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id="toc-Plant_design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Plant design and construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process_design_and_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process_design_and_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Process design and analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_design_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Transport phenomena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Related topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_fields_and_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields_and_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Related fields and concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields_and_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Associations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chemical engineering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_ingenieurswese" title="Chemiese ingenieurswese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese ingenieurswese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%94%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ኬሚካል ኢንጂኔሪንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኬሚካል ኢንጂኔሪንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هندسة كيميائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchenier%C3%ADa_quimica" title="Incheniería quimica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Incheniería quimica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80" title="ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাসায়নিক অভিযান্ত্ৰিকী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Inxeniería química – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" title="Kimya mühəndisliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimya mühəndisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="রসায়ন প্রকৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসায়ন প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk_kang-t%C3%AAng" title="Hòa-ha̍k kang-têng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k kang-têng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_pangkimika" title="Inhinyeriyang pangkimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang pangkimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Химично инженерство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химично инженерство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Enginyeria química – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A9_in%C5%BEen%C3%BDrstv%C3%AD" title="Chemické inženýrství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemické inženýrství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirianneg_gemegol" title="Peirianneg gemegol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peirianneg gemegol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemieingenieurwesen" title="Chemieingenieurwesen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemieingenieurwesen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiatehnoloogia" title="Keemiatehnoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiatehnoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χημική μηχανική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημική μηχανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Ingeniería química – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_in%C4%9Denierarto" title="Kemia inĝenierarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia inĝenierarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaritza_kimiko" title="Ingeniaritza kimiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingeniaritza kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مهندسی شیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_chimique" title="Génie chimique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génie chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innealt%C3%B3ireacht_cheimiceach" title="Innealtóireacht cheimiceach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Innealtóireacht cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Enxeñaría química – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enxeñaría química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="화학공학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="रासायनिक अभियान्त्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक अभियान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Kemijsko inženjerstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknik_kimia" title="Teknik kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknik kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaverkfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Efnaverkfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaverkfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_chimica" title="Ingegneria chimica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הנדסה כימית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסה כימית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8knik_kimia" title="Tèknik kimia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tèknik kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಸಾಯನಿಕ ಎಂಜಿನಿಯರಿಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ტექნოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ტექნოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химиялық технология – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық технология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endezyariya_k%C3%AEmyay%C3%AA" title="Endezyariya kîmyayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endezyariya kîmyayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_chemica" title="Ars chemica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars chemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmijas_tehnolo%C4%A3ija" title="Ķīmijas tehnoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmijas tehnoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_technologija" title="Cheminė technologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė technologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="रासायनिक अभियांत्रिकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक अभियांत्रिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_kimia" title="Kejuruteraan kimia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Химийн инженерчлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Химийн инженерчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဓာတု အင်ဂျင်နီယာ ဘာသာရပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတု အင်ဂျင်နီယာ ဘာသာရပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_technologie" title="Chemische technologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische technologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="化学工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemiteknikk" title="Kjemiteknikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemiteknikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng%C3%A8ni_quimic" title="Engèni quimic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Engèni quimic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_texnologiya" title="Kimyoviy texnologiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy texnologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologia_chemiczna_i_in%C5%BCynieria_procesowa" title="Technologia chemiczna i inżynieria procesowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Technologia chemiczna i inżynieria procesowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Engenharia química – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginerie_chimic%C4%83" title="Inginerie chimică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginerie chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химическая технология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая технология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieria_kimike" title="Inxhinieria kimike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieria kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික ඉංජිනේරු විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical engineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڪيميائي انجنيئرنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيميائي انجنيئرنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%A9_in%C5%BEinierstvo" title="Chemické inžinierstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemické inžinierstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەندازیاریی کیمیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی کیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Hemijsko inženjerstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hemijsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Hemijsko inženjerstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemijsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiantekniikka" title="Kemiantekniikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiantekniikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiteknik" title="Kemiteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemiteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhinyeriyang_pangkimika" title="Inhinyeriyang pangkimika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhinyeriyang pangkimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதிப் பொறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதிப் பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="วิศวกรรมเคมี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Муҳандисии шимӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муҳандисии шимӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Kimya mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimya mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C3%BDa_in%C5%BEenerligi" title="Himiýa inženerligi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiýa inženerligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімічна технологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна технологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="کیمیائی ہندسیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی ہندسیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%B9_thu%E1%BA%ADt_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Kỹ thuật hóa học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kỹ thuật hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhenyeriya_kimika" title="Inhenyeriya kimika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inhenyeriya kimika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学工程" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineering discipline focused on the operation and design of chemical plants</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_distillazione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/220px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/330px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/440px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Chemical engineers design, construct, and operate process plants, such as these <a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating columns</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Chemical engineering</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> field which deals with the study of the operation and design of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a> as well as methods of improving production. Chemical engineers develop economical commercial processes to convert raw materials into useful products. Chemical engineering uses principles of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> to efficiently use, produce, design, transport and transform energy and materials. The work of chemical engineers can range from the utilization of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> in the laboratory to large-scale industrial processes that convert chemicals, raw materials, living cells, microorganisms, and energy into useful forms and products. Chemical engineers are involved in many aspects of plant design and operation, including safety and hazard assessments, <a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">process design</a> and analysis, <a href="/wiki/Modeling_and_simulation" title="Modeling and simulation">modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">control engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">chemical reaction engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">nuclear engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">biological engineering</a>, construction specification, and operating instructions. </p><p>Chemical engineers typically hold a degree in Chemical Engineering or <a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process Engineering</a>. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be accredited members of a professional body. Such bodies include the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="Institution of Chemical Engineers">Institution of Chemical Engineers</a> (IChemE) or the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Chemical Engineers">American Institute of Chemical Engineers</a> (AIChE). A degree in chemical engineering is directly linked with all of the other engineering disciplines, to various extents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_E_Davis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/George_E_Davis_2.jpg/170px-George_E_Davis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/George_E_Davis_2.jpg/255px-George_E_Davis_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/George_E_Davis_2.jpg/340px-George_E_Davis_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_E._Davis" title="George E. Davis">George E. Davis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A 1996 article cites James F. Donnelly for mentioning an 1839 reference to chemical engineering in relation to the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996172_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996172-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same paper, however, <a href="/wiki/George_E._Davis" title="George E. Davis">George E. Davis</a>, an English consultant, was credited with having coined the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996174_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996174-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davis also tried to found a Society of Chemical Engineering, but instead, it was named the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Chemical_Industry" title="Society of Chemical Industry">Society of Chemical Industry</a> (1881), with Davis as its first secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-Swindin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swindin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flavell-While_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flavell-While-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia</i> puts the use of the term around 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001176_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001176-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Chemical engineering", describing the use of mechanical equipment in the chemical industry, became common vocabulary in England after 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996186_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1910, the profession, "chemical engineer," was already in common use in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200320_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200320-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_chemical_engineering" title="History of chemical engineering">History of chemical engineering</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_concepts_and_innovations">New concepts and innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New concepts and innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/220px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/330px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg/440px-Fuel_cell_NASA_p48600ac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration model of a direct-methanol <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cube shape in the center of the image.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1940s, it became clear that unit operations alone were insufficient in developing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">chemical reactors</a>. While the predominance of unit operations in chemical engineering courses in Britain and the United States continued until the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena_(engineering_%26_physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport phenomena (engineering & physics)">transport phenomena</a> started to receive greater focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996185_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996185-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with other novel concepts, such as <a href="/wiki/Process_systems_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Process systems engineering">process systems engineering</a> (PSE), a "second paradigm" was defined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgawa20072_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgawa20072-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200329_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200329-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transport phenomena gave an <a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">analytical</a> approach to chemical engineering<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200330_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200330-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while PSE focused on its synthetic elements, such as those of a <a href="/wiki/Control_system" title="Control system">control system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Process_design_(chemical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Process design (chemical engineering)">process design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200331_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200331-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developments in chemical engineering before and after World War II were mainly incited by the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001177_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001177-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, advances in other fields were made as well. Advancements in <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">biochemical engineering</a> in the 1940s, for example, found application in the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">pharmaceutical industry</a>, and allowed for the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> of various <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200332–33_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200332–33-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, progress in <a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">polymer science</a> in the 1950s paved way for the "age of plastics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20027S_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20027S-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_and_hazard_developments">Safety and hazard developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Safety and hazard developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concerns regarding large-scale chemical manufacturing facilities' safety and environmental impact were also raised during this period. <i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i>, published in 1962, alerted its readers to the harmful effects of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, a potent <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1974 <a href="/wiki/Flixborough_disaster" title="Flixborough disaster">Flixborough disaster</a> in the United Kingdom resulted in 28 deaths, as well as damage to a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plant</a> and three nearby villages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1984 <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_disaster" title="Bhopal disaster">Bhopal disaster</a> in India resulted in almost 4,000 deaths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These incidents, along with <a href="/wiki/List_of_industrial_disasters" title="List of industrial disasters">other incidents</a>, affected the reputation of the trade as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial safety">industrial safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> were given more focus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20028S_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20028S-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the IChemE required safety to be part of every degree course that it accredited after 1982. By the 1970s, legislation and monitoring agencies were instituted in various countries, such as France, Germany, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerkins200335_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerkins200335-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the systematic application of safety principles to chemical and other <a href="/wiki/Process_manufacturing" title="Process manufacturing">process plants</a> began to be considered a specific discipline, known as <a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">process safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_progress">Recent progress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advancements in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> found applications for designing and managing plants, simplifying calculations and drawings that previously had to be done manually. The completion of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a> is also seen as a major development, not only advancing chemical engineering but <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim20029S_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim20029S-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical engineering principles were used to produce <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequences">DNA sequences</a> in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers2003a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers2003a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts">Concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_engineering" title="Category:Chemical engineering">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical engineering</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haber-Bosch-En.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Haber-Bosch-En.svg/150px-Haber-Bosch-En.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Haber-Bosch-En.svg/225px-Haber-Bosch-En.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Haber-Bosch-En.svg/300px-Haber-Bosch-En.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chemical_engineering" title="Outline of chemical engineering">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemical_engineering" title="History of chemical engineering">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_chemical_engineering_articles" title="Index of chemical engineering articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.2em;"> Fundamentals</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_process" title="Chemical process">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">Transport phenomena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Unit_process" title="Unit process">Unit processes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">Chemical plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">Chemical reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation processes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.2em;"> Aspects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">Mass transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_control_system" title="Industrial control system">Process control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction engineering</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.2em;"> Glossaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of chemistry">Glossary of chemistry</a></li> <li>Glossary of engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_engineering" title="Category:Chemical engineering">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_engineering" title="Template:Chemical engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_engineering" title="Template talk:Chemical engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chemical engineering involves the application of several principles. Key concepts are presented below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_design_and_construction">Plant design and construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plant design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemical engineering design concerns the creation of plans, specifications, and economic analyses for <a href="/wiki/Pilot_plant" title="Pilot plant">pilot plants</a>, new plants, or plant modifications. Design engineers often work in a consulting role, designing plants to meet clients' needs. Design is limited by several factors, including funding, government regulations, and safety standards. These constraints dictate a plant's choice of process, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor_materials_selection" title="Chemical reactor materials selection">materials</a>, and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETowlerSinnott20082–3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETowlerSinnott20082–3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plant construction is coordinated by <a href="/wiki/Project_engineering" title="Project engineering">project engineers</a> and project managers,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depending on the size of the investment. A chemical engineer may do the job of project engineer full-time or part of the time, which requires additional training and job skills or act as a consultant to the project group. In the USA the education of chemical engineering graduates from the Baccalaureate programs accredited by <a href="/wiki/ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a> do not usually stress project engineering education, which can be obtained by specialized training, as electives, or from <a href="/wiki/Graduate_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate programs">graduate programs</a>. Project engineering jobs are some of the largest employers for chemical engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_design_and_analysis">Process design and analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Process design and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></div> <p>A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">crystallization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drying" title="Drying">drying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a>) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCabeSmithHariott19934_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCabeSmithHariott19934-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation. Unit processes (such as <a href="/wiki/Nitration" title="Nitration">nitration</a>, hydrogenation, and <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> involve the conversion of materials by <a href="/wiki/Biochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biochemical">biochemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermochemical">thermochemical</a> and other means. Chemical engineers responsible for these are called <a href="/wiki/Process_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Process engineer">process engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilla20038–9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilla20038–9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Process design requires the definition of equipment types and sizes as well as how they are connected and the materials of construction. Details are often printed on a <a href="/wiki/Process_Flow_Diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Process Flow Diagram">Process Flow Diagram</a> which is used to control the capacity and reliability of a new or existing chemical factory. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Education_for_Chemical_Engineers" title="Education for Chemical Engineers">Education for chemical engineers</a> in the first college degree 3 or 4 years of study stresses the principles and practices of process design. The same skills are used in existing chemical plants to evaluate the <a href="/wiki/Economics#Economic_efficiency" title="Economics">efficiency</a> and make recommendations for improvements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_phenomena">Transport phenomena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transport phenomena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">Transport phenomena</a></div> <p>Modeling and analysis of transport phenomena is essential for many industrial applications. Transport phenomena involve <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">mass transfer</a>, which are governed mainly by <a href="/wiki/Momentum_transfer" title="Momentum transfer">momentum transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transfer">energy transfer</a> and transport of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">chemical species</a>, respectively. Models often involve separate considerations for <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic_scale" title="Macroscopic scale">macroscopic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">microscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular">molecular</a> level phenomena. Modeling of transport phenomena, therefore, requires an understanding of applied mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdStewartLightfoot20021–2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdStewartLightfoot20021–2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_practice">Applications and practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chemengg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two computer flat screens showing a plant process management application" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chemengg.jpg/220px-Chemengg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chemengg.jpg/330px-Chemengg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Chemengg.jpg/440px-Chemengg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Chemical engineers use computers to control automated systems in plants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner200347–48_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner200347–48-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">Chemical engineers</a> develop economic ways of using materials and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers2003Article_III_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers2003Article_III-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical engineers use <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and engineering to turn raw materials into usable products, such as medicine, petrochemicals, and plastics on a large-scale, industrial setting. They are also involved in <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a> and research.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both applied and research facets could make extensive use of computers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner200347–48_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner200347–48-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical engineers may be involved in industry or university research where they are tasked with designing and performing experiments, by scaling up theoretical chemical reactions, to create better and safer methods for production, pollution control, and resource conservation. They may be involved in designing and constructing plants as a <a href="/wiki/Project_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Project engineer">project engineer</a>. Chemical engineers serving as project engineers use their knowledge in selecting optimal production methods and plant equipment to minimize costs and maximize safety and profitability. After plant construction, chemical engineering project managers may be involved in equipment upgrades, troubleshooting, and daily operations in either full-time or consulting roles. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarner200349–50_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarner200349–50-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, 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ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Education_for_Chemical_Engineers" title="Education for Chemical Engineers">Education for Chemical Engineers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Engineering_units" class="mw-redirect" title="English Engineering units">English Engineering units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_engineering_societies" title="List of chemical engineering societies">List of chemical engineering societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_engineers" title="List of chemical engineers">List of chemical engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_process_simulators" title="List of chemical process simulators">List of chemical process simulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_chemical_engineering" title="Outline of chemical engineering">Outline of chemical engineering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields_and_concepts">Related fields and concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Related fields and concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_engineering" title="Biomolecular engineering">Biomolecular engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprocess_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioprocess engineering">Bioprocess engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology engineering">Biotechnology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_process_modeling" title="Chemical process modeling">Chemical process modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">Chemical reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_technologist" title="Chemical technologist">Chemical technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_fluid_dynamics" title="Computational fluid dynamics">Computational fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_estimation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost estimation">Cost estimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischer_Tropsch_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer Tropsch synthesis">Fischer Tropsch synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">Fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">Gasification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_catalysts" title="Industrial catalysts">Industrial catalysts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemistry">Industrial chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">Mass transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfluidics" title="Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_processing" title="Mineral processing">Mineral processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">Natural gas processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">Nuclear reprocessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">Oil exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Oil refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics engineering">Plastics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design_(chemical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Process design (chemical engineering)">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Process development">Process development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_miniaturization" title="Process miniaturization">Process miniaturization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">Semiconductor device fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation processes</a> (see also: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of mixture">separation of mixture</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystallization processes">Crystallization processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_technology" title="Membrane technology">Membrane processes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngas_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Syngas production">Syngas production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">Transport phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit operations">Unit operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Water technology">Water technology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associations">Associations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Chemical Engineers">American Institute of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Institute_of_Canada" title="Chemical Institute of Canada">Chemical Institute of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_of_Chemical_Engineering" title="European Federation of Chemical Engineering">European Federation of Chemical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers">Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Chemical_Engineers" title="Institution of Chemical Engineers">Institution of Chemical Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Professional_Advancement_of_Black_Chemists_and_Chemical_Engineers" title="National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers">National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemical_engineering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996172-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996172_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1996">Cohen 1996</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1996174-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1996174_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCohen1996">Cohen 1996</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swindin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swindin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSwindin1953" class="citation journal cs1">Swindin, N. (1953). "George E. 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(2001), "Engineering, Chemical", in Rothenberg, Marc (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1fXRZIosJMC"><i>History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia</i></a>, New York City: Garland Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0762-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0762-4"><bdi>0-8153-0762-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/99043757">99043757</a>, <a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)">LCC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=Q127.U6+H57+2000&searchType=1&recCount=25">Q127.U6 H57 2000</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Engineering%2C+Chemical&rft.btitle=History+of+Science+in+United+States%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F99043757&rft.isbn=0-8153-0762-4&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Terry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1fXRZIosJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilla2003" class="citation cs2">Silla, Harry (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWmIX0r-XggC"><i>Chemical Process Engineering: Design and Economics</i></a>, New York City: Marcel Dekker, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-4274-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-4274-5"><bdi>0-8247-4274-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Process+Engineering%3A+Design+and+Economics&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8247-4274-5&rft.aulast=Silla&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWmIX0r-XggC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Institute_of_Chemical_Engineers2003a" class="citation cs2">American Institute of Chemical Engineers (2003a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040821044114/http://www.clarkson.edu/~wilcox/Design/evolvche.pdf">"Speeding up the human genome project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Chemical Engineering Progress</i>, <b>99</b> (1), Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-7275">0360-7275</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkson.edu/~wilcox/Design/evolvche.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2004-08-21</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Progress&rft.atitle=Speeding+up+the+human+genome+project&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0360-7275&rft.au=American+Institute+of+Chemical+Engineers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarkson.edu%2F~wilcox%2FDesign%2Fevolvche.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowlerSinnott2008" class="citation cs2">Towler, Gavin; Sinnott, Ray (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkK8X54BsTIC"><i>Chemical engineering design: principles, practice and economics of plant and process design</i></a>, United States: Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-8423-1"><bdi>978-0-7506-8423-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+engineering+design%3A+principles%2C+practice+and+economics+of+plant+and+process+design&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-8423-1&rft.aulast=Towler&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.au=Sinnott%2C+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkK8X54BsTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChemical+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momentum_transfer" title="Momentum transfer">Momentum transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">Mass transfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unit_process" title="Unit process">Unit process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_process_modeling" title="Chemical process modeling">Chemical process modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">Chemical plant design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_design" title="Process design">Process design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_phenomena" title="Transport phenomena">Transport phenomena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal:Engineering</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical 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title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a>/Bioprocess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">MEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Geoengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a>/graphics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Engineering mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">and Control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_networks_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Computer networks engineering (page does not exist)">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> 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aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">Theoretical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_chemistry" title="Mathematical chemistry">Mathematical chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_modelling" title="Molecular modelling">Molecular modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_mechanics" title="Molecular mechanics">Molecular mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_dynamics" title="Molecular dynamics">Molecular dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular geometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VSEPR_theory" title="VSEPR theory">VSEPR theory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micromeritics" title="Micromeritics">Micromeritics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryochemistry" title="Cryochemistry">Cryochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonochemistry" title="Sonochemistry">Sonochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_chemistry" title="Structural chemistry">Structural chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femtochemistry" title="Femtochemistry">Femtochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">Chemical kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_chemistry" title="Spin chemistry">Spin chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_chemistry" title="Microwave chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_biology" title="Chemical biology">Chemical biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioorthogonal_chemistry" title="Bioorthogonal chemistry">Bioorthogonal chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganic_chemistry" title="Bioorganic chemistry">Bioorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioorganometallic_chemistry" title="Bioorganometallic chemistry">Bioorganometallic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinorganic_chemistry" title="Bioinorganic chemistry">Bioinorganic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">Biophysical chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_chemistry" title="Nuclear chemistry">Nuclear chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiochemistry" title="Radiochemistry">Radiochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_chemistry" title="Radiation chemistry">Radiation chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide_chemistry" title="Actinide chemistry">Actinide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stellar_chemistry" title="Stellar chemistry">Stellar chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemistry" title="Biogeochemistry">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogeochemistry" title="Photogeochemistry">Photogeochemistry</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">Environmental chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Atmospheric chemistry</a></li> 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chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" 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