipulation of data.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Outline of artificial intelligence">Outline of artificial intelligence</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> – The implementation and study of systems that exhibit an autonomous intelligence or behavior of their own.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">Automated reasoning</a> – Solving engines, such as used in <a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a>, which produce steps to a result given a query on a fact and rule database, and <a href="/wiki/Automated_theorem_proving" title="Automated theorem proving">automated theorem provers</a> that aim to prove <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical theorem">mathematical theorems</a> with some assistance from a programmer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a> – Algorithms for identifying three-dimensional objects from a two-dimensional picture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_computing" title="Soft computing">Soft computing</a>, the use of inexact solutions for otherwise extremely difficult problems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> - Development of models that are able to learn and adapt without following explicit instructions, by using algorithms and statistical models to analyse and draw inferences from patterns in data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary computing">Evolutionary computing</a> - Biologically inspired algorithms.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a> - Building systems and algorithms that analyze, understand, and generate natural (human) languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> – Algorithms for controlling the behaviour of robots.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_and_security">Communication and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communication and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Networking</a> – Algorithms and protocols for reliably communicating data across different shared or dedicated media, often including <a href="/wiki/Error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Error correction">error correction</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a> – Practical aspects of securing computer systems and computer networks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a> – Applies results from complexity, probability, algebra and number theory to invent and <a href="/wiki/Cryptoanalysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptoanalysis">break codes</a>, and analyze the security of <a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic protocols">cryptographic protocols</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_architecture">Computer architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Computer architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a> – The design, organization, optimization and verification of a computer system, mostly about <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory (computers)">Memory</a> subsystems (and the bus connecting them).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a> – Systems for managing computer programs and providing the basis of a usable system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_graphics">Computer graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Computer graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> – Algorithms both for generating visual images synthetically, and for integrating or altering visual and spatial information sampled from the real world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a> – Determining information from an image through computation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a> – Methods for representing and displaying abstract data to facilitate human interaction for exploration and understanding.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concurrent,_parallel,_and_distributed_systems"><span id="Concurrent.2C_parallel.2C_and_distributed_systems"></span>Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a> - The theory and practice of simultaneous computation; data safety in any multitasking or multithreaded environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency (computer science)</a> – Computing using multiple concurrent threads of execution, devising algorithms for solving problems on various processors to achieve maximal speed-up compared to sequential execution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a> – Computing using multiple computing devices over a network to accomplish a common objective or task and thereby reducing the latency involved in single processor contributions for any task.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Databases">Databases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_databases" title="Outline of databases">Outline of databases</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relational_databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Relational databases">Relational databases</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theoretic</a> and algorithmic foundation of databases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_Storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured Storage">Structured Storage</a> - non-relational databases such as <a href="/wiki/NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a> databases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a> – Study of algorithms for searching and processing information in documents and databases; closely related to <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programming_languages_and_compilers">Programming languages and compilers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Programming languages and compilers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler theory">Compiler theory</a> – Theory of <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> design, based on <a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language pragmatics</a> – Taxonomy of programming languages, their strength and weaknesses. Various <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Programming language theory</a> - Theory of programming language design</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal semantics of programming languages">Formal semantics</a> – rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a> – Formal analysis of the types of data, and the use of these types to understand properties of programs — especially program safety.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_computing">Scientific computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scientific computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">Computational science</a> – constructing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific modeling">mathematical models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">quantitative analysis</a> techniques and using computers to analyze and solve <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a> – Approximate numerical solution of mathematical problems such as <a href="/wiki/Root-finding_algorithm" title="Root-finding algorithm">root-finding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_integration" title="Numerical integration">integration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_ordinary_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical ordinary differential equations">solution of ordinary differential equations</a>; the approximation of <a href="/wiki/Special_functions" title="Special functions">special functions</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_computation" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic computation">Symbolic computation</a> – Manipulation and solution of expressions in symbolic form, also known as <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra" title="Computer algebra">Computer algebra</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a> – Numerical simulations of large non-analytic systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> – Computational modelling of theoretical chemistry in order to determine chemical structures and properties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> – The use of computer science to maintain, analyse, store <a href="/wiki/Biological_data" title="Biological data">biological data</a> and to assist in solving biological problems such as <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">Protein folding</a>, function prediction and <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a> – Computational modelling of <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_logic" title="Computational logic">Computational logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_engineering">Software engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering" title="Outline of software engineering">Outline of software engineering</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a> – Mathematical approaches for describing and reasoning about software design.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a> – The principles and practice of designing, developing, and testing programs, as well as proper engineering practices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a> – Using ideas from algorithm theory to creatively design solutions to real tasks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a> – The practice of using a programming language to implement algorithms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a> – The study and design of computer interfaces that people use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering</a> – The application of the scientific method to the understanding of arbitrary existing software.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_computation">Theory of computation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theory of computation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a> – Different logical structures for solving problems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computability theory (computer science)">Computability theory</a> – What is calculable with the current models of computers. Proofs developed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a> and others provide insight into the possibilities of what may be computed and what may not. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_computer_science" title="List of unsolved problems in computer science">List of unsolved problems in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a> – Fundamental bounds (especially time and storage space) on classes of computations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a> theory – Explores computational models involving <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">quantum superposition</a> of bits.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_science" title="History of computer science">History of computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History of Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_operating_systems" title="History of operating systems">History of Operating Systems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professions">Professions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Professions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">Computer Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Programmer (Software developer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teacher</a>/<a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software engineer">Software engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architect" title="Software architect">Software architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_tester" class="mw-redirect" title="Software tester">Software tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware engineer">Hardware engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_analyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analyst">Data analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Interaction designer">Interaction designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">Network administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Data scientist">Data scientist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_and_data_structures">Data and data structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Data and data structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datatype" class="mw-redirect" title="Datatype">Data type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">Hash table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computing)">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree (data structure)">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">String</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix (computer science)">Matrix (computer science)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">Database</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Programming_paradigms">Programming paradigms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Programming paradigms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative programming</a>/<a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">Procedural programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">Functional programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">Logic programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">Declarative Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event-driven_programming" title="Event-driven programming">Event-Driven Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Object oriented programming">Object oriented programming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)" title="Inheritance (object-oriented programming)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">Object</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_O_notation" title="Big O notation">Big O notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_computer_science&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine 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title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" 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computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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