CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Constitution of Iran - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"07078cb1-cba5-47b2-ae8f-69b444b80e36","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Constitution_of_Iran","wgTitle":"Constitution of Iran","wgCurRevisionId":1259764145,"wgRevisionId":1259764145,"wgArticleId":855336,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2016","Articles containing Persian-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran","1979 in law","Law of Iran","Iranian revolution","1979 documents","1979 in politics", "December 1979 events in Asia","Constitutions of Iran","1979 in Iran","1970s in Iran"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Constitution_of_Iran","wgRelevantArticleId":855336,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2388932","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/1200px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1181"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/800px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="787"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/640px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Constitution of Iran - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Constitution_of_Iran rootpage-Constitution_of_Iran skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Constitution+of+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Constitution+of+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Constitution+of+Iran" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Constitution+of+Iran" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assembly_of_Experts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_of_Experts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Assembly of Experts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_of_Experts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1989_Amendments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1989_Amendments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1989 Amendments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1989_Amendments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Islamic principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Velayat-e_Faqih" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velayat-e_Faqih"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Velayat-e Faqih</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velayat-e_Faqih-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sharia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preamble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preamble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preamble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preamble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_I_[Article_1_to_14]:_General_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_I_[Article_1_to_14]:_General_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chapter I [Article 1 to 14]: General principles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_I_[Article_1_to_14]:_General_principles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter I [Article 1 to 14]: General principles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_I_[Article_1_to_14]:_General_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_1_(Form_of_government)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_1_(Form_of_government)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Article 1 (Form of government)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_1_(Form_of_government)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_2_(Foundation)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_2_(Foundation)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Article 2 (Foundation)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_2_(Foundation)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_3_(State_goals)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_3_(State_goals)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Article 3 (State goals)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_3_(State_goals)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_4_(Islamic_Principle)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_4_(Islamic_Principle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Article 4 (Islamic Principle)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_4_(Islamic_Principle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_compared_to_traditional_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_compared_to_traditional_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Constitution compared to traditional Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_compared_to_traditional_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_5_(Religious_leader's_office)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_5_(Religious_leader's_office)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Article 5 (Religious leader's office)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_5_(Religious_leader's_office)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_12_(Official_religion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_12_(Official_religion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Article 12 (Official religion)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_12_(Official_religion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_13_(Recognized_religious_minorities)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_13_(Recognized_religious_minorities)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Article 13 (Recognized religious minorities)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_13_(Recognized_religious_minorities)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_14_(Non-Muslims)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_14_(Non-Muslims)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Article 14 (Non-Muslims)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_14_(Non-Muslims)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_II_[Article_15_to_18]:_Language,_script,_calendar_and_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_II_[Article_15_to_18]:_Language,_script,_calendar_and_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chapter II [Article 15 to 18]: Language, script, calendar and flag</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_II_[Article_15_to_18]:_Language,_script,_calendar_and_flag-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter II [Article 15 to 18]: Language, script, calendar and flag subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_II_[Article_15_to_18]:_Language,_script,_calendar_and_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_15_(Official_language)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_15_(Official_language)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Article 15 (Official language)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_15_(Official_language)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_16_(Arabic_education)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_16_(Arabic_education)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Article 16 (Arabic education)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_16_(Arabic_education)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_17_(Official_calendar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_17_(Official_calendar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Article 17 (Official calendar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_17_(Official_calendar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_18_(Official_flag)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_18_(Official_flag)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Article 18 (Official flag)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_18_(Official_flag)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_III_[Article_19_to_42]:_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_III_[Article_19_to_42]:_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chapter III [Article 19 to 42]: Rights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_III_[Article_19_to_42]:_Rights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter III [Article 19 to 42]: Rights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_III_[Article_19_to_42]:_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_20_(Women's_rights)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_20_(Women's_rights)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Article 20 (Women's rights)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_20_(Women's_rights)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_22_(Individual_rights)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_22_(Individual_rights)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Article 22 (Individual rights)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_22_(Individual_rights)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_23_(Individual_beliefs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_23_(Individual_beliefs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Article 23 (Individual beliefs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_23_(Individual_beliefs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_24_(Publications_and_the_press)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_24_(Publications_and_the_press)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Article 24 (Publications and the press)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_24_(Publications_and_the_press)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_27_(Freedom_of_assembly)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_27_(Freedom_of_assembly)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Article 27 (Freedom of assembly)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_27_(Freedom_of_assembly)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_37_(Presumption_of_innocence)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_37_(Presumption_of_innocence)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Article 37 (Presumption of innocence)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_37_(Presumption_of_innocence)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_29_(Welfare_benefits)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_29_(Welfare_benefits)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Article 29 (Welfare benefits)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_29_(Welfare_benefits)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_38_(Torture_is_forbidden)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_38_(Torture_is_forbidden)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Article 38 (Torture is forbidden)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_38_(Torture_is_forbidden)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comment:_Torture_in_the_Islamic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comment:_Torture_in_the_Islamic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Comment: Torture in the Islamic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comment:_Torture_in_the_Islamic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_IV_[Article_43_to_55]:_Financial_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_IV_[Article_43_to_55]:_Financial_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Chapter IV [Article 43 to 55]: Financial affairs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_IV_[Article_43_to_55]:_Financial_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter IV [Article 43 to 55]: Financial affairs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_IV_[Article_43_to_55]:_Financial_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_44" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_44"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Article 44</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_44-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_49_(Ill-gotten_wealth)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_49_(Ill-gotten_wealth)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Article 49 (Ill-gotten wealth)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_49_(Ill-gotten_wealth)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_50_(Environment)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_50_(Environment)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Article 50 (Environment)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_50_(Environment)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_V_[Article_56_to_61]:_Right_of_national_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_V_[Article_56_to_61]:_Right_of_national_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chapter V [Article 56 to 61]: Right of national sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_V_[Article_56_to_61]:_Right_of_national_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VI_[Article_62_to_99]:_Legislative_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VI_[Article_62_to_99]:_Legislative_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Chapter VI [Article 62 to 99]: Legislative powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_VI_[Article_62_to_99]:_Legislative_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter VI [Article 62 to 99]: Legislative powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VI_[Article_62_to_99]:_Legislative_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_81_(Foreign_business)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_81_(Foreign_business)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Article 81 (Foreign business)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_81_(Foreign_business)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_91_(Guardian_Council)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_91_(Guardian_Council)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Article 91 (Guardian Council)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_91_(Guardian_Council)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_99" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_99"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Article 99</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_99-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VII_[Article_100_to_106]:_Local_councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VII_[Article_100_to_106]:_Local_councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Chapter VII [Article 100 to 106]: Local councils</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_VII_[Article_100_to_106]:_Local_councils-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter VII [Article 100 to 106]: Local councils subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VII_[Article_100_to_106]:_Local_councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_100" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_100"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Article 100</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_100-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_101" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_101"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Article 101</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_101-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_102" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_102"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Article 102</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_102-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_103" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_103"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Article 103</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_103-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_104" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_104"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Article 104</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_104-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_105" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_105"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Article 105</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_105-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_106" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_106"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Article 106</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_106-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_VIII_[Article_107_to_112]:_Leader_and_leadership_council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_VIII_[Article_107_to_112]:_Leader_and_leadership_council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Chapter VIII [Article 107 to 112]: Leader and leadership council</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_VIII_[Article_107_to_112]:_Leader_and_leadership_council-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter VIII [Article 107 to 112]: Leader and leadership council subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_VIII_[Article_107_to_112]:_Leader_and_leadership_council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_107_(Fuqaha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_107_(Fuqaha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Article 107 (Fuqaha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_107_(Fuqaha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_comments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_comments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Background and comments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_comments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_110_(Supreme_Leader's_duties_and_powers)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_110_(Supreme_Leader's_duties_and_powers)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Article 110 (Supreme Leader's duties and powers)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_110_(Supreme_Leader's_duties_and_powers)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_111_(Removal_and_replacement)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_111_(Removal_and_replacement)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Article 111 (Removal and replacement)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_111_(Removal_and_replacement)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_112_(Expediency)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_112_(Expediency)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Article 112 (Expediency)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_112_(Expediency)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_IX_[Article_113_to_151]:_Executive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_IX_[Article_113_to_151]:_Executive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Chapter IX [Article 113 to 151]: Executive power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_IX_[Article_113_to_151]:_Executive_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter IX [Article 113 to 151]: Executive power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_IX_[Article_113_to_151]:_Executive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_146_(Forbidden_military_bases)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_146_(Forbidden_military_bases)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Article 146 (Forbidden military bases)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_146_(Forbidden_military_bases)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_X_[Article_152_to_155]:_Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_X_[Article_152_to_155]:_Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Chapter X [Article 152 to 155]: Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_X_[Article_152_to_155]:_Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter X [Article 152 to 155]: Foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_X_[Article_152_to_155]:_Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_152" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_152"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Article 152</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_152-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_153" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_153"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Article 153</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_153-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_154" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_154"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Article 154</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_154-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_155" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_155"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Article 155</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_155-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_XI_[Article_156_to_174]:_Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_XI_[Article_156_to_174]:_Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Chapter XI [Article 156 to 174]: Judiciary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_XI_[Article_156_to_174]:_Judiciary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter XI [Article 156 to 174]: Judiciary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_XI_[Article_156_to_174]:_Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_156" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_156"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Article 156</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_156-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_157" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_157"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Article 157</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_157-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_158" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_158"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Article 158</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_158-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_159" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_159"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Article 159</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_159-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_161" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_161"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Article 161</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_161-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_162" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_162"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Article 162</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_162-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_164" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_164"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Article 164</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_164-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_165" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_165"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>Article 165</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_165-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_167" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_167"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.9</span> <span>Article 167</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_167-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_168" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_168"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.10</span> <span>Article 168</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_168-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_169" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_169"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.11</span> <span>Article 169</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_169-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_170" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_170"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.12</span> <span>Article 170</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_170-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_171" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_171"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.13</span> <span>Article 171</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_171-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_172" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_172"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.14</span> <span>Article 172</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_172-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Article_174" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_174"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.15</span> <span>Article 174</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_174-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_XII_[Article_175]:_Radio_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_XII_[Article_175]:_Radio_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Chapter XII [Article 175]: Radio and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_XII_[Article_175]:_Radio_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_XIII_[Article_176]:_Supreme_Council_for_National_Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_XIII_[Article_176]:_Supreme_Council_for_National_Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Chapter XIII [Article 176]: Supreme Council for National Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapter_XIII_[Article_176]:_Supreme_Council_for_National_Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapter_XIV_[Article_177]:_Revisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapter_XIV_[Article_177]:_Revisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Chapter XIV [Article 177]: Revisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chapter_XIV_[Article_177]:_Revisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chapter XIV [Article 177]: Revisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chapter_XIV_[Article_177]:_Revisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Comment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitution of Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دستور الجمهورية الإسلامية الإيرانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دستور الجمهورية الإسلامية الإيرانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_Konstitusiyas%C4%B1" title="İran Konstitusiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran Konstitusiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_de_Ir%C3%A1n" title="Constitución de Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constitución de Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstitucio_de_Irano" title="Konstitucio de Irano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstitucio de Irano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_de_l%27Iran" title="Constitution de l'Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constitution de l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95" title="이란 헌법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란 헌법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրանի սահմանադրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրանի սահմանադրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_Dasar_Republik_Islam_Iran" title="Hukum Dasar Republik Islam Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum Dasar Republik Islam Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costituzione_dell%27Iran" title="Costituzione dell'Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costituzione dell'Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="חוקת איראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת איראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano_Konstitucija" title="Irano Konstitucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Irano Konstitucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Устав на Иран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Устав на Иран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="イラン・イスラーム共和国憲法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン・イスラーム共和国憲法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Конституция Ирана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конституция Ирана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_Anayasas%C4%B1" title="İran Anayasası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran Anayasası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Конституція Ірану – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конституція Ірану" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ایران کا آئین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران کا آئین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="伊朗伊斯兰共和国宪法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗伊斯兰共和国宪法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2388932#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Constitution_of_Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Constitution_of_Iran" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Constitution_of_Iran" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&oldid=1259764145" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Constitution_of_Iran&id=1259764145&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Iran"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Iran"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Constitution_of_Iran&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2388932" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National constitutional law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the previous constitution, see <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Persian Constitution of 1906</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Constitution of the<br />Islamic Republic of Iran</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/330px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/440px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1979</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Government structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Government branch">Branches</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister</a> (until 1989)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">First legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">14 March 1980</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abolhassan_Banisadr" title="Abolhassan Banisadr">5 February 1980</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Amendments</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last amended</th><td class="infobox-data">28 July 1989</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts_for_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Experts for Constitution">Assembly of Experts for Constitution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">citizens of Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Supersedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Persian Constitution of 1906</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران</span>, <i>Qanun-e Asasi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran</i>) is the supreme law of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It was <a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">adopted by referendum</a> on 2 and 3 December 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-Davari2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davari2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eur2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eur2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went into force replacing the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Persian Constitution of 1906">Constitution of 1906</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Iranian constitutional referendum">amended</a> once, on 28 July 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution was originally made up of 175 articles in 12 chapters,<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but amended in 1989 to 177 articles in 14 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-Constitute_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitute-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been called a hybrid regime of theocratic and democratic elements. Articles One and Two vest sovereignty in God, and Article Six "mandates popular elections for the presidency and the Majlis, or parliament."<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main democratic procedures and rights are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>, whose powers are spelled out in Chapter Eight (Articles 107–112).<sup id="cite_ref-Fukuyama_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukuyama-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horowitz_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horowitz-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts_for_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Experts for Constitution">Assembly of Experts for Constitution</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitution_of_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitution of 1906">Iranian Constitution of 1906</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/203px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/270px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of Islamic Republic of Iran</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Assembly_of_Experts" title="List of chairmen of the Assembly of Experts">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Ali_Movahedi_Kermani" title="Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani">Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iran" title="List of presidents of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#First_Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">First Vice President</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran#List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mokhber" title="Mohammad Mokhber">Mohammad Mokhber</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Supervisor of <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran" title="Presidential Administration of Iran">Presidential Administration</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Esmaeili" title="Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili">Gholam-Hossein Esmaeili</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran" title="Cabinet of Iran">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ebrahim_Raisi_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Ebrahim Raisi (2021–present)">Government of Raisi</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_Iran" title="Legislature of Iran">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iran">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Ghalibaf" title="Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf">Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chairmen_of_the_Guardian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chairmen of the Guardian Council">Chairman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Jannati" title="Ahmad Jannati">Ahmad Jannati</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Iran" title="Chief Justice of Iran">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gholam-Hossein_Mohseni-Ezhe%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i">Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Ezhe'i</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor-General_of_Iran" title="Prosecutor-General of Iran">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Movahedi-Azad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Movahedi-Azad (page does not exist)">Mohammad Movahedi-Azad</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">Islamic Revolutionary Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court" title="Special Clerical Court">Special Clerical Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Inspection_Office_(Iran)" title="General Inspection Office (Iran)">General Inspection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Council_for_Human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Council for Human rights">High Council for Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Justice (Iran)">Ministry of Justice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme Councils</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></span> <dl><dd>Secretary: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Ahmadian" title="Ali Akbar Ahmadian">Ali Akbar Ahmadian</a></dd></dl></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Cultural_Revolution" title="Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution">Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> <dl><dd>Chairman: <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Local governments</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of state</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/City_and_Village_Councils_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Village Councils of Iran">City Council</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Election_Office_(Iran)" title="Election Office (Iran)">Election Office</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li>Recent and future elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian presidential elections">Presidential</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2021 Iranian presidential election">2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2024 Iranian presidential election"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_legislative_elections" title="List of Iranian legislative elections">Legislative</a>:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2020 Iranian legislative election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2024 Iranian legislative election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experts:</li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2016 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2024 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2024</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local:</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2021</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Iranian_local_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Iranian local elections (page does not exist)">2025</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Iran">Political parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_factions_in_Iran" title="Political factions in Iran">factions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Inside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Principlists">Principlists</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Outside government</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Liberalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Nationalism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Socialism</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideology of the Iranian Revolution">Intellectual backdrop</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Borujerdi">Hossein Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ali_Bagheri" title="Ali Bagheri">Ali Bagheri</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_passport" title="Iranian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Iranian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Iranian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Iran" title="Visa policy of Iran">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of iran">Armed forces of Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over the course of the year 1978 Iran was subject to worsening cycles of "provocation, repression, and polarization"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in political unrest. It became more and more clear that the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> regime was likely to fall and that the leader of the revolution taking his regime down was Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>. Work began on a constitution for the new Islamic state that would follow the revolution. A preliminary draft was (according to Asghar Schirazi) begun in Paris by one <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Habibi" title="Hassan Habibi">Hassan Habibi</a> while Khomeini was still in exile there.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was structured like the 1958 constitution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Fifth Republic</a> with separation of powers among the executive, judicial and parliamentary branches.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An outline was presented to Khomeini in January 1979 and he brought it with him when he returned to Iran. After being reworked by two different commissions, it was published on 14 June 1979 by the provisional government of <a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a> as the official preliminary draft of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The preliminary draft differed from the final version of the constitution in a number of ways. It made no reference to <i>velayat-e faqih</i>, and did not "reserve any special posts for Islamic jurists" except on the guardian council where they made up a minority and were to be approved by the parliament from a list drawn up by the "highest religious authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, Khomeini made "only two small changes (in part to bar women from the presidency and judgeships)",<sup id="cite_ref-Bakhash-1984-74_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakhash-1984-74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the draft, and publicly stated his approval of the draft "on more than one occasion", declaring at one point that it "must be approved quickly".<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Islamic_Revolution" title="Council of the Islamic Revolution">Council of the Islamic Revolution</a> approved of it unanimously after examination and "declared it to be the official preliminary draft of the Revolutionary Council".<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What happened next is disputed. The revolutionaries' original plan was to have a Constituent Assembly of hundreds of people write the new constitution, but with this broad support for the preliminary draft, there now seemed to be a consensus in favor of a much more streamlined completion. An "Assembly of Experts" of only a few dozen members would go over the text and "present it for final ratification in a national referendum".<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Baqer Moin writes of contradictions in statements by Khomeini and questions about the election of the Experts. At the same time Ayatollah was publicly declaring the draft to be `correct`, he "had already started to denounce the supporters of a `Democratic Islamic Republic,` whose ideas were enshrined in the draft", and who included the man he had appointed president, Bazargan, as `enemies of Islam.` Also dismaying Bazargan and his colleagues, was the decision by the clerical members of the Revolutionary Council, without consulting them, to have the constitution finalized by a much smaller body—an `Assembly of Experts` with 70 members, which alarmed them because with much larger constituencies and fewer candidates "it would be easier to rig the elections". If Khomeini's network succeeded in doing so, "the likelihood of dissenting voices in the Assembly could be reduced to almost nothing".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a joint summit between the members of the provisional government and the Superieur Council of Revolution with the presence of Khomeini in <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, it was decided that an <a href="/wiki/Assembly_for_the_Final_Review_of_the_Constitution" title="Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution">Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution</a> was to be established for a final evaluation of the constitution of Iran.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_of_Experts">Assembly of Experts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assembly of Experts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assembly members were voted on in the summer of 1979. Out of the "72 delegates whose election was officially recognized, 55 were clerics", almost all of them following "the line of the Imam", i.e. Khomeini loyalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-32_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-32-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Other delegates were from different minorities of religions, scientists, Athletes.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schirazi writes that Khomeini then announced that the job of "determining whether or not" the constitution was "in conformity with Islamic requirements" was "exclusively reserved for revered jurists",<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-33_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-33-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the surprise of those outside his network. Also at odds with previous statements was that instead of quickly approving the draft, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_for_the_Final_Review_of_the_Constitution" title="Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution">Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution</a> (dominated by Khomeini supporters) rewrote it, adding a Guardian Jurist (<i>wali-e faqih</i>) leader with powers over other branches of government, and significantly increasing the power of the Council of Guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-33-51_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-33-51-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The offices of the President and the Prime Minister were retained for the executive branch of government from the French model.)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A different version of events comes from Shaul Bakhash, who writes that Khomeini and his supporters accepted the preliminary draft but were provoked by an "opposition determined to establish a secular state".<sup id="cite_ref-Bakhash-1984-74_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakhash-1984-74-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A secularist group calling itself a "Seminar on the People's Expectations from the Constitution", called for changes in the draft: "a ceremonial president, supremacy of parliament, independent judiciary, individual rights, and equal rights for women, proposed making the universal declaration of Human Rights part of the constitution, more decentralization, and `democratization` of the army".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led "Khomeini to spur the Islamic groups to counterattack', telling his supporters that the determination of whether articles of the constitution meet Islamic criteria `lies within the exclusive jurisdiction of the leading Islamic jurists,` and non-jurists should not get involved. "It quickly became clear to Khomeini and his lieutenants that there existed considerable support and no mass opposition to the doctrine and that the constitution could serve to institutionalize both the supremacy of the faqih and clerical rule."<sup id="cite_ref-Shaul_Bakhash-82_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaul_Bakhash-82-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that Khomeini "should be entrusted with supreme authority under the constitution" was brought up by provincial clerics in the Assembly and was quickly embraced by the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaul_Bakhash-82_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaul_Bakhash-82-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assembly worked for sixty-seven sessions and in four rounds. The first round was considered with a preliminary evaluating of principles. The second round considered with providing principles in groups. The third round dealt with approbation of principles and the fourth round with investigation of all collection of principles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to a legal bill of council of revolution, the draft was put to a vote through a referendum, with voters given the option of voting yes or no. On 2–3 December 1979 Iranians voted, and the official result was over 99% in favor. (The vote was boycotted by some secular, leftist and Kurdish groups; and total of 15,578,956 votes was almost 5 million less than the earlier referendum for an Islamic Republic.)<sup id="cite_ref-Tauris-1997-52_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauris-1997-52-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1989_Amendments">1989 Amendments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1989 Amendments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Iranian constitutional referendum">1989 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></div> <p>On 24 April 1989, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> issued a decree convening an Assembly for Revising the Constitution. It made several changes in the constitution, in Articles 5, 107, 109, 111, eliminating the need for the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> to be a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> chosen by popular acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It made permanent the <a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> to work out disagreements between the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Guardians">Council of Guardians</a>, and eliminated the post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iran#Prime_Ministers_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Prime Minister of Iran">Prime Minister</a>. The amendment concerning qualifications for the Supreme Leader is thought to have been introduced and approved because no marja' had given strong support for Khomeini's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendments were approved by the voting public on 28 July 1989 (in same election as <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> was elected to the first of two terms as President of Iran).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_principles">Islamic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islamic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velayat-e_Faqih">Velayat-e Faqih</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Velayat-e Faqih"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> While liberal and leftist values are present in the constitution, the overriding both are "the values, principles and institutions of an ideal Islamic society",<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ayatollah Khomeini's concept of <i>Velayat-e Faqih</i>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship or rule of the Islamic Jurist</a>, is enshrined in several places in the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is the section "Method of Governance in Islam" in the preamble, where it is stated <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>in creating the political infrastructures and institutions which make the foundation of society on the basis of an ideological outlook, the righteous assume the responsibility of governing and administering the country with the Qur’anic verse (verily, my righteous servants shall inherit the earth Q.21:105)</p></blockquote><p> In case the term ‘righteous’ is ambiguous, a later section of the Preamble (Guardianship of the Jurist) states <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the basis of continuous Guardianship and Leadership (Imamate) the Constitution provides for leadership under all conditions, (by a person) recognized by the people as lender, so that there shall be security against deviation by various organizations ("The course of affairs is in the hands of those who know God and who are trustworthy in matters having to do with what he permits and forbids")<sup id="cite_ref-Constitute_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitute-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Article 109, stipulates that the Leader must possess the "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh", i.e. only a high level cleric of Islamic law may be the Leader. Article 113 states the Leader is the highest public official in Islamic Republic of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Head of Judiciary, who has considerable power (Establishing the organizational structure of the Judiciary, Drafting judiciary bills for parliament, hiring, dismissing, transferring judges) must be an Islamic legal cleric (<i>mujtahid</i>); as must be the President of the Supreme Court, the Attorney General (Article 162), and six out of the twelve members of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> who are appointed by the Leader (Article 91) and have the power to veto legislation from the parliament that they believe does not conform to <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> (Article 96).<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharia">Sharia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hassan Vakilian cites Article 4: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>civil, penal financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria. This principle applies absolutely and generally to all articles of the Constitution as well as to all other laws and regulations…</p></blockquote><p> as evidence "Sharia laws and principles" ("Islamic criteria" in the article above) "must be considered as a main source of the legal order" in the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharia is referred to numerous times in the constitution but often by another terms (as it is above): </p><ul><li>In the Preamble: "Islamic principles", "Islamic rules", "Islamic standards", "Islamic program", "Rules of Islamic codes", "Islamic ordinances and regulations";<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In articles 110, 147, 151, 167, 171, 175 and 177 "Islamic criteria".<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other terms used are "Islamic law" (Article 45), "Islamic ordinances" (Article 91), "Islamic regulations" (Article 107), "Norms and principles of Islamic justice" (Article 14), "Principles and commandments of official religion" (Article 85), "Principles of Sharia" (Article 112), "Criteria of Fiqh" (Article 163), "Islamic sources and authentic fatwa" (Article 167).<sup id="cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preamble">Preamble</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Preamble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preamble or introduction of the constitution touches on (its version of) events leading up to the revolution and on key features of the new Islamic regime: </p><p>How the "anti-despotic movement for <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">constitutional government</a> [1906–1911], and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">anti-colonialist movement for the nationalization of petroleum</a>" in the 1950s failed "due to departure from genuine Islamic positions"; a matter rectified by the "authentically Islamic and ideological line" under the leadership pursued under the leadership of Grand Ayatollah Khomeini.<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How the movement dawned in June 1963 with "<a href="/wiki/1963_demonstrations_in_Iran" title="1963 demonstrations in Iran">the devastating protest by Imam Khomeini</a> against the American conspiracy known as the '<a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The plan of Islamic government set forth by Imam Khomeini known as "<a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">governance of the faqih</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/1978_Qom_protest" title="1978 Qom protest">The fury of the Iranian people</a> at <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Red_and_Black_Colonization" title="Iran and Red and Black Colonization">a January 7, 1978 newspaper article insulting Imam Khomeini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The "watering" of the "sapling" of the revolution "by the blood of 60,000 martyrs".<br /> <a href="/wiki/1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" title="1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">How 98.2% of voters approved of Iran becoming an Islamic Republic.</a><sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Our nation "intends to establish the ideal and model society" with the final goal of "movement toward God".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Governance by the "<a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">just faqih</a>" will prevent deviation of the government from essential Islamic duties.<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The economy in Islam will be "a means not an end", providing work, "suitable opportunities", "essential needs".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The family is "the fundamental unit of society" within which women will recover their "precious function of motherhood".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The Army and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> are responsible not only for guarding the country but for "fulfilling the ideological mission of jihad in God's path".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> The judicial system will be based on Islamic justice.<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive branch will implement "the laws and ordinances of Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> "Mass communications media" will diffuse Islamic culture and refrain from anti-Islamic "qualities".<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "central axis" of the theocracy shall be <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and as framed by the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts_for_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Experts for Constitution">Assembly of Experts for Constitution</a>, who hope that "this century will witness the establishment of a universal holy government and the downfall of all others."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed al-Mahdi">Mohammed al-Mahdi</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_I_[Article_1_to_14]:_General_principles"><span id="Chapter_I_.5BArticle_1_to_14.5D:_General_principles"></span>Chapter I [Article 1 to 14]: General principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chapter I [Article 1 to 14]: General principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the more important articles of the constitution are described below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_1_(Form_of_government)"><span id="Article_1_.28Form_of_government.29"></span>Article 1 (Form of government)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Article 1 (Form of government)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of Government in Iran is that of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a> following the Islamic revolution led by Grand Ayatollah Khomeini, affirmed by the referendum of Farvardin 9 and 10. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_2_(Foundation)"><span id="Article_2_.28Foundation.29"></span>Article 2 (Foundation)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Article 2 (Foundation)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a> is a system based on the belief in:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">One God</a> (as stated in the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">There is no god except Allah</a>"), who has exclusive sovereignty and right to legislate, and whose commands must be submitted to;</li> <li>the fundamental role of <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">divine revelation</a> in setting forth the laws;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">the return to Allah after death and resurrection</a>, and the constructive role of this belief has in the course of man's ascent toward Allah;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">the justice of Allah</a> in creation and legislation;</li> <li>continuous <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">leadership and perpetual guidance</a>, and its fundamental role in ensuring the uninterrupted process of the revolution of Islam;</li> <li>the exalted dignity and value of man, and his freedom coupled with responsibility before God; in which equity, justice, political, economic, social, and cultural independence, and national solidarity are secured by recourse to:</li></ol> <dl><dd><dl><dd><ol><li>continuous <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a> of Islamic jurists possessing necessary qualifications, exercised on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> of the prophet Muhammad;</li> <li>sciences and arts and the most advanced results of human experience, together with the effort to advance them further;</li> <li>negation of all forms of oppression, both the infliction of and the submission to it, and of dominance, both its imposition and its acceptance.</li></ol></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_3_(State_goals)"><span id="Article_3_.28State_goals.29"></span>Article 3 (State goals)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article 3 (State goals)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The duty of the Islamic Republic is to direct all of its resources to a number of goals. </p> <ol><li>Support of faith and piety and struggle against vice and corruption</li> <li>Raising of public awareness through the proper use of the mass media and press</li> <li>Free education</li> <li>Free physical training</li> <li>Strengthening advanced scientific research</li> <li>The elimination of imperialism and foreign influence</li> <li>The elimination of despotism, autocracy and monopoly</li> <li>Ensure social and political freedoms within the law</li> <li>The end to all forms of undesirable discrimination</li> <li>The elimination of unnecessary governmental organizations</li> <li>Universal military training</li></ol> <p>These goals were designed to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive liberty</a>. </p><p>Some of the goals are put in context of the requirements of Islam. For example: </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>The planning of a correct and just economic system</li> <li>The expansion of Islamic brotherhood among all peoples</li> <li>The creation of the government's foreign policy</li></ol></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_4_(Islamic_Principle)"><span id="Article_4_.28Islamic_Principle.29"></span>Article 4 (Islamic Principle)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Article 4 (Islamic Principle)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All laws and regulations "absolutely and generally" must be based on Islamic criteria. Enforcing this will be the Islamic jurists (fuqaha') and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Guardians" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Guardians">Council of Guardians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitution_compared_to_traditional_Islam">Constitution compared to traditional Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Constitution compared to traditional Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Olivier Roy points out that traditionally sharia was the "sole foundation for the judicial norm", not constitutions which were secular. Khomeini himself specifically affirmed the preeminence of the Islamic state over sharia in January 1989 when he publicly dressed down the future Supreme Leader Ali Khamanei, pronouncing the opposite. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On key questions Iranian law remains fairly un-Islamic. The constitution grants equal rights among men and women (article 20). The discretionary law of repudiation was not recognized for men. There is no legal discrimination on the basis of personal status against Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, all of whom perform military service, pay no special taxes and hold full citizenship; nevertheless they are prohibited from assuming leadership posts and vote in separate colleges. Similarly, a Muslim foreigner has the same status as a Christian foreigner. In short Iranian citizenship is not an Islamic notion. Finally, Iran has kept the solar calendar and celebrates the new year on March 21.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_5_(Religious_leader's_office)"><span id="Article_5_.28Religious_leader.27s_office.29"></span>Article 5 (Religious leader's office)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Article 5 (Religious leader's office)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the occultation of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Twelfth Imam</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></i> (Islamic community) must be led by a just and pious, courageous, resourceful <i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">faqih</a></i> (Islamic jurist) knowledgeable about affairs of the day, in accordance with Article 107. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_12_(Official_religion)"><span id="Article_12_.28Official_religion.29"></span>Article 12 (Official religion)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Article 12 (Official religion)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The official religion of Iran is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>"—specifically of the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Usul al-Dîn</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'farî school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, -- "and this principle will remain eternally immutable." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_13_(Recognized_religious_minorities)"><span id="Article_13_.28Recognized_religious_minorities.29"></span>Article 13 (Recognized religious minorities)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Article 13 (Recognized religious minorities)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian Iranians are the only recognized religious minorities", who, within the limits of the law, are free to perform their religious rites and ceremonies, and to act according to their own canon in matters of personal affairs and religious education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_14_(Non-Muslims)"><span id="Article_14_.28Non-Muslims.29"></span>Article 14 (Non-Muslims)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Article 14 (Non-Muslims)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The government ... and all Muslims are duty-bound to treat non-Muslims" with "Islamic justice and equity", provided those non-Muslims "refrain from engaging in conspiracy or activity against Islam and the Islamic Republic of Iran". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_II_[Article_15_to_18]:_Language,_script,_calendar_and_flag"><span id="Chapter_II_.5BArticle_15_to_18.5D:_Language.2C_script.2C_calendar_and_flag"></span>Chapter II [Article 15 to 18]: Language, script, calendar and flag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chapter II [Article 15 to 18]: Language, script, calendar and flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_15_(Official_language)"><span id="Article_15_.28Official_language.29"></span>Article 15 (Official language)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Article 15 (Official language)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Official language and writing script (of Iran)... is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. In addition "regional and tribal languages" are allowed "in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_16_(Arabic_education)"><span id="Article_16_.28Arabic_education.29"></span>Article 16 (Arabic education)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Article 16 (Arabic education)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Since the language of the Qur'an and Islamic texts ... is Arabic", Arabic "must be taught ... in school from elementary grades until the end of high school." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_17_(Official_calendar)"><span id="Article_17_.28Official_calendar.29"></span>Article 17 (Official calendar)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Article 17 (Official calendar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official calendar of Iran is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri calendar</a>, which combines a year zero from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic Hijri calendar</a>, and organization of months according to the Iranian solar calendar. "The official weekly holiday is Friday. Both the solar and lunar Islamic calendars are recognized". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_18_(Official_flag)"><span id="Article_18_.28Official_flag.29"></span>Article 18 (Official flag)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Article 18 (Official flag)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official flag of Iran is composed of green, white and red colours with the special emblem of the Islamic Republic, together with the motto (Allahu Akbar). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_III_[Article_19_to_42]:_Rights"><span id="Chapter_III_.5BArticle_19_to_42.5D:_Rights"></span>Chapter III [Article 19 to 42]: Rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chapter III [Article 19 to 42]: Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_20_(Women's_rights)"><span id="Article_20_.28Women.27s_rights.29"></span>Article 20 (Women's rights)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Article 20 (Women's rights)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women will enjoy equal legal, "human, political, economic, social, and cultural rights", when "in conformity with Islamic criteria". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_22_(Individual_rights)"><span id="Article_22_.28Individual_rights.29"></span>Article 22 (Individual rights)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Article 22 (Individual rights)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The dignity, life, property, rights," etc. "of the individual are inviolate", "except in cases sanctioned by law". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_23_(Individual_beliefs)"><span id="Article_23_.28Individual_beliefs.29"></span>Article 23 (Individual beliefs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Article 23 (Individual beliefs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iranian constitution holds that “the investigation of individuals’ beliefs is forbidden, and no one may be molested or taken to task simply for holding a certain belief.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_24_(Publications_and_the_press)"><span id="Article_24_.28Publications_and_the_press.29"></span>Article 24 (Publications and the press)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Article 24 (Publications and the press)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Publications and the press are free to discuss issues" unless it is "deemed harmful to the principles of Islam or the rights of the public."<sup id="cite_ref-constitution_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_27_(Freedom_of_assembly)"><span id="Article_27_.28Freedom_of_assembly.29"></span>Article 27 (Freedom of assembly)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Article 27 (Freedom of assembly)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assembly is allowed, "provided arms are not carried" and the assemblies "are not detrimental to the fundamental principles of Islam". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_37_(Presumption_of_innocence)"><span id="Article_37_.28Presumption_of_innocence.29"></span>Article 37 (Presumption of innocence)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Article 37 (Presumption of innocence)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Innocence is to be presumed, ... unless his or her guilt has been established by a competent court." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_29_(Welfare_benefits)"><span id="Article_29_.28Welfare_benefits.29"></span>Article 29 (Welfare benefits)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Article 29 (Welfare benefits)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a "universal right" of all to enjoy social insurance or other forms of security for "retirement, unemployment, old-age disability", lack of guardianship, being a wayfarer, accident and the need for health and treatment services and medical care. The government, in accordance with the laws and by drawing on national revenues, is required to provide such insurance and economic protection to each and every citizen of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_38_(Torture_is_forbidden)"><span id="Article_38_.28Torture_is_forbidden.29"></span>Article 38 (Torture is forbidden)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Article 38 (Torture is forbidden)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"All forms of torture for the purpose of extracting confession or acquiring information are forbidden. Compulsion of individuals to testify, confess, or take an oath is not permissible; and any testimony, confession, or oath obtained under duress is devoid of value and credence. Violation of this article is liable to punishment in accordance with the law."<sup id="cite_ref-Constitute_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Constitute-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comment:_Torture_in_the_Islamic_Republic">Comment: Torture in the Islamic Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Comment: Torture in the Islamic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Videotaped confessions and "ideological recantations" by opponents of the regime are very common on Iranian broadcast television. The government denies using torture (<i>shekanjeh</i>) to elicit these statements, but <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> calls torture and other ill-treatment "widespread and systematic" in Iran. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ervand_Abrahamian" title="Ervand Abrahamian">Ervand Abrahamian</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes on way the government has found to skirt the explicit ban on torture and coerced confessions in the Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by using <i>Ta'zir</i> or "Discretionary Punishment" of up to 74 lashes for lying to authorities. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The prisoners are asked questions. If their answers are not satisfactory, they can be lawfully whipped for `lying`. In theory, this punishment should come after a proper law court has found them guilty of perjury. But the line between interrogation and trial is hazy as the same clerics wear three different turbans – prosecutor, judge, and interrogator.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>"The new regime has often told UN delegations that ta'zir should not be equated with torture because it is sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and administered by qualified magistrates."<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_IV_[Article_43_to_55]:_Financial_affairs"><span id="Chapter_IV_.5BArticle_43_to_55.5D:_Financial_affairs"></span>Chapter IV [Article 43 to 55]: Financial affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chapter IV [Article 43 to 55]: Financial affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_44">Article 44</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Article 44"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">economy of Iran</a> is to consist of three sectors: state, cooperative, and private; and is to be based on systematic and sound planning." "All large-scale and mother industries, foreign trade, major minerals, banking, insurance, power generation, dams, and large-scale irrigation networks, radio and television, post, telegraph and telephone services, aviation, shipping, roads, railroads and the like" are to be entirely owned by the government. This article was amended in 2004 to allow for <a href="/wiki/Privatization_of_the_Iranian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization of the Iranian economy">privatization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ra_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ra-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rra_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rra-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_49_(Ill-gotten_wealth)"><span id="Article_49_.28Ill-gotten_wealth.29"></span>Article 49 (Ill-gotten wealth)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Article 49 (Ill-gotten wealth)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The government has the responsibility of confiscating all wealth accumulated through <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>, usurpation, bribery, embezzlement, theft, gambling, misuse of endowments, misuse of government contracts and transactions, the sale of uncultivated lands and other resources subject to public ownership, the operation of centers of corruption, and other illicit means and sources, and restoring it to its legitimate owner; and if no such owner can be identified, it must be entrusted to the public treasury. This rule must be executed by the government with due care, after investigation and furnishing necessary evidence in accordance with the law of Islam." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_50_(Environment)"><span id="Article_50_.28Environment.29"></span>Article 50 (Environment)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Article 50 (Environment)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protecting the environment is "a public duty" and economic activity that degrades or causes irreversible harm to the environment is forbidden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_V_[Article_56_to_61]:_Right_of_national_sovereignty"><span id="Chapter_V_.5BArticle_56_to_61.5D:_Right_of_national_sovereignty"></span>Chapter V [Article 56 to 61]: Right of national sovereignty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Chapter V [Article 56 to 61]: Right of national sovereignty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive, judicial, and legislative branches are <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Powers">separate powers</a> and supervised by the leadership (Article 57); Pursuant to Article 60, the president fulfills "executive" functions "except in the matters that are directly placed under the jurisdiction of the [Leader]" as enumerated in Article 110. Suspension of elections is allowed during wartime (Article 68). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_VI_[Article_62_to_99]:_Legislative_powers"><span id="Chapter_VI_.5BArticle_62_to_99.5D:_Legislative_powers"></span>Chapter VI [Article 62 to 99]: Legislative powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chapter VI [Article 62 to 99]: Legislative powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Representatives of the people to be members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly will be elected directly and by secret ballot (Article 62), <br /><br /> Term of membership in the Islamic Consultative Assembly is four years (Article 63), <br /> </p><p>There are to be 270 members, for minority religions, Zoroastrians and Jews will each elect one representative; Assyrian and Chaldean Christians will jointly elect one representative; and Armenian Christians in the north and those in the south of the country will each elect one representative (Article 64), <br /><br /> Deliberations of the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be open, and full minutes of them made available to the public (Article 69), <br /><br /> The Islamic Consultative Assembly cannot enact laws contrary to the usul and ahkam of the official religion of the country or to the Constitution. It is the duty of the Guardian Council to determine whether a violation has occurred, in accordance with Article 96 (Article 72). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_81_(Foreign_business)"><span id="Article_81_.28Foreign_business.29"></span>Article 81 (Foreign business)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Article 81 (Foreign business)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporations</a> are forbidden from taking over certain businesses in Iran: "concessions to foreigners or the formation of companies" in Iran is forbidden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_91_(Guardian_Council)"><span id="Article_91_.28Guardian_Council.29"></span>Article 91 (Guardian Council)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Article 91 (Guardian Council)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "Guardian Council" is to "examine the compatibility of the legislations passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly with Islam". The council is to be made up of: </p> <ol><li>six 'adil fuqaha' (just Islamic jurists), "conscious of the present needs and the issues of the day, to be selected by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">the Leader</a>", and</li> <li>six jurists, "specializing in different areas of law, to be elected by the Islamic Consultative Assembly from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Head of the Judicial Power".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_99">Article 99</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Article 99"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Guardian Council has the responsibility of supervising the elections of the Assembly of Experts for Leadership, the President of the Republic, the Islamic Consultative Assembly, and the direct recourse to popular opinion and referenda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_VII_[Article_100_to_106]:_Local_councils"><span id="Chapter_VII_.5BArticle_100_to_106.5D:_Local_councils"></span>Chapter VII [Article 100 to 106]: Local councils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Chapter VII [Article 100 to 106]: Local councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_100">Article 100</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Article 100"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Each village, division, city, municipality, and province will be supervised by a council" to "expedite social, economic, development, public health, cultural, and educational programmes" etc. "according to local needs". Members of these councils "will be elected by the people of the locality". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_101">Article 101</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Article 101"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to prevent discrimination and secure the cooperation, and arrange for the supervision, a Supreme Council of the Provinces will be formed, composed of representatives of the Provincial Councils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_102">Article 102</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Article 102"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Council of the Provinces may draft bills and submit them to the Islamic Consultative Assembly, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_103">Article 103</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Article 103"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Provincial governors, city governors, divisional governors, and other officials appointed by the government must abide by all decisions taken by the councils within their jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_104">Article 104</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Article 104"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to ensure Islamic equity and cooperation, councils consisting of the representatives of the workers, peasants, other employees, and managers, will be formed in educational, administrative, industrial and other units, composed of representatives of the members of those units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_105">Article 105</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Article 105"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decisions taken by the councils must not be contrary to the criteria of Islam and the laws of the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_106">Article 106</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Article 106"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The councils may not be dissolved unless they deviate from their legal duties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_VIII_[Article_107_to_112]:_Leader_and_leadership_council"><span id="Chapter_VIII_.5BArticle_107_to_112.5D:_Leader_and_leadership_council"></span>Chapter VIII [Article 107 to 112]: Leader and leadership council</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Chapter VIII [Article 107 to 112]: Leader and leadership council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_107_(Fuqaha)"><span id="Article_107_.28Fuqaha.29"></span>Article 107 (Fuqaha)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Article 107 (Fuqaha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the death of Grand Ayatollah Khomeini, the Experts shall choose a new leader from among the <i><a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">fuqaha</a></i> possessing qualities specified in articles 5 and 105. It also states that the leader is <a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">legally equal to the populace</a><i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background_and_comments">Background and comments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Background and comments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the 1989 amendments to the constitution, Article 107 called for the leader to be someone who was "accepted as a marja' and Leader by a decisive majority of the people", and if such a person could not be found, to appoint a "leadership council" made up of marja'<sup id="cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar-66_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-66-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government: Guardianship of the Jurist</a></i>, Khomeini had argued that "only the most senior religious jurists -- not just any cleric -- had the scholastic expertise and the educational training to fully comprehend the intricacies of Islamic jurisprudence."<sup id="cite_ref-Khomeinism-34-5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomeinism-34-5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian Ervand Abrahamian, the original constitution also declared that "the leadership clauses, especially those stipulating that ultimate authority resides in the senior religious jurists [marja'], were to endure until the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, the Lord of the Age, reappears on earth."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were amended nonetheless because the Assembly of Experts that would choose the next leader knew "well that the senior jurists distrusted their version of Islam", i.e. Khomeini and his supporters interpretation of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abrahamian argues that this "unwittingly undermined the intellectual foundations" of the jurist's roll as guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-Khomeinism-34-5_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khomeinism-34-5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another scholar (Olivier Roy) called the change "an end to the logic of the Islamic revolution" for the same reason.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_110_(Supreme_Leader's_duties_and_powers)"><span id="Article_110_.28Supreme_Leader.27s_duties_and_powers.29"></span>Article 110 (Supreme Leader's duties and powers)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Article 110 (Supreme Leader's duties and powers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution accords many powers to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>, including: </p> <ol><li>Delineation of the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran after consultation with the Nation's Exigency Council.</li> <li>Supervision over the proper execution of the general policies of the system.</li> <li>Issuing decrees for national referenda.</li> <li>Assuming supreme command of the armed forces.</li> <li>Declaration of war and peace, and the mobilization of the armed forces.</li> <li>Appointment, dismissal, and acceptance of resignation of: <ol><li>the fuqaha' on the Guardian Council.</li> <li>the supreme judicial authority of the country.</li> <li>the head of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">radio and television network of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>.</li> <li>the chief of the joint staff.</li> <li>the chief commander of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps.</li> <li>the supreme commanders of the armed forces.</li></ol></li> <li>Resolving differences between the three wings of the armed forces and regulation of their relations.</li> <li>Resolving the problems, which cannot be solved by conventional methods, through the Nation's Exigency Council.</li> <li>Signing the decree formalizing the election of the President of the Republic by the people. The suitability of candidates for the Presidency of the Republic, with respect to the qualifications specified in the Constitution, must be confirmed before elections take place by the Guardian Council, and, in the case of the first term [of the Presidency], by the Leadership;</li> <li>Dismissal of the President of the Republic, with due regard for the interests of the country, after the Supreme Court holds him guilty of the violation of his constitutional duties, or after a vote of the Islamic Consultative Assembly testifying to his incompetence on the basis of Article 89 of the Constitution.</li> <li>Pardoning or reducing the sentences of convicts, within the framework of Islamic criteria, on a recommendation [to that effect] from the Head of judicial power. The Leader may delegate part of his duties and powers to another person.</li></ol> <p>Human rights groups have argued that the Supreme Leader's powers extend beyond those specifically enumerated in the Constitution because he can use "Islamic issues for justification."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_111_(Removal_and_replacement)"><span id="Article_111_.28Removal_and_replacement.29"></span>Article 111 (Removal and replacement)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Article 111 (Removal and replacement)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under some circumstances, such as incapacity, a leader can be removed or replaced by the Council of Experts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_112_(Expediency)"><span id="Article_112_.28Expediency.29"></span>Article 112 (Expediency)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Article 112 (Expediency)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If a proposed bill of Majles is "against the principles of <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">Shariah</a> or the Constitution," then the Guardian Council should meet with the Expediency Council to resolve the legislative deadlock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_IX_[Article_113_to_151]:_Executive_power"><span id="Chapter_IX_.5BArticle_113_to_151.5D:_Executive_power"></span>Chapter IX [Article 113 to 151]: Executive power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Chapter IX [Article 113 to 151]: Executive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president is the second-highest office holder (Article 114), <br /><br /> elected for a four-year term (Article 114).<br /><br />He must be of Iranian origin and nationality and a Twelver Shi'i, have administrative capacity and resourcefulness, virtues of trustworthiness and piety, stay loyal to the principles of the Islamic Republic (Article 115)<br /><br /> and declare his candidacy officially (Article 116).<br /><br /> Elections will have a second <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">run-off</a> round if there is no majority in the first round (Article 117),<br /><br /> will be supervised by the Guardian Council (Article 118)<br /><br /> and must take place no later than one month before the end of the term of the outgoing president. (Article 119), </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_146_(Forbidden_military_bases)"><span id="Article_146_.28Forbidden_military_bases.29"></span>Article 146 (Forbidden military bases)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Article 146 (Forbidden military bases)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign military bases in Iran, even for peaceful purposes, are forbidden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_X_[Article_152_to_155]:_Foreign_policy"><span id="Chapter_X_.5BArticle_152_to_155.5D:_Foreign_policy"></span>Chapter X [Article 152 to 155]: Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Chapter X [Article 152 to 155]: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_152">Article 152</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Article 152"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran is based upon the rejection of all forms of domination, both the exertion of it and submission to it, the preservation of the independence of the country in all respects and its territorial integrity, the defence of the rights of all Muslims, non-alignment with respect to the hegemonic superpowers, and the maintenance of mutually peaceful relations with all non-belligerent States.<sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Majles_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_153">Article 153</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Article 153"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any form of agreement resulting in foreign control over the natural resources, economy, army, or culture of the country, as well as other aspects of the national life, is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Majles_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_154">Article 154</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Article 154"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideal of the Islamic Republic of Iran is independence, justice, truth, and felicity among all people of the world. Accordingly, it supports the just struggles of the Mustad'afun (oppressed) against the Mustakbirun (oppressors) in every corner of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Majles_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_155">Article 155</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Article 155"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of the Islamic Republic of Iran may grant political asylum to those who seek it and are worthy of it.<sup id="cite_ref-iranchamber_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranchamber-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Majles_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majles-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_XI_[Article_156_to_174]:_Judiciary"><span id="Chapter_XI_.5BArticle_156_to_174.5D:_Judiciary"></span>Chapter XI [Article 156 to 174]: Judiciary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Chapter XI [Article 156 to 174]: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_156">Article 156</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Article 156"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Duties of the Judiciary: </p> <ol><li>investigating and resolving grievances, violations of rights, and complaints;</li> <li>promoting justice and freedom;</li> <li>supervising law enforcement;</li> <li>investigating, prosecuting, and punishing, crimes;</li> <li>crime prevention and reforming criminals</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_157">Article 157</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Article 157"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Leader shall appoint the head of the judiciary </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_158">Article 158</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Article 158"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head of the judiciary shall be responsible for the establishing the structure for the administration of justice; draft bills on the judiciary; appointing, dismissing, transferring judges (Article 158), </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_159">Article 159</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Article 159"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grievances and complaints will be referred to the courts </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_161">Article 161</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Article 161"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Supreme Court will "supervise the correct implementation of the laws by the courts", ensure "uniformity of judicial procedure"; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_162">Article 162</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Article 162"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chief of the Supreme Court and the Prosecutor-General must both be just mujtahids (Islamic jurisprudents). They will be nominated by the head of the judiciary branch for a period of five years, in consultation with the judges of the Supreme Court; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_164">Article 164</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Article 164"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges cannot be removed from office except by trial and conviction, or by being dismissed in consequence of a violation; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_165">Article 165</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Article 165"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trials are to be open to the public; unless detrimental to public morality or discipline, or in case of private disputes; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_167">Article 167</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Article 167"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verdicts of courts must be well reasoned out and documented (Article 166),<br /> Judges must make use of "Islamic sources and...verdicts " in matters where the Iranian law books are silent; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_168">Article 168</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Article 168"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Political and press offences will be tried openly ... in accordance with the Islamic criteria"; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_169">Article 169</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Article 169"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"No act or omission may be regarded as a crime with retrospective effect on the basis of a law framed subsequently"; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_170">Article 170</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Article 170"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges may not execute statutes and regulations that conflict with the laws or the norms of Islam; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_171">Article 171</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Article 171"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When there is a moral or material loss as the result of an incorrect ruling of a judge the defaulting judge must stand surety for the reparation of that loss in accordance with the Islamic criteria; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_172">Article 172</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Article 172"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Military courts will be established to investigate crimes committed in connection with military or security duties by members of the military or security; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_174">Article 174</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Article 174"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National General Inspectorate will "supervise the proper conducting of affairs and the correct implementation of laws by the administrative organs of the government". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_XII_[Article_175]:_Radio_and_television"><span id="Chapter_XII_.5BArticle_175.5D:_Radio_and_television"></span>Chapter XII [Article 175]: Radio and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Chapter XII [Article 175]: Radio and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article guarantees the freedom of expression and dissemination of thoughts in the "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">Radio and Television of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>" when keeping with the Islamic criteria and best interests of the country. It gives the Leader the power to appoint and dismiss the head of the "Radio and Television of the Islamic Republic of Iran" and establishes a council with two representatives (six in total) from each branch of the government to supervise this organization.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_XIII_[Article_176]:_Supreme_Council_for_National_Security"><span id="Chapter_XIII_.5BArticle_176.5D:_Supreme_Council_for_National_Security"></span>Chapter XIII [Article 176]: Supreme Council for National Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Chapter XIII [Article 176]: Supreme Council for National Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 8, which has only one article, establishes <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Iran's National Security Council</a>. "The Council shall consist of: heads of three branches of the government, chief of the Supreme Command Council of the Armed Forces, the officer in charge of the planning and budget affairs, two representatives nominated by the Leader, ministers of foreign affairs, interior, and information, a minister related with the subject, and the highest-ranking officials from the Armed Forces and the Islamic Revolution's Guards Corps." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapter_XIV_[Article_177]:_Revisions"><span id="Chapter_XIV_.5BArticle_177.5D:_Revisions"></span>Chapter XIV [Article 177]: Revisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Chapter XIV [Article 177]: Revisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To revise the constitution, the Leader must "issue an edict to the President after consultation with the Nation's Exigency Council stipulating the amendments or additions to be made by the Council for Revision of the Constitution which consists of: </p> <ol><li>Members of the Guardian Council.</li> <li>Heads of the three branches of the government.</li> <li>Permanent members of the Nation's Exigency Council.</li> <li>Five members from among the Assembly of Experts.</li> <li>Ten representatives selected by the Leader.</li> <li>Three representatives from the Council of Ministers.</li> <li>Three representatives from the judiciary branch.</li> <li>Ten representatives from among the members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly.</li> <li>Three representatives from among the university professors.</li></ol> <p>Whatever this Council and the Leader agree on will be put to a national referendum and amend the constitution if it receives an absolute majority vote. (Unlike referenda under Article 59, where referendum must be approved by a supermajority of the Islamic Consultative Assembly before going to a vote.)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of the constitution that cannot be amended: "Articles of the Constitution related to the Islamic character of the political system; the basis of all the rules and regulations according to Islamic criteria; the religious footing; the objectives of the Islamic Republic of Iran; the democratic character of the government; the wilayat al-'amr; the Imamate of Ummah; and the administration of the affairs of the country based on national referenda, official religion of Iran [Islam] and the school [Twelver Ja'fari]".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comment">Comment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Comment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article itself was a revision to the Constitution, so the constitution was amended in 1989 without this chapter allowing amendments being a part of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Iranian constitutional referendum">1989 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_laws_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemy laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Blasphemy laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Constitution_of_1906" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran Constitution of 1906">Iran Constitution of 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Islamic_Republic_Day" title="Iranian Islamic Republic Day">Iranian Islamic Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_Constitutional_Amendment_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of Constitutional Amendment Council of Iran">List of members of Constitutional Amendment Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207205624/http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/1383/10/15/law.htm">"قانون"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/1383/10/15/law.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmellat.majlis.ir%2Farchive%2F1383%2F10%2F15%2Flaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027004409/https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">"Constitution"</a>. <i>Islamic Parliament of Iran</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.parliran.ir/eng/en/Constitution">the original</a> on 27 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Parliament+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.parliran.ir%2Feng%2Fen%2FConstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davari2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davari2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood_T._Davari2004" class="citation book cs1">Mahmood T. Davari (1 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYHi4AfofW8C&pg=PA138"><i>The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State</i></a>. Routledge. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-29488-6"><bdi>978-1-134-29488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Ayatollah+Murtaza+Mutahhari%3A+An+Iranian+Theoretician+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-29488-6&rft.au=Mahmood+T.+Davari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYHi4AfofW8C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eur2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eur2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur2002" class="citation book cs1">Eur (31 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA414"><i>The Middle East and North Africa 2003</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-132-2"><bdi>978-1-85743-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+2003&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-132-2&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/iran.htm">Constitutional Background</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107082546/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Iran.htm">Archived</a> 7 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Hauser Global Law School Program</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908083917/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir__indx.html">"Constitutional Background"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir__indx.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oefre.unibe.ch%2Flaw%2Ficl%2Fir__indx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Introduction". <i>Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</i>. Translated by Hamid Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitute-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitute_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitute_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitute_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iran_1989?lang=en">"Constitution. Iran (Islamic Republic of) 1979 (rev. 1989)"</a>. <i>Constitute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Constitute&rft.atitle=Constitution.+Iran+%28Islamic+Republic+of%29+1979+%28rev.+1989%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FIran_1989%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukuyama-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukuyama_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_Fukuyama2009" class="citation web cs1">Francis Fukuyama (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">"Francis Fukuyama: Iranian constitution democratic at heart – WSJ"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102204314/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Francis+Fukuyama%3A+Iranian+constitution+democratic+at+heart+%E2%80%93+WSJ&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.au=Francis+Fukuyama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052970203946904574300374086282670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horowitz-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horowitz_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Horowitz" class="citation web cs1">Richard Horowitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhesq.com/A_Detailed_Analysis_of_the_Constitition_of_Iran.pdf">"A Detailed Analysis of Iran's Constitution – World Policy Institute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. worldpolicy.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Detailed+Analysis+of+Iran%27s+Constitution+%E2%80%93+World+Policy+Institute&rft.pub=worldpolicy.org&rft.au=Richard+Horowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhesq.com%2FA_Detailed_Analysis_of_the_Constitition_of_Iran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel, Gilles, <i>Jihad : the Trail of Political Islam</i>, Harvard, 2002, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-1997-19-23-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-19-23_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Schirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Asghar Schirazi (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran : Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic</i>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 19–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran+%3A+Politics+and+the+State+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Asghar+Schirazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Khomeinism</i>, 1993, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakhash-1984-74-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bakhash-1984-74_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bakhash-1984-74_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs : Iran and the Islamic Revolution</i> by Shaul Bakhash New York, Basic Books, 1984, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moin, Baqer, <i>Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</i>, (Thomas Dunne Books), c2000, pp. 216–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-1997-32-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-32_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Schirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Asghar Schirazi (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran : Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran+%3A+Politics+and+the+State+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Asghar+Schirazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-1997-33-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-33_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Schirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Asghar Schirazi (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran : Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran+%3A+Politics+and+the+State+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Asghar+Schirazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-1997-33-51-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-33-51_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Schirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Asghar Schirazi (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran : Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic</i>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 33–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran+%3A+Politics+and+the+State+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=33-51&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Asghar+Schirazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/articles/civil_society_politics_iran_khatami.php">"Iran Chamber Society: Civil Society and the Rule of Law in the Constitutional Politics of Iran Under Khatami –Iranian president Mohammad Khatami"</a>. <i>iranchamber.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930181614/http://www.iranchamber.com/government/articles/civil_society_politics_iran_khatami.php">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Chamber+Society%3A+Civil+Society+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+the+Constitutional+Politics+of+Iran+Under+Khatami+%E2%80%93Iranian+president+Mohammad+Khatami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Farticles%2Fcivil_society_politics_iran_khatami.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> by Shaul Bakhash, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaul_Bakhash-82-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaul_Bakhash-82_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaul_Bakhash-82_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> (p. 82 <i>The Reign of the Ayatollahs</i> by Shaul Bakhash)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tauris-1997-52-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tauris-1997-52_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsghar_Schirazi1997" class="citation book cs1">Asghar Schirazi (1997). <i>The Constitution of Iran : Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Iran+%3A+Politics+and+the+State+in+the+Islamic+Republic&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Asghar+Schirazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moin, Baqer, <i>Khomeini</i>, (2001), p. 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brumberg, Daniel, <i>Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran</i> by Daniel Brumberg, University of Chicago Press 2001, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, <i>History of Modern Iran</i>, Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vakilian-Utopianism-2021_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVakilian2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vakilian, Hassan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forumprawnicze.eu/attachments/article/455/Vakilian.pdf">"Constitutional Utopianism: a Case Study of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran: a Case Study of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum Prawnicze</i>. <b>6</b> (68): 47–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32082%2Ffp.6%2868%29.2021.903">10.32082/fp.6(68).2021.903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+Prawnicze&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Utopianism%3A+a+Case+Study+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+a+Case+Study+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=68&rft.pages=47-62&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32082%2Ffp.6%2868%29.2021.903&rft.aulast=Vakilian&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforumprawnicze.eu%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F455%2FVakilian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00000_.html#A021_">Framers' agenda -- Dead link! </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004120826/http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00000_.html">Archived</a> 4 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">Constitution of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093931/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">Archived</a> 21 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Unofficial English translation hosted at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berne">University of Bern, Switzerland</a> (with good summaries)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994, pp. 177–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapan-Matin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Papan-Matin, Firoozeh (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ir/ir001en.pdf">"Translation of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1989 Edition)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 159–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2013.825505">10.1080/00210862.2013.825505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154138008">154138008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Translation+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran+%281989+Edition%29&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-200&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2013.825505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154138008%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Papan-Matin&rft.aufirst=Firoozeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fir%2Fir001en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abrahamian,_Ervand_pp_137–8_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 pp. 137–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ra-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ra_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2006/pn0634.htm">"Public Information Notice: IMF Executive Board Concludes 2005 Article IV Consultation with the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. <i>International Monetary Fund</i>. 27 March 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607000808/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pn/2006/pn0634.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.atitle=Public+Information+Notice%3A+IMF+Executive+Board+Concludes+2005+Article+IV+Consultation+with+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft.date=2006-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fnp%2Fsec%2Fpn%2F2006%2Fpn0634.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rra-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rra_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231856/http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2719/html/focus.htm">"PSO Committed to Privatization"</a>. <i>Economic Focus</i>. Iran Daily. 28 November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2719/html/focus.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Focus&rft.atitle=PSO+Committed+to+Privatization&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iran-daily.com%2F1385%2F2719%2Fhtml%2Ffocus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/business/story/2006/07/060716_ra-rm-article44.shtml">"BBCPersian.com"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303173517/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/business/story/2006/07/060716_ra-rm-article44.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBCPersian.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpersian%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2F2006%2F07%2F060716_ra-rm-article44.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cotiroi-Algar-66-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cotiroi-Algar-66_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"8. The Leader or Leadership Council". <i>Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran [unamended]</i>. Translated by Hamid Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press. 1980. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.+The+Leader+or+Leadership+Council&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran+%5Bunamended%5D&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khomeinism-34-5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khomeinism-34-5_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khomeinism-34-5_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Khomeinism</i>, pp. 34–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, <i>Khomeinism</i>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abrahamian, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, <i>The Failure of Political Islam</i>, 1994, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/world/iran.htm">JURIST – Iran: Iranian Law, Legal Research, Human Rights</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranchamber-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranchamber_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranchamber_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranchamber_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranchamber_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch10.php">"The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter X"</a>. Iran Chamber Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704105614/http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch10.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+Chapter+X&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution_ch10.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majles-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majles_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majles_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majles_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majles_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804123552/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/content/iran_constitution">"Persian text of constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran"</a>. <i>rc.majlis.ir</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/content/iran_constitution">the original</a> on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rc.majlis.ir&rft.atitle=Persian+text+of+constitution+of+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frc.majlis.ir%2Ffa%2Fcontent%2Firan_constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch12.php">"The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapters XII & XIII"</a>. Iran Chamber Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+Chapters+XII+%26+XIII&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution_ch12.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch05.php">"The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter V"</a>. Iran Chamber Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+Chapter+V&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution_ch05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/laws/constitution_ch13.php">"The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran: Chapter XIV"</a>. Iran Chamber Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%3A+Chapter+XIV&rft.pub=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution_ch13.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Iran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="extiw" title="q:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140312000756/http://www.moi.ir/portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=ab40c7a6-af7d-4634-af93-40f2f3a04acf">Constitution of Iran (in Persian)</a>, Ministry of Interior, Iran (PDF, webarchive)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/ir00000_.html">Constitution of Iran</a>, as an unofficial English translation hosted at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berne">University of Bern, Switzerland</a> (with good summaries)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parstimes.com/law/constitution.html">Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution</a>, parstimes.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819052822/http://www.iranonline.com/iran/iran-info/Government/constitution.html">Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution</a>, iranonline.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/constitution-of-the-islamic-republic">An article on the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/government/constitutions/constitution.php">Iran Chamber Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aghayan.com/iranlawlib.htm">Iran Law Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/iran/constitution/constitution02.php">http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/iran/constitution/constitution02.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222143522/http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/iran/constitution/constitution02.php">Archived</a> 22 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082837/http://www.ibchamber.org/lawreg/constitution.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070929082837/http://www.ibchamber.org/lawreg/constitution.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170918102549/http://www.alaviandassociates.com/documents/constitution.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20170918102549/http://www.alaviandassociates.com/documents/constitution.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722060049/http://www.sssup.it/context_eng.jsp?ID_LINK=7929&area=47">Iran Electoral Archive – Iranian Constitution</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nourlaw.com/">Nourlaw.com – Database of Iranian laws and regulations</a> – 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitutions of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Timor" title="Constitution of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Maldives" title="Constitution of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Qatar" title="Constitution of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Thailand" title="Constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkmenistan" title="Constitution of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Constitution of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uzbekistan" title="Constitution of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Vietnam" title="Constitution of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Yemen" title="Constitution of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Abkhazia" title="Constitution of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Ossetia" title="Constitution of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&oldid=1259764145">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&oldid=1259764145</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Category:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_in_law" title="Category:1979 in law">1979 in law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Iran" title="Category:Law of Iran">Law of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_revolution" title="Category:Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_documents" title="Category:1979 documents">1979 documents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_in_politics" title="Category:1979 in politics">1979 in politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:December_1979_events_in_Asia" title="Category:December 1979 events in Asia">December 1979 events in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constitutions_of_Iran" title="Category:Constitutions of Iran">Constitutions of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1979_in_Iran" title="Category:1979 in Iran">1979 in Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970s_in_Iran" title="Category:1970s in Iran">1970s in Iran</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2016">Use dmy dates from May 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 22:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Iran&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-z9lzg","wgBackendResponseTime":213,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.077","walltime":"1.256","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17348,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":138930,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13941,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":167642,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1069.807 1 -total"," 22.85% 244.433 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.19% 216.001 1 Template:Constitutions_of_Asia"," 19.84% 212.259 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 19.44% 207.918 1 Template:Navbox"," 14.14% 151.260 55 Template:Iso2country"," 13.42% 143.542 15 Template:Cite_web"," 13.12% 140.314 1 Template:Politics_of_Iran"," 12.69% 135.728 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.64% 113.869 1 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.551","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18376129,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6f57996b9d-nstxl","timestamp":"20241126224410","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Constitution of Iran","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Iran","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2388932","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2388932","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-24T23:41:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T22:44:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Emblem_of_Iran.svg","headline":"national constitutional law"}</script> </body> </html>