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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Animation Attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation_Attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Interpolation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedural_and_Node_Based_Animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedural_and_Node_Based_Animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Procedural and Node Based Animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedural_and_Node_Based_Animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disciplines_of_3D_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disciplines_of_3D_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Disciplines of 3D animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disciplines_of_3D_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2D_computer_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_computer_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>2D computer animation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2D_computer_animation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 2D computer animation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-2D_computer_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2D_sprites_and_pseudocode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2D_sprites_and_pseudocode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>2D sprites and pseudocode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2D_sprites_and_pseudocode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer-assisted_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer-assisted_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Computer-assisted animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer-assisted_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text-to-video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-to-video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Text-to-video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-to-video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Animation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Modeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facial_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facial_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Facial animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facial_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_animations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_animations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Web animations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_animations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Detailed example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animation_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animation_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Animation studios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animation_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer animation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="تحريك حاسوبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحريك حاسوبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaci%C3%B3n_per_ordenador" title="Animación per ordenador – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Animación per ordenador" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_animasiyas%C4%B1" title="Kompüter animasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter animasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Компютърна анимация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърна анимация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarska_animacija" title="Računarska animacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Računarska animacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaci%C3%B3_per_ordinador" title="Animació per ordinador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Animació per ordinador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_animace" title="Počítačová animace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová animace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computeranimation" title="Computeranimation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computeranimation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computeranimation" title="Computeranimation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computeranimation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutianimatsioon" title="Arvutianimatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutianimatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaci%C3%B3n_por_computadora" title="Animación por computadora – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Animación por computadora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputilanimacio" title="Komputilanimacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komputilanimacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konputagailu_bidezko_animazio" title="Konputagailu bidezko animazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konputagailu bidezko animazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پویانمایی رایانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پویانمایی رایانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_par_ordinateur" title="Animation par ordinateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Animation par ordinateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompj%C3%BBteranimaasje" title="Kompjûteranimaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kompjûteranimaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaci%C3%B3n_por_ordenador" title="Animación por ordenador – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Animación por ordenador" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EC%95%A0%EB%8B%88%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="컴퓨터 애니메이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 애니메이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalna_animacija" title="Računalna animacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalna animacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animo_komputerala" title="Animo komputerala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animo komputerala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animasi_komputer" title="Animasi komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Animasi komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animazione_digitale" title="Animazione digitale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Animazione digitale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" title="הנפשה ממוחשבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנפשה ממוחשבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoranim%C4%81cija" title="Datoranimācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datoranimācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiuterin%C4%97_animacija" title="Kompiuterinė animacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompiuterinė animacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Сметачка анимација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сметачка анимација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animasi_komputer" title="Animasi komputer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Animasi komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_animatie" title="Digitale animatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Digitale animatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="コンピュータアニメーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンピュータアニメーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataanimasjon" title="Dataanimasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dataanimasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuterli_animatsiya" title="Kompyuterli animatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompyuterli animatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animacja_komputerowa" title="Animacja komputerowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Animacja komputerowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima%C3%A7%C3%A3o_digital" title="Animação digital – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animação digital" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Компьютерная анимация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерная анимация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ත්‍රිමාණ සජීවීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer animation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئەنیمەیشنی کۆمپیوتەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنیمەیشنی کۆمپیوتەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Рачунарска анимација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарска анимација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompjuterska_animacija" title="Kompjuterska animacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompjuterska animacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietokoneanimaatio" title="Tietokoneanimaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietokoneanimaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datoranimering" title="Datoranimering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datoranimering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணினி இயங்குபடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணினி இயங்குபடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="คอมพิวเตอร์แอนิเมชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คอมพิวเตอร์แอนิเมชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%AF%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D3%A3" title="Пӯёнамоии роёнаӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пӯёнамоии роёнаӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_animasyonu" title="Bilgisayar animasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar animasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Комп'ютерна анімація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерна анімація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%E1%BA%A1t_h%C3%ACnh_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh" title="Hoạt hình máy tính – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hoạt hình máy tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאמפיוטער אנימאציע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמפיוטער אנימאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E5%8B%95%E7%95%AB" title="電腦動畫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電腦動畫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="计算机动画 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="计算机动画" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art of creating moving images using computers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article should be <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a></b> into articles titled <i><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="3D computer animation">3D computer animation</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="2D computer animation">2D computer animation</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Computer_animation" title="Talk:Computer animation">discuss</a>) <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Activemarker2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Activemarker2.PNG/300px-Activemarker2.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Activemarker2.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>An example of computer animation which is produced from the "<a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a>" technique</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Computer animation</b> is the process used for digitally generating <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">moving images.</a> The more general term <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI) encompasses both <a href="/wiki/Still_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Still image">still images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moving_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving image">moving images</a>, while computer animation <em>only</em> refers to moving images. <a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Modern computer animation</a> usually uses <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>. </p><p>Computer animation is a digital successor to <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a>. Instead of a physical model or illustration, a digital equivalent is manipulated frame-by-frame. Also, computer-generated animations allow a single graphic artist to produce such content without using actors, expensive set pieces, or <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical property">props</a>. To create the illusion of movement, an image is displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a> and repeatedly replaced by a new similar image but advanced slightly in time (usually at a rate of 24, 25, or 30 frames/second). This technique is identical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">motion pictures</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frames_per_second">Frames per second</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Frames per second"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To trick the <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a> into seeing a smoothly moving object, the pictures should be drawn at around 12 <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frames per second</a> or faster (a <a href="/wiki/Film_frame" title="Film frame">frame</a> is one complete image).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999148_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999148-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rates above 75 to 120 frames per second, no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye and the brain both process images. At rates below 12 frames per second, most people can detect <a href="/wiki/Jerkiness" title="Jerkiness">jerkiness</a> associated with the drawing of new images that detracts from the illusion of realistic movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012100–101,_255_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012100–101,_255-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional hand-drawn cartoon animation often uses 15 frames per second in order to save on the number of drawings needed, but this is usually accepted because of the stylized nature of cartoons. To produce more realistic imagery, computer animation demands higher frame rates. </p><p>Films seen in theaters in the United States run at 24 frames per second, which is sufficient to create the illusion of continuous movement. For high resolution, adapters are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_Generated_Animation">Computer Generated Animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computer Generated Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer-generated animation is an umbrella term for three-dimensional (<a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a>) animation, and 2D computer animation. These also include subcategories like <a href="/wiki/Digital_asset" title="Digital asset">asset driven</a>, hybrid, and digital drawn animation. Creators animate using code or software instead of pencil-to-paper drawings. There are many techniques and disciplines in computer generated animation, some of which are digital representations of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation -</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frame animation</a> - and some of which are only possible with a computer - such <a href="/wiki/Fluid_animation" title="Fluid animation">fluid simulation</a>. </p><p>'CG' <a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animators</a> can break physical laws by using mathematical <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> to cheat <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a>, and more. Fundamentally, computer-generated animation is a powerful tool which can improve the quality of animation by using the power of computing to unleash the animator's imagination. This is because Computer Generated Animation allows for things like <a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">onion skinning</a> which allows 2D animators to see the flow of their work all at once, and <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a> which allows 3D animators to automate the process of <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">inbetweening</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of computer-generated animation in movies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Movie </th> <th>Type of Computer Generated Animation </th> <th>Impact </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story_2" title="Toy Story 2">Toy Story 2</a></i> </td> <td>Stylized 3D computer animation<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Pixar developed cutting-edge technology for fully 3D animation. 'Toy Story' is considered a turning point for 3D animation in general.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_Minus_One" title="Godzilla Minus One">Godzilla Minus One</a></i> </td> <td>Digital VFX, photorealistic<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Toho studios won an Oscar for its ground breaking VFX on a small budget relative to most box-office movies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Breadwinner_(film)" title="The Breadwinner (film)"><i>The Breadwinner</i></a> </td> <td>2D computer animation<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Was praised for its 2D animated style, showing the possibilities of what the format could portray. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_(film)" title="Interstellar (film)"><i>Interstellar</i></a> </td> <td>Hyper photorealistic CGI following scientific principles<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The VFX artists working on Interstellar published a paper about the science and mathematics that were used to create the famous 'Gargantua' black hole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Klaus_(film)" title="Klaus (film)">Klaus</a></i> </td> <td>Hybrid 3D and 3D computer animation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The use of 3D lighting for 2D animation in this movie opened up a door to many new animation styles for 2D animators. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3D_computer_animation">3D computer animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 3D computer animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg/303px-Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg/455px-Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg/606px-Rendering_Side-by-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A frame of animation before and after rendering</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 3D computer animations, objects (models) are built on the computer monitor (modeled) and 3D figures are rigged with a <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">virtual skeleton</a>. Then the limbs, eyes, mouth, clothes, etc. of the figure are moved by the animator on <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a>. Normally, the differences between key frames are drawn in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">tweening</a>. However, in 3D computer animation, this is done automatically, and is called <a href="/wiki/Interpolation" title="Interpolation">interpolation</a>. Finally, the animation is <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composited</a>. </p><p>Before becoming a final product, 3D computer animations only exist as a series of moving shapes and systems within 3d software, and must be <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendered</a>. This can happen as a separate process for animations developed for movies and short films, or it can be done in real-time when animated for videogames. After an animation is rendered, it can be <a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">composited</a> into a final product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animation_Attributes">Animation Attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animation Attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 3D models, attributes can describe any characteristic of the object that can be animated. This includes transformation (movement from one point to another), scaling, rotation, and more complex attributes like blend shape progression (morphing from one shape to another). Each attribute gets a channel on which <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">keyframes</a> can be set. These keyframes can be used in more complex ways such as animating in layers (combining multiple sets of key frame data), or keying control objects to deform or control other objects. For instance, a character's arms can have a skeleton applied, and the joints can have transformation and rotation keyframes set. The movement of the arm joints will then cause the arm shape to deform. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpolation">Interpolation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interpolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3D animation software interpolates between keyframes by generating a <a href="/wiki/Spline_(mathematics)" title="Spline (mathematics)">spline</a> between keys plotted on a graph which represents the animation. Additionally, these splines can follow <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">bezier curves</a> to control how the spline curves relative to the keyframes. Using interpolation allows 3D animators to dynamically change animations without having to redo all the <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">in-between</a> animation. This also allows the creation of complex movements such as ellipses with only a few keyframes. Lastly, interpolation allows the animator to change the framerate, timing, and even scale of the movements at any point in the animation process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedural_and_Node_Based_Animation">Procedural and Node Based Animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Procedural and Node Based Animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another way to automate 3D animation is to use procedural tools such as 4D <a href="/wiki/Perlin_noise" title="Perlin noise">noise</a>. Noise is any algorithm that plots <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandomness" title="Pseudorandomness">pseudo-random values</a> within a dimensional space.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4D noise can be used to do things like move a swarm of bees around; the first three dimensions correspond to the position of the bees in space, and the fourth is used to change the bee's position over time. Noise can also be used as a cheap replacement for <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a>. For example, smoke and clouds can be animated using noise. </p><p>Node based animation is useful for animating organic and chaotic shapes. By using nodes, an animator can build up a complex set of animation rules that can be applied either to many objects at once, or one very complex object. A good example of this would be setting the movement of particles to match the beat of a song. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disciplines_of_3D_animation">Disciplines of 3D animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Disciplines of 3D animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different disciplines of 3D animation, some of which include entirely separate artforms. For example, hair simulation for computer animated characters in and of itself is a career path which involves separate workflows,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and different software and tools. The combination of all or some 3D computer animation disciplines is commonly referred to within the animation industry as the 3D animation pipeline.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of disciplines within the 3D animation pipeline </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Discipline </th> <th>Explanation </th> <th>Tools </th> <th>Examples </th></tr> <tr> <td>Face Rigging </td> <td>A facial rig is a rig that includes muscles, deformation, mesh displacement, and other techniques to enable the animation of facial expressions, and phonemes for lip syncing. </td> <td>Autodesk Maya, Blender </td> <td>In 'Avatar, Way of Water', WETA workshops meticulously designed the digital muscles in the faces of their characters so that their emotional range could be comparable to that of a human.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Facial Animation </td> <td>This is the process of animating facial animations, <a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip-syncing</a>, and animating <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> blend-shapes (shapes that the face morphs into) </td> <td>Autodesk Maya, Blender, Autodesk 3DS Max </td> <td>In Pixar's 'Turning Red', animators took influence from <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> style facial expressions to inform their animation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Character Animation </td> <td>Specifically the animation of characters. 3D character animation is its own specialty do to the complexity required to animated dancing, running, fighting, or high fidelity motion such as playing basketball. </td> <td>Autodesk Maya, Blender </td> <td>Pixar's 'Incredibles' won the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Visual_Effects_Society_Award_for_Outstanding_Animated_Character_in_an_Animated_Feature" title="Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature">Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cloth Simulation </td> <td>Cloth simulation is a subset of simulation but specifically for things like clothes. In modern 3D computer animation, cloth simulation is becoming more and more advanced and widely used. </td> <td>Houdini, Blender </td> <td>Pixar's 'Coco' advanced the use of high fidelity clothes by designing new tools to combine cloth simulation with character animation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2D_computer_animation">2D computer animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2D computer animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D computer graphics</a> are still used for stylistic, low bandwidth, and faster <a href="/wiki/Real-time_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-time rendering">real-time renderings</a>. </p><p>Computer animation is essentially a digital successor to <a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">stop motion</a> techniques, but using 3D models, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a> techniques using frame-by-frame animation of 2D illustrations. </p><p>For 2D figure animations, separate objects (illustrations) and separate transparent layers are used with or without that virtual skeleton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2D_sprites_and_pseudocode">2D sprites and pseudocode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2D sprites and pseudocode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2D computer animation, moving objects are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)" title="Sprite (computer graphics)">sprites</a>." A sprite is an image that has a location associated with it. The location of the sprite is changed slightly, between each displayed frame, to make the sprite appear to move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999123_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999123-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="/wiki/Pseudocode" title="Pseudocode">pseudocode</a> makes a sprite move from left to right: </p> <pre><b>var</b> <i>int</i> x := 0, y := screenHeight / 2; <b>while</b> x < screenWidth drawBackground() drawSpriteAtXY (x, y) <i>// draw on top of the background</i> x := x + 5 <i>// move to the right</i> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer-assisted_animation">Computer-assisted animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computer-assisted animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer-assisted animation is usually classed as two-dimensional (<a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a>) animation and is also known as digital ink and paint. Drawings are either hand drawn (pencil to paper) or interactively drawn (on the computer) using different assisting appliances and are positioned into specific software packages. Within the <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> package, the creator places drawings into different <a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">key frames</a> which fundamentally create an outline of the most important movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999115_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999115-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computer then fills in the "in-between frames", a process commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Tweening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999284_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999284-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer-assisted animation employs new technologies to produce content faster than is possible with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a>, while still retaining the stylistic elements of traditionally drawn characters or objects.<sup id="cite_ref-Roos_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roos-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of films produced using computer-assisted animation are the rainbow sequence at the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid_(1989_film)" title="The Little Mermaid (1989 film)"><i>The Little Mermaid</i></a> (the rest of the films listed use digital ink and paint in their entirety), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rescuers_Down_Under" title="The Rescuers Down Under">The Rescuers Down Under</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)" title="Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)"><i>Beauty and the Beast</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aladdin_(1992_Disney_film)" title="Aladdin (1992 Disney film)">Aladdin</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_(1995_film)" title="Pocahontas (1995 film)"><i>Pocahontas</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1996_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film)"><i>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(1997_film)" title="Hercules (1997 film)">Hercules</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mulan_(1998_film)" title="Mulan (1998 film)"><i>Mulan</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_(1999_film)" title="Tarzan (1999 film)">Tarzan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/We%27re_Back!_A_Dinosaur%27s_Story_(film)" title="We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (film)">We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Balto_(film)" title="Balto (film)">Balto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_(1997_film)" title="Anastasia (1997 film)">Anastasia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Titan_A.E." title="Titan A.E.">Titan A.E.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Egypt" title="The Prince of Egypt">The Prince of Egypt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_El_Dorado" title="The Road to El Dorado">The Road to El Dorado</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit:_Stallion_of_the_Cimarron" title="Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron">Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sinbad:_Legend_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas">Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-to-video">Text-to-video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Text-to-video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video model</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text-to-video_model&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/300px--OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm/OpenAI_Sora_in_Action-_Tokyo_Walk.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A video generated using OpenAI's unreleased, open source <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a> text-to-video model, using the prompt: <code>A stylish woman walks down a Tokyo street filled with warm glowing neon and animated city signage. She wears a black leather jacket, a long red dress, and black boots, and carries a black purse. She wears sunglasses and red lipstick. She walks confidently and casually. The street is damp and reflective, creating a mirror effect of the colorful lights. Many pedestrians walk about.</code></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine learning model">machine learning model</a> that uses a <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> description as input to produce a <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> relevant to the input text.<sup id="cite_ref-Text-to-video_model_AIIR_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Text-to-video_model_AIIR-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advancements during the 2020s in the generation of high-quality, text-conditioned videos have largely been driven by the development of video <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_model" title="Diffusion model">diffusion models</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">History of computer animation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">Timeline of computer animation in film and television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Video game graphics</a></div> <p>Early digital computer animation was developed at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Telephone Laboratories</a> in the 1960s by Edward E. Zajac, Frank W. Sinden, Kenneth C. Knowlton, and A. Michael Noll.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999390–394_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999390–394-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other digital animation was also practiced at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201369–75_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201369–75-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, a computer animation named "Hummingbird" was created by Charles Csuri and James Shaffer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, a computer animation called "<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Кошечка (мультфильм)">Kitty</a>" was created with <a href="/wiki/BESM" title="BESM">BESM</a>-4 by Nikolai Konstantinov, depicting a cat moving around.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, a computer animation called "Metadata" was created, showing various shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early step in the history of computer animation was the sequel to the 1973 film <i><a href="/wiki/Westworld_(film)" title="Westworld (film)">Westworld</a>,</i> a science-fiction film about a society in which robots live and work among humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999404_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999404-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Futureworld" title="Futureworld">Futureworld</a></i> (1976), used the 3D <a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">wire-frame</a> imagery, which featured a computer-animated hand and face both created by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a> graduates <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Edwin Catmull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Parke">Fred Parke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999282–288_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999282–288-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This imagery originally appeared in their student film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Computer_Animated_Hand" title="A Computer Animated Hand">A Computer Animated Hand</a></i>, which they completed in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201364_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201364-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeans2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeans2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developments in CGI technologies are reported each year at <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201397–98_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201397–98-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques that is attended by thousands of computer professionals each year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201395–97_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201395–97-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developers of computer games and 3D video cards strive to achieve the same visual quality on personal computers in real-time as is possible for CGI films and animation. With the rapid advancement of real-time rendering quality, artists began to use <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a> to render non-interactive movies, which led to the art form <a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/220px--Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="92" data-durationhint="465" data-mwtitle="Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="358" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="536" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="2048" data-height="858" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="804" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="178" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="268" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm/Spring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="268" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASpring_-_Blender_Open_Movie.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>"Spring", a 3D animated short film made using <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a></figcaption></figure> <p>CGI short films have been produced as <a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">independent animation</a> since 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson199958_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson199958-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early examples of feature films incorporating CGI animation include the live-action films <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_II:_The_Wrath_of_Khan" title="Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan">Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tron" title="Tron">Tron</a></i> (both 1982),<sup id="cite_ref-Tron_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tron-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Golgo_13:_The_Professional" title="Golgo 13: The Professional">Golgo 13: The Professional</a></i> (1983).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/VeggieTales" title="VeggieTales">VeggieTales</a></i> is the first American fully 3D computer-animated series sold directly (made in 1993); its success inspired other animation series, such as <i><a href="/wiki/ReBoot" title="ReBoot">ReBoot</a></i> (1994) and <i><a href="/wiki/Transformers:_Beast_Wars" title="Transformers: Beast Wars">Transformers: Beast Wars</a></i> (1996) to adopt a fully computer-generated style. </p><p>The first full-length computer-animated television series was <i><a href="/wiki/ReBoot" title="ReBoot">ReBoot</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito2013188_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito2013188-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which debuted in September 1994; the series followed the adventures of characters who lived inside a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999430_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999430-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first feature-length computer-animated film is <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (1995), which was made by <a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999432_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999432-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999302_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999302-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following an adventure centered around <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> toys and their owners, this groundbreaking film was also the first of many fully computer-animated movies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999302_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999302-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of computer animation (especially in the field of <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>) skyrocketed during the <a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">modern era of U.S. animation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson199952_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson199952-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films like <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i> (2009) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(2016_film)" title="The Jungle Book (2016 film)">The Jungle Book</a></i> (2016) use CGI for the majority of the movie runtime, but still incorporate human actors into the mix.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer animation in this era has achieved photorealism, to the point that computer-animated films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)" title="The Lion King (2019 film)">The Lion King</a></i> (2019) are able to be marketed as if they were live-action.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation_methods">Animation methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_dragon_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/3D_dragon_animation.gif/220px-3D_dragon_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/3D_dragon_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>3D game character animated using <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">skeletal animation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stickwalkav.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Stickwalkav.gif" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a><figcaption>In this <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Interchange Format">.gif</a> of a 2D <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animation</a>, each 'stick' of the <a href="/wiki/Stick_figure" title="Stick figure">figure</a> is <a href="/wiki/Keyframe#Animation_by_means_of_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframe">keyframed</a> over time to create motion.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most 3D computer animation systems, an animator creates a simplified representation of a character's anatomy, which is analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stick_figure" title="Stick figure">stick figure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012193–196_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012193–196-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are arranged into a default position known as a <a href="/wiki/Bind_pose" class="mw-redirect" title="Bind pose">bind pose</a>, or T-Pose. The position of each segment of the skeletal model is defined by animation variables, or <a href="/wiki/Avar_(animation_variable)" title="Avar (animation variable)">Avars</a> for short. In human and animal characters, many parts of the skeletal model correspond to the actual bones, but <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">skeletal animation</a> is also used to animate other things, with facial features (though other methods for <a href="/wiki/Facial_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Facial animation">facial animation</a> exist).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012324–326_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012324–326-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The character "Woody" in <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i>, for example, uses 712 Avars (212 in the face alone). The computer does not usually render the skeletal model directly (it is invisible), but it does use the skeletal model to compute the exact position and orientation of that certain character, which is eventually rendered into an image. Thus by changing the values of Avars over time, the animator creates motion by making the character move from frame to frame. </p><p>There are several methods for generating the Avar values to obtain realistic motion. Traditionally, animators manipulate the Avars directly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012111–118_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012111–118-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than set Avars for every frame, they usually set Avars at strategic points (frames) in time and let the computer interpolate or <a href="/wiki/Tweening" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweening">tween</a> between them in a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Keyframe#Animation_by_means_of_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframe">keyframing</a></i>. Keyframing puts control in the hands of the animator and has roots in hand-drawn <a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">traditional animation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito2013132_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito2013132-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, a newer method called <i><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a></i> makes use of <a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">live action</a> footage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999118_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999118-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When computer animation is driven by motion capture, a real performer acts out the scene as if they were the character to be animated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson199994–98_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson199994–98-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their motion is recorded to a computer using <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a> and markers and that performance is then applied to the animated character.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999226_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999226-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each method has its advantages and as of 2007, games and films are using either or both of these methods in productions. Keyframe animation can produce motions that would be difficult or impossible to act out, while motion capture can reproduce the subtleties of a particular actor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999204_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999204-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nighy" title="Bill Nighy">Bill Nighy</a> provided the performance for the character <a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a>. Even though Nighy does not appear in the movie himself, the movie benefited from his performance by recording the nuances of his body language, posture, facial expressions, etc. Thus motion capture is appropriate in situations where believable, realistic behavior and action is required, but the types of characters required exceed what can be done throughout the conventional costuming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modeling">Modeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3D computer animation combines 3D models of objects and programmed or hand "keyframed" movement. These models are constructed out of geometrical vertices, faces, and edges in a 3D coordinate system. Objects are <a href="/wiki/Digital_sculpting" title="Digital sculpting">sculpted</a> much like real clay or plaster, working from general forms to specific details with various sculpting tools. Unless a 3D model is intended to be a solid color, it must be painted with "<a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">textures</a>" for realism. A bone/joint animation system is set up to deform the CGI model (e.g., to make a humanoid model walk). In a process known as <i>rigging</i>, the virtual marionette is given various controllers and handles for controlling movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012289_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012289-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animation data can be created using <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Keyframing" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyframing">keyframing</a> by a human animator, or a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeane20122-15_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeane20122-15-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>3D models rigged for animation may contain thousands of control points — for example, "Woody" from <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> uses 700 specialized animation controllers. <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_Hues_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhythm and Hues Studios">Rhythm and Hues Studios</a> labored for two years to create <a href="/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan">Aslan</a> in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></i>, which had about 1,851 controllers (742 in the face alone). In the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_Tomorrow" title="The Day After Tomorrow">The Day After Tomorrow</a></i>, designers had to design forces of extreme weather with the help of video references and accurate meteorological facts. For the <a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">2005 remake</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/King_Kong_(1933_film)" title="King Kong (1933 film)">King Kong</a></i>, actor <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a> was used to help designers pinpoint the gorilla's prime location in the shots and used his expressions to model "human" characteristics onto the creature. Serkis had earlier provided the voice and performance for <a href="/wiki/Gollum" title="Gollum">Gollum</a> in <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> trilogy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-in-cube_solid_model,_light_background.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Jack-in-cube_solid_model%2C_light_background.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>A ray-traced 3-D model of a jack inside a cube, and the jack alone below</figcaption></figure> <p>Computer animation can be created with a computer and an animation software. Some impressive animation can be achieved even with basic programs; however, the rendering can require much time on an ordinary home computer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999158_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999158-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional animators of movies, television and video games could make photorealistic animation with high detail. This level of quality for movie animation would take hundreds of years to create on a home computer. Instead, many powerful <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation</a> computers are used;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito2013144_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito2013144-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> said in 1989 that the animation industry's needs typically caused graphical innovations in workstations.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson198902_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson198902-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphics workstation computers use two to four processors, and they are a lot more powerful than an actual home computer and are specialized for rendering. Many workstations (known as a <i>"<a href="/wiki/Render_farm" title="Render farm">render farm</a>"</i>) are networked together to effectively act as a giant computer,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito2013195_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito2013195-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a computer-animated movie that can be completed in about one to five years (however, this process is not composed solely of rendering). A workstation typically costs $2,000 to $16,000 with the more expensive stations being able to render much faster due to the more technologically advanced hardware that they contain. Professionals also use digital <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">movie cameras</a>, motion/<a href="/wiki/Performance_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance capture">performance capture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">bluescreens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_editing_software" title="List of video editing software">film editing software</a>, props, and other tools used for movie animation. Programs like Blender allow for people who can not afford expensive animation and rendering software to be able to work in a similar manner to those who use the commercial grade equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facial_animation">Facial animation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Facial animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Computer facial animation</a></div> <p>The realistic modeling of human facial features is both one of the most challenging and sought after elements in computer-generated imagery. Computer facial animation is a highly complex field where models typically include a very large number of animation variables.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999110–116_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999110–116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically speaking, the first <a href="/wiki/SIGGRAPH" title="SIGGRAPH">SIGGRAPH</a> tutorials on <i>State of the art in Facial Animation</i> in 1989 and 1990 proved to be a turning point in the field by bringing together and consolidating multiple research elements and sparked interest among a number of researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkeWaters2008xi_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkeWaters2008xi-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a> (with 46 "action units", "lip bite" or "squint"), which had been developed in 1976, became a popular basis for many systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnenat_ThalmannThalmann2004122_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnenat_ThalmannThalmann2004122-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 2001, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> included 68 <a href="/wiki/Face_Animation_Parameter" title="Face Animation Parameter">Face Animation Parameters</a> (FAPs) for lips, jaws, etc., and the field has made significant progress since then and the use of facial <a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">microexpression</a> has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagnenat_ThalmannThalmann2004122_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagnenat_ThalmannThalmann2004122-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraEbrahimi2002404_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereiraEbrahimi2002404-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, an <a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">affective space</a>, the <a href="/wiki/PAD_emotional_state_model" title="PAD emotional state model">PAD emotional state model</a>, can be used to assign specific emotions to the faces of <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereiraEbrahimi200260–61_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereiraEbrahimi200260–61-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this approach, the PAD model is used as a high level emotional space and the lower level space is the MPEG-4 Facial Animation Parameters (FAP). A mid-level Partial Expression Parameters (PEP) space is then used to in a two-level structure – the PAD-PEP mapping and the PEP-FAP translation model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaivaPradaPicard200724–33_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaivaPradaPicard200724–33-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realism">Realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/220px--Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="244" data-mwtitle="Joy_&_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm/Joy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoy_%26_Heron_-_Animated_CGI_Spot_by_Passion_Pictures.webm&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Joy & Heron – a typical example of realistic animation</figcaption></figure> <p>Realism in computer animation can mean making each frame look <a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">photorealistic</a>, in the sense that the scene is rendered to resemble a photograph or make the characters' animation believable and lifelike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999160–161_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999160–161-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer animation can also be realistic with or without the <a href="/wiki/Photorealistic_rendering" class="mw-redirect" title="Photorealistic rendering">photorealistic rendering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent201214–17_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent201214–17-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One trend in computer animation has been the effort to create human characters that look and move with the highest degree of realism. A possible outcome when attempting to make pleasing, realistic human characters is the <a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">uncanny valley</a>, the concept where the human audience (up to a point) tends to have an increasingly negative, emotional response as a human replica looks and acts more and more human. Films that have attempted photorealistic human characters, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(2007_film)" title="Beowulf (2007 film)">Beowulf</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-digital_in_beowulf_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital_in_beowulf-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been criticized as "disconcerting" and "creepy". </p><p>The goal of computer animation is not always to emulate live action as closely as possible, so many animated films instead feature characters who are <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> animals, <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a> and characters, superheroes, or otherwise have non-realistic, cartoon-like proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito20137_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito20137-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computer animation can also be tailored to mimic or substitute for other kinds of animation, like traditional stop-motion animation (as shown in <i><a href="/wiki/Flushed_Away" title="Flushed Away">Flushed Away</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie" title="The Peanuts Movie">The Peanuts Movie</a></i>). Some of the long-standing <a href="/wiki/12_basic_principles_of_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="12 basic principles of animation">basic principles of animation</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Squash_and_stretch" title="Squash and stretch">squash and stretch</a>, call for movement that is not strictly realistic, and such principles still see widespread application in computer animation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201359_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201359-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_animations">Web animations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Web animations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> that allow members to upload their own movies for others to view has created a growing community of independent and <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> computer animators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201382,_89_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201382,_89-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With utilities and programs often included free with modern <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, many users can make their own animated movies and shorts. Several <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source</a> animation software applications exist as well. The ease at which these animations can be distributed has attracted professional animation talent also. Companies such as <a href="/wiki/PowToon" class="mw-redirect" title="PowToon">PowToon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyond" title="Vyond">Vyond</a> attempt to bridge the gap by giving amateurs access to professional animations as <a href="/wiki/Clip_art" title="Clip art">clip art</a>. </p><p>The oldest (most backward compatible) web-based animations are in the animated <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> format, which can be uploaded and seen on the web easily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperberg2002112–113_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperberg2002112–113-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster graphics</a> format of GIF animations slows the <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">download</a> and frame rate, especially with larger screen sizes. The growing demand for higher quality web-based animations was met by a <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a> alternative that relied on the use of a <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">plugin</a>. For decades, <a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash animations</a> were a common format, until the web development community abandoned support for the <a href="/wiki/Flash_Player" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Player">Flash Player</a> plugin. Web browsers on <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">mobile operating systems</a> never fully supported the Flash plugin. </p><p>By this time, <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">internet bandwidth</a> and download speeds increased, making raster graphic animations more convenient. Some of the more complex vector graphic animations had a slower frame rate due to complex <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> compared to some of the raster graphic alternatives. Many of the GIF and Flash animations were already converted to <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> formats, which were compatible with mobile devices and reduced file sizes via <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> technology. However, compatibility was still problematic as some of the video formats such as Apple's <a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Microsoft Silverlight</a> required plugins. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> was also relying on the Flash plugin to deliver digital video in the <a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a> format. </p><p>The latest alternatives are <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a> compatible animations. Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="CSS animation">CSS animations</a> made sequencing the movement of images in HTML5 web pages more convenient. <a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG animations</a> offered a vector graphic alternative to the original Flash graphic format, <a href="/wiki/SmartSketch" class="mw-redirect" title="SmartSketch">SmartSketch</a>. YouTube offers an HTML5 alternative for digital video. <a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a> (Animated PNG) offered a raster graphic alternative to animated GIF files that enables multi-level transparency not available in GIFs. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_HTML5_and_Flash" title="Comparison of HTML5 and Flash">Comparison of HTML5 and Flash</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detailed_example">Detailed example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Detailed example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer animation uses different techniques to produce animations. Most frequently, sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> is used to manipulate complex three-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Polygon" title="Polygon">polygons</a>, apply "<a href="/wiki/Texture_mapping" title="Texture mapping">textures</a>", lighting and other effects to the polygons and finally <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> the complete image. A sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> may be used to create the animation and arrange its choreography. Another technique called <a href="/wiki/Constructive_solid_geometry" title="Constructive solid geometry">constructive solid geometry</a> defines objects by conducting <a href="/wiki/Boolean_operation_(Boolean_algebra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean operation (Boolean algebra)">Boolean operations</a> on regular shapes, and has the advantage that animations may be accurately produced at any resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animation_studios">Animation studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Animation studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List of animation studios</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Computer_animation" title="Talk:Computer animation">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some notable producers of computer-animated feature films include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Logic" title="Animal Logic">Animal Logic</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Feet" title="Happy Feet">Happy Feet</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Guardians:_The_Owls_of_Ga%27Hoole" title="Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole">Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Walking_with_Dinosaurs_(film)" title="Walking with Dinosaurs (film)">Walking with Dinosaurs</a></i> (2013), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Movie" title="The Lego Movie">The Lego Movie</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aardman_Animations" title="Aardman Animations">Aardman Animations</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Flushed_Away" title="Flushed Away">Flushed Away</a></i> (2006) and <i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Christmas" title="Arthur Christmas">Arthur Christmas</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Idea_Entertainment" title="Big Idea Entertainment">Big Idea Entertainment</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah:_A_VeggieTales_Movie" title="Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie">Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie</a></i> (2002) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_Who_Don%27t_Do_Anything:_A_VeggieTales_Movie" title="The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie">The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bron_Studios" title="Bron Studios">Bron Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Addams_Family_(2019_film)" title="The Addams Family (2019 film)">The Addams Family</a></i> (2019) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Willoughbys" title="The Willoughbys">The Willoughbys</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Studios" title="Blue Sky Studios">Blue Sky Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age</a></i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/Robots_(2005_film)" title="Robots (2005 film)">Robots</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)" title="Horton Hears a Who! (film)">Horton Hears a Who!</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Rio_(2011_film)" title="Rio (2011 film)">Rio</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_(2013_film)" title="Epic (2013 film)">Epic</a></i> (2013), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peanuts_Movie" title="The Peanuts Movie">The Peanuts Movie</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Productions" title="DNA Productions">DNA Productions</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Neutron:_Boy_Genius" title="Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius">Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_vs._the_Snowman_3D" title="Santa vs. the Snowman 3D">Santa vs. the Snowman 3D</a></i> (2002), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ant_Bully_(film)" title="The Ant Bully (film)">The Ant Bully</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNEG" title="DNEG">DNEG</a> - Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Ron%27s_Gone_Wrong" title="Ron's Gone Wrong">Ron's Gone Wrong</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Shark_Tale" title="Shark Tale">Shark Tale</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)" title="Madagascar (2005 film)">Madagascar</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Hedge_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the Hedge (film)">Over the Hedge</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Bee_Movie" title="Bee Movie">Bee Movie</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(film)" title="Kung Fu Panda (film)">Kung Fu Panda</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_vs._Aliens" title="Monsters vs. Aliens">Monsters vs. Aliens</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_(2010_film)" title="How to Train Your Dragon (2010 film)">How to Train Your Dragon</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Guardians" title="Rise of the Guardians">Rise of the Guardians</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Croods" title="The Croods">The Croods</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Trolls_(film)" title="Trolls (film)">Trolls</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boss_Baby" title="The Boss Baby">The Boss Baby</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Underpants:_The_First_Epic_Movie" title="Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie">Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Guys_(film)" title="The Bad Guys (film)">The Bad Guys</a></i> (2022), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Gillman,_Teenage_Kraken" title="Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken">Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a> - Films include <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Despereaux_(film)" title="The Tale of Despereaux (film)"><i>The Tale of Despereaux</i></a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageMovers" title="ImageMovers">ImageMovers</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Polar_Express_(film)" title="The Polar Express (film)">The Polar Express</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_House_(film)" title="Monster House (film)">Monster House</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(2007_film)" title="Beowulf (2007 film)">Beowulf</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Needs_Moms" title="Mars Needs Moms">Mars Needs Moms</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagi_Animation_Studios" title="Imagi Animation Studios">Imagi Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/TMNT_(film)" title="TMNT (film)">TMNT</a></i> (2007) and <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(film)" title="Astro Boy (film)">Astro Boy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilion_Animation_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilion Animation Studios">Ilion Animation Studios</a> — Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_51" title="Planet 51">Planet 51</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Mortadelo_and_Filemon:_Mission_Implausible" title="Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible">Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible</a></i> (2014), and <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Park" title="Wonder Park">Wonder Park</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumination_(animation_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination (animation company)">Illumination</a> — Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Despicable_Me_(film)" title="Despicable Me (film)">Despicable Me</a></i> (2010), <a href="/wiki/The_Lorax_(film)" title="The Lorax (film)">The Lorax</a> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Minions_(film)" title="Minions (film)">Minions</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Pets" title="The Secret Life of Pets">The Secret Life of Pets</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/Sing_(2016_American_film)" title="Sing (2016 American film)">Sing</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grinch_(film)" title="The Grinch (film)">The Grinch</a></i> (2018), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Pets_2" title="The Secret Life of Pets 2">The Secret Life of Pets 2</a></i> (2019), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie" title="The Super Mario Bros. Movie">The Super Mario Bros. Movie</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light & Magic">Industrial Light & Magic</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Rango_(2011_film)" title="Rango (2011 film)">Rango</a></i> (2011) and <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Magic_(film)" title="Strange Magic (film)">Strange Magic</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Oedekerk" title="Steve Oedekerk">Omation Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Barnyard_(film)" title="Barnyard (film)">Barnyard</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Data_Images" title="Pacific Data Images">Pacific Data Images</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Antz" title="Antz">Antz</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek" title="Shrek">Shrek</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Shrek_2" title="Shrek 2">Shrek 2</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_(2005_film)" title="Madagascar (2005 film)">Madagascar</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Megamind" title="Megamind">Megamind</a></i> (2010), and <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Peabody_and_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Peabody and Sherman">Mr. Peabody and Sherman</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Animation" title="Paramount Animation">Paramount Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_SpongeBob_Movie:_Sponge_Out_of_Water" title="The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water">The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water</a></i> (2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_Trucks_(film)" title="Monster Trucks (film)">Monster Trucks</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Gnomes" title="Sherlock Gnomes">Sherlock Gnomes</a></i> (2018), <i><a href="/wiki/Wonder_Park" title="Wonder Park">Wonder Park</a></i> (2019), <i><a href="/wiki/The_SpongeBob_Movie:_Sponge_on_the_Run" title="The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run">The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run</a></i> (2020), and <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Boardwalk_(2023_film)" title="Under the Boardwalk (2023 film)">Under the Boardwalk</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Toy_Story" title="Toy Story">Toy Story</a></i> (1995), <i><a href="/wiki/Monsters,_Inc." title="Monsters, Inc.">Monsters, Inc.</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredibles" title="The Incredibles">The Incredibles</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="/wiki/Cars_(film)" title="Cars (film)">Cars</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)">Ratatouille</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/WALL-E" title="WALL-E">WALL-E</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Up_(2009_film)" title="Up (2009 film)">Up</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Out_(2015_film)" title="Inside Out (2015 film)">Inside Out</a></i> (2015), <i> <a href="/wiki/Coco_(2017_film)" title="Coco (2017 film)">Coco</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_(2020_film)" title="Soul (2020 film)">Soul</a></i> (2020), and <i><a href="/wiki/Luca_(2021_film)" title="Luca (2021 film)">Luca</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_Studios" title="Mainframe Studios">Rainmaker Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Planet_Earth" title="Escape from Planet Earth">Escape from Planet Earth</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_%26_Clank_(film)" title="Ratchet & Clank (film)">Ratchet & Clank</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel_FX_Creative_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel FX Creative Studios">Reel FX Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Birds" title="Free Birds">Free Birds</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Life_(2014_film)" title="The Book of Life (2014 film)">The Book of Life</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizart_Animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizart Animation">Wizart Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(2012_film)" title="The Snow Queen (2012 film)">The Snow Queen</a></i> (2012) and <i><a href="/wiki/Sheep_and_Wolves" title="Sheep and Wolves">Sheep and Wolves</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirogumi" title="Shirogumi">Shirogumi</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Friends:_Mononoke_Shima_no_Naki" title="Friends: Mononoke Shima no Naki">Friends: Mononoke Shima no Naki</a></i> (2011), <i><a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_Doraemon" title="Stand by Me Doraemon">Stand by Me Doraemon</a></i> (2014), and <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Quest:_Your_Story" title="Dragon Quest: Your Story">Dragon Quest: Your Story</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skydance_Animation" title="Skydance Animation">Skydance Animation</a>  – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Luck_(2022_film)" title="Luck (2022 film)">Luck</a></i> (2022) and <i><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(2024_film)" title="Spellbound (2024 film)">Spellbound</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square Pictures</a> - Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy:_The_Spirits_Within" title="Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within">Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation" title="Sony Pictures Animation">Sony Pictures Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Open_Season_(2006_film)" title="Open Season (2006 film)">Open Season</a></i> (2006), <i><a href="/wiki/Surf%27s_Up_(film)" title="Surf's Up (film)">Surf's Up</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Cloudy_with_a_Chance_of_Meatballs_(film)" title="Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film)">Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs</a></i> (2009), <i><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)" title="Hotel Transylvania (film)">Hotel Transylvania</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man:_Into_the_Spider-Verse" title="Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse">Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse</a></i> (2018), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mitchells_vs._the_Machines" title="The Mitchells vs. the Machines">The Mitchells vs. the Machines</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Imageworks" title="Sony Pictures Imageworks">Sony Pictures Imageworks</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Birds_Movie" title="The Angry Birds Movie">The Angry Birds Movie</a></i> (2016) and <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Moon_(2020_film)" title="Over the Moon (2020 film)">Over the Moon</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triggerfish_Animation_Studios" title="Triggerfish Animation Studios">Triggerfish Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Zambezia_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezia (film)">Zambezia</a></i> (2013) and <i><a href="/wiki/Khumba" title="Khumba">Khumba</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Animation" title="Vanguard Animation">Vanguard Animation</a> - Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Valiant_(film)" title="Valiant (film)">Valiant</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Chimps" title="Space Chimps">Space Chimps</a></i> (2008), and <i><a href="/wiki/Gnome_Alone" title="Gnome Alone">Gnome Alone</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/Chicken_Little_(2005_film)" title="Chicken Little (2005 film)">Chicken Little</a></i> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Robinsons" title="Meet the Robinsons">Meet the Robinsons</a></i> (2007), <i><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(2008_film)" title="Bolt (2008 film)">Bolt</a></i> (2008), <i><a href="/wiki/Tangled_(2010_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangled (2010 film)">Tangled</a></i> (2010), <i><a href="/wiki/Wreck-It_Ralph" title="Wreck-It Ralph">Wreck-It Ralph</a></i> (2012), <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i> (2013), <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Hero_6_(film)" title="Big Hero 6 (film)">Big Hero 6</a></i> (2014), <i><a href="/wiki/Zootopia" title="Zootopia">Zootopia</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/Moana_(2016_film)" title="Moana (2016 film)">Moana</a></i> (2016), and <i><a href="/wiki/Encanto" title="Encanto">Encanto</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures_Animation" title="Warner Bros. Pictures Animation">Warner Bros. Pictures Animation</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Movie" title="The Lego Movie">The Lego Movie</a></i> (2014), <i><a href="/wiki/Storks_(film)" title="Storks (film)">Storks</a></i> (2016), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lego_Batman_Movie" title="The Lego Batman Movie">The Lego Batman Movie</a></i> (2017), <i><a href="/wiki/Smallfoot_(film)" title="Smallfoot (film)">Smallfoot</a></i> (2018), and <i><a href="/wiki/Scoob!" title="Scoob!">Scoob!</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weta_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Weta Digital">Weta Digital</a> – Films include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin_(film)" title="The Adventures of Tintin (film)">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_disc.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/30px-Animation_disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/45px-Animation_disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Animation_disc.svg/60px-Animation_disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Animation portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_(animation_variable)" title="Avar (animation variable)">Avar (animation variable)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Computer facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a> (CGI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology_Computer_Graphics_Lab" title="New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab">New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_representation_of_surfaces" title="Computer representation of surfaces">Computer representation of surfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-Over" title="Hand-Over">Hand-Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List of animation studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">List of computer-animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">List of computer-animated television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_animation" title="Medical animation">Medical animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a> (recording video from games and virtual worlds)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)" title="Ray tracing (graphics)">Ray tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Representation_Language" title="Rich Representation Language">Rich Representation Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">Timeline of computer animation in film and television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_artifact" title="Virtual artifact">Virtual artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire-frame_model" title="Wire-frame model">Wire-frame model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles of animation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson1999148-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson1999148_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasson1999">Masson 1999</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParent2012100–101,_255-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParent2012100–101,_255_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParent2012">Parent 2012</a>, pp. 100–101, 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeberHirasaki2000" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Karon; Hirasaki, Kitt (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/633410.633413">"Interaction design at Pixar Animation Studios"</a>. <i>CHI '00 extended abstracts on Human factors in computer systems - CHI '00</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Disney%27s+%27A+Christmas+Carol%27%3A+Bah%2C+humbug%21&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fent%2Fmovies%2Freview%2F2009%2F11%2F05%2Fchristmas_carol%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESito20137-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito20137_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSito2013">Sito 2013</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201359-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201359_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSito2013">Sito 2013</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESito201382,_89-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESito201382,_89_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSito2013">Sito 2013</a>, pp. 82, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuperberg2002112–113-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuperberg2002112–113_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuperberg2002">Kuperberg 2002</a>, pp. 112–113.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Computer animation</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=computer+animation">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=computer+animation&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeane2012" class="citation book cs1">Beane, Andy (2012). <i>3D Animation Essentials</i>. Indianapolis, Indiana: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-14748-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-14748-1"><bdi>978-1-118-14748-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=3D+Animation+Essentials&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-14748-1&rft.aulast=Beane&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperberg2002" class="citation book cs1">Kuperberg, Marcia (2002). <i>A Guide to Computer Animation: For TV, Games, Multimedia and Web</i>. Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51671-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51671-0"><bdi>0-240-51671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Computer+Animation%3A+For+TV%2C+Games%2C+Multimedia+and+Web&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-240-51671-0&rft.aulast=Kuperberg&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnenat_ThalmannThalmann2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Magnenat_Thalmann" title="Nadia Magnenat Thalmann">Magnenat Thalmann, Nadia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Thalmann" title="Daniel Thalmann">Thalmann, Daniel</a> (2004). <i>Handbook of Virtual Humans</i>. Wiley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-02316-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-02316-3"><bdi>0-470-02316-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Virtual+Humans&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-470-02316-3&rft.aulast=Magnenat+Thalmann&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft.au=Thalmann%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1999" class="citation book cs1">Masson, Terrence (1999). <i>CG 101: A Computer Graphics Industry Reference</i>. Digital Fauxtography Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7357-0046-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7357-0046-X"><bdi>0-7357-0046-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CG+101%3A+A+Computer+Graphics+Industry+Reference&rft.pub=Digital+Fauxtography+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7357-0046-X&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Terrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeans2011" class="citation news cs1">Means, Sean P. (December 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/mobile/53193670-90/film-catmull-computer-animation.html.csp">"Pixar founder's Utah-made <i>Hand</i> added to National Film Registry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Pixar+founder%27s+Utah-made+Hand+added+to+National+Film+Registry&rft.date=2011-12-28&rft.aulast=Means&rft.aufirst=Sean+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Fmobile%2F53193670-90%2Ffilm-catmull-computer-animation.html.csp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaivaPradaPicard2007" class="citation book cs1">Paiva, Ana; Prada, Rui; Picard, Rosalind W. (2007). "Facial Expression Synthesis using PAD Emotional Parameters for a Chinese Expressive Avatar". <i>Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4738. Springer Science+Business Media. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-74889-2">10.1007/978-3-540-74889-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-74888-5"><bdi>978-3-540-74888-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facial+Expression+Synthesis+using+PAD+Emotional+Parameters+for+a+Chinese+Expressive+Avatar&rft.btitle=Affective+Computing+and+Intelligent+Interaction&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-74889-2&rft.isbn=978-3-540-74888-5&rft.aulast=Paiva&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft.au=Prada%2C+Rui&rft.au=Picard%2C+Rosalind+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParent2012" class="citation book cs1">Parent, Rick (2012). <i>Computer Animation: Algorithms and Techniques</i>. Ohio: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415842-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-415842-9"><bdi>978-0-12-415842-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Animation%3A+Algorithms+and+Techniques&rft.place=Ohio&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-415842-9&rft.aulast=Parent&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereiraEbrahimi2002" class="citation book cs1">Pereira, Fernando C. N.; Ebrahimi, Touradj (2002). <i>The MPEG-4 Book</i>. New Jersey: IMSC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-061621-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-061621-4"><bdi>0-13-061621-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MPEG-4+Book&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=IMSC+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-13-061621-4&rft.aulast=Pereira&rft.aufirst=Fernando+C.+N.&rft.au=Ebrahimi%2C+Touradj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkeWaters2008" class="citation book cs1">Parke, Frederic I.; Waters, Keith (2008). <i>Computer Facial Animation</i> (2nd ed.). Massachusetts: A.K. Peters, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-448-3"><bdi>978-1-56881-448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Facial+Animation&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.K.+Peters%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56881-448-3&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Frederic+I.&rft.au=Waters%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSito2013" class="citation book cs1">Sito, Tom (2013). <i>Moving Innovation: A History of Computer Animation</i>. Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01909-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01909-5"><bdi>978-0-262-01909-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moving+Innovation%3A+A+History+of+Computer+Animation&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01909-5&rft.aulast=Sito&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+animation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_animation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_animations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computer animations">Computer animations</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animation" title="Template:Animation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animation" title="Template talk:Animation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Animation_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_animation" title="Bhutanese animation">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_animation" title="Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_animation" title="Czech animation">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_animation" title="Estonian animation">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_animation_industry" title="Indian animation industry">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_animation" title="Malaysian animation">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_animation" title="Mexican animation">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_animation" title="North Korean animation">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino animation">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_animation" title="Portuguese animation">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_animation" title="Romanian animation">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_industry_in_South_Africa" title="Animation industry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_animation" title="Spanish animation">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_animation" title="Thai animation">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_animation" title="American animation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_animation" title="Vietnamese animation">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation" title="History of animation">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijani_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Azerbaijani animation">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_animation#History" title="Bangladeshi animation">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_animation" title="History of Canadian animation">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_animation" title="History of Chinese animation">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_animation" title="History of French animation">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungarian_animation" title="History of Hungarian animation">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_animation_in_India" title="History of animation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian animation">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anime" title="History of anime">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_animation" title="History of Korean animation">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_animation" title="History of Russian animation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukrainian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ukrainian animation">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_British_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of British animation">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_during_the_silent_era" title="Animation in the United States during the silent era">Silent Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_American_animation" title="Golden age of American animation">The Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_and_American_animation" title="World War II and American animation">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_in_the_United_States_in_the_television_era" title="Animation in the United States in the television era">Early TV broadcast era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_animation_in_the_United_States" title="Modern animation in the United States">Modern TV cable and streaming era</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animators" title="List of animators">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_department" title="Animation department">Animation department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_director" title="Animation director">Animation director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_artist" title="Story artist">Story artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_studio" title="Animation studio">Animation studios</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animation_studios" title="List of animation studios">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation_database" title="Animation database">Animation database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_pipeline" title="Art pipeline">Art pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anatomical_simulation" title="Category:Anatomical simulation">Biologist simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animation_film_festivals" title="Category:Animation film festivals">Animation film festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_animation_festivals" title="List of international animation festivals">international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_animation_festivals" title="List of regional animation festivals">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing animated films">Highest-grossing films</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">Opening weekends</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing_of_animation" title="Outsourcing of animation">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Animation_Day" title="International Animation Day">International Animation Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films" title="List of computer-animated films">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_films" title="Lists of animated films">Feature-length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_or_unfinished_animated_films" title="List of lost or unfinished animated films">Lost or unfinished</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_package_films" title="List of animated package films">Package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_films" title="List of animated short films">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_short_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of animated short series">Short series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films" title="List of stop motion films">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_feature_films" title="List of adult animated feature films">Adult animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_films" title="List of children's animated films">Children's animated films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_series" title="Animated series">Series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_animated_television_series" title="List of adult animated television series">Adult animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children%27s_animated_television_series" title="List of children's animated television series">Children's animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_television_series" title="List of computer-animated television series">Computer-animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_direct-to-video_series" title="List of animated direct-to-video series">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Flash_animated_television_series" title="List of Flash animated television series">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_Internet_series" title="List of animated Internet series">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_animated_television_series" title="Lists of animated television series">Television</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier-grid_animation_and_stereography" title="Barrier-grid animation and stereography">Barrier-grid and stereography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_book" title="Flip book">Flip book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_animation" title="Limited animation">Limited animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(art)" title="Masking (art)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotoscoping" title="Rotoscoping">Rotoscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_sheet" title="Exposure sheet">Exposure sheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claymation" title="Claymation">Claymation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay_painting" title="Clay painting">clay painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata-cut_animation" title="Strata-cut animation">strata-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutout_animation" title="Cutout animation">Cutout</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silhouette_animation" title="Silhouette animation">silhouette</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic animation">Graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_animation" title="Model animation">Model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">go motion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_animation" title="Object animation">Object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickfilm" title="Brickfilm">Brickfilm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixilation" title="Pixilation">Pixilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetoons" title="Puppetoons">Puppetoons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_animation" title="History of computer animation">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_animation_in_film_and_television" title="Timeline of computer animation in film and television">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2D_computer_graphics" title="2D computer graphics">2D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D" title="2.5D">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_animation" title="Flash animation">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerPoint_animation" title="PowerPoint animation">PowerPoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_animation" title="SVG animation">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sketch" title="Multi-sketch">Multi-sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_skinning" title="Onion skinning">Onion skinning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-pose" title="T-pose">T-pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel_shading" title="Cel shading">Cel shading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_simulation" title="Crowd simulation">Crowd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_facial_animation" title="Computer facial animation">Facial animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morph_target_animation" title="Morph target animation">Morph target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">Motion capture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">hand tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_tracking" title="Eye tracking">eye tracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-photorealistic_rendering" title="Non-photorealistic rendering">Non-photorealistic rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physically_based_animation" title="Physically based animation">Physically based animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_animation" title="Procedural animation">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_animation" title="Skeletal animation">Skeletal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_cinematography" title="Virtual cinematography">Virtual cinematography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Traditional puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_puppetry" title="Digital puppetry">Digital puppetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machinima" title="Machinima">Machinima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniforms" title="Aniforms">Aniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_human" title="Virtual human">Virtual human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live2D" title="Live2D">Live2D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarionation" title="Supermarionation">Supermarionation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanics" title="Mechanics">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear Animation Generator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_manipulation_animation" title="Direct manipulation animation">Direct manipulation animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_animation" title="Humanoid animation">Humanoid animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_animation" title="Idle animation">Idle animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink-wash_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-wash animation">Ink-wash animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_lantern" title="Magic lantern">Magic Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanimate" title="Scanimate">Scanimate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowmation" title="Shadowmation">Shadowmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squigglevision" title="Squigglevision">Squigglevision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteboard_animation" title="Whiteboard animation">Whiteboard animation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(animation)" title="Blocking (animation)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuckimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuckimation">Chuckimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawn-on-film_animation" title="Drawn-on-film animation">Drawn-on-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Erasure animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbetweening" title="Inbetweening">Inbetweening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphing" title="Morphing">Morphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint-on-glass_animation" title="Paint-on-glass animation">Paint-on-glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinscreen_animation" title="Pinscreen animation">Pinscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixel artist">Pixel art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pose_to_pose_animation" title="Pose to pose animation">Pose to pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ahead_animation" title="Straight ahead animation">Straight ahead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_hose_animation" title="Rubber hose animation">Rubber hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">Special effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_animation" title="Sand animation">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncro-Vox" title="Syncro-Vox">Syncro-Vox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoetrope" title="Zoetrope">Zoetrope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract animation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_music" title="Visual music">visual music</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_animation" title="Adult animation">Adult animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Animated cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">Educational animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic animation">Erotic animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_animation" title="Independent animation">Independent animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instructional_animation" title="Instructional animation">Instructional animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_newscaster" title="Virtual newscaster">Virtual newscaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animation_music" title="Animation music">Animation music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_ball_(music)" title="Bouncing ball (music)">Bouncing ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Mousing" title="Mickey Mousing">Mickey Mousing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_frame" title="Key frame">Key frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel" title="Cel">Cel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_animation" title="Character animation">Character animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_sheet" title="Model sheet">model sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_cycle" title="Walk cycle">walk cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">lip sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-model" title="Off-model">off-model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_animation" title="Creature animation">Creature animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_basic_principles_of_animation" title="Twelve basic principles of animation">Twelve basic principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">Films with live action and animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live-action/animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing live-action/animated films">highest grossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_physics" title="Cartoon physics">Cartoon physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_violence" title="Cartoon violence">Cartoon violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_animated_films" title="List of most expensive animated films">Most expensive animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_films_by_box_office_admissions" title="List of animated films by box office admissions">List of animated films by box office admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count" title="List of animated television series by episode count">List of animated television series by episode count</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_series_by_episode_count" title="List of anime series by episode count">anime series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_franchises_by_episode_count" title="List of anime franchises by episode count">anime franchises</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animation" title="Category:Animation">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Animation" title="Portal:Animation">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_animation" title="Outline of animation">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a 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