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The focus is on the application of radiopharmaceuticals as therapeuticals. In addition, the latest developments in cell biology (the understanding of the cell structure, function, metabolism, genetics, signaling, transformation) have given a strong scientific boost to radiation oncology. In this regard, the article discusses what is soon going to be a new jump in radiation oncology based on the already accumulated considerable knowledge at the cellular level about the mechanisms of cell transformation and tumor progression, cell response to radiation, cell resistance to apoptosis and radiation and cell radio-sensitivity. The mechanisms of resistance of tumor cells to radiation and the genetically determined individual sensitivity to radiation in patients (which creates the risk of radiation-induced acute and late side effects) are the 2 major challenges to overcome in modern nuc...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Prospects for Radiopharmaceuticals as Effective and Safe Therapeutics in Oncology and Challenges of Tumor Resistance to Radiotherapy","attachmentId":82016388,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73528534/Prospects_for_Radiopharmaceuticals_as_Effective_and_Safe_Therapeutics_in_Oncology_and_Challenges_of_Tumor_Resistance_to_Radiotherapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73528534/Prospects_for_Radiopharmaceuticals_as_Effective_and_Safe_Therapeutics_in_Oncology_and_Challenges_of_Tumor_Resistance_to_Radiotherapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18590143" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18590143/Response_of_human_tumor_cells_of_varying_radiosensitivity_and_radiocurability_to_fractionated_irradiation">Response of human tumor cells of varying radiosensitivity and radiocurability to fractionated irradiation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38629468" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnLittle21">John Little</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer research, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The cytotoxic effects of radiation delivered in daily fractions of 2.0 Gy were examined in plateau phase cultures of human tumor cells of varying in vitro radiosensitivity, derived from tumors of varying radiocurability. Among the eight cell lines examined, three types of responses to fractionated irradiation were observed. In the group composed of tumor cell lines that were radioresistant in culture (D0 &gt; 2 Gy) and derived from known local radiation failures or from tumor histologies associated with radiation failure, a gradual linear reduction in surviving fraction versus total dose was observed. In a second group, composed of cell lines that were radiosensitive in culture (D0 approximately 1 Gy) but derived from known radiation failures, the surviving fraction initially declined and began to plateau after 6 Gy (three fractions of 2 Gy). In the third group, composed of radiosensitive cell lines derived from tumors associated with high radiocurability, a rapid decline in survivi...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Response of human tumor cells of varying radiosensitivity and radiocurability to fractionated irradiation","attachmentId":42153361,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18590143/Response_of_human_tumor_cells_of_varying_radiosensitivity_and_radiocurability_to_fractionated_irradiation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18590143/Response_of_human_tumor_cells_of_varying_radiosensitivity_and_radiocurability_to_fractionated_irradiation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="29584259" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29584259/Biological_response_of_cancer_cells_to_radiation_treatment">Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54879540" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardYeo5">Richard Yeo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment","attachmentId":50027545,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29584259/Biological_response_of_cancer_cells_to_radiation_treatment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29584259/Biological_response_of_cancer_cells_to_radiation_treatment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="41114210" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41114210/Targets_for_improving_tumor_response_to_radiotherapy">Targets for improving tumor response to radiotherapy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="652424" href="https://kums.academia.edu/MasoudNajafi">Masoud Najafi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Radiotherapy is one of the most common treatment modalities for controlling a wide range of tumors. However, it has been shown that radiotherapy alone is unable to completely eradicate some tumors and could be associated with a high possibility of tumor recurrence. To date, various experimental and clinical studies have been conducted to explore some efficient targets within tumor microenvironment (TME) to enhance tumor response to radiotherapy; thus help eliminate or eradicate tumors. Although targeting DNA damage responses (DDRs) is associated with severe toxicities, studies in recent decade suggest that inhibition of some apoptosis/survival targets within TME is promising. This is also associated with changes in the numbers of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and vascular en-dothelial growth factor (VEGF) have also shown promising results. The combination of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors with radiotherapy is interesting as well as the clinical use of some drugs and antibodies. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are the most common RTK inhibitors. Some clinical trials in recent years have shown very interesting results for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), especially programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CTLs-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors. It has been suggested that administration of ICIs during or after hypofractionated radiotherapy could lead to best results. In this review, we explain TME response to radiotherapy and potential targets for sensitization of cancer cells to radiotherapy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Targets for improving tumor response to radiotherapy","attachmentId":61368303,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41114210/Targets_for_improving_tumor_response_to_radiotherapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41114210/Targets_for_improving_tumor_response_to_radiotherapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105444226,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":105444226,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_105444226" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radiobiological Research for Improving Tumour Radiotherapy An Indian Perspective","attachmentId":102846713,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/102626116/Radiobiological_Research_for_Improving_Tumour_Radiotherapy_An_Indian_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/102626116/Radiobiological_Research_for_Improving_Tumour_Radiotherapy_An_Indian_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="15740041" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15740041/New_Paradigms_and_Future_Challenges_in_Radiation_Oncology_An_Update_of_Biological_Targets_and_Technology">New Paradigms and Future Challenges in Radiation Oncology: An Update of Biological Targets and Technology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34928292" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StanleyLiauw">Stanley Liauw</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science Translational Medicine, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Paradigms and Future Challenges in Radiation Oncology: An Update 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class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46437604" href="https://independent.academia.edu/McKeownStephanie">Stephanie McKeown</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Technology in cancer research & treatment, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radiogenic therapy: novel approaches for enhancing tumor radiosensitivity","attachmentId":75785554,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63313472/Radiogenic_therapy_novel_approaches_for_enhancing_tumor_radiosensitivity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63313472/Radiogenic_therapy_novel_approaches_for_enhancing_tumor_radiosensitivity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="60963251" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60963251/Defining_a_future_role_for_radiogenic_therapy">Defining a future role for radiogenic therapy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54414623" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephKaminski5">Joseph Kaminski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer Treatment Reviews, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Defining a future role for radiogenic therapy","attachmentId":74177546,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60963251/Defining_a_future_role_for_radiogenic_therapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60963251/Defining_a_future_role_for_radiogenic_therapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="117553702" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/117553702/Current_status_of_tumor_radiogenic_therapy">Current status of tumor radiogenic therapy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="259499377" href="https://independent.academia.edu/radiaradia37">radia radia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Current status of tumor radiogenic 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