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topics</div> <p>The <b>ACM Computing Classification System</b> (<b>CCS</b>) is a subject classification system for <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> devised by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM). The system is comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Subject_Classification" title="Mathematics Subject Classification">Mathematics Subject Classification</a> (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organize subjects by area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History"><span class="anchor" id="CRCS_1964"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_1982"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_1983"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_1987"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_1991"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_1998"></span><span class="anchor" id="CCS_2012"></span>History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system has gone through seven revisions, the first version being published in 1964, and revised versions appearing in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991, 1998, and the now current version in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is hierarchically structured in four levels. For example, one branch of the hierarchy contains: </p> <dl><dd>Computing methodologies <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Science_Ontology" title="Computer Science Ontology">Computer Science Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_and_Astronomy_Classification_Scheme" title="Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme">Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">preprint server</a> allowing submitted papers to be classified using the ACM CCS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhySH" title="PhySH">Physics Subject Headings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCoulter1997" class="citation cs2">Coulter, Neal (1997), "ACM's computing classification system reflects changing times", <i>Communications of the ACM</i>, <b>40</b> (12), New York, NY, USA: ACM: 111–112, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F265563.265579">10.1145/265563.265579</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42548816">42548816</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=ACM%27s+computing+classification+system+reflects+changing+times&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=111-112&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F265563.265579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42548816%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACM+Computing+Classification+System" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulterFrenchGlinertHorton1998" class="citation cs2">Coulter, Neal (chair); French, James; Glinert, Ephraim; Horton, Thomas; Mead, Nancy; Ralston, Anthony; Rada, Roy; Rodkin, Craig; Rous, Bernard; Tucker, Allen; Wegner, Peter; Weiss, Eric; Wierzbicki, Carol (January 21, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/about/class/ccsup.pdf">"Computing Classification System 1998: Current Status and Future Maintenance Report of the CCS Update Committee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Computing Reviews</i>, New York, NY, USA: ACM: 1–5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computing+Reviews&rft.atitle=Computing+Classification+System+1998%3A+Current+Status+and+Future+Maintenance+Report+of+the+CCS+Update+Committee&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=1998-01-21&rft.aulast=Coulter&rft.aufirst=Neal+%28chair%29&rft.au=French%2C+James&rft.au=Glinert%2C+Ephraim&rft.au=Horton%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Mead%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Ralston%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Rada%2C+Roy&rft.au=Rodkin%2C+Craig&rft.au=Rous%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Allen&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Peter&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Eric&rft.au=Wierzbicki%2C+Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fabout%2Fclass%2Fccsup.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACM+Computing+Classification+System" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirkinNascimentoPereira2008" class="citation cs2">Mirkin, Boris; Nascimento, Susana; Pereira, Luis Moniz (2008), "Representing a Computer Science Research Organization on the ACM Computing Classification System", in Eklund, Peter; Haemmerlé, Ollivier (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-354/p19.pdf"><i>Supplementary Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS-2008)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 354, RWTH Aachen University, pp. 57–65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Representing+a+Computer+Science+Research+Organization+on+the+ACM+Computing+Classification+System&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Proceedings+of+the+16th+International+Conference+on+Conceptual+Structures+%28ICCS-2008%29&rft.series=CEUR+Workshop+Proceedings&rft.pages=57-65&rft.pub=RWTH+Aachen+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mirkin&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Nascimento%2C+Susana&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Luis+Moniz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de%2FPublications%2FCEUR-WS%2FVol-354%2Fp19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACM+Computing+Classification+System" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/ccs">dl.acm.org/ccs</a> is the homepage of the system, including links to four complete versions of the system: <ul><li>the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64">1964 version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090453/http://www.acm.org/about/class/cr64">Archived</a> 2016-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc">1991 version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921173850/http://www.acm.org/about/class/class91-toc">Archived</a> 2017-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/publications/computing-classification-system/1998">1998 version</a></li> <li>the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/about/class/2012">current 2012 version</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/corr/home">ACM Computing Research Repository</a> uses a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/corr/subjectclasses">classification scheme</a> that is much coarser than the ACM subject classification, and does not cover all areas of CS, but is intended to better cover active areas of research. In addition, papers in this repository are classified according to the ACM subject classification.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:ACM Computing Classification System (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:ACM_Computing_Classification_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:ACM Computing Classification System (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ACM Computing Classification System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">ACM Computing Classification System</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The 2012 version of the ACM classification has the following main categories.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General and reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Document types • Cross-computing tools and techniques</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Printed circuit boards • Communication hardware, interfaces and storage • Integrated circuits • Very large scale integration design • Power and energy • Electronic design automation • Hardware validation • Hardware test • Robustness • Emerging technologies</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Architectures • Embedded and cyber-physical systems • Real-time systems • Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Network architectures • Network protocols • Network components • Network algorithms • Network performance evaluation • Network properties • Network services • Network types</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software and its engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Software organization and properties • Software notations and tools • Software creation and management</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory of computation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Models of computation • Formal languages and automata theory • Computational complexity and cryptography • Logic • Design and analysis of algorithms • Randomness, geometry and discrete structures • Theory and algorithms for application domains • Semantics and reasoning</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Discrete mathematics • Probability and statistics • Mathematical software • Information theory • Mathematical analysis • Continuous mathematics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Data management systems • Information storage systems • Information systems applications • World Wide Web • Information retrieval</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security and privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Cryptography • Formal methods and theory of security • Security services • Intrusion/anomaly detection and malware mitigation • Security in hardware • Systems security • Network security • Database and storage security • Software and application security • Human and societal aspects of security and privacy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human-centered computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Human–computer interaction • Interaction design • Collaborative and social computing • Ubiquitous and mobile computing • Visualization • Accessibility</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computing methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Symbolic and algebraic manipulation • Parallel computing methodologies • Artificial intelligence • Machine learning • Modeling and simulation • Computer graphics • Distributed computing methodologies • Concurrent computing methodologies</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Electronic commerce • Enterprise computing • Physical sciences and engineering • Life and medical sciences • Law, social and behavioral sciences • Computer forensics • Arts and humanities • Computers in other domains • Operations research • Education • Document management and text processing</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and professional topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Professional topics • Computing/technology policy • User characteristics</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proper nouns: people, technologies and companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Companies • Organizations • People in computing • Technologies</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td 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